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The Middle/Upper Paleolithic Interface and the Relationship Of Ivor Karavanic´ The Middle/Upper Paleolithic interface Department of Archaeology, and the relationship of Neanderthals and Faculty of Philosophy, early modern humans in the Hrvatsko University of Zagreb, I. Lucˇic´a 3, 10000 Zagreb, Zagorje, Croatia Croatia This paper presents the first detailed analysis of the artefacts from the Mousterian level G3 at Vindija Cave and a revision of the artefact Fred H. Smith analysis for the early Upper Paleolithic levels (j, i) at Velika Pec´ina, Department of Anthropology, both in Croatia. Combined with an assessment of the artefacts from Northern Illinois University, the crucial G1 level at Vindija, results of these analyses are used to DeKalb, IL 60115, U.S.A. argue that the combination of Middle and Upper Paleolithic elements in the upper G complex at Vindija is not necessarily the result of Received 7 May 1997 geological mixing but may well represent a natural cultural assem- Revision received blage. Some Upper Paleolithic elements are possibly derived from the 11 September 1997 and local Mousterian, while others result from extraneous cultural influ- accepted 22 September ences into this region. Interestingly, currently available radiocarbon 1997 dates indicate that Neanderthals (Vindija level G1) and early modern Keywords: Mousterian, humans (Velika Pec´ina ) were penecontemporaneous in this region at Aurignacian, Neanderthals, ca. 33 ka, or perhaps somewhat earlier if the radiocarbon dates are early modern humans, taken as minimum age estimates. Therefore some Upper Paleolithic Central Europe, Upper tools associated with the Vindija G1 Neandertals, such as bone Paleolithic, Vindija, Velika points, may result from imitation of or trade with early modern Pec´ina. people. While there is external influence on the development of the early Upper Paleolithic in this region, it exhibits a unique character which does not conform to that of classic Western or Central European Aurignacian. ? 1998 Academic Press Limited Journal of Human Evolution (1998) 34, 223–248 Introduction 1970, 1978; Simek, 1991; Simek & Smith, 1997) and, to a lesser extent, Velika Pec´ina The sites of the Hrvatsko Zagorje (north- (Malez, 1967, 1974) have been described western Croatia) are well known in paleo- and analyzed. anthropology because of the important Unlike Krapina, Vindija and Velika finds of fossil humans and their material Pec´ina also contain Upper Paleolithic strati- cultures in this region. The most significant graphic units with modern human fossil Middle Paleolithic sites in this area are remains (Smith, 1976b, 1982). The Upper Krapina, Vindija, Velika Pec´ina and Paleolithic bone tools and lithics from these Veternica near Zagreb (Figure 1). The sites have been analyzed (Karavanic´, 1994, Neanderthal remains from Krapina 1995, 1996; Malez, 1967, 1974, 1978, (Gorjanovic´-Kramberger, 1906; Malez, 1988), while the Middle Paleolithic material 1971; Radovcˇic´ et al., 1988; Smith, 1976a; from Vindija has been presented only in part Wolpoff, 1996) and Vindija (Malez, (Malez, 1978; Karavanic´, 1996). Further- 1975; Malez et al., 1980; Malez & Ullrich, more, since Vindija and Velika Pec´ina have 1982; Smith et al., 1985; Smith & Ahern, Middle and Upper Paleolithic components 1994; Wolpoff et al., 1981) have been in association with remains of fossil humans, studied from various perspectives. Also these two sites have the potential to make a the Mousterian artefacts from Krapina significant contribution to both the unsolved (Gorjanovic´-Kramberger, 1913; Malez, issue of the relationship between Middle 0047–2484/98/030223+26 $25.00/0/hu970192 ? 1998 Academic Press Limited 224 . ´ . Figure 1. Important Middle and Upper Paleolithic sites of the Hrvatsko Zagorje (North-Western Croatia): 1. Vindija (Middle and Upper Paleolithic), 2. Velika Pec´ina (Middle and Upper Paleolithic), 3. Krapina (Middle Paleolithic), 4. Veternica (Middle Paleolithic). and Upper Paleolithic in Central Europe We present the first full arachaeological (see Allsworth-Jones, 1986) and also to the description of the Mousterian level G3 at debate concerning the appearance of early Vindija, as well as further information on the modern Europeans (see Stringer, 1989; archaeological remains from level G1 and Wolpoff, 1989; Smith, 1991). the early Upper Paleolithic levels at Velika Vindija Cave is one of the rare European Pec´ina. We also present a revisiting of sites with the possibility of an association the hypothesis that Neanderthals and the between Upper Paleolithic tools and Upper Paleolithic are associated in Vindija, Neanderthal skeletal remains. Other such based on analysis of both the artefacts associations involve the Chatelperronian in and the fossils human remains, as well as France at the sites of Arcy-Sur-Cure and St. chronometric dates from the pertinent levels Césaire, but at Vindija the Upper Paleolithic at Vindija and Velika Pec´ina. Finally, we assemblage is clearly not Chatelperronian reassess evidence pertaining to the origin and has been suggested to represent the of both modern human morphology and Aurignacian (Malez et al., 1980; Smith, 1982; Upper Paleolithic technology in the Smith & Ahern, 1994; Karavanic´, 1995). Hrvatsko Zagorje. / 225 The material from Vindija and Velika is stratigraphically older than the G complex Pec´ina that is analyzed here was exacavated and basically equivalent to Mousterian under the direction of M. Malez and is deposits at Krapina, recently dated to housed in the Institute for Paleontology and ca. 130 ka (Rink et al., 1995). Unfortu- Quaternary Geology of the Croatian nately, U–Th dates for older levels at Vindija Academy of Sciences and Arts in Zagreb. (L & M) are inconsistent and seemingly Archaeological material from Vindija exca- unreliable. vated by S. Vukovic´ is not included in this Excavations were conducted in Vindija analysis because of the incompatibility of his for over 30 years, beginning in 1928, by stratigraphy and that of Malez & Rukavina S. Vukovic´ (1950). Vukovic´ excavated both (1979). The stone tools were described inside and in front of the cave, mostly in the according to the terminology of Bordes upper levels. Subsequently, M. Malez (1961) for the Middle Paleolithic tool types, directed excavations from 1974 until 1986. even if these derive from Upper Paleolithic It was during this period that most of the levels. Similarly, the terminology of Paleolithic archaeological and Pleistocene Soneville-Bordes & Perrot (1953, 1954, faunal material, as well as all of the fossil 1955, 1956a, 1956b) is used for Upper human remains, pertinent to our study Paleolithic tool types, even if these are were recovered. Additionally, the cave’s associated with primarily Mousterian assem- Pleistocene stratigraphic sequence was blages. This approach is taken because it established at this time (Malez & Rukavina, provides greater precision in the description 1979). of certain tool categories. Since statistical comparison cannot be applied to these data, Velika Pec´ina the benefits of greater descriptive precision Velika Pec´ina is situated near the village of are not overridden by possible problems of Goranec on Ravna Gora, between the sites statistical comparison. The bone tools of Krapina and Vindija. The entrance is on were classified according to Albrecht et al. the western slope of Plat ‘‘hill’’ (brdo Plat), (1972). and the cave itself is 25 m long. In some parts of the cave the sediments are over 10 m deep. There are 16 defined strati- Background graphic levels, ranging from the end of the Vindija Riss glaciation (oxygen isotope stage 6) Vindija is a large limestone cave located through the Holocene (Malez, 1974, 1979). 2 km west of the village of Donja Voc´a. The Excavations in Velika Pec´ina were con- entrance overlooks the narrow gorge on ducted initially by M. Malez in 1948, with the southwestern slope of Križnjakov Vrh. the intention of establishing the stratigraphy The cave is more than 50 m long, and its and preparing for future systematic excava- maximum width and height measure 28 m tions. Subsequent excavations began in and 10 m, respectively. More than 9 m of 1957 and, with several interruptions, lasted deposits were present, and the stratigraphi- until 1970. cal profile comprises about twenty strata that Malez & Rukavina (1979) interpreted Stratigraphy and chronology as extending from the Riss glaciation (oxy- gen isotope stage 6 or earlier) through the Vindija Holocene. A U–Th date on bone from level The critical levels for assessing the relation- k of 114 ka suggests a last interglacial age for ship between the Middle and the Upper these deposits (Wild et al., 1987/88). Level k Paleolithic at Vindija are G3, G2 and G1 226 . ´ . (Figure 2). The description of these levels occurrence of cryoturbational phenomena in used here is based on the chronostratigraphy the cave (Malez & Rukavina, 1975), and its employed by Malez & Rukavina (1979). role in potential mixing of elements between The stratigraphically higher F complex, layers (Stringer, 1982a, 1982b; Kozłowski, which is important to issues concerning 1996; Montet-White, 1996). This issue will the early Upper Paleolithic at Vindija, is be discussed in the context of describing the described elsewhere (Malez & Rukavina, archaeological and paleontological remains 1979; Karavanic´, 1995). from the site. G3 level. This level comprises a distinctive Velika Pec´ina sandy green sediment, with relatively few The critical levels for assessing the relation- stone fragments. Thickness of the level ship between the Middle and Upper varies from 10 cm to 30 cm. The only cur- Paleolithic at Velika Pec´ina are k, j and i rently available date for this level is an (Figure 2). The description of these levels amino-acid date of 42,400&4300 BP done used here is based on the chronostratigraphy by R. Protsch (Smith et al., 1985). Unfortu- employed by Malez (1979). It is important nately, dates by this technique must be to note that there is no evidence of cryotur- viewed cautiously due to the well-known bational activity documented for Velika problems with amino-acid dating of bone. Pec´ina (Malez, 1974; Radovcˇic´, personal communication).
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