Camera Module Comparison 2021 Vol. 2 Apple Iphone Evolution

REVERSEREVERSE COSTING COSTING® –®STRUCTURE?– STRUCTURAL, PROCESS PROCESS AND & COST REPORT

Camera Module Comparison 2021 Vol. 2 –CLICKApple TO iPhone EDIT MASTEREvolution TITLE STYLE Apple's camera design choices from the iPhone 6S Plus to the 12 Pro Max. SPR21553 - Imaging report by Peter BONANNO Physical analysis by Véronique LE TROADEC & Guillaume CHEVALIER June 2021 – Sample 22 bd Benoni Goullin 44200 NANTES - FRANCE +33 2 40 18 09 16 [email protected] www.systemplus.fr ©2021 by System Plus Consulting | SPR21553 – Camera Module Comparison 2021 Vol. 2 – Apple iPhone Evolution 1 Table of Contents

Overview / Introduction 4 Detailed Physical Analysis 84 o Executive Summary o Front Cameras 84 o Reverse Costing Methodology ✓ Infrared o Glossary ✓ iPhone 11 & 12 Companies & Supply Chain 8 ✓ iPhone XS Max o Apple, Sony, LG Innotek, STMicro ✓ o Players & Market iPhone X o Supply Chain ✓ iPhone 8 Plus Physical Comparison & Evolution 21 ✓ iPhone 7 Plus o Camera Overviews ✓ iPhone 6S Plus o Physical Comparison o Rear Cameras 115 o Overview of the Physical Analysis ✓ iPhone 12 Pro Max Manufacturing Processes 53 ✓ iPhone 11 Pro Max o Camera Module Structure ✓ iPhone XS Max o Image Sensor Manufacturing Processes ✓ iPhone X Cost Comparison 65 ✓ iPhone 8 Plus o CMOS Image Sensor Cost Comparison ✓ iPhone 7 Plus o Front-End Comparison ✓ iPhone 6S Plus o Front Camera Die Cost Comparison Feedback 187 o Rear Camera Die Cost Comparison Related Analyses 189 o Camera Module Cost Comparison System Plus Consulting Services 191 o Front Camera Modules o Rear Single and Dual Camera Modules o Rear Triple Camera Modules o Camera Cost Breakdown o Camera Price Comparison

Overview / Introduction o Executive Summary Over 1.3B smartphones shipped in 2020, and 15% of those were iPhones. Apple is widely considered an innovation leader, and o Reverse Costing iPhone cameras are consistently ranked among the best in the industry. Continuing our series of camera module comparison Methodology o Glossary reports, we summarize the results of detailed physical analyses and costing studies to compare the cameras of the iPhone 6S Plus, 7 Plus, 8 Plus, X, XS Max, 11 Pro Max, and 12 Pro Max. This report aims to offer insight into the physical and cost evolution Companies & Supply Chain of the camera modules and CMOS image sensors in the last six years of Apple flagship smartphones. Physical Comparison The analysis covers the rear and front-facing RGB camera modules as well as the front-facing Near Infrared (NIR) module. This includes the complete structure, design, and all components of the camera modules. It covers the dimensions, technology Manufacturing Process Flow nodes and stacking technology in the CMOS image sensors. The rear-facing LiDAR camera in the 12 Pro Max is not covered, but the reader is encouraged to discover the essentially identical LiDAR module in the related report SP20557 - Apple iPad Pro Cost Analysis LiDAR Module. Cost Comparison Over the years, the rear camera has evolved with the market trend from a single to dual and finally a triple camera system. Selling Price Analysis The front camera has also evolved from a single camera to the dual-camera TrueDepth system. The overall design of the AutoFocus/Optical Image Stabilisation (AF/OIS) system has remained very consistent until the introduction of Sensor-shift OIS Related Analyses in the iPhone 12 Pro Max. See our dedicated report SPR21611 - Apple iPhone 12 Pro Max Rear Camera for a deep dive into this technology. About System Plus All rear sensors have 12 megapixels (Mp) despite the trend among other leading OEMs to go as high as 108 Mp. This has allowed Apple to sometimes retain image sensors between iPhone generations while improving camera performance from module upgrades and algorithm tweaks.

Overview / Introduction o Executive Summary o Reverse Costing The reverse costing analysis is conducted in 3 phases: Methodology o Glossary

Companies & Supply Chain Package is analyzed and measured The dies are extracted in order to get overall data: dimensions, main blocks, pad number and pin Physical Comparison out, die marking Teardown Manufacturing Process Flow Setup of the manufacturing process. analysis Cost Analysis

Cost Comparison

Selling Price Analysis Setup of the manufacturing environment Cost simulation of the process steps Related Analyses Costing About System Plus analysis

Supply chain analysis Analysis of the selling price Selling price analysis

Overview / Introduction N° of Camera Module Smartphone Launch Camera Module Specification Companies & Supply Chain Modules position Name Front Front 5 MP, f/2.2, 31 mm, 1.12 µm Physical Comparison & Evolution iPhone 6S Plus Sep 2015 2 o Camera Overviews Rear Rear 12 MP, f/2.2, 29 mm, 1/3", 1.22 µm, PDAF, OIS o Physical Comparison Front Front 7 MP, f/2.2, 32 mm, 1.0 µm o Front Cameras iPhone 7 Plus Sep 2016 3 Wide 12 MP, f/1.7, 26 mm (wide), 1/2.55", 1.22 µm, dual pixel PDAF, OIS o Dual Cameras Rear o Triple Cameras Telephoto 12 MP, f/2.8, 56 mm (telephoto), 1/3.6", 1.0 µm, AF, 2x optical zoom o Overview of Physical Analysis Front Front 7 MP, f/2.2, 32mm , 1.0 µm o iPhone 12 Pro Max iPhone 8 Plus Sep 2017 3 Wide 12 MP, f/1.8, 28 mm (wide), 1.22 µm, PDAF, OIS Rear o iPhone 11 Pro Max Telephoto 12 MP, f/2.8, 57 mm (telephoto), 1.0 µm, PDAF, 2x optical zoom o iPhone XS Max Front 7 MP, f/2.2, 32 mm, 1.0 µm o iPhone X Front IR/depth 1.4 Mp, f/2.0, 2.8 µm infrared o iPhone 8 Plus iPhone X Nov 2017 4 o iPhone 7 Plus Wide 12 MP, f/1.8, 28 mm (wide), 1/3", 1.22 µm, dual pixel PDAF, OIS Rear o iPhone 6S Plus Telephoto 12 †MP, f/2.4, 52 mm (telephoto), 1/3.4", 1.0 µm, PDAF, OIS, 2x optical zoom Front 7 MP, f/2.2, 32 mm, 1.0 µm Manufacturing Process Flow Front IR/depth 1.4 Mp, f/2.0, 2.8 µm infrared iPhone XS Max Sep 2018 4 Cost Analysis Wide 12 MP, f/1.8, 26 mm (wide), 1/2.55", 1.4 µm, dual pixel PDAF, OIS Rear Cost Comparison Telephoto 12 MP, f/2.4, 52 mm (telephoto), 1/3.4", 1.0 µm, PDAF, OIS, 2x optical zoom Front 12 MP, f/2.2, 23 mm (wide), 1/3.6", 1.0 µm Selling Price Analysis Front IR/depth 1.4 Mp, f/2.0, 2.8 µm infrared Related Analyses iPhone 11 Pro Max Sep 2019 5 Main 12 MP, f/1.8, 26 mm (wide), 1/2.55", 1.4 µm, dual pixel PDAF, OIS Rear Telephoto 12 MP, f/2.0, 52 mm (telephoto), 1/3.4", 1.0 µm, PDAF, OIS, 2x optical zoom About System Plus Ultra Wide 12 MP, f/2.4, 120˚, 13 mm (ultrawide), 1/3.6", 1.0 µm Front 12 MP, f/2.2, 23 mm (wide), 1/3.6", 1.0 µm Front IR/depth 1.4 Mp, f/2.0, 2.8 µm infrared Main 12 MP, f/1.6, 26 mm (wide), 1.7 µm, dual pixel PDAF, sensor-shift OIS iPhone 12 Pro Max Nov 2020 6 Telephoto 12 MP, f/2.2, 65 mm (telephoto), 1/3.4", 1.0 µm, PDAF, OIS, 2.5x optical zoom Rear Ultra Wide 12 MP, f/2.4, 120˚ FOV, 13 mm (ultra-wide), 1/3.6", 1.0 µm LiDAR* 0.03 MP (not covered in this report*) *We have performed a full analysis of the essentially identical LiDAR in the iPad Pro (SP20557)

©2021 by System Plus Consulting | SPR21553 – Camera Module Comparison 2021 Vol. 2 – Apple iPhone Evolution 5 Cameras and camera modules are to scale for comparison. Camera and Camera Module Overview module Front Front Overview / Introduction retained Front Single Front Modules: Companies & Supply Chain Cameras: Front Front Physical Comparison & Evolution o Camera Overviews module o Physical Comparison retained o Front Cameras Front NIR Front NIR Front NIR Front NIR o Dual Cameras TrueDepth Front Camera: o Triple Cameras o Overview of Physical Analysis o iPhone 12 Pro Max o iPhone 11 Pro Max o iPhone XS Max o iPhone X o iPhone 8 Plus o iPhone 7 Plus o iPhone 6S Plus Manufacturing Process Flow

Cost Analysis Rear Single Rear Dual Cameras: Rear Cost Comparison Camera: Triple Selling Price Analysis Cameras: Related Analyses About System Plus Rear Modules: module retained Wide Main Wide Main Wide Wide

Telephoto Telephoto Telephoto Telephoto Telephoto Telephoto module retained Ultra Wide Ultra Wide ©2021 by System Plus Consulting | SPR21553 – Camera Module Comparison 2021 Vol. 2 – Apple iPhone Evolution 6 CIS are to scale for comparison.

CMOS Image Sensor Overview CIS retained Overview / Introduction Companies & Supply Chain Front: Physical Comparison & Evolution o Camera Overviews o Physical Comparison o Front Cameras o Dual Cameras Front IR: o Triple Cameras CIS retained o Overview of Physical Analysis o iPhone 12 Pro Max o iPhone 11 Pro Max o iPhone XS Max o iPhone X o iPhone 8 Plus o iPhone 7 Plus o iPhone 6S Plus Manufacturing Process Flow Cost Analysis CIS retained Cost Comparison Selling Price Analysis Main/ Related Analyses Wide: About System Plus Telephoto:

Overview / Introduction Front-Facing Camera Companies & Supply Chain Physical Comparison & Evolution o Camera Overviews o Physical Comparison o Front Cameras o Dual Cameras o Triple Cameras o Overview of Physical Analysis o iPhone 12 Pro Max o iPhone 11 Pro Max o iPhone XS Max o iPhone X o iPhone 8 Plus o iPhone 7 Plus Rear-Facing Camera o iPhone 6S Plus Manufacturing Process Flow Cost Analysis Cost Comparison Selling Price Analysis Related Analyses About System Plus

CM: Camera Module CM Cost: Cost to manufacture the camera module CM price per side: total price of all camera OIS: Optical Image Stabilization CM Price: Cost plus manufacturer’s gross margin modules on the front or back side of the phone AF: Autofocus TTL: Through-The-Lens ©2021 by System Plus Consulting | SPR21553 – Camera Module Comparison 2021 Vol. 2 – Apple iPhone Evolution 8 CMOS Image Sensor Physical Comparison

Res.: Resolution (number of pixels) CIS: CMOS Image Sensor Ffactor: Pixel array form factor (Width / Length) CIS Cost: Cost to manufacture the CIS Diag.: Length of diagonal of pixel array CIS Price: Cost plus manufacturer’s gross margin ©2021 by System Plus Consulting | SPR21553 – Camera Module Comparison 2021 Vol. 2 – Apple iPhone Evolution 9 CIS are to scale for comparison.

Front Camera CIS Physical Comparison CIS retained Overview / Introduction Companies & Supply Chain Front: Physical Comparison & Evolution o Camera Overviews o Physical Comparison o Front Cameras o Dual Cameras Front IR: o Triple Cameras CIS retained o Overview of Physical Analysis o iPhone 12 Pro Max o iPhone 11 Pro Max o iPhone XS Max o iPhone X o iPhone 8 Plus o iPhone 7 Plus o iPhone 6S Plus Manufacturing Process Flow Cost Analysis Cost Comparison Smartphone iPhone 6S Plus iPhone 7 Plus iPhone 8 Plus iPhone X iPhone XS Plus iPhone 11 Pro Max iPhone 12 Pro Max (infrared) Selling Price Analysis Die Area mm² Related Analyses Pad Number About System Plus Pixel Array mm²

CIS Mp resolution Pixel Size µm xnm ( Techno node nm d) Wafer X Bonding x)

Overview / Introduction

Companies & Supply Chain Total Camera Volume: Physical Comparison & Evolution Total CM Cost: o Camera Overviews o Physical Comparison Total CM Price: o Front Cameras o Dual Cameras Release date: o Triple Cameras November 2020 o Overview of Physical Analysis o iPhone 12 Pro Max o iPhone 11 Pro Max o iPhone XS Max o iPhone X o iPhone 8 Plus o iPhone 7 Plus o iPhone 6S Plus Manufacturing Process Flow Cost Analysis Cost Comparison Selling Price Analysis Related Analyses About System Plus

©2021 by System Plus Consulting | SPR21553 – Camera Module Comparison 2021 Vol. 2 – Apple iPhone Evolution 11 Sensors are to scale for comparison iPhone 12 Pro Max – CMOS Image Sensors Physical Analysis Overview

Overview / Introduction Companies & Supply Chain Total CIS Die Area: Physical Comparison & Evolution Total CIS Die Cost: o Camera Overviews Total CIS Die Price: o Physical Comparison o Front Cameras o Dual Cameras Release date: o Triple Cameras November 2020 o Overview of Physical Analysis o iPhone 12 Pro Max o iPhone 11 Pro Max o iPhone XS Max o iPhone X o iPhone 8 Plus o iPhone 7 Plus o iPhone 6S Plus Manufacturing Process Flow Cost Analysis Cost Comparison Selling Price Analysis Related Analyses About System Plus

Overview / Introduction

Companies & Supply Chain

Physical Comparison

Manufacturing Processes o Camera Module Structure o Conventional o Sensorshift OIS o Sensor Manuf. Processes o with TSV stacking o with Hybrid stacking o Infrared

Cost Comparison

Detailed Physical Analysis

Related Analyses

About System Plus

iPhone X Rear Wide CM Ceramic iPhone X Rear Wide CM OIS Coil Substrate iPhone X Rear Wide CM Lens Barrel and Substrate with CIS – view from top on plastic housing – view from top VCM housing – view from bottom ©2021 by System Plus Consulting ©2021 by System Plus Consulting ©2021 by System Plus Consulting ©2021 by System Plus Consulting | SPR21553 – Camera Module Comparison 2021 Vol. 2 – Apple iPhone Evolution 13 Camera Module Structure – Sensor-shift OIS

Overview / Introduction Apple has achieved an OIS system in Companies & Supply Chain which the sensor moves while the lens Physical Comparison barrel remains immobile. It accomplishes this by using a flexible Manufacturing Processes printed circuit that allows the sensor to o Camera Module Structure o Conventional move while maintaining connection bottom of lens barrel & o Sensorshift OIS with the motherboard. voice coil motor assembly o Sensor Manuf. Processes ©2021 by System Plus Consulting o with TSV stacking o with Hybrid stacking Check out our o Infrared teardown note Cost Comparison for an animated

Detailed Physical Analysis demonstration of the motion: Related Analyses Flexible Printed Circuit ©2021 by System Plus Consulting About System Plus Mobile PCB Platform For a deep dive into the Sensor-shift ©2021 by System Plus Consulting system, check out our dedicated report SPR21611 – Apple iPhone 12 Pro Max Rear Camera

Cross-section showing the arrangement and structure of the Sensor-shift OIS system ©2021 by System Plus Consulting ©2021 by System Plus Consulting | SPR21553 – Camera Module Comparison 2021 Vol. 2 – Apple iPhone Evolution 14 Sony’s CMOS Image Sensor Cu-Cu Hybrid Bonding Process

Overview / Introduction

Companies & Supply Chain

Physical Comparison

Manufacturing Processes o Camera Module Structure o Conventional o Sensorshift OIS o Sensor Manuf. Processes o with TSV stacking o with Hybrid stacking o Infrared

Cost Comparison

Detailed Physical Analysis

Related Analyses

About System Plus

Overview / Introduction

Companies & Supply Chain

Physical Comparison

Manufacturing Processes

Cost Comparison o CIS Cost Comparison o Front-End o Front Camera Die Cost o Rear Camera Die Cost o Module Cost Comparison o Front Modules o Rear Single & Dual Camera Modules o Rear Triple Camera Modules o Camera Cost Breakdown o Camera Price Comparison

Detailed Physical Analysis

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About System Plus

Overview / Introduction

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Physical Comparison

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Detailed Physical Analysis

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About System Plus

Overview / Introduction wide wide wide wide Companies & Supply Chain

Physical Comparison telephoto telephoto telephoto telephoto

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©2021 by System Plus Consulting | SPR21553 – Camera Module Comparison 2021 Vol. 2 – Apple iPhone Evolution 18 iPhone 12 Pro Max – Rear Main CM – Dimensions & Teardown iPhone 12 Pro Max Overview / Introduction

Companies & Supply Chain

Physical Comparison

Manufacturing Processes

Cost Comparison

Detailed Physical Analysis o Front Cameras Camera Module with flex – Top, Back & Side View o Infrared ©2021 by System Plus Consulting o iPhone 11 & 12 o iPhone XS Max o iPhone X Mobile PCB Platform – view from top o iPhone 8 Plus ©2021 by System Plus Consulting x mm² o iPhone 7 Plus Die Area o iPhone 6 Plus (xmm) o Rear Cameras o iPhone 12 Pro Max Pad Number x o iPhone 11 Pro Max o iPhone XS Max 3x mm² o Pixel Array Pixel Array iPhone X (xmm) o iPhone 8 Plus o iPhone 7 Plus xMp CIS resolution o iPhone 6 Plus (x) Related Analyses Pixel Size 1xµm CIS Die Overview About System Plus Techno node xx nm ©2021 by System Plus Consulting Wafer Bonding x. 1.7 µm Microlenses (1.7µm) – SEM View ©2021 by System Plus Consulting RGBG Bayer color filter array ©2021 by System Plus Consulting ©2021 by System Plus Consulting | SPR21553 – Camera Module Comparison 2021 Vol. 2 – Apple iPhone Evolution 19 iPhone 12 Pro Max – Rear Main CM – CIS Delayering & Cross-Section iPhone 12 Pro Max Overview / Introduction

Companies & Supply Chain

Physical Comparison

Manufacturing Processes

Cost Comparison

Detailed Physical Analysis o Front Cameras o Infrared o iPhone 11 & 12 o iPhone XS Max o iPhone X o iPhone 8 Plus o iPhone 7 Plus o iPhone 6 Plus o Rear Cameras o iPhone 12 Pro Max Pixel Array o iPhone 11 Pro Max Wafer o iPhone XS Max o iPhone X o iPhone 8 Plus o iPhone 7 Plus o iPhone 6 Plus Logic Circuit Related Analyses Wafer About System Plus

©2021 by System Plus Consulting | SPR21553 – Camera Module Comparison 2021 Vol. 2 – Apple iPhone Evolution 20 iPhone 12 Pro Max – Rear Main CM – Module Cross-Section iPhone 12 Pro Max Overview / Introduction

Companies & Supply Chain

Physical Comparison

Manufacturing Processes

Cost Comparison Rear Main Camera Module – various views Detailed Physical Analysis showing the position of the cross-sectional plane o Front Cameras ©2021 by System Plus Consulting o Infrared o iPhone 11 & 12 o iPhone XS Max o iPhone X Cross-Section showing optical o iPhone 8 Plus dimensions o iPhone 7 Plus ©2021 by System Plus Consulting o iPhone 6 Plus o Rear Cameras o iPhone 12 Pro Max o iPhone 11 Pro Max o iPhone XS Max o iPhone X o iPhone 8 Plus o iPhone 7 Plus o iPhone 6 Plus

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About System Plus

Camera Module Cross-Section – Optical Overview ©2021 by System Plus Consulting ©2021 by System Plus Consulting | SPR21553 – Camera Module Comparison 2021 Vol. 2 – Apple iPhone Evolution 21 Related Analyses

Overview / Introduction

Companies & Supply Chain RELATED REPORTS RELATED TEARDOWN TRACKS

Physical Comparison By System Plus Consulting: By System Plus Consulting: Manufacturing Processes • Camera Modules Comparison • APPLE iPhone 6 plus 128GB Cost Comparison 2021 – Vol. 1 • APPLE iPhone X Detailed Physical Analysis • Smartphone Camera Module Related Analyses Comparison 2020 Vol. 2: Focus on • APPLE iPhone 12 Pro Max 5G Samsung About System Plus • Apple iPhone 12 Pro Max Rear Camera RELATED MONITORS By Yole Développement: • CMOS Camera Module Industry for Consumer & Automotive 2020 By Yole Développement: • • Status of the CMOS Image Sensor CMOS Image Sensor Quarterly Industry 2020 Monitor – Q4-2020

Overview / Introduction

Companies & Supply Chain A Structure, Process and Cost Analysis Physical Comparison Reverse Costing® consists of disassembling a device or a system in order Manufacturing Processes to identify its technology and discern its manufacturing processes and Cost Comparison then using in-house models and tools to determine its cost. Detailed Physical Analysis

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About System Plus o Company services o Contact

Overview / Introduction

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Physical Comparison

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Detailed Physical Analysis

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About System Plus o Company services o Contact

Overview / Introduction

Companies & Supply Chain

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Manufacturing Processes Custom Cost Cost Comparison Monitor Detailed Physical Analysis Analysis Methods 1 per year 150 custom Training Related Analyses quarterly analyses per On demand About System Plus updated year o Company services o Contact

Report Teardown Costing 60+ per year Track Tools 205+ 5 process-based teardowns per and 3 parametric year costing tools

©2021 by System Plus Consulting | SPR21553 – Camera Module Comparison 2021 Vol. 2 – Apple iPhone Evolution 26 Worldwide Presence Overview / Introduction 100+ collaborators in 8 different countries Companies & Supply Chain

Physical Comparison

Manufacturing Processes

Cost Comparison

Detailed Physical Analysis

Related Analyses Frankfurt

About System Plus o Company services Nantes Boise o Contact Seoul Phoenix Raleigh Lyon Austin Cornelius

Shenzhen Tokyo

Hsinchu

Singapore

Overview / Introduction REPORTS, MONITORS & TRACKS Companies & Supply Chain Western US & Canada India and RoA Japan Physical Comparison Steve Laferriere - [email protected] Takashi Onozawa - [email protected] Miho Ohtake - [email protected] + 1 310 600 8267 +81 80 4371 4887 +81 34 4059 204 Manufacturing Processes Eastern US & Canada Greater China Japan and Singapore Cost Comparison Chris Youman - [email protected] Mavis Wang - [email protected] Itsuyo Oshiba - [email protected] Detailed Physical Analysis +1 919 607 9839 +886 979 336 809 +86 136 6156 6824 +81 80 3577 3042 Related Analyses Europe and RoW Korea Japan

About System Plus Lizzie Levenez - [email protected] Peter Ok - [email protected] Toru Hosaka – [email protected] o Company services +49 15 123 544 182 +82 10 4089 0233 +81 90 1775 3866 o Contact Benelux, UK & Spain Marine Wybranietz - [email protected] +49 69 96 21 76 78

HEADQUARTER REPORTS & MONITORS WEBSITE MARKETING, COMMUNICATION & PR & CUSTOM PROJECT SERVICES www.systemplus.fr Jean-Christophe Eloy, Marketing & 22 Bd Benoni Goullin Communication 44200 Nantes, France TRACKS WEBSITE [email protected] - +33 686 68 19 31 [email protected] - +33 2 40 18 09 16 www.reverse-costing.com Sandrine Leroy, Public Relations [email protected] - +33 4 72 83 01 89 Follow us on ©2021 by System Plus Consulting | SPR21553 – Camera Module Comparison 2021 Vol. 2 – Apple iPhone Evolution 28