Challenges in processing of , buffalo and for longer shelf life Dr. Bozena Malmgren Tetra Pak, Lund, Sweden

BM/2015-03-23 UHT Processing of milk from buffalo, goat and camel is challenging due to their poor heat stability and strong enzymatic systems

BM/2015-03-23 / 2 Buffalo milk

BM/2015-03-23 Buffalo milk Composition

Constituents Buffalo Cow Fat [%] 7 4,3 Protein [%] 4 3,4 Lactose [%] 5,1 4,8 Ash [%] 0,8 0,7

Source: Pandya, A.J. et al 2006 BM/2015-03-23 / 4 Buffalo milk Fat globule distribution in milk for different animales

40 35 30

25 20 15 Volume [%] Volume 10 5 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Fat globule diameter [μm] Goat Cows Buffalo Camel

Source: Farah & Rueeg Fahmi et al. BM/2015-03-23 / 5 Buffalo milk Composition

Constituents Buffalo Cow Fat [%] 7 4,3 Protein [%] 4 3,4 Lactose [%] 5,1 4,8 Ash [%] 0,8 0,7

Source: Pandya, A.J. et al 2006 BM/2015-03-23 / 6 Buffalo milk Minerals

Buffalo Cow Ca (mg/100 ml) 183 114 Mg (mg/100 ml) 18 11 Ca/P ratio 1,71 1,04 Ca+Mg/P+Citrates 1,52 0,94 Urea (mg/100ml) 17-22 37-40

BM/2015-03-23 / 7 Tetra Therm® Aseptic Flex UHT indirect tubular system

Reject to Return from tank filling

Cooling NaOH water HNO Cooling Stabilising 3 Holding water holding tube tube

Product Steam

Product to filling

BM/2015-03-23 / 8 Agglomeration

Homogenization Heat treatment Storage Aggregation of proteins during heat treatment

BM/2015-03-23 / 10 Indirect UHT system Downstream homogenization

BM/2015-03-23 / 11 Buffalo milk Development of UHT milk market in India

250.0

200.0

150.0

100.0 million of of litres million 50.0

0.0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

BM/2015-03-23 / 12 Tetra Therm® Aseptic VTIS Direct UHT system

Reject to tank

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Cooling water

Air and condensate NaOH

HNO3

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BM/2015-03-23 / 13 Tetra Therm® Aseptic VTIS Direct steam injection

Click for VR model Click for next slide

Tetra Therm® Aseptic VTIS Direct steam injection Tetra Therm® Aseptic VTIS Direct UHT system

Reject to tank

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Cooling water

Air and condensate NaOH

HNO3

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BM/2015-03-23 / 16 Click for next slide

Tetra Therm® Aseptic VTIS Flash cooling

*(all-in-one design)

Tetra Therm® Aseptic VTIS Direct UHT system

Reject to tank

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Cooling water

Air and condensate NaOH

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BM/2015-03-23 / 18 Buffalo milk Enzymatic activity in UHT milk from direct system Free amino N- measured by fluorometrically

Operating conditions Analytic results Sterilisation Temperature Time Capacity pH 4,6 TCA Texture Alcohol test Boiling test

[°C] [sec] t0 t10 t0 t10 t0 t10 t0 t10 t0 t10 142 6 full 42,8 235,6 25,1 187,8 OK gel neg positive neg positive 142 12 full 34,6 57,8 23,1 25,3 OK OK neg neg neg neg 142 12 half 46,9 65,5 24,7 28,8 OK OK neg positive neg positive 142 16 full 35,0 54,5 25,2 25,7 OK OK neg neg neg neg 142 24 full 42,9 51,5 24,3 25,9 OK OK neg neg neg neg 142 24 half 29,8 47,6 23,8 23,9 OK OK neg neg neg neg 142 32 half 45,5 43,9 25,5 25,7 OK OK neg neg neg neg

pH 4,6 TCA Result low low good milk significant low plasmin significant significant bacterial proteinases significant significant bacterial proteinases + plasmin

Source: Datta et al. 2003 BM/2015-03-23 / 19 Buffalo milk Low Temperature Inactivation and Shelf life

UHT SHC Shelf life study temperature time temperature time 4 months 5 months 6 months System [°C] [sec] [°C] [min] gelation boiling test gelation boiling test gelation boiling test Direct 142 6 65 2 neg neg positive positive 4 neg neg positive positive 6 neg neg positive positive 12 4 neg neg positive positive 8 neg neg positive positive 12 neg neg positive positive 80 2 neg neg neg positive positive Indirect 137 4 neg neg neg neg neg 137 4 neg neg neg neg neg 137 4 neg neg neg neg neg

BM/2015-03-23 / 20

BM/2015-03-23 Goat milk

► Maligned because of offensive odour − Ventilation − Cooling ► Milk production − 500 – 1200 kg annualy in large scale production − World wide average 50 kg/ period

BM/2015-03-23 / 22 Goat milk Nutritional

Only 2% of milk production but tremendous importance in nutrition in Africa, Middle East and Mediterranean region ► Short and medium chains Fat Acids ► Less cholesterol ► Soft easier to digest ► High buffering capacity ► High vitamin A content ► Important nutrition in absence of cow´s milk ► Deficiency in vitamin B12 and folic acid – “goat milk anemia”

BM/2015-03-23 / 23

Goat milk quality

► High somatic cell count − instability

Constituents Goat Cow Fat [%] 3,8 3,6 Protein [%] 3,5 3,3 Lactose [%] 4,1 4,6 Ash [%] 0,8 0,7

Source: Y.W. Park 2006 BM/2015-03-23 / 24 Goat milk Fat globule distribution in milk for different animales

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25 20 15 Volume [%] Volume 10 5 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Fat globule diameter [μm] Goat Cows Buffalo Camel

Source: Farah & Rueeg Fahmi et al. BM/2015-03-23 / 25 Goat milk Proteins

Goat Cow Goat Cow

Protein [%] 3,5 3,3 Average diameter [nm] 260 180 Mineralisation Total casein [g/100ml] 2,1 2,7 3,6 2,9 [g Ca/100g of casein] αs1 [% of total casein] 5,6 38,0

αs2 [% of total casein] 19,2 12,0 Solubilisation of casein [%] Goat Cow

β [% of total casein] 54,8 36,0 at 20°C 10 1 κ [% of total casein] 20,4 14,0 at 5°C 25 10

Source: Y.W. Park BM/2015-03-23 / 26 Goat milk Heat stability

HC Time at 140°C 0,5 – 23,5 minutes

HC Temperature for 1 minute 118 - 140°C

Level of Naphosfates [%] 0,00 0,02 0,05 0,08 0,10 0,12 0,17

pH at 20°C 6,65 6,71 6,78 6,91 6,99 7,03 7,18

Alcohol stability [%] <60 60 60-65 70 <75 75-80 80

BM/2015-03-23 / 27 Tetra Therm® Aseptic VTIS Direct UHT system

Reject to tank

Steam Holding tube

Cooling water

Air and condensate NaOH

HNO3

Product

Cooling water Return from filling

Steam Product to filling

BM/2015-03-23 / 28 Indirect UHT system Downstream homogenization

BM/2015-03-23 / 29 Camel milk

BM/2015-03-23 80% of world in Africa 70% of that in and Sudan In Asia 70% in India

BM/2015-03-23 / 31 Camel milk Composition

Constituents Camel Cow Fat [%] 3,2 – 5,2 4,3 Protein [%] 2,7 – 4,5 3,4 Lactose [%] 3,4 – 5,6 4,8 Ash [%] 0,6 – 0,9 0,7

BM/2015-03-23 / 32 Camel milk Nutritional

► High level of antibacterial proteins − Lactoferrin 10x higher than in cow´s milk ► 40% less cholesterol (lower fat content) ► High content of Ca, Fe,vitamin C and niacin ► Soft curd easier to digest ► No β- lactoblobulin

BM/2015-03-23 / 33 Camel milk Fat content

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25 20 15 Volume [%] Volume 10 5 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Fat globule diameter [μm] Goat Cows Buffalo camel

BM/2015-03-23 / 34 Camel milk Proteins

Constituents Camel Cow Casein [%] 1,9 - 2,3 2,7 Casein micell diameter [nm] 260 - 300 100-140 protein [%] 0,7 - 1,0 0,7 β-lactoglobulin [%] not present 0,36

Camel Cow 4% 9% 13%

β-casein 10% 39% β-casein 22% αs1 casein αs1 casein αs2 casein 65% αs2 casein κ - casein 38% κ - casein

BM/2015-03-23 / 35 Camel milk Alcohol stability UHT processing Plain < 65 Salts 75 pH 7 85 neg

Indirect system Direct system

Plain Salts pH7 Plain Salts pH7

Sedimentation Sedimentation Slight Sedimentation Sedimentation Slight sedimentation sedimentation noted noted

BM/2015-03-23 / 36 Tetra Therm® Aseptic VTIS Direct UHT system

Reject to tank

Steam Holding tube

Cooling water

Air and condensate NaOH

HNO3

Product

Cooling water Return from filling

Steam Product to filling

BM/2015-03-23 / 37 Camel milk Alcohol stability UHT processing 3bD 85% 3dD 85% 8 D < 65%

No sedimentation No sedimentation Sedimented

BM/2015-03-23 / 38 Camel milk Storage stability – 3 months ambient

Note: Noted fat layer at the surface, resulted formation of flakes upon mixing the milk

BM/2015-03-23 / 39 Camel milk Storage stability – enzymatic activity

Amino-N [mg/l]

TCA Soluble pH 4,6 soluble UHT cows milk 20 40

Reconstituted camel milk 31 69

UHT camel whole milk 85 230

UHT camel semmiskimmed milk 90 258

UHT camel 96 255

Proteolysis measured by fluoresamin TCA pH 4,6 Result low low good milk low significant plasmin significant significant bacterial proteinases significant significant bacterial proteinases + plasmin

Source: Datta et al. 2003 BM/2015-03-23 / 40 Camel milk Storage stability – enzymatic activity

Chromatogram of supernatant of pH 4,6 fraction

Bacterial Plasmin proteinases

BM/2015-03-23 / 41 BM/0408