“Silkworm Pupae” (Bombyx Mori) in Coldwater Aquaculture Oyas a Asimi1*, Tariq H Bhat2, Nasir H3 and Irfan K4

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Review Article International Journal of Poultry and Fisheries Sciences Open Access Alternative Source of Protein “Silkworm Pupae” (Bombyx Mori) In Coldwater Aquaculture Oyas A Asimi1*, Tariq H Bhat2, Nasir H3 and Irfan K4

1Assistant Professor, Fish Nutrition, Division of Fish Nutrition and Biochemistry, Faculty of Fisheries, Rangil-190 006, SKUAST-K, India

2Assistant Professor, Division of Post Harvest Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Rangil-190 006, SKUAST-K, India

3Assistant Professor, Division of Social Science, Faculty of Fisheries, Rangil-190 006, SKUAST-K, India

4Assistant Professor, Division of Fish Breeding and Genetics, Faculty of Fisheries, Rangil-190 006, SKUAST-K, India

Received: November 08, 2017; Accepted: November 20, 2017; Published: November 29, 2017

.*Corresponding author: Oyas A Asimi, Assistant Professor, Fish Nutrition, Division of Fish Nutrition and Biochemistry, Faculty of Fisheries, Rang- il-190 006, SKUAST-K, India, E-mail: [email protected]

Sericulture in Kashmir Abstract The history of sericulture in J&K State is traced, and the silk required quantity of cost effective quality feed. At present one of the main The main constraint presently is the availability of sufficient/ which the cost of production is very high. In order to make available industry was demonopolised in 1988. About 27,000 farming fish feed ingredient (fishmeal) is procured from outside the state due to decade.families Productivity produce around and quality 829 MT need of to cocoons be improved worth through Rs.5.50 bettercrore. Anpackages increase of tomulberry around cultivation 1,500 MT isand planned silkworm in therearing, next alternatesufficient quantitysource of of protein. cost effective Kashmir feed valley and cater produces to the gooddemand quantities of various of feedrearing materials units for derived feed in fromthe State, crops it isand high other time sources. to replace These fishmeal include with a and high yielding quality silkworm breeds. Majority of cocoon wide variety of oil-seed cakes and meals, pulses, and mill by-products of production coming from the spring crop - an autumn crop has seeds and grains. Also available are appreciable quantities of by-products been introduced but yield and quality are not yet good.

pupae. Keeping in view the nutritional value of silkworm pupae and its Major input cost in aquaculture is the running cost expended profusefrom the availability meat, fish, fruitin the processing state, cost industries effective andfeed particularly could be formulated silkworm and feeding trails in coldwater aquaculture could be conducted. Lot of on feeding the cultured fish. world. meal is most important feed ingredient as dietary protein source research has been done on the replacement of fishmeal throughout the Protein is the most expensive component in fish feeds. Fish Key words: Fishmeal; Silkworm; Aquaculture; feed expensive hence the search for alternative sources of protein for cultured fish. Shortage and high cost of fish meal make fish Introduction becausein fish feeds.of their Generally, higher content the feed and stuffsother superior of animal indispensable origins are Silkworms have a crunchy exterior and reportedly, the taste aminoconsidered acids betterthan the alternative plant origins protein [23]. source Several in animal et.al fish protein diets and texture of mashed potato inside when fresh! A silkworm pupa is the by-product after the silk thread has been wound off poultry by-product meal, meat and bone meal, snail and other from the cocoon and can serve as feedstuff. The most common sources were evaluated to formulate the diets for fish such as species for commercial silk production is the mulberry silk invertebrate meal [10, 13, 21, 25, 33]. Main tendency is to partial replacement of fish meal with alternative protein source [30, 31]. worm (Bombyx mori) of the sub-phylum Tracheata (articulated leaf. The percentages of total protein and lipid contents by InsectsNutritional may constitute attributes a significant biomass (Table 1). dryanimals). weight The are caterpillar 55.6 and of 32.2%the moth respectively. feed chiefly Silkworm on the mulberry pupae protein had high levels of essential amino acids such as valine, ingredient with a high nutritional value. Its crude protein content methionine and phenylalanine. The contents of essential amino Silkworm (Bombyx mori) pupa is a protein-rich feed acids in silkworm pupae protein satisfied the FAO/WHO/UNU ranges from 50% DM to more than 80% DM (for defatted meal). suggested requirements (2007). The lysine (6-7% of the protein) and methionine (2-3% of the protein) contents are particularly high. However, the true protein

Table 1:

YearCocoon productionCocoon during Production last few years (Source:Income Sericulture generation DevelopmentAvg. Department, Price for JammuProductivity and Kashmir, per Oz.2016) Rearers (MT) (Lac Rs.) “A” grade (Kg) population (Rs.) (Nos.)

2008-09 738 455.67 192.00 31.00 19700 2009-10 810 800.00 300.00 32.0032.5 22800 2010-11 860 1100.00 410.00 25500 2011-12 917 963.00 350.00 33.00 27000 2012-13 901 1193.00 397.00 32.0034.23 28000 2013-14 1022 2226.00- 650.00 3188229400 2014-15 1105 (P) 750.00 (P) 42.00 (P) (Spring) nutrient digestibility and nutrient retention were better for diets based on silkworm meal than for diets based on plant leaf meals (calculated as the sum of amino acids) in silkworms was found [29]. to correspond to only 73% of the crude protein content (Finke, 2002), which was explained by the presence of chitin, since this Barbonymus gonionotus component contains nitrogen. However, the chitin content of of chitin and insoluble protein may also explain the presence of In silver barb fingerlings ( ), highest pupae meal is relatively low, about 3-4% DM [6, 28]. The presence total dietary protein replaced by silkworm pupae meal [15]. growth rates were observed in fish fed a diet with about 38% of Tor khudree fibre, and values of 6-12% DM of ADF have been reported [6, 11]. defatted silkworm pupae at 5% body weight had better growth SilkwormUn-defatted oil pupaecontains meal a high is richpercentage in fat, typicallyof polyunsaturated in the 20-40% fatty Mahseer fingerlings ( ) fed a diet containing 50% DM range. Defatted meal contains less than 10% oil in the DM. silkworm pupae [24]. and survival rates than fingerlings fed no or lower amounts of Fermented silkworm pupae silage or untreated fresh silkworm otheracids, notablyanimal linolenicby-products, acid (18:3),silkworm with pupae reported meal values is relatively ranging from 11 to 45% of the total fatty acids [11,20,32] Compared to pupae paste were incorporated in carp feed formulations, an extremely variable composition, with crude protein values poor in minerals [3-10% DM]. Silkworm litter appears to have Catla catla Cirrhinus mrigala replacing fish meal, in a polycultureHypophthalmichthys system containing molitrix the Indian carp ( ), mrigal carp ( ), rohus reportedThe benefits to be between of silkworm 15 and in 58% fish DM feed [3, 32]. better(Labeo for rohita) fermented and silversilkworm carp pupae ( silage than for untreated). Survival rate, feed conversion ratio and specific growth rate were Silkworm pupae in a fish diet are a great way to simulate the rohu, undefatted silkworm pupae and defatted silkworm pupae silkworm pupae or fish meal (Rangacharyulu et al., 2003). In wildtype ofgraze nutrient on a densewide variety variety of that edible Koi andplants, other algaes aquarium and insects fishes would experience if they were kept in mud pond. A fish in the meal [8]. throughout the day. In order to replicate that varied food source produced significantly better protein digestibility values than fish in a tank or pond, including some other nutrient sources, like Oreochromis mossambicus silkworm pupae, is a great idea. utilize the protein of both defatted and undefatted silkworm meal Mozambique tilapia ( ) were able to

(apparent protein digestibilityOnchorhynchus of 85-86%) keta [8]. whichWhile is processed there are aand number packaged of different to avoid silkworm oxidation, pupae a common options supplemented with 5% silkworm pupae meal at the expense of issueavailable with on competitivethe market, Hikari®silkworm manufactures pupae type a uniqueproducts. product This Chum salmon fry ( ) fed over 6 week diets fresher and more potent delivery system of for these nutrients content, though silkworm supplementation enhanced feed fish meal did not show improvement in growth rate and protein thing or rancidity. help fish avoid potential health problems from too much of a good efficiency [1]. Use of silkworm pupae meal in aquaculture Heteropneustes fossilisSilkworm pupae meal was used as a substitute for fish meal at up to 75% of the protein in Asian stinging catfish ( Cyprinus carpio ) diets without adverse effects on growth [8]. When silkworm meal replaced part, or all, of the fish meal Clarias batrachus in common carp ( ) diets, similar performance Un-defatted silkworm pupae were found to be a suitable fish (growth and feed conversion) was observed [22]. Un-defatted meal substitute in diets for walking catfish ( ). silkworm pupae meal was safely used up to 50% without Digestibility of the crude protein in silkworm meal was found to hampering growth and meat quality of the fish (Nandeesha et al., be similar to that of fish mealLateolabrax [2]. japonicus 2000). In a comparison between silkworm pupae meal and plant In Japanese sea bass ( ), the energy leaf meals (alfalfa and mulberry), feed conversion efficiency, digestibility of un-defatted silkworm pupae meal (73%) was Citation: Bombyx Mori Page 2 of 4 Aquaculture. Int J Poul Fish Sci . Asimi OA, Bhat TH, Nasir H, Irfan K (2017) Alternative Source of Protein “Silkworm Pupae” ( ) In Coldwater 1(1):1-4. DOI: 10.15226/2578-1898/1/1/00102 Alternative Source of Protein “Silkworm Pupae” (Bombyx Mori) In Coldwater Aquaculture Copyright: © 2017 Asimi O, et al. lower than that of poultry by-product meal, feather meal, blood meal and soybean meal, but comparable to that of meat and bone 8. Hossain M A, N Nahar, M Kamal, M N Islam. Nutrient digestibility coefficients of some plant and animal proteins for tilapia (Oreochromis poultry by-product meal, blood meal and soybean meal but it was 9. mossambicus). J Aquacult Trop. 1992;7(2):257–265. comparablemeal. Protein to digestibilitythat of feather was meal also and lower higher (85%) than thanthat of that meat of and bone meal [12]. Hossain M A, N Nahar, M. Kamal. Nutrient digestibility coefficients of some plant and animal proteins for rohu (Labeo rohita). Aquaculture. 1997;151(1-4):37–45. Doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(96)01481-0

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performance of channel catfishIctalurus punctatus raised in earthen Citation: Bombyx Mori Page 3 of 4 Aquaculture. Int J Poul Fish Sci . Asimi OA, Bhat TH, Nasir H, Irfan K (2017) Alternative Source of Protein “Silkworm Pupae” ( ) In Coldwater 1(1):1-4. DOI: 10.15226/2578-1898/1/1/00102 Alternative Source of Protein “Silkworm Pupae” (Bombyx Mori) In Coldwater Aquaculture Copyright: © 2017 Asimi O, et al.

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Citation: Bombyx Mori Page 4 of 4 Aquaculture. Int J Poul Fish Sci . Asimi OA, Bhat TH, Nasir H, Irfan K (2017) Alternative Source of Protein “Silkworm Pupae” ( ) In Coldwater 1(1):1-4. DOI: 10.15226/2578-1898/1/1/00102