P1: OSO/OVY P2: OSO/OVY QC: OSO/OVY T1: OSO GTBL043-index GTBL043-Zubrick-v4 March 28, 2007 19:55

INDEX

A Air peak, in gas B Abb´e refractometer, chromatography, Back-extraction, 135–136, 247–251 256–257, 261 191 components of, 247–249 Alcohol Back-pressure, 211 hints regarding, 251 isobutyl, 320 Ball-and spring oscillator, preuse of, 249 isopropyl, 320 276–277 use of, 249–250 tert-butyl, 282 Beakers, 63–64 Absorbents, Aldrich Catalog Handbook Benzoic acid chromatography of Fine Chemicals, Aldrich Catalog and, 221 32–34 Handbook and, 34 Absorption column, in gas Alumina, 225 CRC Handbook and, 28 chromatography, 258 Aluminum foil, covering Lange’s Handbook and, Accidents, 5 vial with, 86 29–30 Acetaminophen (Tylenol) Analytical balances, 55–56 Merck Index and, 32 preparation, 7 Anharmonic oscillator, 278 Binary azeotrope, 332 Acids disposal, 6 Anharmonic potential, 278 Boiling point Activated charcoal, Anhydrous calcium distillation and, 319 recrystallization and, chloride, 81 microscale, 217–218 107, 114 Anhydrous magnesium ultramicroscale, Adapters, 42–45 sulfate, 81 218–219 Claisen, 41, 180, 181, Anhydrous potassium Boiling range, distillation 207 carbonate, 81 and, 171–172 glassless glass adapter, Anhydrous sodium Boiling stones, 146, 168 44–45 carbonate, 81 Bonded-reversed-phase inlet, 204 Anisotropy, 315 column, 271 jointware, 42–44 Attenuator network, in 1-bromobutane Swinney, 269 gas chromatography, Aldrich Catalog thermometer, 43–44 255 Handbook and, 33–34 three-way, 40, 169 Azeotropes, 330–332 CRC Handbook and, vacuum, 40, 161–162, binary, 332 26–28 170–171 COPYRIGHTEDdistillation and, 185–186, MATERIALLange’s Handbook and, Addition 332–333 28–29 microscale, 211–212 ethyl alcohol-water, 185 Merck Index and, 30–31 reflux and, 206–209 maximum-boiling, 185, safety and, 7, 22–23, 29 Addition funnel, 206 332 Bubble trap, in Air bubbles, 218 minimum-boiling, 185, high-performance Air inlets, 44 331 liquid chromatography, Air leaks, vacuum on purpose, 332 266–267 distillation and, 175 ternary, 332 Bubble-plate column, 328

339 P1: OSO/OVY P2: OSO/OVY QC: OSO/OVY T1: OSO GTBL043-index GTBL043-Zubrick-v4 March 28, 2007 19:55

340 INDEX

B¨uchi rotary evaporator, Claisen adapter, 41, 180, Column oven, in gas 198–201 181, 207 chromatography, 262 Buchner funnels, 63, 107, Claisen tube, 208 Column packing, 180 110–113, 116 Clamps and clamping Column preparation, in Bumping, 170 clamp holder wet-column Bunsen burners, 149–150 thumbscrew, 157 chromatography, Buret clamp, 157 distillation setups and, 239–241 1-butanol, research 159–165 Columns, jointware, 41 notebook entries and, Keck clips, 163–165 Compounds, in wet-column 22–23 ring-stand thumbscrew, chromatography, 240 2-butanone, IR spectra of, 157 Compromise separatory 286 simple buret clamp, 157 addition funnel, 207 simple distillation and, Condensation, 167 C 168 Condensers, 41, 42, 170, Caffeine isolation and simple extension clamp 199 purification, 7 and clamp fastener, Conical vial, 54–57 Calibration, Pasteur pipets, 157–158 analytical balance and, 68 three-fingered extension 55–56 Calibration peak, of IR clamp, 157–158 heating of, 56–57 spectrum, 300 Classical harmonic Conne’s advantage, 304 Cap liner, dissolving oscillator, 276 Corking of vessel, 47–49 of, 86 Clausius-Clapeyron Cork press, 48–49 Capillary spotters, 226–227 equation, 178, Correlation chart, in nuclear Capillary tubes, 58, 88 321–322, 324–326 magnetic resonance, Carrier gas. See Gas Clay triangles, 109 313–314 chromatography Clear liquids, designation Correlation tables, in Chart recorder, in gas of, 35 infrared spectroscopy, chromatography, 255 Closed-end manometer, 279, 283–284 Chart recorder zero, 260 173 Cospotting, 233–235 Chaser solvent, 185 Cloudiness, 35, 116 Coupling constant, in Chemical shift, 308 Coarse attenuator, in gas nuclear magnetic Chloroform, 310 chromatography, resonance, 316 Chromatography, 221–223 260 Craig tube absorbents and, 221 Cold finger, 214 centrifuging, 124–126 eluatropic series and, Cold-finger condensers, filtration using, 122–124 221–223 214 “three bears” situations, flash, 244–245 Collection, in wet-column 123–125 gas, 254–263 chromatography, wire loop for, 123 gas-liquid, 258 242–243 wiring of, 124 high-performance liquid, Colorless, meaning of, 35 CRC Handbook of 265–274 Column chromatography, Chemistry and liquid-partition, 258 255. See also Gas Physics, 10, 26–28 polarity and, 221 chromatography Crystal growth, in separation or Column chromatography by wet-column development and, 221 pipet, 243–244 chromatography, 240 thin-layer, 225–237 Column holdup, fractional Crystallizing dish, 57 wet-column, 239–245 distillation and, 185 Cutting, pipet, 70 P1: OSO/OVY P2: OSO/OVY QC: OSO/OVY T1: OSO GTBL043-index GTBL043-Zubrick-v4 March 28, 2007 19:55

INDEX 341

Cyclohexanol, 282 distilling columns, 42 Dual-beam instruments, 294 Cyclohexone, 286 distilling flask, 169–170 Duplicate carbonless example of, 171–172 notebooks, 10 D forerun of, 171 Duty cycle, stepless Dalton’s law of partial fractional distillation, controllers and, 153 pressures, 322–326, 180–185, 322–333 334 heating mantle and, 153 E Clausius-Clapeyron liquid-vapor equilibrium Effluent flow rate, in equation and, 324–325 line in, 320 high-performance Raoult’s law and, mistakes and, 172 liquid chromatography, 323–324 notes regarding, 167 273–274 Damaged equipment, 39 reduced-pressure, 179 Electrical signal, in gas Dean-Stark trap, 332 simple distillation, chromatography, 255 Deshielded protons, 313 168–172, 319–322 Electronic analytical Deshielding regions, in steam distillation, balance, 56 nuclear magnetic 186–191, 333–335 Electronic instrumentation, resonance, 315 temperature-vapor 253 Destructive visualization, pressure data and, 320 Electronic integrations, 230 use of, 167 nuclear magnetic Detector oven, 263 vacuum distillation, resonance and, 317 Detectors, in gas 172–180 Electronic interlude, in gas chromatography, Downfield signals, in chromatography, 258–260 nuclear magnetic 260–261 Deuterated analogs of resonance, 313 Electronic stepless water, 310 Drierite, 81–82, 204 controllers, 155 Deuterated solvents, Dry reflux, 204–206 Eluatropic series, 221–223 310–311 Drying agents, 81–83 Eluents, 221, 225, 273–274. Deuterium lock, 311 anhydrous calcium See also Gas Development, in chloride, 81 chromatography; chromatography, 221 anhydrous magnesium High-performance Dew point phenomenon, sulfate, 81 liquid chromatography 262–263 anhydrous potassium Elution solvent, 244 Dipole movement, in carbonate, 81 Emulsion, extraction and infrared spectroscopy, anhydrous sodium washing and, 138, 278–279 carbonate, 81 140 Distillation, 167–191, anhydrous sodium Equilibrium steps, in 319–338. See also sulfate, 81 fractional distillation, Fractional distillation; drierite, 81–82 181 Microscale distillation; drying in stages, 83 Erlenmeyer flask, 63 Steam distillation following directions and, Estimation, research azeotropes and, 185–186 82 notebooks and, 23 boiling range and, microscale, 82–83 Ethanol-water system, 116 171–172 typical, 81–82 Ethyl group, spin clamping and, 159–165 use of, 82 alignments for, 316 Clausius-Clapeyron Drying glassware, 78–79 Ethylbenzene, 312 equation, 321–322, Drying tubes, 40, 43–44, Eutectic mixtures, 88 324–326 57–58, 63, 204, 207 Evaporator, rotary, 198–201 P1: OSO/OVY P2: OSO/OVY QC: OSO/OVY T1: OSO GTBL043-index GTBL043-Zubrick-v4 March 28, 2007 19:55

342 INDEX

Experimental Organic Filter flasks, 63, 110–113 liquid-vapor tie-line and, Chemistry, 79 Filtering, pipet, 70–72 328 Extension clamps, 157–158 Filtration, gravity, 107–110 microscale, 193 External steam distillation, Fingerprint regions, in nonequilibrium 186–187 infrared spectroscopy, conditions and, 330 External steam trap, 281 notes regarding, 182– 187–188 Fisher-Johns apparatus, 185 Extraction and washing. See 93–95 Raoult’s law and, also Microscale Flash chromatography, 323–324 extraction and washing 244–245 setups, 183–184 back-extraction, 135–136 Flasks, heating of, 42 theoretical plates and, common questions Flexible double-ended 328–329 regarding, 130–131 stainless steel spatulas, total reflux and, 181 emulsion and, 138, 140 64–65 use of, 180–182 extraction hints, 139–140 Flow cells, 272 FT-NMR sample layers and, 128–129 Fluorescent powder, preparation, 311 neutral organic and, 135 thin-layer Fundamental absorption, organic base and, chromatography 278 134–135 and, 225 Funnel stopper, 40 performing, 137–139 Fluted filter papers, 107, Funnels, 63–64, 128, 206 practical examples of, 114, 118–119 134–140 Forerun of distillation, 171 G sample extraction, Fourier transform infrared Gas chromatography, 136–137 (FTIR), 302–306 255–263 separatory funnel and, advantages of, 303–306 electronic interlude, 131–1134 Conne’s advantage, 304 260–261 similarity in operations, disadvantages, 304–306 gas flow rate and, 262 128 Fellgett’s advantage and, peak, 258–259 starting an extraction, 303 polarity shift and, 261 129–130 Jacquinot’s advantage, reference detector, 260 strong organic acid and, 304 retention time and, 261 134 Fractional distillation, sample detector, 260 theory of extraction, 180–185, 322–333. sample in column, 258 336–338 See also Distillation sample in detector, water layer and, 139 azeotropes and, 330–332 258–260 weakly acidic organic bubble-plate column and, sample introduction, acid and, 134 328 256–258 changing composition sample on chart recorder, F and, 329 261 Fakelrohr setups, 190–191 Clausius-Clapeyron sample on computer Fan-folded fluted paper, equation and, 324–326 recorder, 262 118–119 column holdup and, 185 sample preparation, 256 Fellgett’s advantage, 303 Dalton’s law and, setup, 255 Fiberglass heating mantles, 322–324 temperature and, 151 deviations and, 332–333 262–263 Filament current, 259 equilibrium steps and, three steps to, 257 Filter cones, 107–108 181 zero control, 260–261 P1: OSO/OVY P2: OSO/OVY QC: OSO/OVY T1: OSO GTBL043-index GTBL043-Zubrick-v4 March 28, 2007 19:55

INDEX 343

Gas collection apparatus, Bunsen burners, 149–150 Hot plate with magnetic 58–61 electronic stepless stirrer, 57 Gas collection reservoirs, controllers and, 155 Hot stage apparatus, 93 58, 61 heat lamps, 113 Hot-wire detectors, Gas flow rate, in gas heating mantles, 150–153 258–260 chromatography, 262 mechanical stepless Hydraulic press, in pressing Gas inlet tubes, 179 controllers and, a KBr disk, 292–294 Gas-liquid chromatography 153–155 (GLC), 258 proportional heaters, I Gast chromatography, 153–155 Ice bath, simple distillation mobile (moving) steam bath, 148–149 and, 171 phase, 255 Thermowell heating Index of refraction, 247 Generic hazardous waste mantle, 152 Infrared (IR) absorption disposal, 6 traditional fiberglass spectroscopy, 276–306 Glass stopcock, 131–132 heating mantles, 151 anharmonic oscillator Glassless glass adapter, variable-voltage and, 278 44–45 transformers, 151, 153 ball-and-spring model, Glassware, drying of, 78–79 Hexamethyldisiloxane 276–277 Graded product leakage, 38 (HMDS), 310 classical harmonic Graduated cylinders, 63 Hickman still setups, oscillator and, 276 Gravity filtration, 107–110, 194–195 correlation charts and, 114 High-performance liquid 283 Greasing joints, 45–47 chromatography, correlation tables and, Greasing, uneven, 47 265–274 279, 284 Ground-glass joints, 43, 46, bubble trap and, 266–267 dipole movement and, 214 effluent flow rate, 273 278–279 Guard column, in eluent composition and, final information, high-performance 273–274 300–302 liquid chromatography, mobile phase, 265–269 Fourier transform 269–270 pulse dampener and, infrared, 302–306 268–269 function group analysis, H reciprocating pump and, 285 Halogenated organic 267–268 fundamental absorption compound disposal, 6 sample at detector, and, 278 Handbook interpretation 271–272 harmonic potential and, Aldrich Catalog sample in column, 271 276 Handbook of Fine sample introduction, 270 interpretation of, 302 Chemicals, 32–34 sample on chart recorder, liquid samples, 288–289 CRC Handbook, 26–28 272 Nujol mull and, 290 Merck Index, 30–32 sample on computer one hundred percent Harmonic potential, 276 recorder, 273 control, 295 Heat of vaporization, 321 sample preparation, Perkin-Elmer 710B IR, Heating bath, 199 269–270 296–299 Heating, flasks, 42 setup, 266 potassium bromide Heating mantles, 150–153, temperature and, 273 methods, 290–294 159 Hirsch funnel, 63, 107, quantization of energy Heating sources 113 levels, 278 P1: OSO/OVY P2: OSO/OVY QC: OSO/OVY T1: OSO GTBL043-index GTBL043-Zubrick-v4 March 28, 2007 19:55

344 INDEX

Infrared (IR) absorption Isopropyl alcohol, Light refraction, 247 spectroscopy temperature-vapor Liquid phase, in gas (Continued) pressure data for, 320 chromatography, 258 quantum mechanics and, Liquid product problems, 277 J 85 reciprocal centimeters J values, 316 Liquid samples (wavenumbers) and, Jacquinot’s advantage, 304 in infrared absorption 281 Joints, greasing of, 45–47 spectroscopy, 288–289 reference beam, 294 Jointware. See also in nuclear magnetic sample beam, 294 Microscale jointware resonance, 308–310 sample preparation, adapters, 42–44 Liquid-partition 288–294 columns and condensers, chromatography, 258 solid samples and, 42 Liquids, miscible, 79 289–294 cork press, 48–49 Liquids, pipet filtering, spectrum calibration and, corking vessel, 47–49 70–71 299–300 damaged equipment, 39 Liquid-vapor equilibrium systematic interpretation glassless glass adapter, line, 320 and, 285–288 44–45 Liquid-vapor tie-line, 328 thin-film solids and, graded product and, 38 Long-stem funnels, 63 289–290 greasing joints, 45–47 Long-wave UV, 230 troughs and reciprocal heating flasks, 42 Luer-Lok, 74–75 centimeters, 279–285 leaking joints and, 38 Luer-tip syringes, 74 very fast or manual scans, O-ring, 49 295 round-bottom flasks, M Injection port, in 41–42 Macroscale and Microscale high-performance sample equipment, 40–41 Organic Experiments, liquid chromatography, standard taper jointware, 54 255–256, 270 38 Magnetic fields, Injector oven, in gas star cracks, 41 anisotropic, 315–316 chromatography, 263 stoppers, 47 Magnetic spinning vane, Inlet adapters, 204 stoppers with only one 142 Insoluble impurities, 167 number, 38–39 Magnetic stirrers, 121, 179 Insoluble liquids, in Magnifying eyepieces, 99 extraction process, 129 K Manometer, closed-end, 173 Interface, in extraction and Keck clips, 163–165 Maximum-boiling washing, 140 Kugelrohr bulb-to-bulb azeotropes, 185–186, Interferogram, 303 distillation apparatus, 332 Internet, 35–36 189, 191 Mayo Pasteur pipet, 69 Interpretation, in thin-layer Mechanical stepless chromatography, L controllers, 153–155 231–232 Lange’s Handbook of Meker burners, 149 Iodine vapors, 231 Chemistry, 28–30 Mel-Temp apparatus, 91–93 Ionic strength, 117 Layers, in extraction and Melting points Isobutyl, temperature-vapor washing, 128–129 closing off melting-point pressure data for, 320 Leaking joints, 38 tubes, 90 Isochromatic Leaks, vacuum distillation definition of, 88 chromatograms, 265 and, 175 eutectic mixtures, 88 P1: OSO/OVY P2: OSO/OVY QC: OSO/OVY T1: OSO GTBL043-index GTBL043-Zubrick-v4 March 28, 2007 19:55

INDEX 345

Fisher-Johns apparatus, Microscale extraction and Minimum-boiling 93–95 washing azeotropes, 185–186, hints regarding, 90–91 magnetic spinning vane 331 hot stage apparatus, 93 and, 142 Minipress, in pressing a identification of mixing, 142 KBr disk, 292–293 unknowns and, 88 removing both layers, Miscibility, 116 Mel-Temp apparatus, 144 Miscible liquids, 79 91–93 removing bottom layer, Miscible substances, 106 melting-point tube 142–143 Mixed waste disposal, 7 loading, 89–90 removing top layer, Mixed-solvent purity determination and, 143–144 recrystallization, 106 88 Microscale flash Mixed-solvent systems, sample preparations and, chromatography, 245 115–117 88–90 Microscale jointware. See Mole fractions, 323–324, Thiele tube and, 99–103 also Jointware 326 Thomas-Hoover analytical balances and, MSDS (Materials Safety apparatus, 95–99 55 Data Sheet), 34–35 Melting range, 88 conical vial, 54–57 Multiple spotting, 233 Melting-point capillaries, dropping of, 51 Multiplex advantage, 303 88, 219, 226 electronic analytical Melting-point tubes, balance and, 56 N 88–90 gas collection apparatus, Neutral organic, extraction Merck Index, 30–32 58–61 and washing, 135 Methyl chloride, 46 microscale drying tube, Nondestructive Michelson interferometer, 57–58 visualization, 303 O-ring cap seal, 51–54 230–231 Microboiling stone, 121 size of, 51 Nonequilibrium conditions, Microliter syringe, 255 top-loading balances and, fractional distillation Microscale boiling point, 55 and, 330 217–219 Microscale recrystallization Nonhazardous insoluble Microscale boiling point centrifuging Craig tube, waste disposal, 6 apparatus, 217 124–126 Nonhazardous soluble Microscale distillation, Craig tube filtration, waste disposal, 6 193–196 122–124 Nonpolar solvents, 232 fractional distillation, isolating crystals, Notebooks. See Research 193 121–122 notebooks Hickman still heating, procedure, 121 Nuclear magnetic resonance 195 Microscale reflux, (NMR), 308–317 Hickman still setups, 211–212 anisotropy and, 315 194–195 Microscale wet-column chemical shift and, 308, product recovery, chromatography, 313 195–196 243–244 correlation chart, simple distillation, 193 Microscope slides, 313–314 steam distillation, 193 thin-layer deuterated solvents and, vacuum distillation, 193 chromatography 310–311 Microscale drying agents, and, 225 electronic integrations 82–83 Mineral oil mull, 290 and, 317 P1: OSO/OVY P2: OSO/OVY QC: OSO/OVY T1: OSO GTBL043-index GTBL043-Zubrick-v4 March 28, 2007 19:55

346 INDEX

Nuclear magnetic resonance Pear-shaped flask with inlet Preparative thin-layer (NMR) (Continued) on side, 40 chromatography, FT-NMR preparation, Percent recovery, 21 235–237 311 Percent yield calculations, Pre-prepared TLC plates, interpretation, 311–317 research notebooks 226 liquid sample and, 21–23 Pressure corrections, preparation, 308–310 Perkin-Elmer 710B IR, vacuum distillation loading tube, 309 296–299 and, 175–179 protonless solvents and, one hundred percent Pressure measurement, 310 control, 298–299 vacuum distillation solid samples, 310–311 use of, 297–299 and, 173–174 spinning sidebands and, Phase diagram, liquid-vapor Pressure-equalizing 317 equilibrium line in, 320 addition funnel, spin-spin splitting and, Physical constraints of 206–207 315–317 organic compounds Proportional heaters, zero point and, 313 sample CRC Handbook 153–155 Nujol mull, 290 entries for, 26, 28 Proton magnetic resonance. Nujol spectrum, 291 sample Lange’s entries See Nuclear magnetic for, 28 resonance (NMR) O Physical properties, Protonless solvents, 310 OH group, 285 inclusion in research Pulse dampener, in OH stretch, 285 notebooks, 10 high-performance Oiling out, 117 Planck’s constant, 277 liquid chromatography, One-point conversion, 176 Plate development, in 268–269 Organic base, extraction and thin-layer Purification, washing and, 134–135 chromatography, recrystallization O-ring cap seal, 49, 51–54 228–230 and, 105 Overtone absorptions, 278 Plate preparation, in Purity determination, Oxidizing agent disposal, 6 thin-layer melting points chromatography, and, 88 P 225–226 Pusher solvent, 185 Partition coefficient, 337 Plate spotter, 226–227 Pasteur pipets Polar solvents, 232, Q amelioration and, 68 242–243 Quantum mechanics, 277 calibration and, 68 Polarity, chromatography cutting of, 70 and, 221, 261 R filtering liquids and, Potassium bromide (KBr) Raoult’s law, 323–325, 70–71 methods, 288, 290–294 333 filtering solids and, hydraulic press and, Receiving flask, simple 71–72 292–294 distillation and, 171 Mayo, 69 minipress and, 292–293 Reciprocal centimeters, 281 operation and, 68 Powder funnels, 63 Reciprocating pump, in pre-preparing, 67–69 Powers of two scale, 260 high-performance wet-column Precolumn filter, in liquid chromatography, chromatography and, high-performance 267–268 243–244 liquid chromatography, Reciprocating ruby rod, Zubrick, 69 269–270 267–268 P1: OSO/OVY P2: OSO/OVY QC: OSO/OVY T1: OSO GTBL043-index GTBL043-Zubrick-v4 March 28, 2007 19:55

INDEX 347

Recrystallization. See also Refractometry, 247–251. Sample beam aperture, 292, Microscale See also Abb´e 294 recrystallization refractometer Sample detector, in gas activated charcoal and, Research notebooks chromatography, 260 107, 114 cardboard separators and, Sample holder, 99 Buchner funnel and, 10 Sample introduction, in 110–113 duplicate carbonless high-performance ethanol-water system notebooks, 10 liquid chromatography, and, 116 estimation and, 23 270 fan-folded fluted paper general guidelines for, Sample preparation and, 118–119 10 in high-performance filter flasks and, 110–113 Lange’s Handbook of liquid chromatography, finding good solvent and, Chemistry, 28–30 269–270 105–106 lending of, 24 in infrared absorption general guidelines for, percent yield calculations spectroscopy, 288–289 106–107 and, 21–23 Sample vials, 85–86 gravity filtration and, physical properties Samples 107–110 inclusion, 10 melting points and, 88–90 Hirsch funnel and, 113 simple tests and, 23–24 trash in, 85 mixed-solvent synthesis experiments water in, 85 recrystallization, 106 and, 11, 15–21 Scoopulas, 63, 64 mixed-solvent systems technique experiments Screwed-thread flash and, 115–117 and, 10–14 chromatography, 244 purification and, 105 Reservoirs, gas collection, Selection rule, 277, 278 salting out and, 117 58, 61 Semi-destructive water aspirator and, Retention time, in gas visualization, 231 114–115 chromatography, Separation, chromatography water traps and, 115 261 and, 221 Reduced-pressure R f values, 231–235 Separatory funnels, distillation, 179 Ring stands, 159 206–207 Reducing agent disposal, 6 Ring-stand thumbscrew, in extraction and Reference beam attenuator, 157 washing, 131–134 298 Rotary evaporator glass stopcock, Reference beams, 294 (Rotovap), 198–201 131–132 Reference detector, in gas Rotovap splash trap, 199 stopper, 131 chromatography, 260 Round-bottom flasks, 40, Teflon stopcock, Reflux, 203–209 41–42 132–134 addition and, 206–209 Rubber dams, 112 use of, 128 condenser use and, 42 Rubber septum, 75–76 Septum, rubber, 75–76 dry reflux, 204–206 Shielding regions, in heating mantle setup and, S nuclear magnetic 153 Safety guidelines, 2–8 resonance, 315 microscale, 211–212 Salt plates, infrared, 289 Short-stem funnels, 108 setup, 204–205 Salting out, 117 Short-wave UV, 230 standard reflux, 203 Sample beam, in infrared Side-arm test tubes, 214 Refractive index, 247, 250, absorption Silica gel, 225 271 spectroscopy, 294 Silicone grease, 46 P1: OSO/OVY P2: OSO/OVY QC: OSO/OVY T1: OSO GTBL043-index GTBL043-Zubrick-v4 March 28, 2007 19:55

348 INDEX

Simple buret clamp, 157 Solvents, polar and Stopcocks Simple distillation, nonpolar, 232 glass, 131–132 168–172, 319–322. Spatulas, 63–65 Teflon, 132–134 See also Distillation Spectrum calibration, in Stoppers, 47 condenser and, 170 infrared absorption in extraction and distilling flask, 169–170 spectroscopy, washing, 131–134 ice bath and, 171 299–300 with only one number, microscale, 193 Spin alignments, 316 38–39 receiving flask and, 171 Spinning sidebands, 317 Strong inorganic acids and sources of heat, 168 Spin-spin splitting, 315–317 bases disposal, 6 thermometer adapter and, Splash guards, 114 Strong organic acid, 170 Splash trap, 198 extraction and washing thermometer and, 170 Split signals, in nuclear and, 134 three-way adapter and, magnetic resonance, Sublimation, 214–215 169 313 Suck-back, 115 ubiquitous clamp and, Spotters, 226–227 Suction flasks, 110–113 170 Spotting Swinney adapter, 269 vacuum adapter and, cospotting, 233–235 Synthesis experiments, 170–171 multiple spotting, 233 research notebooks Simple extension clamp, Spotting plates, in thin-layer and, 11, 15–21 157–158 chromatography, Syringes Small mercury-vapor lamp, 227–229 handling samples by, 272 Standard reflux, 203 74–76 Sodium hydroxide, density Standard taper jointware, Luer tip, 74 of, 130 38 Solid product problems, 85 Star cracks, 41 T Solid samples Steam baths, 63, 148–149 Tare bar, 56 in infrared absorption Steam distillation, 186–191, Tare knob, 56 spectroscopy, 289–294 333–335. See also Technique experiments, in nuclear magnetic Distillation research notebooks resonance, 310–311 external steam and, 10–14 Solids, pipet filtering, 71–72 distillation, 186–187 Teflon stopcock, 132–134 Solids, wet, 85 Fakelrohr setups, Temperature Soluble impurities, 167 190–191 in gas chromatography, Soluble tars, 269 internal steam 262–263 Solvent, elution, 244 distillation, 187–188 in high-performance Solvent filter, in Kugelrohr bulb-to-bulb liquid chromatography, high-performance distillation apparatus, 273–274 liquid chromatography, 189, 191 vacuum distillation and, 265 microscale, 193 175–179 Solvent front, 333 notes regarding, 188–191 Temperature-mole fraction Solvent recrystallization, setup, 189 diagram, 324 105–106 Steam inlet, 187 Temperature-vapor pressure Solvent reservoir, in Steam taps, 186 data, 320 high-performance Stemless funnels, 108 Ternary azeotrope, 332 liquid chromatography, Stepless controllers, Tert-butyl alcohol, IR 265 153–155 spectra of, 282 P1: OSO/OVY P2: OSO/OVY QC: OSO/OVY T1: OSO GTBL043-index GTBL043-Zubrick-v4 March 28, 2007 19:55

INDEX 349

Tetramethysilane (TMS), problems and, 235 V 309–310 semi-destructive Vacuum adapters, 40, Theoretical plates, in visualization, 231 161–162, 170–171, fractional distillation, spotting plates, 180 328–329 227–229 Vacuum distillation, Thermal conductivity spreading absorbent, 172–180. See also detector, 258–260 226 Distillation Thermal lag, 153 visualization and, air inlet and, 44 Thermometer, simple 230–231 hints regarding, 175 distillation and, 170 Thomas-Hoover apparatus, leaks and, 175 Thermometer adapters, 40, 95–99 microscale, 193 43–44, 170 Three-fingered extension note regarding, 179–180 Thermowell heating clamps, 157–159 one-point conversion and, mantles, 152 Three-neck flasks, 40, 180, 176 Thiele tubes, 99–103 182, 207, 209 pressure and temperature cleaning of, 99–101 Three-way adapters, 40, 41, corrections and, dunking the 160, 169 175–179 melting-point tube, Throughput advantage, 304 pressure measurement 102–103 Tirrill burners, 149 and, 173–174 preparing sample, Top-loading balances, 55 setup, 173 101–102 Torr, 174 suck-back and, 115 sample heating, 103 Total reflux, 181 two-point conversion Thin-film solids, infrared Toxic heavy metals and, 177 spectroscopy and, disposal, 6–7 water aspirator and, 114 289–290 Trap drain, 187 Vacuum filtration, 114, Thin-layer chromatography Trash in sample, 85 115 (TLC), 225–237 Trituration, 117 Vacuum pump, 180 absorbents and, 225 254-nm-wavelength Vapor bubbles, 218 cospotting and, 233–235 ultraviolet light, 225 Vapor pressure problem, destructive visualization, Two-point conversion, Pasteur pipets and, 68 230 177 Vaporization, 167 interpretation and, Vaporization heat, 321 231–232 U Vapor-phase multiple spotting and, Ubiquitous clamp, simple chromatography 233 distillation and, 170 (VPC), 258. See also nondestructive Ultramicroscale boiling Gas chromatography visualization, 230– point, 218–219 Variable-voltage 231 Ultraviolet (UV) detectors, transformers, 151, plate development, 272 153 228–230 Ultraviolet (UV) light box, Vessel, corking of, 47–49 plate preparation, 230–231 Vials, sample, 85–86 225–226 Uneven greasing, 47 Vibration, normal modes of, plate spotter and, Unknowns, identification 279 226–227 of, 88 Visualization preparative, 235–237 Upfield signals, in nuclear thin-layer pre-prepared plates, magnetic resonance, chromatography and, 226 313 230–231 P1: OSO/OVY P2: OSO/OVY QC: OSO/OVY T1: OSO GTBL043-index GTBL043-Zubrick-v4 March 28, 2007 19:55

350 INDEX

Visualization (Continued) Water traps, 110, 112, 114 flash chromatography, wet-column Water use, in refraction, 244–245 chromatography and, 249 microscale, 243–244 242–243 Water-toluene azeotrope, setup, 240 Voltage controls, 99 332 visualization and, Wavenumbers, 281 242–243 W Weakly acidic organic acid, Wet solids, 85 Washing. See Extraction 134 Williamson, Kenneth, 54 and washing Weighing by difference, 113 Williamson test tube, 190 Waste disposal, 5–8 Wet-column Water aspirators, 110, chromatography, Z 111, 114–115, 180, 239–245 Zero control, in gas 215 collection and, 242–243 chromatography, Water in samples, 85 column preparation, 260–261 Water, infrared absorption 239–241 Zero point, nuclear spectrum of, 279–280 compounds on column, magnetic resonance Water layer, in extraction 241–242 and, 313 and washing, 139 crystal growth, 240 Zubrick Pasteur pipet, 69