Draft Report on Spatial Development Plan for Pathreri Gram Panchayat by College of Architecture for Ministry of Panchayati Raj,GOI SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR PATHRERI GRAM PANCHAYAT DISTRICT

Prepared by- CHANDIGARH COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE Sector – 12, Chandigarh

FOR MINISTRY OF PANCHAYATI RAJ, GOVERNMENT OF

1 INTRODUCTION • It is a well established norm that while urban centers, towns and cities have progressed, the rural areas in India continue to suffer the ill effect of little or low development. Despite significant achievements in many sectors, the rural poor continue to struggle with unemployment, poor infrastructure, illiteracy, inequality, low per capita income and consequent low standards of living. According to Census 2011, the number of migrants within the country stands at about 450 million. Of these, 78 million moved from rural to urban areas, particularly to the Metro areas and the industrial centers, which are regarded as the engines of economic growth and livelihood. Thus, the initiative taken by the Government of India with regard to rural spatial planning as arising out of the foregoing discussion that whereas the urban areas in the country already have a system in place in terms of important plans for the large cities and towns, there is no such perspective spatial planning process in place for rural areas. It is undisputed that the inter-dependency of villages with cities, industrial towns and urban centers calls for spatial development planning for villages with respect to services and infrastructure with the aim to restrict the migration to towns and important cities and also reinforce the development of rural, peri - urban areas. Especially so for the villages located in the vicinity of national and state highways so that the optimum use of resources can be conducted and adverse social and environmental impacts/ hazards can be mitigated. • However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, followed by the nationwide lockdown and the resultant ‘reverse migration’ of lakhs of daily wage labourers, employed mainly in the informal sector, over the past few weeks now pose a huge socio- economic problem and challenge to authorities. It will be a tough task to provide gainful employment to these people in the rural areas

2 In response to this and the initiatives taken by some of the gram Panchayats at their own level, the Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Govt. of India, has launched a pilot project of Spatial Development planning of gram Panchayats across select Indian states and partnering with academia and professionals in the field of Spatial Planning. • The initiative for developing Gram Panchayat Spatial Development Plan on pilot basis for 16 states across the country comprising two Gram Panchayats (GPs) per state in collaboration with the reputed academic institutions has been proposed by the Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India. The selection of Gram Panchayats will be through a consultative process with the respective institutes and State department of Panchayati Raj. The criteria for the selection of Gram Panchayats is – 1. Gram Panchayat should be with a population not less than 5 thousand but should ideally be of size 10 thousand. 2. It should be located on a national highway or a prominent state highway. The choice of such GPs is to ensure that the low hanging fruit that such GPs can immediately cash upon due to their unique geographical locations. 3. It should have enough area for future development. 4. It should not be located very close to another city because then land will not be available for further planning. • Further, Article 243G of the Constitution mandates for the Panchayats to be endowed with such powers and authority to empower them for the preparation of plans for economic development and social justice within their respective areas. However, in their present setup, the Panchayats neither have the means nor the capacity to undertake such an effort. Therefore, to begin with, if the Panchayats are to do any meaningful planning for economic development within their geographical jurisdiction, it is important for them to envision and correlate economic development with land use classification, both present and for the future.

3 • The planning process for such development of these rural areas needs to be an envisioning process requiring a sound professional assessment of the ground situation and providing options for sustainable development within the bounds of demographic, physical, socio-economic, jurisdictional and financial aspects. • Based on the above, 16 states covering 32 Gram Panchayats have been chosen for preparation of master plans in a time bound manner through a consultative process and keeping in view the objectives of the Concept Note issued by the Ministry of Panchayati Raj. Two VC meetings have been held wherein participation and consultation with all the stake holders have been conducted. The ongoing status od\f work has been reviewed to the satisfaction of the MoPR. • The Spatial Planning Development plan for Gram Panchayats has been prepared with the support of National Informatics Centre (NIC) and National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) as technology partners of the Ministry. They have provided the technical information along with the Spatial data to the institutions for this initiative. • As the Gram Panchayats are economic transformers in the rural areas of the country, they have been actively involved in the projects. The Panchayats have also served as important stake holders during the conduct of door to door survey development of the oral histories of the Gram Panchayats and physical verification of data received from the technology partners. The Gram Manchitra and Bhoovan platforms have provided leverage for this initiative. Further, since the ground situation varies from state to state and also from Panchayat to Panchayat, the focus of this exercise has been to deal with the Gram Panchayat on case to case basis and thereby formulate a roadmap to equip the rural areas to meet the challenges for the next century.

4 Further, since some of the Government programmes are underway in rural areas therefore, the present Gram Panchayat planning would keep in mind the programmes already under implementation or in planning stage so that the policy level changes when required to by met would be taken up in consultation with the states at appropriate instances of time. • The Spatial Planning activity aims to stimulate the decentralized models of development taking into account local sensitivity of the people, their expectations, aspirations and indigenous resources - both human and natural and thereby striving various building Atmanirbhar Bharat in the true sense. • Thereafter, the Chandigarh College of Architecture with its dedicated team of faculty and post graduate students has been working on the project with the support of the Haryana State Panchayati Department along with the Nodal Officer assigned to this project by the State Government. The identified Gram Panchayats are Pathreri Tehsil Shahzadpur and Tehsil Barara in the district of Ambala. The Spatial Development plans for the village, the selected Gram Panchayats would address challenges of location indigenous resources, social, economic, environmental needs as well as prevent unwarned conversion of rich agricultural land to urban use. The methodology includes Geospatial and App based survey, household data collection, sampling and analysis. It also includes cross referencing through historical research, oral histories to ascertain environmental concerns such as eco-sensitive zones, brick kilns, and quarries for building material, etc. so that loss of alluvial and arable land may not disturb the in-situ attributes of the soil, and water table. The emerging master plan document would outlay a vision to guide growth and development of the rural areas for the next 20 to 30 years by utilizing the latest geographical information system (GIS) technology. The proper integrity of sector planning, into the master plan of the GPs for management of growth and providing for orderly and protective development, productive information resources, development and maintenance of infrastructure strengthening the local identity of the gram Panchayat and its people.

5 Ministry of Panchayati Raj Government of India assigned the project of preparation of Spatial Development Plan for two Gram Panchayats in the state of Haryana to the Chandigarh College of Architecture. After discussion with the state nodal office, two Gram Panchayats namely :

1. Pathreri, Block Shahzadpur 2. Mullana, Block Barara.

A dedicated team of faculty members, post-graduate students and staff participated in preparation of this report.

NRSC & NIC are the technology partners for the project.

6 METHODOLOGY I. DATA COLLECTION A.Primary resources: • Household Survey (Sample size of 100 households) • Physical Site visits • Oral History • Telephonic interviews and VC with concerned government authorities and elected members B. Secondary resources: • Data from Grammanchitra website • Data provided by ISRO and NRSC • Data provided by NIC • Census 2001 and 2011 • Bhuvan Panchayat website • Data collected from websites of various government departments • Gazetteer • Revenue Maps and Jamabandi • Other written sources – Books and Documents • Google Earth

II. CURRENT STATE ASSESSMENT III. ANALYSIS OF DATA IV. PROPOSALS

7 LOCATION AND EXTENT

• The Gram Panchayat of Pathreri (Pin code 134202) is located in Block Shahzadpur, District Ambala in the state of Haryana. • Its Parliament Constituency is Ambala and Assembly Constituency is Ambala City. • According to the 2011 Census, the Gram Panchayat covers an area of 739 hectares and comprises of the settlement of Pathreri village and its surrounding agricultural land.

Source: https://grammanchitra.gov.in/#

8 • The Gram Panchayat of Pathreri is flanked by the Gram Panchayats of Shahzadpur, Buraj Shahid, Salola, Nek Nawan, Panjeton, Nagawan, Khurd and Sontli. It has the second largest area of the 8 GPs, the largest being the GP of Shazadpur.

Source: Source: Bhuvan Panchayat 3.0 https://grammanchitra.gov.in/#

• In consultation with the Patwari Shahzadpur, it has been identified that a patch of about 8.5 acre of Shamlat land is located at a distance of 1.5km from the Abadi Deh, within the Gram Panchayat. Apart from this few smaller patches of Shamlat Land also exist.

9 ABOUT PATHRERI

• The village elders date the establishment of Pathreri around 1187 AD. According to oral history, the village was established by Rana Manpal Singh, descendent of Rana Har Raj, a Rajput.

• The Rajput community is till date one of the most prominent resident communities of the village. The Nagar or Gram Khera is a religious precinct dedicated to the village deity and is the founding building of the village. The Nagar Khera of Pathreri is also called Dhobi Khera and it is believed that no ‘dhobi’ can reside in the village. It is near this Khera that the first settlement grew.

• A Shiv temple located outside the Abadi area is one of the oldest and the most prominent temple. Shivratri is the most important festival of the village and people from the neighboring villages also visit during this time.

• The Ambala Gazetteer 1923-24 records the history of this area to the late 18th century when the neighboring town of Shahzadpur was established as a stronghold by the Sikhs from Patiala. It is noted that the surrounding villages came under the jurisdiction of the Shahzadpur family. Some old havelis belonging to Sikh families existed near the central area i.e. near the Gram Khera. These families shifted to cities with time and the havelis were turned to ruins and are now nonexistent.

• According to oral history, a large number of Muslims migrated from Pathreri to Pakistan during partition. The migrants from Pakistan, who were allotted land in Pathreri village mostly sold their lands and moved to other towns and cities.

10 After an analysis of the primary resources, a pattern of growth has been conjectured: • The first stage being the settling of the Rajput community and the Valmiki community. • The second stage can be seen as the development of the central market when probably the business class started settling in the village. • The third stage is the development of the present fabric. • The fourth and the last stage is the identification of areas where new construction is being observed.

11 The present village abadi area is divided into two pattis: Bijhana Patti and Banda Patti, a sketchy division as per the description provided on site by the residents has been conjectured in the above map.

12 SUSTENANCE

1. LIVELIHOOD

As per household survey the residents of the village commute to surrounding Gram Panchayats for their livelihood which includes owning and working on agricultural land in Nagawan and Shahzadpur, in the factories and industries located in Saha and Bhadauli in commercial establishments, shops and various government and private offices located in Ambala, Chandigarh and Panchkula, Kala Amb, Shahzadpur and Saha.

Source: Google Earth

13 2. EDUCATION There are a number of government and private schools and colleges imparting education at undergraduate and postgraduate levels in close proximity (15 km radius approx.) to the GP. These institutes award degrees in the fields of science, arts and commerce. Simultaneously some students come to study in the government senior secondary school located in Pathreri. A government college for girls is located at a distance of 7.4km on the Ambala- road. At a distance of 15 km is a government college which provide graduate degrees in Arts, Commerce, Computer Science and a postgraduate degree in Commerce. 2 3

NARAINGARH 2 1 4 3 56 Pathreri

8 5 km 9 Radius 7 10 km Radius 15 km Radius 2 4

5 km radius 15 km radius

1. ICL Institute Of Management & Technology, Shahzadpur 11.N R M High School, Naraingarh 2. M.R.S.D. Senior Secondary School, 12.Narayangarh High School, Naraingarh Shahzadpur 13.Kidzee, Naraingarh 3. Maa Bhagwati Niketan Public School, 14.Bali Model School, Naraingarh Shahzadpur 15.D.A.V. Public School, Naraingarh 4. ICL Group Of Colleges, Sountli 16.Government Senior Secondary School, 5. Saheed Naresh Kumar Sr. Sec. School, Pathreri Naraingarh 6. Girl’s School,Pathereri 17.Smb Geeta School, Naraingarh 10 km radius 18.VSK International Play School, Naraingarh 19.Govt. College Naraingarh 7. Bala Ji Public School , Pilkhani 20.Aarya Senior Sec School , Naraingarh 8. Dasmesh Middle School, Pilkhani 21.Govt PG College, Naraingarh 9. Govt. Primary School Pilkhni 22.Sd High School, Naraingarh 10.Govt Girl’s College, Badagarh 23.JNV Panchkula, Mauli 24.Rajiv Gandhi Govt. College, Saha

14 3. HEALTHCARE Residents of Pathreri depend on the town of Shahzadpur, Naraingarh and Saha for higher level of medical facilities including Emergency, OPDs and IPD services.

1 6

NARAIN GARH

SHAHZ 9 ADPUR

2 1 1 1 Pathrer 1 0 i

5 km 1 1 Radius 2 14 10 km 5 Radius 1 15 km 3 Radius

SAHA 3 3 0 6

5km radius 10 km radius 1. Primary Health care, Pathreri 2. Animal Hospital, Pathreri 9. Doctor Mika Clinic, Patvi 3. Goyal Clinic, Shahzadpur 10.Jiwan Jyoti Hospital, Okhal 4. Dr. Sita Ram Clinic, Shahzadpur 11.Animal Hospital, Lakhnoura 5. Kanelwon Hospital, Shahzadbadpur 12.Shri Balaji Medicose, 6. Gramin Healthcare, Shahzadpur 13.Govt Subhealth Center, Kalalty 7. Ashish Clinic, Shahzadpur 14.Govt Dispensary, Pilkhani 8. Mittal Clinic, Shahzadpur 15.PHC Pilkhani, Pilkhani

15 km radius 16.Government Primary Health Care, Mauli 17.Orthocare Wellness Clinic, Naraingarh 28.Gulati Hospital, Naraingarh 18.Dr. Kapil's Multispeciality Dental Clinic, 29.Sanjay Hospital, Naraingarh Naraingarh 30.Govt Primary Health Centre Nahoni 19.Ananya Homeocare, Naraingarh 31.Primary Health Centre, Saha 20.Tayal Hospital, Naraingarh 32.Govt Hospital, Saha 21.VSK Ultrasound And Healthcare Clinic, 33.Triveni Hospital, Saha Naraingarh 34.Onkar Hospital, Saha 22.Civil Hospital, Naraingarh 35.RK Hospital, Saha 23.Sharda Hospital, Naraingarh 36.UP Swasthya Kendra Tepla Health Care 24.Hospital Vishwas Dental, Naraingarh Facility, Tepla 25.Hospital Ashirwaad, Naraingarh 26.Attry Clinic, Naraingarh 27.Dhiman Clinic, Naraingarh

15 SHAHZADPUR

4 3. Goyal Clinic, Shahzadpur 4. Dr. Sita Ram Clinic, Shahzadpur 5. Kanelwon Hospital, Shahzadpur 6. Gramin Healthcare, Shahzadpur 7. Ashish Clinic, Shahzadpur 8. Mittal Clinic, Shahzadpur

5 6 7

8 3 8

32 31

35 33 34

SAHA 31.Primary Health Centre, Saha 32.Govt Hospital, Saha 33.Triveni Hospital, Saha 34.Onkar Hospital, Saha 35.RK Hospital, Saha

16 NARAINGARH

17.Orthocare Wellness Clinic, Naraingarh 24.Hospital Vishwas Dental, Naraingarh 18.Dr. Kapil's Multispeciality Dental Clinic, 25.Hospital Ashirwaad, Naraingarh Naraingarh 26.Attry Clinic, Naraingarh 19.Ananya Homeocare, Naraingarh 27.Dhiman Clinic, Naraingarh 20.Tayal Hospital, Naraingarh 28.Gulati Hospital, Naraingarh 21.VSK Ultrasound And Healthcare Clinic, 29.Sanjay Hospital, Naraingarh Naraingarh 22.Civil Hospital, Naraingarh 23.Sharda Hospital, Naraingarh

17 4. COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY

The agricultural produce grown in the GP is transported to the Anaj Mandi in Shahzadpur, factories and mills located in and around Shazadpur, Saha and Naraingarh. The shops in the village provides the residents with goods for daily needs but they are dependent on the above mentioned areas for additional consumer goods and materials like building materials, clothing, electrical equipment etc.

18 5. PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE

5km radius 10 km radius 1. Bus Stop, Pathreri 2. SC, BC Crematory, Pathreri 12. Banaundi Bus Stand, Banaundi 3. Crematory, Pathreri 13. Bus Stand, Kakarmajra 4. Community Hall, Pathreri 14. Post Office, Kakarmajra 5. Post Office, Pathreri 15. Shamshan Ghat Kalal Majri 6. Shahzadpur New Bus Stop 16. Baragarh Bus Stand 7. Sairam Gas Agency Indane, Shahzadpur 17. Nagawan Bus Stand 8. Post Office, Shahzadpur 18. Kurali Bus Stand 9. Old Bus Stop, Shahzadpur 19. Bus Stand Momanpur 10. Police Station, Shahzadpur 20. Bus Stand Momanpur 11. Bhareri Bus Stand, Bhareri 21. Post Office, Badhauli 22. Post Office, Pilikhni 24. Community Hall Manakpur 23. Post Office, Korwa Khurd 25. Post Office, Naraingarh 26. Rashtriya Gas Sewa, Naraingarh Beyond 15 km radius 27. Fire Brigade, Naraingarh 28. Police Station, Naraingarh 37. Ambala Cant 29. Post Office, Gadauli Junction Railway 30. Post Office, Gokalgarh Station 31. Post Office, Saha 32. Narula Fire Protection Services, Saha 33. Police Station, Saha 34. Post Office, Jatwar 35. Shamshan Ghat, Samru 36. Police Station, Haripur

19 PATHRERI

1. Bus Stop, Pathreri 4 2. Sc, Bc Crematory, Pathreri 3. Crematory, Pathreri 4. Community Hall, Pathreri 5. Post Office, Pathreri

1 3

5

2

SHAHZADPUR 6. Shahzadpur New Bus Stop 7. Sairam Gas Agency Indane, Shahzadpur 8. Post Office, Shahzadpur 9. Old Bus Stop, Shahzadpur 10.Police Station, Shahzadpur

1 2

1 0 9

6 7 8

20 6. SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE

10 km radius 24. Gurudwara Sahib, Bakarpur 25. Nurani Masjid, Lakhnoura 26. Gurudwara Sahib, Kanjala 27. Shiv Mandirf, Pilkhani 28. Shree Guru Ravidass Mandir Pilkhani 29. Masjid, Pilkhani 30. Guru Valmiki Mandir, Pilkhani 31. Gurudwara Sahib, Berpura

5 km radius 1. Shivalya Mandir, Pathreri 15 km radius 2. Hanuman Mandir, Pathreri 32. Shri Sai Baba Mandir, Naraingarh 3. Radha Krishan Mandir, Pathreri 33. Shri Krishna Mandir, Naraingarh 4. Deri Mandir, Pathreri 34. Harda Vala Mandir, Naraingarh 5. Ravidas Temple, Pathreri 35. Hanuman Vatika, Naraingarh 6. Valmiki Temple, Pathreri 36. Shiv Mandir, Naraingarh 7. Naina Devi Mandir, Pathreri 37. Shri Raghunathji Mandir, Naraingarh 8. Sant Ravidas Temple, Pathreri 38. Gurudwara Ratgarh Sahib, Naraingarh 9. Shri Guru Ravidass Ji Mandir, 39. Shabir Shah Peer Rahim Tulaah Ali, Naraingarh Shahzadpur 40. Jai Mata Mandir, Naraingarh 10. Shiv Mandir, Shahzadpur 41. Vishwkarma Tample, Naraingarh 11. Khera Mandir, Shahzadpur 42. Gurudwara Sahib, Ahmadpur 12. Madina Masjid, Shahzadpur 43. Zuma Masjid, Naraingarh 13. Sai Mandir, Shahzadpur 44. Masjid, Nahoni 14. Masjid Shahzadpur 45. Saraswati Vidya Mandir Saha 15. Sai Mandir, Shahzadpur 46. Chotta Gurudwara Saha 16. Devi Bala Sunderi Mandir, Shahzadpur 47. Krishan Mandir, Saha 17. Shiv Manidr, Shahzadpur 48. Gurdwara Yaadgaar Pir Buddhu Shah G, Saha 18. Shani Mandir, Shahzadpur 49. Guru Ravidas Mandir, Saha 19. Gurudwara Shri Harpunji Sahib, Panjaton 50. Hanuman Temple, Saha 20. Singh Sabha Gurudwara, Bhareri Kalan 51. Gurudwara Singh Sabha Saha 21. Gurudwara Handi Khera Sahib, Dhamauli 52. Shiv Mandir, Saha Majri 53. Vishwkarma Mandir, Saha 22. Gurudwara Sahib, Gharbuli 54. Masjid, Badi Kohri 23. Vishkarma Temple, Gharouli 55. Gurudwara Singh Sabha, Laha

21 PATHRERI

1. Shivalya Mandir, 1 Pathreri 2. Hanuman Mandir, Pathreri 3. Radha Krishan Mandir, Pathreri 4. Deri Mandir, Pathreri 5. Ravidas Temple, Pathreri 6. Valmiki Temple, 4 Pathreri 3 2 7. Naina Devi Mandir, Pathreri 8. Sant Ravidas Temple, 5 Pathreri 6 7

8

SHAHZADPUR

9. Shri Guru Ravidass Ji 1 Mandir, Shahzadpur 8 10. Shiv Mandir, Shahzadpur 1 7 1 1 11. Khera Mandir, 1 5 6 Shahzadpur 4 12. Madina Masjid, 1 1 Shahzadpur 3 2 13. Sai Mandir, Shahzadpur 14. Masjid Shahzadpur 15. Sai Mandir, 1 1 Shahzadpur 1 0 16. Devi Bala Sunderi Mandir, Shahzadpur 17. Shiv Manidr, Shahzadpur 9 18. Shani Mandir, Shahzadpur

22 NARAINGARH

32. Shri Sai Baba Mandir, Naraingarh 33. Shri Krishna Mandir, 3 Naraingarh 2 34. Harda Vala Mandir, Naraingarh 35. Hanuman Vatika, Naraingarh 36. Shiv Mandir, Naraingarh 37. Shri Raghunathji Mandir, Naraingarh 3 3 38. Gurudwara Ratgarh 3 3 3 4 Sahib, Naraingarh 5 37 39. Shabir Shah Peer 36 Rahim Tulaah Ali, 8 Naraingarh 4 3 40. Jai Mata Mandir, 4 0 9 Naraingarh 2 4 41. Vishwkarma Tample, 1 Naraingarh 4 42. Gurudwara Sahib, 3 Ahmadpur 43. Zuma Masjid, Naraingarh

SAHA

45. Saraswati Vidya Mandir Saha 4 46. Chotta Gurudwara 5 4 Saha 6 4 47. Krishan Mandir, Saha 7 48. Gurdwara Yaadgaar 4 Pir Buddhu Shah G , 8 Saha 4 49. Guru Ravidas Mandir, 9 Saha 50. Hanuman Temple, 5 Saha 0 51. Gurudwara Singh Sabha Saha 52. Shiv Mandir, Saha 53. Vishwkarma Mandir, Saha 5 1 5 5 2 3

23 CURRENT STATE ASSESSMENT AND FINDINGS

1. HOUSING 4. PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE Housing Age Housing Condition Water Housing Height Sewage Disposal House Type Solid waste disposal Housing Material Surface drainage Sanitation 2. SOCIAL DEMOGRAPHY Road Network Transport facilities Population Literacy 5. SOCIAL Digital literacy INFRASTRUCTURE Workforce Occupation Community Spaces Caste Distribution Education Health 3. ECONOMY Religious buildings

Household economic 6. COMMERCIAL condition INFRASTRUCTURE Land values Markets, Banks & ATM’s

24 CURRENT STATE ASSESSMENT AND ANALYSIS

HOUSING

Housing Age Housing Condition Housing Height House Type Housing Material

25 HOUSING - AGE (As per household survey)

26 HOUSING - CONDITION (As per household survey)

27 HOUSING - HEIGHT (As per household survey)

28 HOUSING – HOUSE TYPE (As per household survey)

29 HOUSING - MATERIAL (As per household survey)

ROOF MATERIAL %age Concrete 52 Mud 12 Thatch 11 Tin 4 Brick 2 Grass 1 Bamboo 1 Others 14

WALL MATERIAL %age

Brick 92 Mud 8

Source: Household survey

30 CURRENT STATE ASSESSMENT AND ANALYSIS

DEMOGRAPHY

Population Literacy Digital literacy Workforce Occupation Caste Distribution

31 DEMOGRAPHY - POPULATION

Total population

Total Male Female

Census 2011 5645 2987 2658

Census 2001 4897 2576 2321

Census 1991 4383 2293 2090

Population Percentage Increase

1991-2001 = 11.7% 2001-2011 = 15.27%

Total population (0-6yrs age)

Total Population Male Female (0-6yrs) Census 2011 617 376 241

Census 2001 764 436 328

Census 1991 667 346 321

32 DEMOGRAPHY - LITERACY

S.NO CENSUS 2001 2011 Numbers %age Numbers %age 1 Literates 2693 54.99 3909 69.2 a Male 1597 61.9 2218 74.2 b Female 1096 47.2 1691 63.8 INTERMEDIAT E 8% HIGH SCHOOL 13%

Female literacy categorization as per household survey ILLITERATE BELOW HIGH 37% SCHOOL 38%

GRADUATE AND POST GRADUATE 4%

ANALYSIS: There has been a 14.2% increase in the literacy rate of the village from 2001 to 2011 The male literacy rate (74.2%)is higher than the female literacy rate(63.8%).The gap between male and female literacy rate is of 10.4 points during 2011 which has decreased from 14.7 in 2001. The household survey shows similar gap in the male and female literacy. Further analysis shows that only 63% of the female respondents are literates out of which the majority has a qualification of only Below High School.

33 DEMOGRAPHY – DIGITAL LITERACY

34 DEMOGRAPHY – WORKFORCE

S.No PARAMETER CENSUS 2001 2011 Nos. %age Nos. %age

1 Total workers 1409 28.7 1637 28.9

a Main workers 1286 91.2 1596 97.4 Marginal b 123 8.72 41 2.5 workers

1800 2001 2011 1600

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0 TOTAL WORKERS MAIN WORKERS MARGINAL WORKERS Main worker: A person who has worked for major part of the reference period (i.e. six months or more during the last one year preceding the date of enumeration) in any economically productive activity is termed as ‘Main worker’.

Marginal worker: A person who worked for 3 months or less but less than six months of the reference period (i.e. in the last one year preceding the date of enumeration) in any economic activity is termed as ‘Marginal worker’.

35 DEMOGRAPHY – OCCUPATION S.No PARAMETER CENSUS 2001 2011 1 Main workers 1286 1596 a Male 1212 1485 b Female 74 111 1.1 Cultivators 417 404 a Male 405 394 b Female 12 10 1.2 Agricultural labourers 340 538 a Male 322 500 b female 18 38 Household industry 32 16 1.3 workers a Male 26 14 b Female 6 2 1.4 Other workers 497 638 a Male 459 577 b Female 38 61

UNEMPL Main Workers LABOUR OYED 4% 12% AGRICUL TURE Other workers 4% STUDEN T Household 8% HOUSEW industry workers IFE 72% Agricultural labourers

Cultivators Female occupation categorization as per household survey. Only 8% of the 0 200 400 600 800 women respondents are generating income.

36 DEMOGRAPHY – CASTE DISTRIBUTION

37 DEMOGRAPHY – CASTE DISTRIBUTION

Note: The mapping of neighbourhoods based on caste are from the data collection on site. It is not an extensive list for the village.

38 CURRENT STATE ASSESSMENT AND ANALYSIS

ECONOMY

Household Economic Condition Land Values

39 ECONOMY – HOUSEHOLD ECONOMIC CONDITION

The socio economic caste census 2011 provides us data of households with highest earning member income as shown in the table below. This states that almost 59% of the households are earning less than Rs.5000.

Households with highest Rs.10,0 00 or earning member income as more 15% Less than Rs.5000 590 Between Rs.5000 262 and Rs.10,000 Betwee Less n Rs. than Rs.10,000 or more 151 5,000 Rs. and 5,000 26% 59%

Source: Socio Economic Caste Census Source: Socio Economic Caste (SECC report) Census (SECC report)

The household survey <5000 gives us statistics of >10000 15% 20% monthly expenditure of families, where 65% of the households have expenditure between 5000- 10000 Rs.5000-10000 as shown 65% in the pie chart.

Source: Household Survey

40 ECONOMY – LAND VALUES

The land values for the village near the highway are around 45-50L/Killa and the rest areas are 35-40L/Killa.

The land values near the highway are higher than the village Abadi area.

Source: Household Survey

41 CURRENT STATE ASSESSMENT AND ANALYSIS

PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE

Water Sewage Disposal Solid waste disposal Surface drainage Sanitation Road Network Transport facilities

42 INFRASTRUCTURE WITHIN THE GP – WATER Water Availability – The primary sources of water in the GP is groundwater, which is accessed through tubewells. The ‘Abadi’ area is services by 4 tubewells. The village pond has been contaminated by sewage and solid waste and therefore cannot be used as a source of water. There are also some handpumps in the village.

Water Tanks - 3 of the tubewells are connected to underground tanks and one is connected to an overhead tank. The water is supplied to the households from these tanks.

Water Distribution Network– The households in the village have access to the tubewell water via public taps or private taps. Most of the houses having private taps store water in overhead tanks. As per the household survey, most of the public taps are in an area with high density and there is a demand for an increase in their numbers.

43 INFRASTRUCTURE WITHIN THE GP – SEWAGE DISPOSAL

• As per the household survey, the village does not have a system for handling of sewage or solid waste.

• The current sewage disposal comprises of an unregulated system in which household sewage flows into open street drains.

• These drains also carry rain water.

• They either turn open into the village pond or feed into a ‘nala’ which drains into the open areas/fields on the southern side of the village. The village pond has a layer of algae growing on it.

• This has resulted in odour as well as contamination of soil and ground water.

44 INFRASTRUCTURE WITHIN THE GP – SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL

• Solid waste management system is also unregulated to a large extent.

• As per the household survey, a portion of the village is serviced by a collection cart whereas residents of the other areas rely on open dumping.

• The physical site survey showed that most of untreated solid waste was dumped at the edge of the village, although some entries in the household survey have denoted that they are practicing composting.

45 INFRASTRUCTURE WITHIN THE GP – SURFACE DRAINAGE

• The open street drains are the means of disposal for rain water.

• Some entries on the Grammanchitra website suggest that work has been carried out under MGNREGA to install recharge pits at one edge of the village.

• However, there is no proposal which encompasses the entire village with regard to tackling the issue of rainwater drainage or harvesting.

46 INFRASTRUCTURE WITHIN THE GP – SANITATION

As per the household survey, 84% of the sample size have private toilets, 7% have access to public toilets and 9% are reliant on open defecation.

47 INFRASTRUCTURE WITHIN THE GP – ROAD NETWORK

• The village lies along the National highway 73 which is a bituminous road of width 45m wide. Roads inside the village are either CC or laid with pavers.

• Very few roads are ‘kuchcha’ roads.

48 INFRASTRUCTURE WITHIN THE GP – TRANSPORT FACILTIES

The primary survey indicates that most people are using 2-wheelers, cycles and Bus service as the major source of transportation. Other transport facilities as per the Census are given in the table below.

COMMUNICATION AND TRANSPORT FACILTIES (Census 2011)

1 Bus Service Yes 2 Railway Station 10+Kms 3 Auto modified Autos Yes 4 Taxis and Vans Yes 5 Tractors Yes Cycle pulled rickshaws 6 (Manual and machine Yes driven) 7 Carts driven by animals Yes

49 CURRENT STATE ASSESSMENT AND FINDINGS

SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE

Community Spaces Education Health Religious buildings

50 INFRASTRUCTURE WITHIN THE GP – COMMUNITY SPACES

1. BHATT CHAUPAL 2. RAJPUT CHAUPAL

9. CREMATION GROUND

51 INFRASTRUCTURE WITHIN THE GP – EDUCATION

• There are sufficient institutions in Pathreri and the surrounding areas which provide education at different levels, from primary to higher education. • Children from the surrounding villages also attend the schools located here.

52 INFRASTRUCTURE WITHIN THE GP – HEALTH

• The village of Pathreri has a primary health center, which as per the household survey feedback, requires further upgrades.

• Facilities such as an Emergency, OPD and IPD’s also need to be provided as there are no hospitals within the GP. They depend mostly on the advanced health facilities in Shahzadpur, Naraingarh and Saha.

53 INFRASTRUCTURE WITHIN THE GP – RELIGIOUS

• There is no Masjid or Gurudwara in the village though the village has a small percentage of Sikh and Muslim families, who go to their religious shrines in the nearby villages.

4. SHIVALAYA TEMPLE 5. RAVIDAS TEMPLE

9. NAINA DEVI TEMPLE

54 CURRENT STATE ASSESSMENT AND FINDINGS

COMMERCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE

Banks and markets

55 INFRASTRUCTURE WITHIN THE GP – BANKS AND MARKETS The independent shops marked in the map are only the ones that were identified during the site visit. It is to be noted that other independent shops are present across the village

. The types of shops in the village are:

• Sweet shops • Jewellers • Grocery Shop • Hardware store • Furniture Store • Computer center • Cement shop • Garments • Scrap Shop • Music Shop • Mobile Shop • Medical Store • Seed Shop • Atta Chakki • Garments Shop • Tea stalls

56 CURRENT STATE ASSESSMENT AND FINDINGS

ENVIRONMENT

Water quality and water level Soil Condition Water Bodies

57 ENVIRONMENT WATER QUALITY AND WATER LEVEL • As per the National Compilation on Dynamic Ground Water Resources of India, 2017 , between the period of 2013 to 2017 the stage of ground water extraction in Shahzadpur has deteriorated from 78% to 98% and is now categorized as critical.

• The designation of ‘Critical’ is assigned to areas where the stage of ground water extraction is between 90-100 % of the annually replenishable ground water recharge.

• As per the above report although areas in parts of Haryana have abundant replenishable resources there have been indiscriminate withdrawals of ground water leading to over-exploitation.

Source: National Compilation on Dynamic Ground Water Resources of India, 2017

58 ENVIRONMENT

WATER QUALITY AND WATER LEVEL

The primary source of irrigation and water supply in the GP is ground water, accessed through tubewells.

Therefore, recharging the water table becomes essential particularly in the Abadi area.

59 ENVIRONMENT

SOIL CONDITION

• The GP predominantly has course or fine loamy soil according to the soil health card issued by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Govt. of India.

• The soil is alkaline i.e. it has a PH level of above 7.

Source: NRSC

• The overall soil fertility is adequate with the exception of some plots where the addition of gypsum is recommended.

60 ENVIRONMENT

WATER BODIES

• A large water body, covering about 4 acres, is located on the north eastern edge of the village.

• It is essentially a pond replenished by rainwater.

• Although this water body holds religious and cultural significance for the village but it has been contaminated by sewage discharge from the residential areas.

61 HOUSING ANALYSIS

• As per the sample survey it is found that very few houses (approx. 6%) houses are more than 50 years old.

• Further, it was recorded that 92% of the houses have walls made of bricks with remaining 8% of mud.

• 25% of the houses are ‘kuchcha” with bamboo/thatch/grass roof, 23% of the houses are ‘semi-pucca’ with brick/tin roof laid on a framework and 52% houses are ‘pucca’ with concrete roofs.

• The grants given under the Pradhan Mantri AwasYojna have primarily been used to lay concrete roofs on brick walls.

• This material pallete allows an economical, safe and strong structure to be built.

• However, 24% of the sample survey structures are dilapidated, thereby concluding that building standards/byelaws need to be put into place for future construction activity.

• The traditional rural character has been lost.

62 HOUSING - ANALYSIS

63 PATHRERI FIGURE GROUND AND SPATIAL TRANSFORMATION

64 65 HOUSING PROPOSAL

• As per the survey, the residents have complained about the condition of the houses.

• It was also found that the road width within the village have decreased due to encroachments (like steps, balcony, building walls etc.) and absence of any byelaws. • The following points may be taken care of to create a livable environment within the residential clusters:

1. Each residential unit must have 15-20% of the plot as open to sky, as this would be conducive to the village lifestyle.

2. As per the building fabric of the village the houses should not be higher than 2 floors, unless there is a special requirement.

3. Encroachments in the form of steps or ramps, rising from the street, have to be restricted within 4.5 inches from the outer edge of the drain. As shown in the figure below.

4. All open drains need to be covered, with provision for inspection hatches at regular intervals.

5. No balcony should be projected outside the plot line.

6. Solar Street lights should be installed in all the lanes of the village.

7. Use of roofing material like thatch, grass, bamboo, tin etc should be restricted to balconies, animal shelters, verandahs etc.

• The representative of the panchayat need to keep a check that the above mentioned parameters are strictly implemented in all future construction activities, within the GP.

66 67 68 69 BEFORE AFTER

BEFORE AFTER

70 LITERACY - PROPOSAL

• As per the Census data the literacy rate has improved by 14.2% between 2001 and 2011. However, there has been a corresponding increase of 15 % in population growth during the same period.

• The data from the household survey, done for this project in 2020 shows a higher literacy rate (78%) amongst the sample size. There is a trend in an increase in the literacy level.

• However, the percentage of graduates is just 6% in spite of adequate opportunities for higher education in and around the village. This reflects that either the educated youth are migrating out of the GP or the younger generation is not motivated towards education beyond school level due to lack of job opportunities.

• This trend is more noticeable amongst the young female population with just 4% studying beyond class xii, as per the household survey.

• The way forward might not necessarily be through conventional higher education but rather through skill development

71 EMPLOYMENT - PROPOSAL

• As per the Census 2001 and 2011 statistics, the literacy level has improved compared to the rate of increase in population but we do not find considerable employment amongst the literate youth, as most of the working population are engaged in agriculture, which is also reflected in the household survey.

• Some residents even commute to the surrounding areas to work in private organisations, shops and offices as well as in government institutions.

• Cultivators and Agricultural labourers – The census data shows a marginal decrease in number of cultivators and a 58% increase in the number of agricultural labourers between 2001 and 2011.

• The trend shows that cultivators have sold their land holdings and moved from the village and small land holder have sold their land holdings and are working as agricultural labourers.

• Apart from agro based income the village does not have any scope for alternative economic activities. The feedback from the respondents of the household survey reflects that employment opportunities for women are negligible. Some suggestion of vocational courses for beauty/skin treatments have come forth.

72 EMPLOYMENT - PROPOSAL

Vocational Training Centre (Village Cluster) Agro based vocational training programmes

• Since the economy of the village is primarily agrarian based, and the literacy rate shows an upward trend amongst the youth, it is proposed that after completing their schooling they should be engaged in vocational training activities so that they do not need to migrate outside the village to earn their livelihood and can continue with the family occupation.

• A collaboration with the Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, is proposed to set up this vocational training centre at the village cluster level to inform, educate and train the villagers about agriculture based activities, different processes, research and development , innovations, technology etc.

73 EMPLOYMENT - PROPOSAL

Vocational Training Centre (Village Cluster)

These could include courses on:

• Increasing agricultural yield • New farming practices • New technology and implements for agricultural activities • Information on use of agricultural waste – conversion into boards etc. • Emerging practices in agriculture • Domestic processing of agricultural produce – for example pickles, muraba, jams, preserves, jellies etc. • Online marketing of produce on a local/state/national level • Livestock rearing – pisciculture, poultry farming • Financial tools for agriculture

74 EMPLOYMENT - PROPOSAL

Vocational Training Centre (Village Cluster)

• These courses should be certified by the University and those who successfully complete a course or training should be awarded a qualification certificate.

• This would equip the villagers to be progressive with regard to practicing agriculture and make it more conducive to earning a livelihood.

• These skills may be channelled through the following means of agro based employment : o Reuse of agriculture waste, for example rice husk boards, fuel from sugarcane waste etc. o Fruit tree orchards – which can feed into the household industries of manufacturing jams, preserves etc. o Bio gas plant – using the waste from the village for generation of fuel and fertilizer o Organic farming of fruits and vegetables o Tree plantation

75 EMPLOYMENT - PROPOSAL

Other Vocational Training Programmes

• Certified Training Programmes, which are affiliated to concerned colleges and institutes should also be done for skills like:

o Plumbing o Electrical o Computer programming o Computer skills- typing, printing, office related software’s etc. o Stitching/Knitting/Crochet o Beautician/Aesthetician Courses

76 EMPLOYMENT - PROPOSAL

Other Vocational Training Programmes

• Infrastructure for setting up vocational training – The building of the Government Senior Secondary School may be used, after school hours, to house the Vocational Training Institute.

• A community library (may be online) would allow the residents to have access to information.

• A Computer centre in the village would allow residents to access the internet, even if they do not own a personal computer. This would allow for online marketing of skills and produces, as well as increase in digital literacy which is important in today’s day and age. The household survey shows that digital literacy in the village is just 18%.

• High speed internet needs to be present in the village. Free Wi-fi service should be provided in common areas/gathering spaces.

77 EMPLOYMENT - PROPOSAL

Organic Farming (as an economic generator)

• As this village is primarily an agrarian village and does not have any unique art and craft traditions, nor are there any surrounding industries or resource deposits to generate employment, the way to generate employment and make the village self sufficient would rely on agro-based employment, activities and training.

• One such proposal would be to involve the villagers, particularly women, in small scale organic cultivation of vegetables.

• To start with 8.5 acres of the Shaamlat land may be taken and plots of 40 sqm size may be allotted to interested individuals to grow vegetables. They may rely on the manure generated by the vermiculture pits and the biogas plant and grow organic vegetables.

• Organic produce needs to be certified by a certifying authority. The soil in which the produce is grown needs to be free from the use of chemicals for at least three years.

78 EMPLOYMENT - PROPOSAL

Organic Farming (as an economic generator)

• The individuals would need to be educated and trained with regard to the parameters and process of organic farming of vegetables.

• An online portal or website may also be set up to market the produce so that a readily available market ensures that the produce is sold.

• Delivery within a 50 km radius would include markets like Chandigarh, Panchkula, Ambala, Shazadpur, Nahan etc. Within a 100 km radius would include Karnal, Kurukshetra, Patiala etc.

• Delivery and packaging of the produce would also help to generate income, particularly if the packaging material is made from agricultural waste/paper waste.

• Greenhouses may also be used to grow produce that is not in season, this would help expand the available market.

79 EMPLOYMENT - PROPOSAL

Organic Farming (as an economic generator)

• Another way of growing produce is through hydroponics, a system in which water is the main medium which will carry the essential or tailored nutrients to the crops. Also since soil is not being used almost 80% of the total pest attacks possible can be eliminated. It provides the right amount and right type of nutrients and saves space. Soil related problems are also eliminated. It has minimal weeding and harvest is made easy.(Rajeswari Aravind, 2018) • Produce with a longer shelf life should preferably be grown such as onions, Cauliflower, Chillis, Cucumber etc. • The Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, should be involved in developing and implementation of this proposal. • This scheme may be run as a cooperative under the administration and supervision of the Panchayat

Productivity Crop Area (ha) (q/ha) Potato 3153 265.88 Tomato 2380 121.50 Onion 4652 169.62 Cucurbits i) Bottle Gourd 1766 127.62 ii) Cucumber 950 110.97 iii) Muskmelon 442 0.95 iv) Water Melon 51 05.68 Mango 940.8 1.78

Source: Agriculture and Horticulture Department, Ambala

80 SOLID WASTE COLLECTION - PROPOSAL

• A uniform system needs to be devised through the village. Segregation at source and system for collection of solid waste needs to be implemented.

• Segregation need to be done according to the following categories:

o Organic waste – that can be converted into manure o Reusable waste o Recyclable Waste such as: › paper, cardboard - recycled into handmade paper, stationery products › recyclable plastic bags › metal, glass, bottles etc – which can be collected by scrap dealers o Dry Waste – incineration, pulverizing etc.

• Reusable or recyclable materials can be converted into sheets or used in construction activities. A norm may be set that these waste materials must be used in place of at least 15% of the construction materials for construction of new structure.

• This could also be a part of the vocational training activities. For example, in Auroville, tetra packs are being processed, compressed and converted into sheets that are used in roofing.

81 SEWAGE/RAINWATER - PROPOSAL

• A major problem that has been recorded in the village is the issue of sewage treatment and rainwater disposal.

• During the monsoon, certain areas of the village get water logged.

• It is recommended that the rainwater and sewage discharge be segregated at source so that the rainwater can be channelled into recharge pits to recharge the water table and the sewage discharge may be channelled into sewage treatment plants/septic tanks.

• For this, the concerned departments dealing with sanitation of the village need to be brought in to propose a suitable system to solve this issue. For future expansion, underground sewer lines need to be laid and surface runoff needs to be channelled into recharge pits for rainwater harvesting.

82 INFRASTRUCTURE - PROPOSAL

• Water – The current needs of the residential population are being met by the existing resources, however the ground water level is depleting. Therefore, recharge of the ground water via rainwater harvesting is essential.

• Sanitation – Most of the village households have access to toilets. The remaining households, who are still dependent on open defecation, need to be encouraged to use the grants under Swachh Bharat Abhiyan to construct toilets in their homes.

• Road Network - All encroachments need to be removed from road sides so that the effective width of the road is not reduced. For future expansion within the village, the road must have a minimum width of 7 metres and must be equipped with solar street lights wherever possible.

• Transport facilities – Within the village settlement, the residents do not feel the need for a system of public transport.

• Community Spaces – The community spaces are primarily the chaupals in the village which are used by a specific community. There is a lack of consolidated open spaces barring the Ambedkar Park which is now being used for dumping garbage. It is recommended to leave some open spaces in the areas where the settlement is expanding for community engagement and recreational purposes.

83 INFRASTRUCTURE- PROPOSAL

• Commercial Infrastructure - The market developing along the Highways can be formalised and a shopping cluster can be developed. These can house specialised shops related to the household small scale industries and other opportunities related to the vocational training courses being imparted to the residents of the GP.

• Environment – A complete scheme of rainwater harvesting for the village needs to be laid to recharge the ground water. The 4 acre village pond can serve as a rainwater catchment basin and needs to be revived and conserved from a cultural and religious point of view. The ground water quality reports have found traces of arsenic, which needs to be taken care of through suitable scientific measures. The shaamlat land and any other areas, proposed for organic farming should not be using any chemicals for the growth of agriculture produce.

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84 Appendix 1 – NRSC data Maps Table of Contents Team ...... 3 1. Introduction ...... 4 2. Objectives ...... 4 3. Inventory of Natural Resources using High Resolution Satellite Data ...... 4 3.1. Information sources for developmental planning ...... 5 4. Satellite Data used ...... 6 4.1. High Resolution Satellite Data ...... 6 4.2. Very High-Resolution Satellite Data ...... 6 4.3. Digital Elevation model ...... 7 5. Spatial Layers ...... 8 5.1. Infrastructure Layer ...... 8 5.2. Settlement layer ...... 10 5.4. Area under Cultivation ...... 11 5.5. Drainage Network & Waterbodies ...... 12 5.6. Soil Texture ...... 13 5.7. Slope map ...... 13 5.8. Geomorphology...... 13 5.9. Lithology ...... 14 5.10. Hydrogeology ...... 14 5.11. Contour map ...... 14 6. Long term Rainfall Analysis ...... 15 7. Long term Surface Runoff Assessment ...... 16 8. Ground Water Potential ...... 18 9. Generation of comprehensive development plan for GP ...... 19 9.1. Water Resources Development Plan ...... 19 9.2. Land Resources Development Plan ...... 19 10. Recommendations & Suggestions for improving natural resources in GP ...... 20 11. References ...... 21

Team

Dr Vinod Kr Sharma, RRSC-North Ms. Khushboo Mirza, RRSC-North Mr. Akash Goyal, RRSC-North Mr. Shankar Ram N R, RRSC-North

Overall Technical Guidance Dr C S Jha, Outstanding Scientist & CGM, RCs, NRSC Dr V M Chowdary, Scientist ‘SG’ & DGM, RRSC-North Dr.K.Chandrasekar

Natural Resources Inventory and Spatial Analysis using Geospatial Technologies

1. Introduction

Developmental planning is a complex process of decision making based on the information about the status of resources, socio-economic conditions and institutional constraints. Reliability of the databases, both the spatial and non-spatial, is therefore crucial to the success of the developmental planning. Hence, it is necessary to understand various elements of Gram Panchayat and their interrelationship for ecological planning. The ability of space technology for obtaining systematic, synoptic, rapid and repetitive coverage in different windows of the electromagnetic spectrum, and over large areas from its vantage point in space, has made this technology unique and powerful. Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites are providing timely information from regional level studies to farm level studies through multi sensor resolutions. Thus, Remote sensing and GIS are playing a rapidly increasing role in the field of land and water resources management and also becoming more and more important for environmental applications. There is a strong synergy between remote sensing and GIS, as remote sensing data are a major source of spatial information in GIS analysis and GIS data can be used as an ancillary information to support remote sensing data interpolation. The synergy between these two technologies is a major advantage in the use of an integrated approach. Over the last two decades remote sensing and GIS have been widely used for the preparation of different types of thematic layers and integrating them for different applications that include land and water resources planning, agricultural applications, water resource management, disaster management, forestry applications, watershed management and urban applications etc. The present study focuses on the inventory and analysis of natural resources for Pathreri Gram Panchayat with specific objectives as given below.

2. Objectives

1. Inventory and spatial analysis of natural resources that include thematic layers viz., infrastructure layers, LU/LC, slope, drainage network & water bodies, contours, soil etc. 2. Long term analysis of Rainfall. 3. Long term assessment of surface water potential 4. Generation of Land and Water resource development plans

3. Inventory of Natural Resources using High Resolution Satellite Data

Potential tools such as remote sensing and GIS techniques are utilized for generation of various thematic resource maps in conjunction with collateral data. Data integration and generation of development plans are carried out in Geographic Information System environment.

3.1. Information sources for developmental planning

Satellite data IRS -1D LISS III data, Cartosat and IRS P6 LISS IV data and other collateral data form major source for preparation of various thematic maps as spatial database. The data acquired from the multi-spectral sensors LISS IV (5.6 m resolution) and CARTOSAT (2.5 m resolution) of the Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS) series are extensively used for generating spatial databases. Very high-resolution satellite data (Cartosat 2S & Komsat 3A), is analyzed at finer resolutions to update the spatial layers needed for generating the value-added Land resource and water resource development plans. The data needed for this study is studied in detail and the collected primary maps have been grouped into hydro-geomorphological, topographical, land use/land cover, hydrology and socio-economic parameters (Table 1). Subsequently, these primary maps are used to produce utilitarian types of maps to serve planning decisions. They are derived, in some cases, by direct translation of single thematic map and in others by combination of two or more thematic maps or chosen parameters of the different themes (Table 2). Natural resources data representing environmental status of the study area that were generated under various national level projects at 1:50000 scale was considered for the present study and are presented below. The database was standardized for integrated analysis under GIS environment.

Table 1. Information sources for development planning Data/map Source Spatial/Non- Scale spatial Digital Elevation Model Cartosat Stereo data Spatial 10 m Contour CARTODEM Spatial 5m Geological map Rajiv Gandhi National Spatial 1:50K Geomorphological map Drinking Water Mission Spatial 1:50K Structures/Lineaments Spatial 1:50K Soil JSAC Spatial 1:50K Land use/cover Very high-resolution data Spatial 1:4K/10K Drainage map High resolution satellite data Spatial 1:4K/10K Surface water bodies Spatial 1:4K/10K Meteorological data IMD Spatial 25 km grid Settlement Spatial 1:4K/10K Infrastructure High resolution satellite data Spatial 1:4K/10K Village boundaries Spatial 1:50K Population Census Directorate, NIC, Non-spatial Demography NRSC Non-spatial

Table 2. Derived spatial databases required for planning Derived map Theme map Remarks Contour/Slope Topographical map/IRS PAN Derived from DEM stereo data Groundwater potential Geology, Geomorphology, Integration of thematic maps and borewell, Lithology and yield data point database Surface water potential Slope, soil map, land use, rainfall SCS-CN technique through and micro-watershed boundary integration of layers Water Resource Slope, soil map, land use, drainage Multi Criteria analysis Development Plan order, lineament, Runoff Potential Land Resource Slope, soil map, land use, Ground Multi Criteria analysis Development Plan Water Potential, Geomorphology

4. Satellite Data used

4.1. High Resolution Satellite Data

Resourcesat LISS 4 satellite data acquired during 2018 was used for GPSDP planning. The LISS-4 multispectral high-resolution sensor is the prime instrument of ResourceSat-2 satellite.

4.2. Very High-Resolution Satellite Data

Resource mapping at 1:4000 scale was carried out using VHRS data at sub meter resolution acquired using Cartosat-2S sensor. Cartosat-2 is an advanced remote sensing satellite with a single panchromatic camera (PAN) capable of providing scene-specific spot imageries for cartographic applications. The camera is designed to provide imageries with better than one- meter spatial resolution and a swath of 10 km. Cartosat-2S provides panchromatic resolution of 0.65m and multispectral resolution of 1.6m. The merged product is generated with spatial resolution of 0.65m (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Pathreri GP as seen through Very High-Resolution Satellite data (0.65m)

4.3. Digital Elevation model

DEM is one of the important parameters for developmental activities and was derived from CARTOSAT stereo data. The elevation data is very much essential for generation of slope and contour maps, which are essential requisites for spatial planning purposes. DEM of the study area is shown as Figure 2.

Figure 2. Digital Elevation Model (DEM)

5. Spatial Layers

Spatial layers representing the synoptic view of GP were generated at 1:10000 and 1:4000 scales.

5.1. Infrastructure Layer

Road and rail network delineated from very high-resolution satellite data is shown as Figure 3 Further, the road network was overlaid with zoning map (5km, 10km, 15km, 20km) in order to analyze the nearness of the towns to GP shown in Figure 3

Figure 3. Proximity of Pathreri GP to nearest towns

Growth of settlement in a particular direction depends on type of transport network also. The road network can be extracted using satellite data more explicitly. The road network layer was generated using VHRS data (Figure 4).

Figure 4. Road network map

5.2. Settlement layer

Growth of settlement in a particular direction can be analyzed using satellite data more explicitly. The settlement layer was generated using VHRS data (Figure 5).

5.3. LULC data

Land use/land cover was carried out using high resolution data at multiple scales i.e. both at 1:10000 (2010-2011) and 1:4000 (2018-19) for periodic monitoring of natural resources. Spatial distribution of land use land cover classes at 1:4K in the GP is shown as Figure 5. Land use land cover statistics in the study area is given in Table 3.

. Figure 5. Land use/ land cover map

Table 3. Land use / Land cover area statistics Sl. No. Land use / Land cover Class Area (ha) 1 Village Settlement 5.40 2 Hamlet & Dispersed Household 4.16 3 Industrial area 5.36 4 Transport Network 1.03 5 Crop Land 8.35 6 Agriculture Plantation 7.02 7 Sparse scrub land 7.95 8 Lake / Pond 2.09 9 Canal / Drain 5.07

5.4. Area under Cultivation

Agricultural areas under Gram Panchayat were delineated from LULC layer at 1:4000 scale (Figure 6)

Figure 6. Area under Cultivation

5.5. Drainage Network & Waterbodies

Rivers/streams are natural course of water flowing on the land surface along a definite channel and its spatial distribution in the GP is shown as Figure 7.

Figure 7. Drainage Network and Waterbody map

5.6. Soil Texture

The rate at which the water drains through soil(saturated) can be determined using the soil texture information. Sandy soils allow free movement of water as compared to clayey soil. Clay soil can hold more water as compare to sandy soil.

5.7. Slope map

CartoDEM is used for generation of the slope layer and plays an important role in developing the Water Resource Development Plan (Figure 8).

Figure 8. Slope map of the study area 5.8. Geomorphology

Hydro-geomorphological maps depict major geomorphic units, landforms and provide an understanding of the processes relating to groundwater occurrence as well as groundwater prospects. Based on the morphological expressions in the satellite data, geomorphological map prepared at 1:50000 scale is presented in Figure 9.

Figure 9. Geomorphology map 5.9. Lithology

The general physical characteristics of a rock or the rocks in a GP is derived from satellite data in form of lithology layer. The information about the rock type is very important in generation of water resource development plans.

5.10. Hydrogeology

The hydrogeology and recharge condition layers have to be integrated to know the depth to water table and available recharge to the aquifer. It is used to calculate the recharge from continues irrigated water source, temporarily/seasonal water source, less or no recharge sources. It’s an important information needed to determine the water condition in the vicinity of Gram Panchayat.

5.11. Contour map

Contours at 5m contour interval generated using cartoDEM are shown in Figure 10.

Figure 10 Contour map

6. Long term Rainfall Analysis

Annual rainfall varied between 563 mm - 2410 mm during the period 1979-2003 indicating high temporal variability (Figures 12 & 13). Further, number of rainy days along with statistics in the GP was computed for different years indicating wet, dry and normal conditions (Table 4)

Table -4 Rainfall analysis for Dry, Wet and Normal Conditions (1979-2003)

Meteorological Condition

Statistics Dry Conditions Wet Conditions Normal Conditions

Rainy Rainy Rainy Rainfall Runoff Rainfall Runoff Rainfall Runoff days days days

Mean 844 411 68 1866 1243 78 930 520 59

Standard 155 151 15 257 340 13 540 324 33 Dev.

7. Long term Surface Runoff Assessment

Runoff is a general term to indicate the accumulation of excess rainfall, which traverses over surface/sub surface and occurs when rainfall intensity is greater than the rate at which it is able to infiltrate the soil. In this study, one of the most widely used technique USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) Curve Number (CN) method was used for assessment of runoff potential for GP (USDA-SCS, 1985). The spatial distribution of runoff in the study area was computed for three meteorological conditions (wet years, dry years and normal years) and presented in Figure 14. Quantitative assessment of runoff serves as basic information for adopting suitable soil and water conservation measures in a watershed.

Figure-12 Annual Variation of runoff Coefficient (1979-2013)

Figure-13 Mean Rainfall and Surface Runoff (a) Dry conditions (b) Normal conditions (c) Wet conditions (d) Annual Scale (1979-2013)

Figure-14 Surface runoff assessment under different meteorological conditions 8. Ground Water Potential

Groundwater cannot be seen directly from remotely sensed data hence its presence must be inferred from manifestation of surface features which act as an indicator of groundwater. Ground water potential map generated under Rajiv Gandhi Drinking Water Mission carried by NRSC was used for planning purpose (Figure 15). Groundwater potential map was categorized according to its recharge characteristics as either (i) Good – Very Good, (ii) Moderate - Good, (iii) Moderate (iv) Poor - Moderate (v) Poor. The lineaments are the surface manifestation of linear features like joints and fractures. They have been demarcated from the imagery as linear features and are ascertained after field traversing. Groundwater potentiality of a higher order is indicated where lineaments run along and across the alluvial zone.

Figure-15. Groundwater Prospects map (Source: Groundwater potential map generated under Rajiv Gandhi Drinking water Mission project, NRSC)

Groundwater quality map of the study area is shown as Figure 16 and Table 5.

Parameter Location 1 Location Location Location 2 3 4 pH 7.35 7.42 7.29 7.55 TDS 525 509 362 498 Hardness 190 240 130 300 Fluoride 0.595 0.803 0.441 0.603 Chloride 40 60 30 50 Iron 0.1 0.2 0 0.12 Nitrate 0 0 0 0.8 Alkalinity 130 150 130 190 GWQ Potable Potable Potable Potable

Data source IMIS IMIS IMIS IMIS

Year 2010 2010 2009 2011

Figure-16 Groundwater Quality Location Map Table 5. Water quality parameters for different locations

9. Generation of comprehensive development plan for GP

9.1. Water Resources Development Plan The water resource development plan generation using GIS includes identification of suitable zones for taking up locale specific activities in the study area. Local area specific activities are generally the areas, where certain type of water resource activity is recommended for implementation. Water conservation measures like check dam, percolation tank, underground barrier etc. fall under location specific activities. In order to identify the suitable zones for location of recharge structures, different thematic layers viz., drainage network with drainage order buffer map, soil, slope and land use/cover and runoff potential were integrated under GIS environment. Subsequently, zones in which the defined conditions of the different thematic layers were fulfilled are identified for location specific activity. The guidelines for the selection of suitable zones for planning location specific activities are adopted from literature (IMSD,1995; Chowdary et al., 2009;Chowdhury et al., 2010; Shankar and Mohan, 2005).

9.2. Land Resources Development Plan

In the present study, a decision model that involves the logical combination of thematic maps resulting from the application of conditional operators was established for evaluating the suitability of a particular land use activity in the study area. For achieving this objective, essential prerequisites such as land use/cover, soil, slope and groundwater potential maps are generated using remote sensing and GIS. Integration of geomorphological, hydrogeological and land use data with geophysical investigations gives groundwater potential. This coupled with surface water potential, helps in the generation of alternate land resource development plan. Methodology adopted from the GIS based land use planning project initiated in India entitled ‘Integrated Mission for Sustainable Development’, which generates, analyzes and integrates natural resource thematic data in 1:50000 scale, together with satellite remote sensing data forms major basis for the present study (IMSD, 1995). The guiding factors described for land use plan generation have been presented in tabular form in the Table-3. Further, the information on land capability classes and recommended land treatment management practices (Stark et al., 1966; Pretall and Polius, 1981) also served as guiding tools. The water resource development and land resource development plan are shown in the Figures 17 & 18

Figure 17 Water Resource Development Plan Figure 18 Land resource Development Plan

10. Recommendations & Suggestions for improving natural resources in GP

 Rain water harvesting measures such as farm ponds, percolation tanks and check dams are suggested in the GP considering study GP characteristics, which they have significant role in rainfed and dryland farming cultivation. To minimize the cost of construction in case of farm ponds, suitable zones were identified for two soil conditions i.e. with or without seepage control. Dimensions of the pond can be evaluated on the basis of volume of water to be stored. Further, feasible locations for check dam are identified.  Rainwater harvesting structures reduce runoff velocity there by minimizes erosion and secondly allow the retained water to percolate and thus results in increased recharge in the wells located downstream of the structure. Some slots should be provided in the check dam so as to allow passing through early monsoon flow that carry appreciable amounts of sediment. The late/post monsoon flow can be stored by plugging the slots with either wooden planks or similar another suitable device.  Mean runoff coefficient estimated based on the 35 years rainfall data is nearly 0.56 that indicated that nearly 56% of rainfall is converted to runoff. Number of rainy days also varied between 46 to 119 days during the period 1979-2013, which indicates ample scope for retaining surface runoff water through adoption of suitable rainwater harvesting measures.  Water resource development plan indicated that nearly 10 ha of area is suitable for farm pond and nearly 4 ha of area is suitable for farm pond with seepage control. However, cadastral map needs to be overlaid on the WRD plan for implementation purpose. Thus, these structures directly address the temporal discontinuity between the availability of rainfall and crop moisture demand. Irrigation and water supply can be planned from the wells lying in the dam command. Thus, rainwater harvesting technique helps in recycling water for raising double cropping system and agro-horticulture crops.  In the Pathreri GP, nearly 20% of the land is crop land and more than 15% of the land is being utilized for agricultural plantation. More than 15 % of the land is sparse scrub land. As the GP is having sufficient water availability, by means of canal and pond, the portion of scrub land can be utilized for agriculture purpose. Organic farming can be a viable alternative production method for farmers which will utilize the land availability efficiently and increase the farmer income. Cereal and forage crops can be grown organically relatively easily, due to relatively low pest pressures and nutrient requirements. Other methods can be adopted for changing wastelands to intensive agriculture, Agro-horticulture, horticulture, social forestry and fodder crop etc.  Here more than 89% of the area fall under double cropped areas and the addition of seasonal vegetables can be attempted as the GP is well connected with highway and its easily accessible to towns like Shahzadpur, Mullana & Ambala.  Further, areas suitable for Intensive agriculture are identified considering the current land use, soil, slope and surface and ground water potentials of the GP. Nearly 26 ha GP area is suitable for Intensive agriculture. This indicates possibilities for transformation of existing single cropped areas, fallow and wastelands to intensive agriculture areas.  For successful implementation of land and water resource development plan in the study GP, suitable working scale needs to be identified for data analysis and implementation within the GIS framework. Most of the implementation by the implementing authorities of the government is being carried out with cadastral maps. The large-scale cadastral maps overlaid on the action plan details would be the best format for implementation.

11. References

Chowdary, V.M., Ramakrishnan, D., Srivastava, Y.K., Chandran, V. and Jeyaram, A. (2009). Integrated water resource development plan for sustainable management of Mayurakshi watershed, India using remote sensing and GIS. Water Resources Management, 23(8): 1581- 1602.

Chowdhury, A., Jha, M.K. and Chowdary, V.M. (2010). Delineation of groundwater recharge zones and identification of artificial recharge sites in West Medinipur district, West Bengal using RS, GIS and MCDM techniques. Environmental Earth Science, 58(6): 1209-1222.

IMSD (1995) Integrated Mission for Sustainable Development (IMSD) Technical Guidelines. NRSA, Hyderabad

Pretall, O., Polius, J., 1981. Land resources in St Lucia: land capability classification and crop allocation. In St Lucia Development Atlas, Department of Regional Development, Organization of American States, Washington DC, USA, 29 pp.

Shankar MNR, Mohan G (2005) A GIS based hydrogeomorphic approach for identification of site-specific artificial-recharge techniques in the Deccan Volcanic Province. Journal of Earth System Science 114(5): 505-514.

Stark, J., Lajoie, P., Green, A.J., 1966. Soil and Land use surveys, No. 20, St Lucia, University of West Indies: St Augustine, Trinidad, West Indies. 20-45.

USDA-SCS, 1985. National engineering handbook, section 4 – Hydrology,(Washington, D.C.:USDA-SCS).