Malapportionment of Parliamentary Constituencies in Perak
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Malapportionment in the 2015 – 2016 Redelineation Exercises Prepared by: Penang Institute Malapportionment of Parliamentary Constituencies in Perak Under the 2016 Redelineation Proposal (First Display) Excessively under-represented parliamentary constituencies: No. Constituency Electorate As % of average 1 P063 Tambun 96,437 163.28% 2 P071 Gopeng 89,389 151.34% 3 P064 Ipoh Timor 89,218 151.05% 4 P060 Taiping 86,432 146.34% 5 P065 Ipoh Barat 82,041 138.90% Justification for excessive under-representation: None. They can have smaller electorates, if voters can be more evenly spread out across constituencies. Excessively over-represented parliamentary constituencies: No. Constituency Electorate As % of average 1 P055 Lenggong 28,078 47.54% 2 P061 Padang Rengas 28,727 48.64% 3 P067 Kuala Kangsar 33,113 56.06% 4 P069 Parit 33,368 56.49% 5 P054 Gerik 33,832 57.28% Justification for excessive over-representation: Only some. Only Gerik and Lenggong which cover vast land mass in northern Perak may qualify for over-representation as provided for by Section 2(c), the Thirteenth Schedule of the Federal Constitution. Ratio of Largest Constituency to Smallest Constituency: 3.43: 1 Changes in Malapportionment: Malapportionment remains even though some of its victims have changed. Conclusion: The EC has abdicated its constitutional duty to minimize malapportionment in the Redelineation process. Malapportionment in the 2015 – 2016 Redelineation Exercises Prepared by: Penang Institute *Please see Appendix 6: Map 6: Draft Plan for Parliamentary and State Constituencies – Perak Graph 6A: Malapportionment of Parliamentary Constituencies in Perak under the 2016 Redelineation Proposal (First Display) Graph 6B: Malapportionment of Parliamentary Constituencies in Perak after the 2003 Redelineation Exercise (Measured as Deviation from the State Average) Graph 6C: Malapportionment of Parliamentary Constituencies in Perak during the 2013 General Election (Measured as Deviation from the State Average) Graph 6D: Malapportionment of Parliamentary Constituencies in Perak under the 2016 Redelineation Proposal (First Display) (Measured as Deviation from the State Average) Malapportionment in the 2015 – 2016 Redelineation Exercises Prepared by: Penang Institute Malapportionment of State Constituencies in Perak Under the 2016 Redelineation Proposal (First Display) Excessively under-represented state constituencies: No. Constituency Electorate As % of average 1 N23 Manjoi 50,812 211.49% 2 N24 Hulu Kinta 45,625 189.90% 3 N45 Simpang Pulai 39,269 163.44% 4 N51 Pasir Panjang 35,888 149.37% 5 N28 Bercham 33,908 141.13% 6 N27 Pasir Pinji 33,022 137.44% 7 N37 Pantai Remis 32,388 134.80% Justification for excessive under-representation: None. They can have smaller electorates, if voters can be more evenly spread out across constituencies. All these state constituencies are even larger than the two smallest parliamentary constituencies as per the redelineation proposal. Excessively over-represented state constituencies: No. Constituency Electorate As % of average 1 N04 Kota Tampan 11,990 49.90% 2 N15 Trong 12,987 54.05% 3 N19 Chenderoh 13,456 56.01% 4 N01 Pengkalan Hulu 14,363 59.78% 5 N39 Belanja 14,653 60.99% 6 N07 Batu Kurau 15,253 63.49% 7 N05 Selama 15,261 63.52% 8 N20 Lubok Merbau 15,271 63.56% 9 N34 Bukit Chandan 15,693 65.32% 10 N06 Kubu Gajah 15,748 65.55% Justification for excessive over-representation: Only some. While some of these state constituencies may qualify for over-representation as provided for by Section 2(c), the Thirteenth Schedule of the Federal Constitution, it is hard to ascertain their merits without land mass information. Ratio of Largest Constituency to Smallest Constituency: 3.81: 1 Changes in Malapportionment: The pattern of malapportionment looks virtually the same with how it was in 2013. Malapportionment in the 2015 – 2016 Redelineation Exercises Prepared by: Penang Institute Conclusion: The EC has abdicated its constitutional duty to minimize malapportionment in the Redelineation process. *Please see Appendix 6: Map 6: Draft Plan for Parliamentary and State Constituencies – Perak Graph 6E: Malapportionment of State Constituencies in Perak under the 2016 Redelineation Proposal (First Display) Graph 6F: Malapportionment of State Constituencies in Perak after the 2003 Redelineation Exercise (Measured as Deviation from the State Average) Graph 6G: Malapportionment of State Constituencies in Perak during the 2013 General Election (Measured as Deviation from the State Average) Graph 6H: Malapportionment of State Constituencies in Perak under the 2016 Redelineation Proposal (First Display) (Measured as Deviation from the State Average) Malapportionment in the 2015 – 2016 Redelineation Exercises Prepared by: Penang Institute APPENDIX 6 Graph 6A: Malapportionment of Parliamentary Constituencies in Perak under the 2016 Redelineation Proposal (First Display) 120,000 100,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 0 P056 Larut P054 Gerik P072 Tapah P069 Parit P074 Lumut P060 Taiping P070 Kampar P071 Gopeng P063 Tambun P055 Lenggong P065 Ipoh Barat P073 Pasir Salak P064 Ipoh Timor P076 TelukIntan P068 Tawar Ayer P066Batu Gajah P058 Bagan Serai P057 Parit Buntar P062 Sungai Siput P075 Bagan Datoh P067 Kuala Kangsar P059 Bukit Gantang P077 Tanjong Malim P061 Padang Rengas Proposed Electorate Size Average (59,064) Average +33% (78,752) Average -33% (39,376) Graph 6B: Malapportionment of Parliamentary Constituencies in Perak after the 2003 Redelineation Exercise (Measured as Deviation from the State Average) 100.00% 80.00% 60.00% 51.22% 40.00% 20.00% 0.00% -20.00% -40.00% -60.00% -53.10% -80.00% P069 Parit P056 Larut P054 Gerik P072 Tapah P074 Lumut P068 Beruas P060 Taiping P070 Kampar P071 Gopeng P063 Tambun P055 Lenggong P065 Ipoh Barat P073 Pasir Salak P064 Ipoh Timor P066Gajah Batu P076 Telok Intan P058 Bagan Serai P057 Parit Buntar P062 Sungai Siput P075 Bagan Datok P067 Kuala Kangsar P059 Bukit Gantang P077 Tanjong Malim P061 Padang Rengas Electorate 2003 Average +33.33% Average -33.33% Malapportionment in the 2015 – 2016 Redelineation Exercises Prepared by: Penang Institute Graph 6C: Malapportionment of Parliamentary Constituencies in Perak during the 2013 General Election (Measured as Deviation from the State Average) 100.00% 80.00% 65.65% 60.00% 40.00% 20.00% 0.00% -20.00% -40.00% -60.00% -52.32% -80.00% P069 Parit P056 Larut P054 Gerik P072 Tapah P074 Lumut P068 Beruas P060 Taiping P070 Kampar P071 Gopeng P063 Tambun P055 Lenggong P065 Ipoh Barat P073 Pasir Salak P064 Ipoh Timor P066Gajah Batu P076 Telok Intan P058 Bagan Serai P057 Parit Buntar P062 Sungai Siput P075 Bagan Datok P067 Kuala Kangsar P059 Bukit Gantang P077 Tanjong Malim P061 Padang Rengas Electorate 2013 Average +33.33% Average -33.33% Graph 6D: Malapportionment of Parliamentary Constituencies in Perak under the 2016 Redelineation Proposal (First Display) (Measured as Deviation from the State Average) 100.00% 80.00% 63.28% 60.00% 40.00% 20.00% 0.00% -20.00% -40.00% -60.00% -52.46% -80.00% P056 Larut P054 Gerik P072 Tapah P069 Parit P074 Lumut P060 Taiping P070 Kampar P071 Gopeng P063 Tambun P055 Lenggong P065 Ipoh Barat P073 Pasir Salak P064 Ipoh Timor P076 TelukIntan P068 Ayer Tawar P066Batu Gajah P058 Bagan Serai P057 Parit Buntar P062 Sungai Siput P075 Bagan Datoh P067 Kuala Kangsar P059 Bukit Gantang P077 Tanjong Malim P061 Padang Rengas Electorate 2016 Average +33.33% Average -33.33% Institute Penang by: Prepared 2015 the in Malapportionment 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 0 11,990 N04 Kota Tampan N15 Trong N19 Chenderoh N01 Pengkalan Hulu N39 Belanja N07 Batu Kurau N05 Selama N20 Lubok Merbau – in Perak in ProposedElectorate Size N34 Bukit Chandan Exercises Redelineation 2016 N06 Kubu Gajah N03 Kenering Graph 6E: Malapportionment of State Constituencies of State Malapportionment6E: Graph N36 Beruas N57 Bidor N12 Selinsing under the 2016 Redelineation Proposal (First Display) (First Proposal 2016 Redelineation theunder N58 Besout N35 Manong N10 Alor Pongsu N40 Bota N11 Gunong Semanggol N02 Temengor Average (24,206) N42 Keranji N47 Chenderlang N53 Rungkup N29 Kepayang N54 Hutan Melintang N48 Ayer Kuning N41 Malim Nawar N46 Teja N31 Jelapang N43 Tualang Sekah Average +33% (32,035) N14 Changkat Jering N21 Lintang N26 Tebing Tinggi N09 Kuala Kurau N49 Sungai Manik N08 Titi Serong N33 Tronoh N52 Pangkor N13 Kuala Sepetang N30 Buntong N16 Kamunting Average -33% (16,017) N44 Sungai Rapat N22 Jalong N38 Sitiawan N17 Pokok Assam N32 Menglembu N55 Pasir Bedamar N59 Muallim N18 Aulong N25 Canning N56 Changkat Jong N50 Kampong Gajah N37 Pantai Remis N27 Pasir Pinji N28 Bercham N51 Pasir Panjang N45 Simpang Pulai N24 Hulu Kinta 50,812 N23 Manjoi Institute Penang by: Prepared 2015 the in Malapportionment 100.00% 120.00% -60.00% -40.00% -20.00% 20.00% 40.00% 60.00% 80.00% 0.00% - 45.69% N01 Pengkalan Hulu N02 Temengor N03 Kenering N04 Kota Tampan N05 Selama N06 Kubu Gajah – N07 Batu Kurau Exercises Redelineation 2016 N08 Titi Serong N09 Kuala Kurau N10 Alor Pongsu N11 Gunong Semanggol N12 Selinsing N13 Kuala Sapetang Graph 6F: Malapportionment of State Constituencies Constituencies State of 6F: Malapportionment Graph N14 Changkat Jering (Measured as Deviation from the State Average) Average) State the from Deviation as (Measured N15 Trong Exercise Redelineation 2003 the after Perak in Electorate 2003 N16 Kamunting N17 Pokok Assam N18 Aulong N19 Chenderoh N20 Lubok Merbau N21 Lintang 81.58% N22 Jalong N23 Manjoi N24 Hulu Kinta Average +33.33% N25 Canning N26 Tebing Tinggi N27 Pasir