Virology of HIV, Hep B & Hep C
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Antiviral Bioactive Compounds of Mushrooms and Their Antiviral Mechanisms: a Review
viruses Review Antiviral Bioactive Compounds of Mushrooms and Their Antiviral Mechanisms: A Review Dong Joo Seo 1 and Changsun Choi 2,* 1 Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Health and Welfare and Education, Gwangju University 277 Hyodeok-ro, Nam-gu, Gwangju 61743, Korea; [email protected] 2 Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, 4726 Seodongdaero, Daeduck-myun, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Korea * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-31-670-4589; Fax: +82-31-676-8741 Abstract: Mushrooms are used in their natural form as a food supplement and food additive. In addition, several bioactive compounds beneficial for human health have been derived from mushrooms. Among them, polysaccharides, carbohydrate-binding protein, peptides, proteins, enzymes, polyphenols, triterpenes, triterpenoids, and several other compounds exert antiviral activity against DNA and RNA viruses. Their antiviral targets were mostly virus entry, viral genome replication, viral proteins, and cellular proteins and influenced immune modulation, which was evaluated through pre-, simultaneous-, co-, and post-treatment in vitro and in vivo studies. In particular, they treated and relieved the viral diseases caused by herpes simplex virus, influenza virus, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Some mushroom compounds that act against HIV, influenza A virus, and hepatitis C virus showed antiviral effects comparable to those of antiviral drugs. Therefore, bioactive compounds from mushrooms could be candidates for treating viral infections. Citation: Seo, D.J.; Choi, C. Antiviral Bioactive Compounds of Mushrooms Keywords: mushroom; bioactive compound; virus; infection; antiviral mechanism and Their Antiviral Mechanisms: A Review. -
Entry and Early Infection of Non-Segmented Negative Sense Rna Viruses
University of Kentucky UKnowledge Theses and Dissertations--Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 2021 ENTRY AND EARLY INFECTION OF NON-SEGMENTED NEGATIVE SENSE RNA VIRUSES Jean Mawuena Branttie University of Kentucky, [email protected] Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.13023/etd.2021.248 Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Branttie, Jean Mawuena, "ENTRY AND EARLY INFECTION OF NON-SEGMENTED NEGATIVE SENSE RNA VIRUSES" (2021). Theses and Dissertations--Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 54. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/biochem_etds/54 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations--Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STUDENT AGREEMENT: I represent that my thesis or dissertation and abstract are my original work. Proper attribution has been given to all outside sources. I understand that I am solely responsible for obtaining any needed copyright permissions. I have obtained needed written permission statement(s) from the owner(s) of each third-party copyrighted matter to be included in my work, allowing electronic distribution (if such use is not permitted by the fair use doctrine) which will be submitted to UKnowledge as Additional File. I hereby grant to The University of Kentucky and its agents the irrevocable, non-exclusive, and royalty-free license to archive and make accessible my work in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. -
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Ns4b Protein Inhibits Host Rnase L Activation
RESEARCH ARTICLE crossmark Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus NS4b Protein Inhibits Host RNase L Activation Joshua M. Thornbrough,a* Babal K. Jha,b* Boyd Yount,c Stephen A. Goldstein,a Yize Li,a Ruth Elliott,a Amy C. Sims,c Ralph S. Baric,c,d Robert H. Silverman,b Susan R. Weissa Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USAa; Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USAb; Department of Epidemiologyc and Department of Microbiology and Immunology,d University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA * Present address: Joshua M. Thornbrough, Adelphi Research Global, Doylestown, Pennsylvania, USA; Babal K. Jha, Translational Hematology & Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA. ABSTRACT Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is the first highly pathogenic human coronavirus to emerge since severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2002. Like many coronaviruses, MERS-CoV carries genes that encode multiple accessory proteins that are not required for replication of the genome but are likely involved in pathogenesis. Evasion of host innate immunity through interferon (IFN) antagonism is a critical component of viral pathogene- sis. The IFN-inducible oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS)-RNase L pathway activates upon sensing of viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Activated RNase L cleaves viral and host single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), which leads to translational arrest and subse- quent cell death, preventing viral replication and spread. Here we report that MERS-CoV, a lineage C Betacoronavirus, and re- lated bat CoV NS4b accessory proteins have phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity and antagonize OAS-RNase L by enzymatically degrading 2=,5=-oligoadenylate (2-5A), activators of RNase L. -
Viral Strategies to Arrest Host Mrna Nuclear Export
Viruses 2013, 5, 1824-1849; doi:10.3390/v5071824 OPEN ACCESS viruses ISSN 1999-4915 www.mdpi.com/journal/viruses Review Nuclear Imprisonment: Viral Strategies to Arrest Host mRNA Nuclear Export Sharon K. Kuss *, Miguel A. Mata, Liang Zhang and Beatriz M. A. Fontoura Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; E-Mails: [email protected] (M.A.M.); [email protected] (L.Z.); [email protected] (B.M.A.F) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-214-633-2001; Fax: +1-214-648-5814. Received: 10 June 2013; in revised form: 27 June 2013 / Accepted: 11 July 2013 / Published: 18 July 2013 Abstract: Viruses possess many strategies to impair host cellular responses to infection. Nuclear export of host messenger RNAs (mRNA) that encode antiviral factors is critical for antiviral protein production and control of viral infections. Several viruses have evolved sophisticated strategies to inhibit nuclear export of host mRNAs, including targeting mRNA export factors and nucleoporins to compromise their roles in nucleo-cytoplasmic trafficking of cellular mRNA. Here, we present a review of research focused on suppression of host mRNA nuclear export by viruses, including influenza A virus and vesicular stomatitis virus, and the impact of this viral suppression on host antiviral responses. Keywords: virus; influenza virus; vesicular stomatitis virus; VSV; NS1; matrix protein; nuclear export; nucleo-cytoplasmic trafficking; mRNA export; NXF1; TAP; CRM1; Rae1 1. Introduction Nucleo-cytoplasmic trafficking of proteins and RNA is critical for proper cellular functions and survival. -
Flaviviral Ns4b, Chameleon and Jack-In-The-Box Roles in Viral
Rev. Med. Virol. 2015; 25: 205–223. Published online 1 April 2015 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com) Reviews in Medical Virology DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1835 REVIEW Flaviviral NS4b, chameleon and jack-in-the-box roles in viral replication and pathogenesis, and a molecular target for antiviral intervention Joanna Zmurko, Johan Neyts* and Kai Dallmeier KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy SUMMARY Dengue virus and other flaviviruses such as the yellow fever, West Nile, and Japanese encephalitis viruses are emerging vector-borne human pathogens that affect annually more than 100 million individuals and that may cause debilitating and potentially fatal hemorrhagic and encephalitic diseases. Currently, there are no specific antiviral drugs for the treat- ment of flavivirus-associated disease. A better understanding of the flavivirus–host interactions during the different events of the flaviviral life cycle may be essential when developing novel antiviral strategies. The flaviviral non-structural protein 4b (NS4b) appears to play an important role in flaviviral replication by facilitating the formation of the viral replication complexes and in counteracting innate immune responses such as the following: (i) type I IFN signaling; (ii) RNA interfer- ence; (iii) formation of stress granules; and (iv) the unfolded protein response. Intriguingly, NS4b has recently been shown to constitute an excellent target for the selective inhibition of flavivirus replication. We here review the current knowledge on NS4b. © 2015 The Authors. Reviews in Medical Virology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Received: 27 October 2014; Revised: 16 February 2015; Accepted: 17 February 2015 INTRODUCTION mosquito-borne viral disease, endemic in over 100 The genus Flavivirus comprises over 70 members, countries with over three billion people at direct including important human pathogens such as risk of infection [1]. -
Type of the Paper (Article
Review Epigenetic Landscape during Coronavirus Infection Alexandra Schäfer and Ralph S. Baric * Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Academic Editor: Lawrence S. Young Received: 23 November 2016; Accepted: 7 February 2017; Published: 15 February 2017 Abstract: Coronaviruses (CoV) comprise a large group of emerging human and animal pathogens, including the highly pathogenic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) strains. The molecular mechanisms regulating emerging coronavirus pathogenesis are complex and include virus–host interactions associated with entry, replication, egress and innate immune control. Epigenetics research investigates the genetic and non-genetic factors that regulate phenotypic variation, usually caused by external and environmental factors that alter host expression patterns and performance without any change in the underlying genotype. Epigenetic modifications, such as histone modifications, DNA methylation, chromatin remodeling, and non-coding RNAs, function as important regulators that remodel host chromatin, altering host expression patterns and networks in a highly flexible manner. For most of the past two and a half decades, research has focused on the molecular mechanisms by which RNA viruses antagonize the signaling and sensing components that regulate induction of the host innate immune and antiviral defense programs upon infection. More recently, a growing body of evidence supports the hypothesis that viruses, even lytic RNA viruses that replicate in the cytoplasm, have developed intricate, highly evolved, and well-coordinated processes that are designed to regulate the host epigenome, and control host innate immune antiviral defense processes, thereby promoting robust virus replication and pathogenesis. -
Opportunistic Intruders: How Viruses Orchestrate ER Functions to Infect Cells
REVIEWS Opportunistic intruders: how viruses orchestrate ER functions to infect cells Madhu Sudhan Ravindran*, Parikshit Bagchi*, Corey Nathaniel Cunningham and Billy Tsai Abstract | Viruses subvert the functions of their host cells to replicate and form new viral progeny. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has been identified as a central organelle that governs the intracellular interplay between viruses and hosts. In this Review, we analyse how viruses from vastly different families converge on this unique intracellular organelle during infection, co‑opting some of the endogenous functions of the ER to promote distinct steps of the viral life cycle from entry and replication to assembly and egress. The ER can act as the common denominator during infection for diverse virus families, thereby providing a shared principle that underlies the apparent complexity of relationships between viruses and host cells. As a plethora of information illuminating the molecular and cellular basis of virus–ER interactions has become available, these insights may lead to the development of crucial therapeutic agents. Morphogenesis Viruses have evolved sophisticated strategies to establish The ER is a membranous system consisting of the The process by which a virus infection. Some viruses bind to cellular receptors and outer nuclear envelope that is contiguous with an intri‑ particle changes its shape and initiate entry, whereas others hijack cellular factors that cate network of tubules and sheets1, which are shaped by structure. disassemble the virus particle to facilitate entry. After resident factors in the ER2–4. The morphology of the ER SEC61 translocation delivering the viral genetic material into the host cell and is highly dynamic and experiences constant structural channel the translation of the viral genes, the resulting proteins rearrangements, enabling the ER to carry out a myriad An endoplasmic reticulum either become part of a new virus particle (or particles) of functions5. -
A Dengue Virus Type 2 (DENV-2) NS4B-Interacting Host Factor, SERP1, Reduces DENV-2 Production by Suppressing Viral RNA Replication
viruses Article A Dengue Virus Type 2 (DENV-2) NS4B-Interacting Host Factor, SERP1, Reduces DENV-2 Production by Suppressing Viral RNA Replication Jia-Ni Tian 1,2, Chi-Chen Yang 1, Chiu-Kai Chuang 3, Ming-Han Tsai 4 , Ren-Huang Wu 1, Chiung-Tong Chen 1 and Andrew Yueh 1,* 1 Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan 2 Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Jhongli 32001, Taiwan 3 Division of Animal Technology, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan 4 Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +886-37-246-166 (ext. 35719); Fax: +886-37-586-456 Received: 31 July 2019; Accepted: 27 August 2019; Published: 27 August 2019 Abstract: Host cells infected with dengue virus (DENV) often trigger endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, a key process that allows viral reproduction, without killing the host cells until the late stage of the virus life-cycle. However, little is known regarding which DENV viral proteins interact with the ER machinery to support viral replication. In this study, we identified and characterized a novel host factor, stress-associated ER protein 1 (SERP1), which interacts with the DENV type 2 (DENV-2) NS4B protein by several assays, for example, yeast two-hybrid, subcellular localization, NanoBiT complementation, and co-immunoprecipitation. A drastic increase (34.5-fold) in the SERP1 gene expression was observed in the DENV-2-infected or replicon-transfected Huh7.5 cells. The SERP1 overexpression inhibited viral yields (37-fold) in the DENV-2-infected Huh7.5 cells. -
Hepatitis C Virus P7—A Viroporin Crucial for Virus Assembly and an Emerging Target for Antiviral Therapy
Viruses 2010, 2, 2078-2095; doi:10.3390/v2092078 OPEN ACCESS viruses ISSN 1999-4915 www.mdpi.com/journal/viruses Review Hepatitis C Virus P7—A Viroporin Crucial for Virus Assembly and an Emerging Target for Antiviral Therapy Eike Steinmann and Thomas Pietschmann * TWINCORE †, Division of Experimental Virology, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 7, 30625 Hannover, Germany; E-Mail: [email protected] † TWINCORE is a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI). * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-511-220027-130; Fax: +49-511-220027-139. Received: 22 July 2010; in revised form: 2 September 2010 / Accepted: 6 September 2010 / Published: 27 September 2010 Abstract: The hepatitis C virus (HCV), a hepatotropic plus-strand RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae, encodes a set of 10 viral proteins. These viral factors act in concert with host proteins to mediate virus entry, and to coordinate RNA replication and virus production. Recent evidence has highlighted the complexity of HCV assembly, which not only involves viral structural proteins but also relies on host factors important for lipoprotein synthesis, and a number of viral assembly co-factors. The latter include the integral membrane protein p7, which oligomerizes and forms cation-selective pores. Based on these properties, p7 was included into the family of viroporins comprising viral proteins from multiple virus families which share the ability to manipulate membrane permeability for ions and to facilitate virus production. Although the precise mechanism as to how p7 and its ion channel function contributes to virus production is still elusive, recent structural and functional studies have revealed a number of intriguing new facets that should guide future efforts to dissect the role and function of p7 in the viral replication cycle. -
Mechanisms of Type-I Ifn Inhibition: Equine Herpesvirus-1 Escape from the Antiviral Effect of Type-1 Interferon Response in Host Cell
University of Kentucky UKnowledge Theses and Dissertations--Veterinary Science Veterinary Science 2019 MECHANISMS OF TYPE-I IFN INHIBITION: EQUINE HERPESVIRUS-1 ESCAPE FROM THE ANTIVIRAL EFFECT OF TYPE-1 INTERFERON RESPONSE IN HOST CELL Fatai S. Oladunni University of Kentucky, [email protected] Author ORCID Identifier: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5050-0183 Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.13023/etd.2019.374 Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Oladunni, Fatai S., "MECHANISMS OF TYPE-I IFN INHIBITION: EQUINE HERPESVIRUS-1 ESCAPE FROM THE ANTIVIRAL EFFECT OF TYPE-1 INTERFERON RESPONSE IN HOST CELL" (2019). Theses and Dissertations--Veterinary Science. 43. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/gluck_etds/43 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Veterinary Science at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations--Veterinary Science by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STUDENT AGREEMENT: I represent that my thesis or dissertation and abstract are my original work. Proper attribution has been given to all outside sources. I understand that I am solely responsible for obtaining any needed copyright permissions. I have obtained needed written permission statement(s) from the owner(s) of each third-party copyrighted matter to be included in my work, allowing electronic distribution (if such use is not permitted by the fair use doctrine) which will be submitted to UKnowledge as Additional File. I hereby grant to The University of Kentucky and its agents the irrevocable, non-exclusive, and royalty-free license to archive and make accessible my work in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. -
Natural Recombination of Equine Hepacivirus Subtype 1 Within The
Virology 533 (2019) 93–98 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Virology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/virology Natural recombination of equine hepacivirus subtype 1 within the NS5A and T NS5B genes ∗ Gang Lua,b,c,1, Jiajun Oua,b,c,1, Yankuo Suna,1, Liyan Wua,b,c, Haibin Xua,b,c, Guihong Zhanga, , ∗∗ Shoujun Lia,b,c, a College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China b Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China c Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Equine hepacivirus (EqHV) was first reported in 2012 and is the closest known homolog of hepatitis Cvirus Equine hepacivirus (HCV). A number of studies have reported HCV recombination events. The aim of this study was to determine Subtype whether recombination events occur in EqHV strains. Considering that no information on the Chinese EqHV Recombination event genome sequence is available, we first sequenced the near-complete genomes of three field EqHV strains. Intra-subtype Through systemic analysis, we obtained strong evidence supporting a recombination event within the NS5A and China NS5B genes in the American EqHV strains, but not in the strains from China or other countries. Finally, using cut- off values for determination of HCV genotypes and subtypes, we classified the EqHV strains fromaroundthe world into one unique genotype and three subtypes. The recombination event occurred in subtype 1 EqHV strains. This study provides critical insights into the genetic variability and evolution of EqHV. -
Structure and Function of the Influenza a Virus Non-Structural Protein 1 Chang Woo Han1†, Mi Suk Jeong2†, and Se Bok Jang1*
J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. (2019), 29(8), 1184–1192 https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.1903.03053 Research Article Review jmb Structure and Function of the Influenza A Virus Non-Structural Protein 1 Chang Woo Han1†, Mi Suk Jeong2†, and Se Bok Jang1* 1Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea 2Korea Nanobiotechnology Center, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea Received: March 25, 2019 Revised: May 27, 2019 The influenza A virus is a highly infectious respiratory pathogen that sickens many people Accepted: June 3, 2019 with respiratory disease annually. To prevent outbreaks of this viral infection, an First published online understanding of the characteristics of virus-host interaction and development of an anti-viral June 4, 2019 agent is urgently needed. The influenza A virus can infect mammalian species including *Corresponding author humans, pigs, horses and seals. Furthermore, this virus can switch hosts and form a novel Phone: +82-51-510-2523; lineage. This so-called zoonotic infection provides an opportunity for virus adaptation to the Fax: +82-51-581-2544; E-mail: [email protected] new host and leads to pandemics. Most influenza A viruses express proteins that antagonize the antiviral defense of the host cell. The non-structural protein 1 (NS1) of the influenza A † These authors contributed virus is the most important viral regulatory factor controlling cellular processes to modulate equally to this work. host cell gene expression and double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-mediated antiviral response. This review focuses on the influenza A virus NS1 protein and outlines current issues including the life cycle of the influenza A virus, structural characterization of the influenza A virus NS1, interaction between NS1 and host immune response factor, and design of inhibitors resistant pISSN 1017-7825, eISSN 1738-8872 to the influenza A virus.