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How Quality of Service (Qos) Is Achieved in Wimax (IEEE 802.16)

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How Quality of Service (Qos) Is Achieved in Wimax (IEEE 802.16) How Quality of Service (QoS) is achieved in WiMAX (IEEE 802.16) Johan ElgeredA, 1, A.Safaei MoghaddamA, 1, and Benjamin VedderB, 1 ADepartment of Computer Science, Chalmers University of Technology BDepartment of Signals and Systems, Chalmers University of Technology 1felgered, safaeia, [email protected] Abstract—This report deals with Worldwide Interoper- additional technologies were supported to guarantee a ability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) technology with minimum Quality of Service (QoS) while the mobile is focus on Quality of Service (QoS). The basics of the on move. This latest WiMAX version has pushed the technologies for the physical layer and the Media Access boundaries of wireless communication further. Control (MAC) layer are introduced. Also, a simulation Wireless communication has become a widely spread was made to evaluate how the Best Effort (BE) scheduler performs in different scenarios. method to exchange information, leading to more in- teractive information and thus a larger requirement of Index Terms—WiMAX, QoS, IEEE 802.16, MIMO, bandwidth. An important factor in the competition be- OFDMA, ns-2, Best Effort scheduling tween different wireless technologies is the capability of meeting Quality of Service (QoS). QoS is defined I. INTRODUCTION as the performance guarantees a network system can We are always in the need for higher communica- make regarding packet loss, delay, throughput and jitter tion speed. This need for more speed is not just in [2]. Different frameworks have been developed within transmission speed of information, but also we like to the field of QoS; Integrated Services (IntServ) provides move faster and do things faster. In other words be more individualized QoS guarantees to particular flows (packet efficient, which mobile communication offers. The need stream with common source address, destination address of mobility alongside with a high data transfer speed and port number), while Differentiated Services (Diff- brings the essential need of a new technology in wireless Serv) divides flows into separate classes [3]. Controversy communication to the picture. In addition, availability exists whether QoS is needed or not. Those who are is another essential aspect in today’s communication. against it state that when traffic has reached a level All this means that wireless communication is becoming beyond the capacity of the network, QoS will not manage more and more important. Worldwide Interoperability for to satisfy user demands and if the network has enough Microwave Access (WiMAX) technology was founded resources for all traffic, QoS is unnecessary. Those who in 2006 by Korea Telecom to fulfil these needs [1]. argue for QoS are of the opinion that it makes the WiMAX is based on the 802.16 standard and overseen by information exchange more fair by dividing resources Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). among users and also that it allows the network to run In the development of WiMAX various changes had to with a more intensive usage. be done in different layers of the OSI (Open Systems The main topic of this paper covers mostly 802.16e, Interconnection) model [8] in 3rd Generation Mobile where the focus lies on the lower layers connected with Telecommunications (3G). A bigger area coverage with QoS. These layers include the physical layer and the an increase in transmission speed was introduced in Media Access Control (MAC) layer. A simulation was 802.16d also know as WiMAX base. WiMAX base also made to analyse how the Best Effort (BE) scheduler introduced a dynamic bandwidth assignment to different performs. mobile users, based on their needs at a specific moment. Though, it did not solve the problem of high rate data II. PHYSICAL LAYER transfer to a moving mobile node with a vehicular The physical layer in mobile WiMAX has two key speed. In 802.16e-2005 also known as Mobile WiMAX, technologies; Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple munication systems. The capacity of the SISO additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel is [5]: 2 C(t) = log2(1 + ρjHj )bits=s=Hz (1) Where H is the channel matrix and ρ is the average signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). For this case one extra bit for the capacity needs 3dB extra power. For MIMO, when assuming the transmitter has M antennas and the receiver has N antennas and Channel Side Information (CSI) is not present, the ca- pacity is [5]: ρ C = " (log [det(I + HH∗)]) (2) H 2 M N ≈ αmin(M; N)bits=s=Hz Fig. 1: Illustration of differentiation between SISO, where α is a constant, H is the channel matrix and ρ SIMO, MISO and MIMO wireless communication sys- is the average SNR at each receiver branch. tems [4] As the equation shows, the capacity is proportional to the minimum number of transmitter and receiver antennas. Therefore, it can be seen that when comparing Access (OFDMA) and Multiple-input and Multiple- to SISO, MIMO has great potential in increasing the output (MIMO). In the physical layer the delay, through- capacity when the bandwidth and the power are limited, put and jitter regarding QoS can be affected. which is very valuable in telecommunication transmis- MIMO is the use of multiple antennas at both transmit- sion [6]. ter and receiver. For example, 4 x 2 MIMO means using four antennas at the base station and two antennas at the A. Transmission models mobile device. An illustration about different antenna The 802.16 standard supports three MIMO models setups is shown in Figure 1. Comparing with the tradi- which are Matrix A (Transmit Diversity rate = 1), Matrix tional Single-input Single-output (SISO) antenna model, B (Transmit Diversity rate = 2) and Matrix C (Highest MIMO increases the capacity and the spectral efficiency rate, times 4). Diversity gain can also be achieved by of the communication system greatly. Therefore, the using Space Time Coding (STC) without transmitter system offers higher data rate with limited bandwidth, CSI. With STC, a single data stream is transmitted over which increases the throughput regarding QoS. MIMO multiple antennas. Different data bits are transmitted can deal with the multipath fading easily, however, it has over different antennas during the first symbol period and no solution for frequency selective fading. the conjugate or inverse of the same bits are transmitted OFDMA is a multi-user technology which is the evo- again. This way, the received signal is more robust while lution of Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing the rate is unchanged. STC can be used to enhance the (OFDM). Mobile WiMAX uses MIMO together with coverage area and as a better channel allows for higher OFDM to achieve good performance on frequency selec- order modulations even the capacity can be increased. tive fading channels. Although OFDM has a lot of advan- Another method is to transmit different independent tages compared to other traditional modulation schemes, data streams over different transmitter antennas. This is there is no obvious improvement on the channel capacity. the technology known as Spatial Multiplexing (SMX). If On the other hand, MIMO could increase the channel the system could separate different data streams well, it capacity by increasing the number of antennas. So the would behave just like parallel channels. Therefore the technology of MIMO combined with OFDM could offer data rate is increased. The spatial multiplexing method a stable and low error service. Given these facts, the is important as it can increase the capacity without MIMO-OFDM model should be one of the most promis- additional power or bandwidth consumption [7]. Given ing and widely used technology in the future. multiple transmitter and receiver antennas, STC tech- Capacity is a very important measurement of telecom- nology can be used combined with SMX technology. How to combine STC and SMX is a trade off whether higher data rate or lower bit error rate is preferred. So, the combination of STC and SMX affects the delay, throughput and jitter regarding QoS. B. IEEE 802.16e-2005 Mobile WiMAX attacks the problem of mobility in wireless communication. This brings the possibility of high data transfer speed at vehicular speed mobility. Also, it supports dynamic assignment of multiple mod- ulations for both robust and high speed data transfer rate such as Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) and Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). As the mobile device moves further away from the station, the modulation changes, providing a more robust connec- Fig. 2: Protocol layers of WiMAX [10] tion with lower bandwidth. By contrast, as the mobile moves towards the station, more channels are assigned to that device in order to provide a higher bandwidth. mobile devices where some uses 802.16e while others 802.16e-2005 can use more sub carriers with OFDM and use 802.16m can be served by the same base station OFDMA with 128 sub carrier Fast Fourier Transform on the same carrier. The difference between them is (FFT) up to 2K sub carrier FFT. Therefore, a higher that 802.16e uses one single carrier while 802.16m can speed rate can be offered [11]. use several carriers to increase data transfer rates. The requirement of downlink data rates in 802.16m is 100 III. MAC LAYER Mbps in mobile and 1 Gbps in stationary. WiMAX The MAC layer is a sub-layer to the Data Link 802.16m was recently approved as a standard by IEEE Layer which exists in the layer 2 of the OSI model and will be introduced to the market 2012 [12]. Its [8]. The MAC layer refers to the different protocols basic improvements compared to 802.16e are the support and mechanisms to allow simultaneous users to access a for new service classes, increased mobility and better specific network, in this case a Mobile WiMAX network.
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