Network Effects: March to the Evidence, Not to the Slogans
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NETWORK EFFECTS Welfare Even Though No Explicit Compensation Accounts for This
From the book Networks, Crowds, and Markets: Reasoning about a Highly Connected World. By David Easley and Jon Kleinberg. Cambridge University Press, 2010. Complete preprint on-line at http://www.cs.cornell.edu/home/kleinber/networks-book/ Chapter 17 Network Effects At the beginning of Chapter 16, we discussed two fundamentally different reasons why individuals might imitate the behavior of others. One reason was based on informational effects: since the behavior of other people conveys information about what they know, observ- ing this behavior and copying it (even against the evidence of one’s own private information) can sometimes be a rational decision. This was our focus in Chapter 16. The other reason was based on direct-benefit effects, also called network effects: for some kinds of decisions, you incur an explicit benefit when you align your behavior with the behavior of others. This is what we will consider in this chapter. A natural setting where network effects arise is in the adoption of technologies for which interaction or compatibility with others is important. For example, when the fax machine was first introduced as a product, its value to a potential consumer depended on how many others were also using the same technology. The value of a social-networking or media- sharing site exhibits the same properties: it’s valuable to the extent that other people are using it as well. Similarly, a computer operating system can be more useful if many other people are using it: even if the primary purpose of the operating system itself is not to interact with others, an operating system with more users will tend to have a larger amount of software written for it, and will use file formats (e.g. -
Network Economics, Transaction Costs, and Dynamic Competition
Network Economics, Vertical Integration, and Regulation Howard Shelanski May 2012 1 New Institutional Economics Key concern is governance of transactions, not price and output. Unit of analysis is the transaction Key question: why a transaction is (or should be) organized or mediated by one institution as opposed to another: Markets vs “hierarchies” E.g., a firm’s make or buy decision: why does a firm buy some things and make others? 2 Origins Ronald Coase Key lessons Property Rights/Default Rules and Transaction Costs Matter Facts and Institutions Matter Oliver Williamson Institutions have differing competencies for governing transactions in the presence of transaction costs 3 Key Assumptions of the New Institutional Economics Bounded rationality: economic actors intend to be rational but are only limitedly so. Opportunism: economic actors will expect others to act opportunistically and seek mechanisms (institutions) to protect themselves from hold-up. Asset specificity: Specific investment is the key variable that allows opportunism and drives firms from markets toward hierarchical institutions. 4 The “Coase Theorum” Pollution example: a plant pollutes and imposes costs on a nearby farm. To what extent should the plant be allowed to pollute or the farmer be allowed to keep farming? theorum version 1: As long as both parties are free to bargain, the final amount of pollution not depend on the initial allocation of property rights. theorum version 2: when transactions costs exist, the final amount of pollution depends on the initial allocation of property rights. 5 Lessons and Policy Implications Institutions arise to economize on transaction costs. Sometimes private bargaining is best, at other times other institutions are more efficient. -
Platform Envelopment Working Paper
Platform Envelopment Thomas Eisenmann Geoffrey Parker Marshall Van Alstyne Working Paper 07-104 Copyright © 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 by Thomas Eisenmann, Geoffrey Parker, and Marshall Van Alstyne Working papers are in draft form. This working paper is distributed for purposes of comment and discussion only. It may not be reproduced without permission of the copyright holder. Copies of working papers are available from the author. Platform Envelopment Thomas Eisenmann, Geoffrey Parker, Marshall Van Alstyne Revised, July 27 2010 ABSTRACT Due to network effects and switching costs in platform markets, entrants generally must offer revolutionary functionality. We explore a second entry path that does not rely upon Schumpeterian innovation: platform envelopment. Through envelopment, a provider in one platform market can enter another platform market, combining its own functionality with the target’s in a multi-platform bundle that leverages shared user relationships. We build upon the traditional view of bundling for economies of scope and price discrimination and extend this view to include the strategic management of a firm's user network. Envelopers capture share by foreclosing an incumbent’s access to users; in doing so, they harness the network effects that previously had protected the incumbent. We present a typology of envelopment attacks based on whether platform pairs are complements, weak substitutes or functionally unrelated, and we analyze conditions under which these attack types are likely to succeed. Keywords: Market entry, platforms, network effects, bundling, foreclosure Acknowledgements: Funding from NSF grant SES-0925004 is gratefully acknowledged. Thomas Eisenmann Geoffrey Parker Marshall Van Alstyne Professor Associate Professor Associate Professor Harvard Business School Freeman School of Business Boston University SMG Rock Center 218 Tulane University 595 Commonwealth Ave. -
Computer Networks Using the Every Aspect of Modern Life
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 8, Issue 4, April-2017 ISSN 2229-5518 122 Computer Networks Using the Every Aspect Of Modern Life G.V.Vijey Kaarthic, N.V. Sakthivel, L.Manikandan Abstract: Computer netw orks run over the telephone infrastructure at relatively low cost and providing the data cost to using the connections. Netw orks enable international communication w ith suppliers and stack holders as the traffic netw orks. Challenges that arise in netw orking and particularly in the internet trend to have the millions of peoples w ill use the internet. On huge grow ing impact is the online shopping has grow n over the last 10 years to become the huge market . Wireless internet technology is development also know n as Wi-Fi has really taking over the w ay of people to access through the username and then passw ord for that connecting the Wi-Fi, w idely more popular and then very short space and the save the time. Internet connections w ill allow s the individual access the internet via a netw ork hotspots w hile travelling w ithout using the cables and w ires. Computer netw ork technology is the high-level technology it w ill maintains the developing companies are also fighting against the damaging softw are such as the attacks the malw are, virus, w orms. Keyw ords : Hotspot, Wi-fi, netw ork, Li-fi, virus, stack holders, dial-up connections. —————————— —————————— 1. INTRODUCTION Modern Life Network has a number of modern devices work on a network and then often to communicate technology, lifestyle, business, sports, and society. -
Critical Mass and Network Evolution in Telecommunications
Forthcoming in Toward a Competitive Telecommunications Industry: Selected Papers from the 1994 Telecommunications Policy Research Conference, Gerard Brock (ed.), 1995. Critical Mass and Network Evolution in Telecommunications by Nicholas Economides and Charles Himmelberg December 1994 Abstract Network goods exhibit positive consumption externalities, commonly known as "network externalities." In markets, this fact can give rise to the existence of a critical mass point, that is, a minimum network size that can be sustained in equilibrium, given the cost and market structure of the industry. In this paper, we describe the conditions under which a critical mass point exists for a network good. We also characterize the existence of critical mass points under various market structures. Surprisingly, neither existence nor the size of the minimum feasible network depends on market structure. Thus, even though a monopolist enjoys an additional degree of freedom through its influence over expectations, and even though monopolistic and oligopolistic markets will in general provide a smaller sized network than perfect competition, the critical mass point is nonetheless the same. We extend these results by making the model dynamic and by generalizing it to allow durable goods. Introducing network externalities to a dynamic model of market growth increases the speed at which market demand grows in the presence of a downward time trend for industry marginal cost. We use this prediction to calibrate the model and obtain estimates of the parameter measuring a consumer’s valuation of the installed base (i.e., the network effect) using aggregate time series data on prices and quantities in the US fax market. -
Network Effects on Tweeting
Network Effects on Tweeting Jake T. Lussier and Nitesh V. Chawla Interdisciplinary Center for Network Science and Applications (iCeNSA), University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA {jlussier,nchawla}@nd.edu http://www.nd.edu/∼(jlussier,nchawla)/ Abstract. Online social networks (OSNs) have created new and exciting ways to connect and share information. Perhaps no site has had a more profound effect on information exchange than Twitter.com. In this pa- per, we study large-scale graph properties and lesser-studied local graph structures of the explicit social network and the implicit retweet network in order to better understand the relationship between socialization and tweeting behaviors. In particular, we first explore the interplay between the social network and user tweet topics and offer evidence that suggests that users who are close in the social graph tend to tweet about simi- lar topics. We then analyze the implicit retweet network and find highly unreciprocal links and unbalanced triads. We also explain the effects of these structural patterns on information diffusion by analyzing and vi- sualizing how URLs tend to be tweeted and retweeted. Finally, given our analyses of the social network and the retweet network, we provide some insights into the relationships between these two networks. Keywords: Data mining, social networks, information diffusion. 1 Introduction A microblogging service launched in 2006, Twitter.com has since grown into one of the most popular OSNs on the web and one of the most prominent technologi- cal influences on modern society. Twitter is not only an environment for social tie formation, but also for information exchange and dissemination. -
UC Berkeley Recent Work
UC Berkeley Recent Work Title The Internet and E-commerce Development in Mexico Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6c17b69n Authors Kenney, Martin Curry, James Contreras, Oscar Publication Date 2001-05-01 eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California The Internet and E-commerce Development in Mexico BRIE Working Paper 144 January 2, 2002 ©Copyright 2001 by the authors By James Curry Profesor-Investigador El Colegio de la Frontera Norte Tijuana, Baja California, México U.S. Mail: P.O. Box L Chula Vista, CA 91912 [email protected] and Oscar Contreras Profesor-Investigador El Colegio de Sonora Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico and Martin Kenney Professor Department of Human and Community Development University of California, Davis Davis, California 95616 [email protected] & Senior Research Associate Berkeley Roundtable on the International Economy University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA 94720-2322 The authors thank the UC MEXUS-CONACYT program for the funding that is reported in this research. Generous support for production of the BRIE Working Papers Series was provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. Table of Contents · Summary and Findings · Introduction · Methodology · The Internet in Mexico The Early History of the Internet in Mexico Growth in Internet Usage Internet Access and Service Providers · E-Commerce in Mexico Barriers to the Growth of E-Commerce · Business-to-Consumer E-Commerce Mexico and the U.S. Hispanic and Pan-Latin American/Hispanic Markets Customization Brief Descriptions -
Multimedia, Internet, On-Line
Section IV: Multimedia, the Internet, and On-Line Services High-End Digital Video Applications Larry Amiot Electronic and Computing Technologies Division Argonne National Laboratory The emphasis of this paper is on the high-end applications Internet and Intranet that are driving digital video. The research with which I am involved at Argonne National Laboratory is not done on dig- The packet video networks which currently support many ital video per se, but rather on how the research applications applications such as file transfer, Mbone video (talking at the laboratory drive its requirements for digital video. The heads), and World Wide Web browsing are limiting for high- paper will define what digital video is, what some of its com- quality video because of the low throughput one can achieve ponents are, and then discuss a few applications that are dri- via the Internet or intranets. Examples of national packet ving the development of these components. The focus will be switched networks developed in the last several years include on what digital video means to individuals in the research the National Science Foundation Network (NSFNet). The and education community. Department of Energy had its own network called ESNET, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration The Digital Video Environment (NASA) had a network as well. Recently, the NSFNet was de- commissioned, and commercial interests are now starting to In 1996, a group of people from several universities in the fill that void. Research and education communities are find- Midwest and from Argonne formed a Video Working Group. ing, however, that this new commercial Internet is too re- This body tried to define the areas of digital video of impor- stricting and does not meet their throughput requirements; it tance to their institutions. -
An Overview of Social Networks and Economic Applications∗
An Overview of Social Networks and Economic Applications∗ Matthew O. Jackson† Final Version: June 25, 2010 Written for the Handbook of Social Economics‡ Abstract In this chapter I provide an overview of research on social networks and their role in shaping behavior and economic outcomes. I include discussion of empirical and the- oretical analyses of the role of social networks in markets and exchange, learning and diffusion, and network games. I also include some background on social network char- acteristics and measurements, models of network formation, models for the statistical analysis of social networks, as well as community detection. Keywords: Social Networks, Network Games, Graphical Games, Games on Net- works, Diffusion, Learning, Network Formation, Community Detection, JEL Classification Codes: D85, C72, L14, Z13 1 Introduction The people with whom we interact on a regular basis, and even some with whom we in- teract only sporadically, influence our beliefs, decisions and behaviors. Examples of the effects of social networks on economic activity are abundant and pervasive, including roles in transmitting information about jobs, new products, technologies, and political opinions. ∗Financial support from the NSF under grant SES–0647867 is gratefully acknowledged. Thank you to Matthew Elliott, Carlos Lever, and Yves Zenou for comments on earlier drafts. †Department of Economics, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305, USA. http://www.stanford.edu/∼jacksonm e-mail: [email protected] ‡Edited by Jess Benhabib, Alberto Bisin, and Matthew O. Jackson, forthcoming, Elsevier Press. 1 They also serve as channels for informal insurance and risk sharing, and network structure influences patterns of decisions regarding education, career, hobbies, criminal activity, and even participation in micro-finance. -
Network Effects, Trade, and Productivity
Preprint, forthcoming on Managerial and Decision Economics ∗ Network Effects, Trade, and Productivity Tianle Song† and Susheng Wang‡ April, 2019 Abstract: We consider network effects in the monopolistically competitive model of trade devel- oped by Melitz and Ottaviano (2008). We show that a larger network effect intensifies competition by allowing more productive firms to raise prices and earn higher profits, but forcing less productive firms to reduce prices and earn lower profits. As a result, low productivity firms are driven out of the market. We also show that when network effects are asymmetric, it may be difficult for firms from a country with a small network effect to compete with firms from a country with a large network effect. Keywords: network effects, heterogeneous firms, international trade, productivity JEL classification: F10, F12 ∗ We thank the editor and an anonymous referee for their constructive and insightful feedback. † Corresponding author. Institute for Social and Economic Research, Nanjing Audit University. Email: tsong @connect.ust.hk. ‡ Department of Economics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. Email: [email protected]. 1. Introduction A network effect is a positive effect that arises when the value of a product or service to a user in- creases with the total number of users. Many products, especially telecommunication products and consumer electronics, feature network effects. As an example, the consumer utility of using a tele- phone increases directly with the size of the communication network. Consumer benefits can also depend indirectly on the size of the network. For instance, the users of Macintosh computers are better off when there are more users, because the increased demand may lead to a greater variety of Macintosh software (Church et al. -
CONTROL and ASSURANCE in E-COMMERCE: PRIVACY, INTEGRITY, and SECURITY at E-BAY
Yale ICF Working Paper No. 02-38 September 13, 2002 CONTROL AND ASSURANCE IN E-COMMERCE: PRIVACY, INTEGRITY, AND SECURITY AT e-BAY Rong-Ruey Duh National Taiwan University Karim Jamal University of Alberta at Edmonton Shyam Sunder Yale School of Management This paper can be downloaded without charge from the Social Science Research Network Electronic Paper Collection: http://ssrn.com/abstract_id=350663 Control and Assurance In e-Commerce: Privacy, Integrity, and Security at eBay Rong-Ruey Duh, National Taiwan University Karim Jamal, University of Alberta Shyam Sunder, Yale University Please address correspondence to: Shyam Sunder Yale School of Management 135 Prospect Street P.O. Box 208200 New Haven, CT 06520-8200 Phone: (203) 432-5960 Fax: (203) 432-6974 September 13, 2002 An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 2001 American Accounting Association annual meeting. The authors are grateful for the comments of the conference participants. Financial support provided to the first author by National Science Council, Republic of China is appreciated (NSC-90-2416-H-002-008). Copyright 2002. All rights reserved. Control and Assurance In e-Commerce: Privacy, Integrity and Security at eBay ABSTRACT Concern about privacy, integrity, and security of online transactions hampers absorption of e-commerce technologies as a normal way of doing business. To gain acceptance and trust of their participants, all organizations must achieve control or expectations equilibrium—a state where participants choose to do what others expect of them. Establishing control in e-commerce requires us to expand the traditional view of internal control to encompass the activities of customers, suppliers, and other “outside” users of their electronic platforms. -
The Influence of Network Effect on the Valuation of Online Networking
Bucknell University Bucknell Digital Commons Honors Theses Student Theses 2015 The nflueI nce of Network Effect on the Valuation of Online Networking Companies Yi Xu Bucknell University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.bucknell.edu/honors_theses Recommended Citation Xu, Yi, "The nflueI nce of Network Effect on the Valuation of Online Networking Companies" (2015). Honors Theses. 313. https://digitalcommons.bucknell.edu/honors_theses/313 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Theses at Bucknell Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of Bucknell Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. II Acknowledgements It is my proud privilege to express my gratitude to Prof. Janet Knoedler, Prof. Gregory Krohn, and Prof. Christopher Magee, who provided substantial help on designing, structuring, and conducting this research project. I am extremely thankful to Prof. Sharon Garthwaite and Prof. Karl Voss for their advice on the mathematical models. I also thank Sarah Decker and Cameron Norsworthy for their help on reading and initial editing of the thesis. III Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………… 1 Chapter 2 Literature Review ………………………………………………………………………….. 4 Chapter 3 Theoretical Model ………………………………………………………………………….. 12 Chapter 4 Empirical Model .………………………………………………….…………………………. 28 Chapter 5 Empirical Result ……………………………………………………….…………………….. 37 Chapter 6 Conclusion ..…………………………………………………………………………………….. 45 IV List of Tables Chapter 4 Empirical Models 1) Table of Key Variables…………………………………………………………………………… 32 Chapter 5 Empirical Result 2) Regression Result for Group 1 Models…………………………………………………...... 37 3) Regression Result for Group 2 Models…………………………………………………….. 39 V List of Figures Chapter 2 Literature Review Figure 1.