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"Will a Man Rob God?" (Malachi 3:8): a Study of Tithing in the Old and New Testaments

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Scholars Crossing SOR Faculty Publications and Presentations 2006 "Will a man rob God?" (Malachi 3:8): a Study of Tithing in the Old and New Testaments Andreas J. Kostenberger David A. Croteau Liberty University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/sor_fac_pubs Part of the Biblical Studies Commons, Comparative Methodologies and Theories Commons, Epistemology Commons, Esthetics Commons, Ethics in Religion Commons, History of Philosophy Commons, History of Religions of Eastern Origins Commons, History of Religions of Western Origin Commons, Other Philosophy Commons, Other Religion Commons, and the Religious Thought, Theology and Philosophy of Religion Commons Recommended Citation Kostenberger, Andreas J. and Croteau, David A., ""Will a man rob God?" (Malachi 3:8): a Study of Tithing in the Old and New Testaments" (2006). SOR Faculty Publications and Presentations. 80. https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/sor_fac_pubs/80 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars Crossing. It has been accepted for inclusion in SOR Faculty Publications and Presentations by an authorized administrator of Scholars Crossing. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Bulletin for Biblimi Research 16.1 (2006) 53-77 "Will a Man Rob God?" (Malachi 3:8): Pu6{isliers ana'l3oo/(Jef{ers since 1975. 'l3i6{ica{ Stuaies. Semitic Languages • .9lrcliaeo{ogy • .9lncient 9{t;ar 'East A Study of Tithing in the "luzu7.lJ.eisen6raulLs.com Old and New Testaments TIze Historical Jesus in Recent Research James D. G. Dunn and Scot McKnight, editors The past two or three decades have witnessed significant ANDREAS J. KOSTENBERGER AND DAVID A. CROTEAU activity in research on the Jesus of the Gospels and history. In SOUTHEASTERN BAPTIST THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY this volume, Dunn and McKnight have collected and provided introductions to a wide cross-section of essays on the topic, Is tithing, that is, giving ten percent of one's income, obligatory for Christians? ranging from classic essays by BultmalU1, Cadbury, and This first in a series of two articles investigates this question by studying all ref­ Schweitzer to the most recent investigations of Horsley, Levine, erences to tithing in Scripture. The discussion commences with aT references to and Wright. A very useful book for courses and seminars on tit/zing prior to the giving of the Mosaic Law, then in the Mosaic Low, tl:e his­ Jesus or the historical Jesus. Sources for Biblical and Theological torical, ond the prophetic booles. This is followed by a study of the three mOJor NT Study 10. Pp. xiv + 618. Cloth. $42.95 passaaes 011 tithing. Tize article concludes that none of the aT or NT passages can legiti~zately be used to argue for the continuation of tithing in the new covenant Old Testament TIzeology: Rowering and Future period. Ben C. Ollenburger, editor Key Words: tithing, tithe, Levitical tithe, festival tithe, poor titize, welfare tithe, In this extensively revised and updated edition of The Flowering of OLD Old Testament Theolopj, Professor Ollenburger provides help for Mosaic Law, new covenant, law and gospel, Mal 3:8, Matt 23:23, Heb 7. TESTAMENT THEOLOGY beginning theological students, who are frequently overwhelmed n",,.,·,iu;,:audJ'mun" by the proliferation of volumes on Old Testament theology, to say notlung of the variety of approaches used in these works. This textbook is now divided into five convenient sections-Part 1: The The ominous question "Will a man rob God 7" has been plastered on bul­ Background, Part 2: Old Testament Theology's Renaissance: Walther letins, offering envelopes, and sermon titles, and has been preached upon Eichrodt through Gerhard von Rad, Part 3: Expansion and Variety: enough to make its interpretation seem fairly straightforward. It is true Between Gerhard von Rad and Brevard Clulds, Part 4: From that it is a sin to rob God of what is his, and of course we must give our Brevard CI1ilds to a New Pluralism, and Part 5: Contexts, tithes and offerings. However, the issues involved are considerably more Perspectives, and Proposals. Sources for Biblical and Theological Study 1. Pp. xvi + 544. $42.95 complex than many sermons on the subject may suggest. The questi~n. of whether or not believers today are to give at least ten percent of theIr m­ Near Eastern ArchaeologIJ: A Reader come involves issues such as the continuity or discontinuity between the Suzanne Richard, editor Testaments; the extent to which the Mosaic Law is still applicable to be­ This collection of more than 60 essays by major scholars in the lievers in the new covenant period; the relationship between the OT and field have been gathered to create the most up-to-date and NT at large; and the nature of progressive revelation and salvation history. 1 complete book available on Levantine and Near Eastern While it is commonly agreed that the OT food laws and the OT prac­ archaeology. Already hailed as "an excellent resource that tice of circumcision do not carryover into the NT era, there is less consen­ belongs in all college, university, and seminary libraries as well sus on other OT practices such as tithing. In an attempt to adjudicate the as in personal collections .... The book could easily be adopted question of whether or not all NT believers are required to give ten percent as a text for use with undergraduates" (Diana Edelman, RBL). or more of their income today, we will study all the relevant references to Designated as a 2004 Outstanding Academic Title by the American Library Association. Pp. xviii + 486. Cloth. $45.00 1. See part 2 of tlus article. For a discussion of tithing in church history, as well as m~re development of some of the arguments below, see David A. Croteau, A Bzblzenl and Tlz£ologzcal Analysis oJTithing: Toward a Theology of Giving in the New Covenant Era (PhD. diss., Southeastern Eisenbrauns • POB 275 • Winona Lake, Indiana 46590 Baptist Theological Seminary, 2005). Phone: (574) 269-2011 • Toll-free fax order line (USA/Canada only): (800) 736-7921 Visit our web site: www.eisenbrauns.com 54 Bulletin for Biblical Research 16.1 KOSTENBERGER AND CROTEAU: "Will a Man Rob God?" 55 tithing2 in the OT and NT and assess the applicability of this practice to a deficiency U, his character;? (4) Cau, was not the object of God's sover­ NT believers in light of some of the larger issues mentioned above. We will eign election;8 and (5) Abel's offering was a tithe. The NT adds the u,sight also discuss NT principles for giving that are in effect whether or not they that Abel's offeru,g was made "u, faith," and CauL's was not (Heb 11:4). involve giving ten percent of one's income. The basis for the understanding that Abel's sacrifice was a tithe is the rendering of Gen 4:7 found U, the Septuagint,9 which suggests that Cain's TITHING IN THE OLD TESTAMENT sacrifice was not accepted because he did not "divide rightly."ID Yet there are several challenges for the proponents of this view. Not only do they For convenience's sake, we will divide the OT's discussion on tithing into need to argue that the LXX version of Gen 4:7 is more ancient than the MT, three sections: tithing prior to the Mosaic Law; its description in the Mo­ they must also show how this reading coheres with Heb 11:4, which re­ saic Law; and the few texts that mention tithu,g after the giving of the Mo­ flects the MT. Yet no one has given a convincu'g demonstration of this, and saic Law. At the very outset, it should be noted that a comprehensive most scholars rightly opt in favor of the MT over against the LXX at this discussion of the tithe in the Mosaic Law would be u,complete without juncture.ll In any case, "we certau,ly cannot deduce from the Cau, and placing this practice U, the context of Israelite worship of Yahweh. While Abel narrative that the tithe" was a requirement of God at that time.12 tithu,g was a part of Israelite worship at large,3 we will limit our discus­ Abraham. Abraham (Abram) built an altar for God U, Gen 13:18. The sion to the passages that explicitly refer to tithing, recognizing the overall context shows that Abraham did this in response to God because of the context U, which tithing took place. promise God gave to him U, Gen 13:14-17. While tithing is not mentioned Ul this passage, the next time Abraham is shown to worship God, tithing Tithing Prior to the Mosaic Law is mentioned. Genesis 14:20 states that Abraham "gave Melchizedek a tenth."13 Does this offering refer to a pre-Law tithe? Genesis 14 says noth­ Three sets of text have been adduced to garner support for the applicabil­ ing about a system or pattern of tithu,g that had become part of Abraham's ity of tithing in the new covenant era, surrounding the practices of Abel, Abraham, and Jacob. The questions that present themselves are as follows. 7. See Bruce K. Waltke, "Cain and His Offering," WTJ 48 (1986): 370; Umberto Cassuto, First, do these texts demonstrate the "practice" of tithing before the giving A COlllmentary all the Boole of Gellesis (Jerusalem: Magnes, 1961), 1:205; Kenneth A. Mathews, of Law? Second, would the presence or practice of tithing prior to the giv­ Gellesis 1-11:26 (NAC; Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 1996), 267-68; Jolm J. Davis, Paradise to ing of the Law necessitate that the practice continue? Finally, is there any­ Prisoll: Studies i11 Gellesis (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1975), 99.
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