Airphoto 3 Reference Manual
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AirPhoto 3 Reference Manual 18 January 2013 Preface The programming of AirPhoto for Microsoft Windows began in November 1997 to run on affordable personal computers. It was initially based on mathematics used in Irmela Herzog's Rectify programme for the first image processing system dedicated to archaeological air photography designed by the author. It had Digital Equipment PDP 11/70 - PDP 11/10 minicomputers, a drum scanner, a drum film writer and a solid state disply, all state of the art in bygone days. These were installed at the Rheinisches Landesmuseum in Bonn, Germany in December 1975. It was used to prepare the illustrations in Chapter 5 of: Scollar, I, Tabbagh, A., Hesse, A. Herzog, I. Archaeological Prospecting and Remote Sensing, Cambridge University Press, 1990, reprinted 2009. AirPhoto has gone through three major revisions, each with many minor revisions and hundreds of changes based on the many suggestions and reports by users at hundreds of institutions in many countries throughout the world. It is now based on modern mathematical methods. Unlike the on-line help in the programme, this manual is intended to be read like a book from end to end. Programme use is separated from the discussion of background information, theory, references and appendices which are located at the end. The author is grateful to all who have contributed to this project which would not be what it is without their help, and especially to Rog Palmer of Cambridge, UK with whom more than 5000 e-mails were exchanged in testing and discussion of features as well as for editing this text. Irwin Scollar Remagen, Germany, February 2010 2 Table of Contents Preface...........................................................................................................2 Overview............................................................................................................6 Introduction....................................................................................................7 Quick Start.........................................................................................................9 by Rog Palmer.............................................................................................10 Data Input.........................................................................................................19 Image Files..................................................................................................20 Opening Files...............................................................................................22 Image Collections........................................................................................25 Frequently used image file types.................................................................27 RAW files from digital cameras...................................................................28 Rarely used file types:.................................................................................30 Vector files - Auto Cad ................................................................................32 Scanner Input..............................................................................................37 Working with very large images..................................................................41 Making blank fixed size images...................................................................43 User Interaction................................................................................................46 The main menu and toolbar.........................................................................47 Window controls..........................................................................................50 Image menu and toolbars............................................................................52 Navigating in images...................................................................................55 Keyboard.....................................................................................................57 Mouse..........................................................................................................58 Image Modification...........................................................................................60 Introduction..................................................................................................61 Colour balance, contrast, brightness, equalization.....................................62 Extended colour correction..........................................................................64 Colour correction, special operations..........................................................67 Converting an image to a black and white drawing.....................................70 Scaling, re-sampling, resizing......................................................................71 Rotation.......................................................................................................72 Filtering........................................................................................................73 Image enhancement....................................................................................74 Median filtering, scratch removal, sharpening ............................................78 Edge extraction............................................................................................80 "Bump" mapping..........................................................................................86 Morphology operations................................................................................87 Maps and Calibration.......................................................................................88 Grid / calibration menu and toolbar ............................................................89 Entering calibration points...........................................................................93 Adding grid or fiducial marks to calibrated images......................................98 Grid zones.................................................................................................100 Transforming between grid systems.........................................................101 Transformation & Rectification.......................................................................102 Control points: menu and toolbar.............................................................103 3 Entering control points...............................................................................105 Editing Control or Calibration Points.........................................................113 Transformation...........................................................................................118 Creating blank scaled and cropped images..............................................131 Scale and transform..................................................................................133 Mixing source and target in a transformed image.....................................135 Digital terrain models and heights.............................................................136 DTM - making a model..............................................................................141 Local stretch..............................................................................................149 Measuring features in transformed images...............................................152 Mosaics, overlays & joining maps.............................................................153 Projects and project files...........................................................................157 Layers........................................................................................................165 Additional Image Sources..............................................................................172 Satellite Imagery........................................................................................173 GeoPortal Data..........................................................................................180 Calibrating GeoPortal Variants..................................................................191 Special Capture Window...........................................................................197 Geophysical Data – Import........................................................................202 Geophysical Data - Treatment..............................................................206 Data Output....................................................................................................208 Supported file types...................................................................................209 Saving files................................................................................................210 BMP Windows Bitmaps.........................................................................213 JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group.............................................214 TIFF: Tagged Image File Format..........................................................215 JPEG 2000............................................................................................219 PNG: Portable Network Graphic...........................................................220 TGA: Targa bitmap................................................................................221 GIF: CompuServe GIF..........................................................................222 PCX: Zsoft Paintbrush...........................................................................223 Other directly supported