Malapportionment in the 2015 – 2016 Redelineation Exercises Prepared by: Penang Institute
Malapportionment of Parliamentary Constituencies in Perak
Under the 2016 Redelineation Proposal (First Display)
Excessively under-represented parliamentary constituencies:
No. Constituency Electorate As % of average 1 P063 Tambun 96,437 163.28% 2 P071 Gopeng 89,389 151.34% 3 P064 Ipoh Timor 89,218 151.05% 4 P060 Taiping 86,432 146.34% 5 P065 Ipoh Barat 82,041 138.90%
Justification for excessive under-representation:
None. They can have smaller electorates, if voters can be more evenly spread out across constituencies.
Excessively over-represented parliamentary constituencies:
No. Constituency Electorate As % of average 1 P055 Lenggong 28,078 47.54% 2 P061 Padang Rengas 28,727 48.64% 3 P067 Kuala Kangsar 33,113 56.06% 4 P069 Parit 33,368 56.49% 5 P054 Gerik 33,832 57.28%
Justification for excessive over-representation:
Only some. Only Gerik and Lenggong which cover vast land mass in northern Perak may qualify for over-representation as provided for by Section 2(c), the Thirteenth Schedule of the Federal Constitution.
Ratio of Largest Constituency to Smallest Constituency: 3.43: 1
Changes in Malapportionment:
Malapportionment remains even though some of its victims have changed.
Conclusion:
The EC has abdicated its constitutional duty to minimize malapportionment in the Redelineation process.
Malapportionment in the 2015 – 2016 Redelineation Exercises Prepared by: Penang Institute
*Please see Appendix 6:
Map 6: Draft Plan for Parliamentary and State Constituencies – Perak
Graph 6A: Malapportionment of Parliamentary Constituencies in Perak under the 2016 Redelineation Proposal (First Display)
Graph 6B: Malapportionment of Parliamentary Constituencies in Perak after the 2003 Redelineation Exercise (Measured as Deviation from the State Average)
Graph 6C: Malapportionment of Parliamentary Constituencies in Perak during the 2013 General Election (Measured as Deviation from the State Average)
Graph 6D: Malapportionment of Parliamentary Constituencies in Perak under the 2016 Redelineation Proposal (First Display) (Measured as Deviation from the State Average)
Malapportionment in the 2015 – 2016 Redelineation Exercises Prepared by: Penang Institute
Malapportionment of State Constituencies in Perak
Under the 2016 Redelineation Proposal (First Display)
Excessively under-represented state constituencies:
No. Constituency Electorate As % of average 1 N23 Manjoi 50,812 211.49% 2 N24 Hulu Kinta 45,625 189.90% 3 N45 Simpang Pulai 39,269 163.44% 4 N51 Pasir Panjang 35,888 149.37% 5 N28 Bercham 33,908 141.13% 6 N27 Pasir Pinji 33,022 137.44% 7 N37 Pantai Remis 32,388 134.80%
Justification for excessive under-representation:
None. They can have smaller electorates, if voters can be more evenly spread out across constituencies. All these state constituencies are even larger than the two smallest parliamentary constituencies as per the redelineation proposal.
Excessively over-represented state constituencies:
No. Constituency Electorate As % of average 1 N04 Kota Tampan 11,990 49.90% 2 N15 Trong 12,987 54.05% 3 N19 Chenderoh 13,456 56.01% 4 N01 Pengkalan Hulu 14,363 59.78% 5 N39 Belanja 14,653 60.99% 6 N07 Batu Kurau 15,253 63.49% 7 N05 Selama 15,261 63.52% 8 N20 Lubok Merbau 15,271 63.56% 9 N34 Bukit Chandan 15,693 65.32% 10 N06 Kubu Gajah 15,748 65.55%
Justification for excessive over-representation:
Only some. While some of these state constituencies may qualify for over-representation as provided for by Section 2(c), the Thirteenth Schedule of the Federal Constitution, it is hard to ascertain their merits without land mass information.
Ratio of Largest Constituency to Smallest Constituency: 3.81: 1
Changes in Malapportionment:
The pattern of malapportionment looks virtually the same with how it was in 2013.
Malapportionment in the 2015 – 2016 Redelineation Exercises Prepared by: Penang Institute
Conclusion:
The EC has abdicated its constitutional duty to minimize malapportionment in the Redelineation process.
*Please see Appendix 6:
Map 6: Draft Plan for Parliamentary and State Constituencies – Perak Graph 6E: Malapportionment of State Constituencies in Perak under the 2016 Redelineation Proposal (First Display)
Graph 6F: Malapportionment of State Constituencies in Perak after the 2003 Redelineation Exercise (Measured as Deviation from the State Average)
Graph 6G: Malapportionment of State Constituencies in Perak during the 2013 General Election (Measured as Deviation from the State Average)
Graph 6H: Malapportionment of State Constituencies in Perak under the 2016 Redelineation Proposal (First Display) (Measured as Deviation from the State Average)
Malapportionment in the 2015 – 2016 Redelineation Exercises Prepared by: Penang Institute
APPENDIX 6
Graph 6A: Malapportionment of Parliamentary Constituencies in Perak under the 2016 Redelineation Proposal (First Display) 120,000
100,000
80,000
60,000
40,000
20,000
0
P056Larut
P054Gerik
P072Tapah
P069Parit
P074Lumut
P060Taiping
P070Kampar
P071Gopeng
P063Tambun
P055Lenggong
P065Ipoh Barat
P073 SalakPasir
P064Ipoh Timor
P076Teluk Intan
P068Tawar Ayer
P066BatuGajah
P058Bagan Serai
P057Parit Buntar
P062Sungai Siput
P075Bagan Datoh
P067Kuala Kangsar
P059Bukit Gantang
P077Tanjong Malim P061Padang Rengas
Proposed Electorate Size Average (59,064) Average +33% (78,752) Average -33% (39,376)
Graph 6B: Malapportionment of Parliamentary Constituencies in Perak after the 2003 Redelineation Exercise (Measured as Deviation from the State Average) 100.00% 80.00% 60.00% 51.22% 40.00% 20.00% 0.00% -20.00% -40.00% -60.00% -53.10%
-80.00%
P069Parit
P056Larut
P054Gerik
P072Tapah
P074Lumut
P068Beruas
P060Taiping
P070Kampar
P071Gopeng
P063Tambun
P055Lenggong
P065Ipoh Barat
P073 SalakPasir
P064Ipoh Timor
P066GajahBatu
P076Telok Intan
P058Bagan Serai
P057Parit Buntar
P062Sungai Siput
P075Bagan Datok
P067Kuala Kangsar
P059Bukit Gantang
P077Tanjong Malim P061Padang Rengas
Electorate 2003 Average +33.33% Average -33.33%
Malapportionment in the 2015 – 2016 Redelineation Exercises Prepared by: Penang Institute
Graph 6C: Malapportionment of Parliamentary Constituencies in Perak during the 2013 General Election (Measured as Deviation from the State Average) 100.00% 80.00% 65.65% 60.00% 40.00% 20.00% 0.00% -20.00% -40.00% -60.00% -52.32%
-80.00%
P069Parit
P056Larut
P054Gerik
P072Tapah
P074Lumut
P068Beruas
P060Taiping
P070Kampar
P071Gopeng
P063Tambun
P055Lenggong
P065Ipoh Barat
P073 SalakPasir
P064Ipoh Timor
P066GajahBatu
P076Telok Intan
P058Bagan Serai
P057Parit Buntar
P062Sungai Siput
P075Bagan Datok
P067Kuala Kangsar
P059Bukit Gantang
P077Tanjong Malim P061Padang Rengas
Electorate 2013 Average +33.33% Average -33.33%
Graph 6D: Malapportionment of Parliamentary Constituencies in Perak under the 2016 Redelineation Proposal (First Display) (Measured as Deviation from the State Average) 100.00% 80.00% 63.28% 60.00% 40.00% 20.00% 0.00% -20.00% -40.00%
-60.00% -52.46%
-80.00%
P056Larut
P054Gerik
P072Tapah
P069Parit
P074Lumut
P060Taiping
P070Kampar
P071Gopeng
P063Tambun
P055Lenggong
P065Ipoh Barat
P073 SalakPasir
P064Ipoh Timor
P076Teluk Intan
P068Ayer Tawar
P066BatuGajah
P058Bagan Serai
P057Parit Buntar
P062Sungai Siput
P075Bagan Datoh
P067Kuala Kangsar
P059Bukit Gantang
P077Tanjong Malim P061Padang Rengas
Electorate 2016 Average +33.33% Average -33.33%
Malapportionment in the 2015 – 2016 Redelineation Exercises Prepared by: Penang Institute
Graph 6E: Malapportionment of State Constituencies in Perak under the 2016 Redelineation Proposal (First Display) 60,000
50,812 50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
11,990 10,000
0
N46 Teja N46
N40 Bota N40
N57 Bidor N57
N15 Trong N15
N22 Jalong N22
N36 Beruas N36
N58 Besout N58
N42 Keranji N42
N23 Manjoi N23
N18 Aulong N18
N05 Selama N05 Tronoh N33
N21 Lintang N21
N39 Belanja N39
N25 Canning N25
N52 Pangkor N52
N59 Muallim N59
N35 Manong N35
N31 Jelapang N31
N12 Selinsing N12
N53 Rungkup N53
N03 Kenering N03
N28 Bercham N28
N27 Pasir Pinji Pasir N27
N29 Kepayang N29
N02 Temengor N02
N24 Hulu Kinta Hulu N24
N08 Titi Serong Titi N08
N16 Kamunting N16
N19 Chenderoh N19 Kurau Batu N07
N06 Kubu Gajah Kubu N06
N09 Kuala Kurau Kuala N09
N10 Alor Pongsu Alor N10
N48 Ayer Kuning Ayer N48
N32 Menglembu N32
N47 Chenderlang N47
N37 Pantai Remis Pantai N37
N44 Sungai Rapat Sungai N44
N17 Pokok Assam Pokok N17
N26 Tebing Tinggi Tebing N26
N04 Kota Tampan Kota N04
N51 Pasir Panjang Pasir N51
N49 Sungai Manik Sungai N49
N41 Malim Nawar Malim N41
N45 Simpang Pulai Simpang N45
N43 Tualang Sekah Tualang N43
N55 Pasir Bedamar Pasir N55
N56 Changkat Jong Changkat N56
N34 Bukit Chandan Bukit N34
N20 Lubok Merbau Lubok N20
N13 Kuala Sepetang Kuala N13
N01 Pengkalan Hulu Pengkalan N01
N14 Changkat Jering Changkat N14
N50 Kampong Gajah Kampong N50
N54 Hutan Melintang Hutan N54 N11 Gunong Semanggol Gunong N11
Proposed Electorate Size Average (24,206) Average +33% (32,035) Average -33% (16,017) Malapportionment in the 2015 – 2016 Redelineation Exercises Prepared by: Penang Institute
Graph 6F: Malapportionment of State Constituencies in Perak after the 2003 Redelineation Exercise (Measured as Deviation from the State Average)
120.00%
100.00% 81.58% 80.00%
60.00%
40.00%
20.00%
0.00%
-20.00%
-40.00% -45.69%
-60.00%
N45Teja
N58Slim
N39Bota
N15Trong
N22Jalong
N41Keranji
N18Aulong N23Manjoi
N33Tronoh
N05Selama
N21Lintang
N38Belanja
N57Sungkai
N25Canning
N52Pangkor
N35Manong
N59Behrang
N50Sitiawan
N30Buntong
N31Jelapang
N12Selinsing
N53Rungkup
N03Kenering
N28Bercham
N27Pasir Pinji
N29Kepayang
N02Temengor
N24Hulu Kinta
N08Titi Serong
N16Kamunting
N07Batu Kurau N19Chenderoh
N06Kubu Gajah
N09Kuala Kurau
N10Pongsu Alor
N47Ayer Kuning
N32Menglembu
N46Chenderiang
N37Pantai Remis
N43Sungai Rapat
N17Pokok Assam
N26Tebing Tinggi
N04Kota Tampan
N51Pasir Panjang
N48Sungai Manik
N40Malim Nawar
N44Simpang Pulai
N42Tualang Sekah
N55Pasir Bedamar
N56Changkat Jong
N34Bukit Chandan
N20Lubok Merbau
N13Kuala Sapetang
N01Pengkalan Hulu
N14Changkat Jering
N49Kampong Gajah
N54Hutan Melintang N36Pengkalan Baharu N11Gunong Semanggol Electorate 2003 Average +33.33% Average -33.33% Malapportionment in the 2015 – 2016 Redelineation Exercises Prepared by: Penang Institute
Graph 6G: Malapportionment of State Constituencies in Perak during the 2013 General Election (Measured as Deviation from the State Average)
120.00% 114.05%
100.00%
80.00%
60.00%
40.00%
20.00%
0.00%
-20.00%
-40.00%
-49.17%
-60.00%
N45Teja
N58Slim
N39Bota
N15Trong
N22Jalong
N41Keranji
N18Aulong N23Manjoi
N05Selama N33Tronoh
N21Lintang
N38Belanja
N57Sungkai
N25Canning
N52Pangkor
N35Manong
N59Behrang
N30Buntong N50Sitiawan
N31Jelapang
N12Selinsing
N53Rungkup
N03Kenering
N28Bercham
N27Pasir Pinji
N29Kepayang
N02Temengor
N24Hulu Kinta
N08Titi Serong
N16Kamunting
N19Chenderoh
N07Batu Kurau
N06Kubu Gajah
N09Kuala Kurau
N10Pongsu Alor
N47Ayer Kuning
N32Menglembu
N46Chenderiang
N37Pantai Remis
N43Sungai Rapat
N17Pokok Assam
N26Tebing Tinggi
N04Kota Tampan
N51Pasir Panjang
N48Sungai Manik
N40Malim Nawar
N44Simpang Pulai
N42Tualang Sekah
N55Pasir Bedamar
N56Changkat Jong
N34Bukit Chandan
N20Lubok Merbau
N13Kuala Sapetang
N01Pengkalan Hulu
N14Changkat Jering
N49Kampong Gajah
N54Hutan Melintang N36Pengkalan Baharu N11Gunong Semanggol Electorate 2013 Average +33.33% Average -33.33% Malapportionment in the 2015 – 2016 Redelineation Exercises Prepared by: Penang Institute
Graph 6H: Malapportionment of State Constituencies in Perak under the 2016 Redelineation Proposal (First Display) (Measured as Deviation from the State Average)
120.00% 111.49%
100.00%
80.00%
60.00%
40.00%
20.00%
0.00%
-20.00%
-40.00%
-60.00% -50.10%
N46Teja
N40Bota
N57Bidor
N15Trong
N22Jalong
N36Beruas
N58Besout
N42Keranji
N18Aulong N23Manjoi
N33Tronoh
N05Selama
N21Lintang
N39Belanja
N25Canning
N52Pangkor
N59Muallim
N35Manong
N38Sitiawan
N30Buntong
N31Jelapang
N12Selinsing
N53Rungkup
N03Kenering
N28Bercham
N27Pasir Pinji
N29Kepayang
N02Temengor
N24Hulu Kinta
N08Titi Serong
N16Kamunting
N07Batu Kurau N19Chenderoh
N06Kubu Gajah
N09Kuala Kurau
N10Pongsu Alor
N48Ayer Kuning
N32Menglembu
N47Chenderlang
N37Pantai Remis
N44Sungai Rapat
N17Pokok Assam
N26Tebing Tinggi
N04Kota Tampan
N51Pasir Panjang
N49Sungai Manik
N41Malim Nawar
N45Simpang Pulai
N43Tualang Sekah
N55Pasir Bedamar
N56Changkat Jong
N34Bukit Chandan
N20Lubok Merbau
N13Kuala Sepetang
N01Pengkalan Hulu
N14Changkat Jering
N50Kampong Gajah N54Hutan Melintang
N11Gunong Semanggol Electorate 2016 Average +33.33% Average -33.33% Malapportionment in the 2015 – 2016 Redelineation Exercises Prepared by: Penang Institute
Map 6: Draft Plan for Parliamentary and State Constituencies – Perak