Research Report KTC-11-19/SPR415-11-1F
KENTUCKY TRANSPORTATION CENTER
GUIDELINES FOR ROAD DIET CONVERSIONS OUR MISSION
We provide services to the transportation community through research, technology transfer and education. We create and participate in partnerships to promote safe and effective transportation systems.
OUR VALUES
Teamwork Listening and communicating along with courtesy and respect for others. Honesty and Ethical Behavior Delivering the highest quality products and services. Continuous Improvement In all that we do. 5HVHDUFK5HSRUW .7&63R ) GUIDELINES FOR ROAD DIET CONVERSIONS
Draft Final Report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
1. Report Number 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient’s Catalog No. KTC-11-XX / SPR-415-11-1F
4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date Guidelines for Road Diet Conversions November 2011
6. Performing Organization Code
7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. N. Stamatiadis, A. Kirk, C. Wang, and A. Cull KTC-11-XX / SPR-415-11-1F
9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. Kentucky Transportation Center College of Engineering University of Kentucky 11. Contract or Grant No. Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0281 SPR316
12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered: Final Report; 07/10 – 12/11 Kentucky Transportation Cabinet Fi l 200 Mero Street 14. Sponsoring Agency Code Frankfort, KY
15. Supplementary Notes
16. Abstract
7KH SXUSRVH RI WKLV UHSRUW LV WR GRFXPHQW WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI WKHJXLGHOLQHVIRUWKHURDGGLHW FRQYHUVLRQVSUHSDUHGIRUWKH.HQWXFN\7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ&DELQHW7KHJXLGHOLQHVFRQVLGHURSHUDWLRQDO DQGVDIHW\DVSHFWVRIWKHFRQYHUVLRQVWRDVVLVWLQWKHSUHOLPLQDU\GHWHUPLQDWLRQRIZKHWKHUDURDGGLHW FRQYHUVLRQ LV DSSURSULDWH IRU D JLYHQ URDGZD\ VHJPHQW 7KH JXLGHOLQHV SURYLGH VXJJHVWHG FURVV VHFWLRQ GHVLJQV WUDQVLWLRQ WR DQG IURP WKH URDG GLHW VHFWLRQ DQG D IORZ FKDUW IRU GHWHUPLQLQJ WKH DSSURSULDWHDFWLRQV
17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement Intersection Design, Roundabout, Inside left-turn, median Unlimited u-turn, superstreet, continuous flow, jughandle, bowtie, intersection evaluation
L 19. Security Classification (report) Security Classification (this 21. No. of Pg: 94 22. Price $0 8QFODVVLILHG page) 8QFODVVLILHG TABLE OF CONTENTS
(;(&87,9(6800$5<LY ,1752'8&7,21 /,7(5$785(5(9,(: 0(7+2'2/2*< 5(68/76 6LJQDOL]HG,QWHUVHFWLRQV 8QVLJQDOL]HG,QWHUVHFWLRQV 2SHUDWLRQV0RGHOV 6LJQDOL]HG,QWHUVHFWLRQ6DIHW\ 8QVLJQDOL]HG,QWHUVHFWLRQ6DIHW\ 6DIHW\0RGHOV 6XPPDU\ &$6(678',(6 86&DPSEHOO&RXQW\ (XFOLG$YH)D\HWWH&RXQW\ .<)OR\G&RXQW\ 860HUFHU&RXQW\ 86:RRGIRUG&RXQW\ 6XPPDU\ *8,'(/,1(6 5RDG'LHW&RQYHUVLRQV &21&/86,216$1'6800$5< 5()(5(1&(6 $33(1',;$ $33(1',;%
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««««««««««««««« 7DEOH5DQJHRIDYHUDJHTXHXHGLIIHUHQFHVE\VLGHVWUHHWYROXPH««««««««««« 7DEOH&RHIILFLHQWVIRUSUHGLFWLYHPRGHOV«««««««««««««««««««««« 7DEOH&RHIILFLHQWVIRUSUHGLFWLYHPRGHOV««««««««««««««««««««««
LLL TABLE OF CONTENTS
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
LIST OF FIGURES )LJXUH6LJQDOL]HGLQWHUVHFWLRQGHOD\GLIIHUHQFHV YSKVLGHVWUHHWYROXPH )LJXUH6LJQDOL]HGLQWHUVHFWLRQGHOD\GLIIHUHQFHV YSKVLGHVWUHHWYROXPH )LJXUH6LJQDOL]HGLQWHUVHFWLRQGHOD\GLIIHUHQFHV YSKVLGHVWUHHWYROXPH )LJXUH6LJQDOL]HGLQWHUVHFWLRQDYHUDJHTXHXHGLIIHUHQFHV YSKVLGHVWUHHWYROXPH )LJXUH6LJQDOL]HGLQWHUVHFWLRQDYHUDJHTXHXHGLIIHUHQFHV YSKVLGHVWUHHWYROXPH
LL )LJXUH6LJQDOL]HGLQWHUVHFWLRQDYHUDJHTXHXHGLIIHUHQFHV YSKVLGHVWUHHWYROXPH )LJXUH 8QVLJQDOL]HG LQWHUVHFWLRQ VLGH VWUHHW GHOD\ GLIIHUHQFHV YSK VLGH VWUHHW YROXPH )LJXUH 8QVLJQDOL]HG LQWHUVHFWLRQ VLGHVWUHHW GHOD\ GLIIHUHQFHV YSK VLGH VWUHHW YROXPH )LJXUH*XLGHOLQHIRURSHUDWLRQDOSHUIRUPDQFHDWVLJQDOL]HGLQWHUVHFWLRQV )LJXUH'LIIHUHQFHLQPDLQVWUHHWUHDUHQGFRQIOLFWVEHWZHHQIRXUDQGWKUHHODQHVLJQDOL]HG LQWHUVHFWLRQV E\VLGHVWUHHWYROXPHSHUFHQWOHIWWXUQV )LJXUH'LIIHUHQFHLQPDLQVWUHHWUHDUHQGFRQIOLFWVEHWZHHQIRXUDQGWKUHHODQHVLJQDOL]HG LQWHUVHFWLRQV E\VLGHVWUHHWYROXPHSHUFHQWOHIWWXUQV )LJXUH'LIIHUHQFHLQPDLQVWUHHWUHDUHQGFRQIOLFWVEHWZHHQIRXUDQGWKUHHODQHVLJQDOL]HG LQWHUVHFWLRQV E\VLGHVWUHHWYROXPHSHUFHQWOHIWWXUQV )LJXUH 'LIIHUHQFH LQ PDLQ VWUHHW ODQH FKDQJH FRQIOLFWV EHWZHHQ IRXU DQG WKUHHODQH VLJQDOL]HGLQWHUVHFWLRQV YSKVLGHVWUHHWYROXPH )LJXUH'LIIHUHQFHLQPDLQVWUHHWUHDUHQGFRQIOLFWVEHWZHHQIRXUDQGWKUHHODQHXQVLJQDOL]HG LQWHUVHFWLRQV YSKVLGHVWUHHWYROXPH )LJXUH 'LIIHUHQFH LQ PDLQ VWUHHW ODQH FKDQJH FRQIOLFWV EHWZHHQ IRXU DQG WKUHHODQH VLJQDOL]HGLQWHUVHFWLRQV YSKVLGHVWUHHWYROXPH )LJXUH*XLGHOLQHVIRUUHDUHQGFRQIOLFWVE\PDLQDQGVLGHVWUHHWYROXPHDQGSHUFHQWOHIWWXUQV )LJXUH*XLGHOLQHVIRUODQHFKDQJHFRQIOLFWVE\PDMRUPLQRUVWUHHWYROXPHVDQGSHUFHQWOHIW WXUQV )LJXUH:HVWHUQWHUPLQXVRI86URDGGLHW )LJXUH'HFLVLRQDFWLRQIORZFKDUWIRUURDGGLHWHYDOXDWLRQV LIST OF TABLES 7DEOH/HYHORIVHUYLFHDQGPD[LPXPVXPRIFULWLFDOODQHYROXPHVDWVLJQDOL]HGLQWHUVHFWLRQV 7DEOH5DQJHRIGHOD\GLIIHUHQFHVE\VLGHVWUHHWYROXPH««««««««««««««« 7DEOH5DQJHRIDYHUDJHTXHXHGLIIHUHQFHVE\VLGHVWUHHWYROXPH««««««««««« 7DEOH&RHIILFLHQWVIRUSUHGLFWLYHPRGHOV«««««««««««««««««««««« 7DEOH&RHIILFLHQWVIRUSUHGLFWLYHPRGHOV««««««««««««««««««««««
LLL TABLE OF CONTENTS
(;(&87,9(6800$5<LY ,1752'8&7,21 /,7(5$785(5(9,(: 0(7+2'2/2*< 5(68/76 6LJQDOL]HG,QWHUVHFWLRQV 8QVLJQDOL]HG,QWHUVHFWLRQV 2SHUDWLRQV0RGHOV 6LJQDOL]HG,QWHUVHFWLRQ6DIHW\ 8QVLJQDOL]HG,QWHUVHFWLRQ6DIHW\ 6DIHW\0RGHOV 6XPPDU\ &$6(678',(6 86&DPSEHOO&RXQW\ (XFOLG$YH)D\HWWH&RXQW\ .<)OR\G&RXQW\ 860HUFHU&RXQW\ 86:RRGIRUG&RXQW\ 6XPPDU\ *8,'(/,1(6 5RDG'LHW&RQYHUVLRQV 5RDG'LHW&RQVLGHUDWLRQVError! Bookmark not defined. 'HVLJQ&RQVLGHUDWLRQVError! Bookmark not defined. 5RDG'LHW1RW5HFRPPHQGHGError! Bookmark not defined. &21&/86,216$1'6800$5< 5()(5(1&(6 $33(1',;$ $33(1',;%
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««««««««««««««« 7DEOH5DQJHRIDYHUDJHTXHXHGLIIHUHQFHVE\VLGHVWUHHWYROXPH««««««««««« 7DEOH&RHIILFLHQWVIRUSUHGLFWLYHPRGHOV«««««««««««««««««««««« 7DEOH&RHIILFLHQWVIRUSUHGLFWLYHPRGHOV««««««««««««««««««««««
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³VDIHU DQG PRUH FRPIRUWDEOH´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³FRQIOLFWV´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
RESULTS Signalized Intersections 7KHVLPXODWLRQUHVXOWVIURP&256,0VXSSRUWWKHDVVXPSWLRQWKDWDIRXUODQHRSWLRQZLOOKDYHD FULWLFDOODQHYROXPHORZHUWKDQWKDWRIDWKUHHODQHDOWHUQDWLYH7KLVFRXOGLQGLFDWHDQRSHUDWLRQDO DGYDQWDJHRIWKHIRXUODQHRSWLRQZKHQFRPSDUHGWRWKDWRIWKHWKUHHODQH7KHVHUHVXOWVDUH GLVFXVVHGEHORZE\H[DPLQLQJWKHGHOD\GLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHWKUHHDQGIRXUODQHRSWLRQVIRU DVLJQDOL]HGLQWHUVHFWLRQ7KHGLIIHUHQFHLVFDOFXODWHGDVWKHGHOD\RIWKHWKUHHODQHPLQXVWKDW RI IRXUODQH RSWLRQ 7KHUHIRUH D negative QXPEHU LQGLFDWHV WKDW WKH WKUHHODQH RSWLRQ KDV D lowerGHOD\WKDQWKHIRXUODQHRSWLRQIRUWKHVSHFLILFYROXPHFRPELQDWLRQ$QRWKHULVVXHWREH QRWHGLQWKHDQDO\VLVLVWKDWWKHSHDNKRXUYROXPHXVHGLVWKHELGLUHFWLRQDOWUDIILFIRUWKHVWUHHW 7KHGHOD\GLIIHUHQFHVIRUWKHYSKVLGHVWUHHWYROXPHVKRZGLIIHUHQWWUHQGVIRUHDFKSHUFHQW RI OHIWWXUQV HYDOXDWHG )LJXUH )RU ORZ OHIWWXUQ SHUFHQWDJHV WKH WUHQG VKRZV WKDW DW ORZ YROXPHVWKHWKUHHODQHRSWLRQLV³EHWWHU´WKDQWKHIRXUODQH LHQHJDWLYHGHOD\GLIIHUHQFHV DQG DVWKHYROXPHVLQFUHDVHWKHGHOD\GLIIHUHQFHVEHFRPHVPDOOHU$WDSSUR[LPDWHO\YSKRQ WKH PDLQ VWUHHW WKH IRXUODQH RSWLRQ EHFRPHV ³EHWWHU´ LH GHOD\ GLIIHUHQFHV DUH SRVLWLYH LQGLFDWLQJWKDWWKHGHOD\ZLWKWKHWKUHHODQHRSWLRQLVJUHDWHUWKDQWKDWRIWKHIRXUODQH)RUWKH KLJKHUSHUFHQWDJHVRIOHIWWXUQVGHOD\GLIIHUHQFHVUHPDLQHGSUDFWLFDOO\WKHVDPHDVWKHYROXPHV RQWKHPDLQVWUHHWLQFUHDVHGDQGIRUDOOFRPELQDWLRQVWKHIRXUODQHRSWLRQZDV³EHWWHU´WKDQWKH WKUHHODQHDOWHUQDWLYH7KHVHGDWDLQGLFDWHWKDWWKHUHLVDUHJLRQIRUORZYROXPHVRQWKHPDLQ DQG VLGH VWUHHWV WKDW WKH URDG GLHW RSWLRQ ZLOO UHVXOW LQ DQ RSHUDWLRQDO DGYDQWDJH LH ORZHU GHOD\VWKDQWKHIRXUODQHRSWLRQ
)LJXUH6LJQDOL]HGLQWHUVHFWLRQGHOD\GLIIHUHQFHV YSKVLGHVWUHHWYROXPH 7KHFURVVVWUHHWYROXPHRIYSKDOVRVKRZHGVLPLODUWUHQGVIRUWKHORZOHIWWXUQSHUFHQWDJHV )LJXUH 7KHGDWDVKRZVWKDWDWORZYROXPHVWKHWKUHHODQHRSWLRQLV³EHWWHU´WKDQWKHIRXU ODQH LHQHJDWLYHGHOD\GLIIHUHQFHV DQGDVWKHYROXPHVLQFUHDVHWKHGHOD\GLIIHUHQFHVEHFRPH VPDOOHU$WDSSUR[LPDWHO\YSKRQWKHPDLQVWUHHWWKHIRXUODQHRSWLRQEHFRPHV³EHWWHU´ LHGHOD\GLIIHUHQFHVDUHSRVLWLYH LQGLFDWLQJWKDWWKHGHOD\ZLWKWKHWKUHHODQHRSWLRQLVJUHDWHU WKDQWKDWRIWKHIRXUODQH)RUWKHKLJKHUSHUFHQWDJHVRIOHIWWXUQVGHOD\GLIIHUHQFHVVKRZHGD UHGXFLQJWUHQGDVWKHYROXPHVLQWKHPDLQVWUHHWLQFUHDVHG DQGIRUDOOFRPELQDWLRQVWKHIRXU ODQHRSWLRQZDV³EHWWHU´WKDQWKHWKUHHODQHDOWHUQDWLYH7KHGDWDLQGLFDWHVWKHDGYDQWDJHRIWKH WKUHHODQHRSWLRQIRUFHUWDLQFRPELQDWLRQVRIOHIWWXUQSHUFHQWDJHVDQGPDLQVWUHHWYROXPHIRU WKLVVLGHVWUHHWYROXPH
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negativeQXPEHULQGLFDWHVWKDWWKHWKUHHODQHURDG ZLOOSURGXFHshorter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
)LJXUH6LJQDOL]HGLQWHUVHFWLRQDYHUDJHTXHXHGLIIHUHQFHV YSKVLGHVWUHHWYROXPH 7KHHYDOXDWLRQRIWKHYSKVLGHVWUHHWYROXPHVKRZHGDVLPLODUWUHQG )LJXUH /RZOHIWWXUQ SHUFHQWDJHVVKRZHGWKDWWKHURDGGLHWLVWKHEHWWHURSWLRQIRUORZPDLQVWUHHWYROXPHV$WDERXW YSKWKHIRXUODQHRSWLRQVKRZVVKRUWHUTXHXHV+LJKOHIWWXUQSHUFHQWDJHVVKRZHGWKDWWKH URDGGLHWLVWKHEHWWHURSWLRQIRUDOOPDLQVWUHHWYROXPHVDQGWKHJDLQVLQFUHDVHGZLWKLQFUHDVLQJ PDLQVWUHHWYROXPHV
)LJXUH6LJQDOL]HGLQWHUVHFWLRQDYHUDJHTXHXHGLIIHUHQFHV YSKVLGHVWUHHWYROXPH 7KHFRQVLGHUDWLRQRIWKHVDPHGDWDIRUWKHYSKVLGHVWUHHWYROXPHSURGXFHGVLPLODUWUHQGV EXWZLWKODUJHUGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQWKHWZRRSWLRQV )LJXUH 7KHGDWDKHUHDJDLQVKRZVWKDW WKH URDG GLHW ZLOO EH D ³EHWWHU´ RSWLRQ WKDQ WKH IRXUODQH DOWHUQDWLYH IRU WKH KLJK OHIWWXUQ SHUFHQWDJHV EXW WKH GLIIHUHQFHV LQ TXHXHV ZHUH VPDOOHU WKDQ WKRVH QRWHG LQ WKH RWKHU VLGH VWUHHWYROXPHVFHQDULRV
)LJXUH6LJQDOL]HGLQWHUVHFWLRQDYHUDJHTXHXHGLIIHUHQFHV YSKVLGHVWUHHWYROXPH $UHYLHZRIWKHUDQJHRIYDOXHVQRWHGKHUHDOVRLQGLFDWHVWKDWRYHUDOOWKHUHDUHQRVLJQLILFDQW GLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQWKHWZRRSWLRQVZKHQWKHDYHUDJHTXHXHOHQJWKVDUHFRQVLGHUHG 7DEOH 7KH ODUJHVW GLIIHUHQFHV ZHUH QRWHG IRU WKH YSK VLGH VWUHHW YROXPH VFHQDULR DQG WKH DYHUDJHVIRUHDFKVLGHVWUHHWYROXPHZHUHOHVVWKDQYHKLFOHVDJDLQYLUWXDOO\WKHVDPH 7DEOH5DQJHRIDYHUDJHTXHXHGLIIHUHQFHVE\VLGHVWUHHWYROXPH 6LGH6WUHHW 0LQ 0D[ $YJ YSK YHK YHK YHK Unsignalized Intersections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negativeGLIIHUHQFHVLQGLFDWHWKDWWKHWKUHHODQHDOWHUQDWLYHUHVXOWVLQlower GHOD\VWKDQWKHIRXUODQHDOWHUQDWLYHIRUWKHVLGHVWUHHWDSSURDFK $VVKRZQLQ)LJXUHWKHURDGGLHWSURGXFHVORZHUGHOD\VIRUWKHVLGHVWUHHWWKDQWKHIRXUODQH RSWLRQ IRU DOO OHIW WXUQ SHUFHQWDJHV ZLWK D WRWDO DSSURDFK YROXPH RI YSK 7KH GDWD DOVR LQGLFDWHWKDWDVWKHPDLQVWUHHWYROXPHVLQFUHDVHWKHGLIIHUHQFHVLQGHOD\VLQFUHDVHIRUDOOOHIW WXUQSHUFHQWDJHV
)LJXUH 8QVLJQDOL]HG LQWHUVHFWLRQ VLGH VWUHHW GHOD\ GLIIHUHQFHV YSK VLGH VWUHHW YROXPH 7KHVDPHWUHQGZDVQRWHGIRUWKHORZHUVLGHVWUHHWYROXPHVZKHUHIRUDOOFDVHVH[DPLQHGWKH VLGHVWUHHWGHOD\VLPSURYHGIRUDQ\FRPELQDWLRQRIPDLQVWUHHWYROXPHDQGOHIWWXUQSHUFHQWDJHV DQG WKHVH GLIIHUHQFHV LQFUHDVHG DV ERWK YROXPHV DQG OHIWWXUQ SHUFHQWDJHV LQFUHDVHG ,W LV DSSDUHQW WKDW VLJQLILFDQW JDLQV FRXOG PDWHULDOL]H IURP URDG GLHW FRQYHUVLRQV IRU XQVLJQDOL]HG LQWHUVHFWLRQVDQDVSHFWWKDWPD\RXWZHLJKWKHPLQRUGHOD\LQFUHDVHVDWVLJQDOL]HGLQWHUVHFWLRQV DVZDVGLVFXVVHGDERYH 7KH DYHUDJH TXHXH OHQJWK IRU VLGH VWUHHW DSSURDFKHV ZDV DOVR H[DPLQHG WR GHWHUPLQH WKH SRWHQWLDOHIIHFWRIWKHURDGGLHWFRQYHUVLRQV7KHGDWDVKRZVWKDWLQDOOFDVHVWKHURDGGLHWZLOO UHVXOWLQVPDOOHUTXHXHV )LJXUH 7KHGDWDVKRZVWKDWDVWUDIILFYROXPHVDORQJWKHPDLQVWUHHW LQFUHDVH WKH GLIIHUHQFHV LQ WKH DYHUDJH TXHXH OHQJWK DORQJ WKHVLGHVWUHHWDUHGLPLQLVKLQJ +RZHYHUURDGGLHWVPDLQWDLQWKHDGYDQWDJH LHVKRUWHUDYHUDJHTXHXHVRQWKHVLGHVWUHHW IRU DOPRVW DOO PDLQ VWUHHW YROXPHV H[DPLQHG 7KLV LQGLFDWHV WKDW EHQHILWV IURP URDG GLHWV FRXOG PDWHULDOL]HIRUPRVWVLWXDWLRQV,WVKRXOGEHQRWHGWKDWIRUDOOVLGHVWUHHWYROXPHVVLPLODUWUHQGV DUHREVHUYHGDQGRQO\WKHWUHQGRIWKHYSKVLGHVWUHHWYROXPHLVSUHVHQWHG
)LJXUH 8QVLJQDOL]HG LQWHUVHFWLRQ DYHUDJH VLGH VWUHHW TXHXH GLIIHUHQFHV YSK VLGH VWUHHWYROXPH Operations Models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
1RW5HFRPPHQGHG
5HFRPPHQGHG
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
DX[LOLDU\WXUQODQHSROLF\FXUUHQWO\DGGUHVVHVWKLVFRQFHUQE\UHFRPPHQGLQJDJDLQVWWKHXVHRI 7:/7/VIRUDFFHVVSRLQWGHQVLWLHVJUHDWHUWKDQDFFHVVSRLQWVSHUPLOH .<7& Signalized Intersection Safety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
)LJXUH'LIIHUHQFHLQPDLQVWUHHWUHDUHQGFRQIOLFWVEHWZHHQIRXUDQGWKUHHODQHVLJQDOL]HG LQWHUVHFWLRQV E\VLGHVWUHHWYROXPHSHUHFQWOHIWWXUQV )LQDOO\IRUKLJKSHUFHQWDJHVRIOHIWWXUQV HJSHUFHQW WKHURDGGLHWZLOOUHVXOWLQPRUHUHDU HQGFRQIOLFWVWKDQWKHIRXUODQHRSWLRQ )LJXUH ,QWKLVFDVHIRUPRVWYROXPHVFHQDULRVWKH GLIIHUHQFH LV SRVLWLYH LH PRUH FRQIOLFWV ZLWK WKH URDG GLHW7KHRYHUDOOWUHQGRILQFUHDVLQJ FRQIOLFWVZLWKLQFUHDVLQJYROXPHVLVREVHUYHGKHUHDVZHOO
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
)LJXUH 'LIIHUHQFH LQ PDLQ VWUHHW ODQH FKDQJH FRQIOLFWV EHWZHHQ IRXU DQG WKUHHODQH VLJQDOL]HGLQWHUVHFWLRQV YSKVLGHVWUHHWYROXPH Unsignalized Intersection Safety $ VLPLODU HYDOXDWLRQ RI PDLQ VWUHHW VDIHW\ SHUIRUPDQFH ZDV FRPSOHWHG IRU XQVLJQDOL]HG LQWHUVHFWLRQVWRHYDOXDWHWKHURDGGLHWHIIHFW6LPLODUO\WKHGLIIHUHQFHLQWKHQXPEHURIFRQIOLFWV DORQJ WKH PDLQ VWUHHW LV FRQVLGHUHG DV WKH PHWULF KHUH DQG D QHJDWLYH GLIIHUHQFH LQGLFDWHV D ³VDIHU´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
)LJXUH 'LIIHUHQFH LQ PDLQ VWUHHW ODQH FKDQJH FRQIOLFWV EHWZHHQ IRXU DQG WKUHHODQH XQVLJQDOL]HGLQWHUVHFWLRQV YSKVLGHVWUHHWYROXPH Safety Models 7KHDQDO\VLVFRPSOHWHGKHUHZDVDOVRXVHGWRGHYHORSFRQIOLFWSUHGLFWLRQPRGHOVIRUERWKWKH WKUHHODQHDQGIRXUODQHFRQGLWLRQVWRDVVLVWLQLGHQWLI\LQJWKHFRQGLWLRQVXQGHUZKLFKURDGGLHWV FRXOG LPSURYH WKH URDGZD\ VDIHW\ 7KH 6WDWLVWLFDO 3DFNDJH IRU 6RFLDO 6FLHQFHV 6366 ZDV XWLOL]HGWRGHYHORSWKHVHPRGHOV/LQHDUUHJUHVVLRQPRGHOVZHUHXVHGWRPRGHOWKHFRQIOLFWVDQG LGHQWLI\WKHVLJQLILFDQWYDULDEOHV7KHYDULDEOHVFRQVLGHUHGLQFOXGHWKHPDLQVWUHHWYROXPHVLGH VWUHHWYROXPHDQGOHIWWXUQSHUFHQWDJH 0RGHO YDULDEOHV DQG 5 YDOXHV DUH SURYLGHG IRU WKH WKUHHODQH DQG IRXUODQH PRGHOV IRU ERWK UHDU HQG DQG ODQH FKDQJH FRQIOLFWV 7DEOH $OO PRGHOV GHYHORSHG LQFOXGHG DOO YDULDEOHV H[FHSWIRUWKHWKUHHODQHUHDUHQGFRQIOLFWVZKLFKGLGQRWLQFOXGHWKHOHIWWXUQSHUFHQWDJHDVD VLJQLILFDQWSDUDPHWHU7KHSRVLWLYHVLJQVRIWKHFRHIILFLHQWVIRUDOOYDULDEOHVLQDOOPRGHOVLQGLFDWH WKDW LQFUHDVLQJ YROXPHV ZLOO UHVXOW LQ DJUHDWHUQXPEHU RI FRQIOLFWV $OO PRGHOV KDG 5YDOXHV JUHDWHUWKDQLQGLFDWLQJWKHLQFOXGHGYDULDEOHVH[SODLQRYHUSHUFHQWRIWKHYDULDELOLW\LQ WKHGDWDVHW
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
)LJXUH*XLGHOLQHVIRUODQHFKDQJHFRQIOLFWVE\PDMRUPLQRUVWUHHWYROXPHVDQGSHUFHQWOHIW WXUQV Summary
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
CASE STUDIES )LYHURDGGLHWFRQYHUVLRQVLQ.HQWXFN\ZHUHLGHQWLILHGDQGHYDOXDWHGWRGHWHUPLQHWKHLURYHUDOO HIIHFWV DQG LGHQWLI\ HOHPHQWV WKDW FRXOG DOVR DVVLVW LQ WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI WKH JXLGHOLQHV $ VXPPDU\RIHDFKFDVHVWXG\LVSUHVHQWHGKHUHDQGDQH[WHQGHGGLVFXVVLRQRIHDFKFDVHVWXG\ LVSUHVHQWHGLQ$SSHQGL[$ US 27 Campbell County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uclid Ave. Fayette County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loyd County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ercer County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oodford County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
)LJXUH:HVWHUQWHUPLQXVRI86URDGGLHW Summary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
GUIDELINES 7KH GDWD DQDO\]HG KHUH ZDV XWLOL]HG WR GHYHORS JXLGHOLQHV IRU URDG GLHW FRQYHUVLRQV 7KH JXLGHOLQHVDUHSUHVHQWHGLQ$SSHQGL[%DVDVWDQGDORQHGRFXPHQWDQGWKH\ZLOOUHIHUWKHXVHUWR WKLVUHSRUWIRUDGGLWLRQDOEDFNJURXQGLQIRUPDWLRQ$EULHIGHVFULSWLRQRIWKHJXLGHOLQHVLVSURYLGHG KHUH Road Diet Conversions 7KH JXLGHOLQHV IRFXV RQ WKH GHWHUPLQDWLRQ RI ZKHWKHU D URDG GLHW DSSOLFDWLRQ LV DSSURSULDWH FRQVLGHULQJRSHUDWLRQDOVDIHW\DQGRWKHUIDFWRUVWKDWFRXOGKDYHDEHDULQJRQWKHGHFLVLRQWR LPSOHPHQWDURDGGLHWFRQYHUVLRQ7RDFKLHYHWKLVDIORZFKDUWZDVGHYHORSHGWKDWLGHQWLILHVWKH YDULRXVVWHSVWREHWDNHQZKHQVXFKGHFLVLRQLVHYDOXDWHG )LJXUH
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
CONCLUSIONS AND SUMMARY
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
REFERENCES %XUGHQ ' DQG /DJHUZH\ 3 Road Diets: Fixing the Big Roads ZZZZDONDEOHRUJGRZQORDGUGLHWVSGI$FFHVVHG-XO\ )HGHUDO +LJKZD\ $GPLQLVWUDWLRQ Evaluation of Lane Reduction “Road Diet” Measures and Their Effects of Crashes and Injuries)+:$+57:DVKLQJWRQ'& )HGHUDO+LJKZD\$GPLQLVWUDWLRQ Evaluation of Lane Reduction Road Diet Measures on Crashes)+:$+57:DVKLQJWRQ'& )HGHUDO+LJKZD\$GPLQLVWUDWLRQ Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices:DVKLQJWRQ '& *DWHV71R\FH'7DODGD9+LOO/ 7KH6DIHW\DQG2SHUDWLRQDO(IIHFWVRI³5RDG'LHW´ &RQYHUVLRQVLQ0LQQHVRWDPaper No. 07-1918$FFHVVHGIURP75%$QQXDO0HHWLQJ&' 520:DVKLQJWRQ'& *HHGLSDO\63DWLO6DQG/RUG' ([DPLQLQJ0HWKRGVIRU(VWLPDWLQJ&UDVK&RXQWV $FFRUGLQJWR7KHLU&ROOLVLRQ7\SH Transportation Research Record 2165:DVKLQJWRQ'&SS ±
*HWWPDQ'3X/7DUHN6DQG6KHOE\6 Surrogate Safety Assessment Model and Validation: Final Report,)+:$+57:DVKLQJWRQ'&
+XDQJ + 6WHZDUW - DQG =HJHHU & (YDOXDWLRQ RI /DQH 5HGXFWLRQ Ä5RDG 'LHWெ 0HDVXUHV RQ &UDVKHV DQG ,QMXULHV Transportation Research Record 1784 :DVKLQJWRQ '& SS± .QDSS.DQG*LHVH. ) Guidelines for the Conversion of Urban Four-Lane Undivided Roadways to Three-Lane Two-Way Left-Turn Lane Facilities Final Report &HQWHU IRU 7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ5HVHDUFKDQG(GXFDWLRQ,RZD6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\$PHV,$ .HQWXFN\7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ&DELQHW 'HVLJQ0HPR0DQXDO)UDQNIRUW.< 0HVVHU&DQG)DPEUR' &ULWLFDOODQH$QDO\VLVIRU,QWHUVHFWLRQ'HVLJQTransportation Research Record 6447UDQVSRUWDWLRQ5HVHDUFK%RDUG:DVKLQJWRQ'&SS
3DZORYLFK0/L:&DUULTXLU\$DQG:HOFK7 ,RZDெV([SHULHQFHZLWK³5RDG'LHW´ 0HDVXUHV ,PSDFWV RQ &UDVK )UHTXHQFLHV DQG &UDVK 5DWHV $VVHVVHG )ROORZLQJ D %D\HVLDQ $SSURDFKJournal of the Transportation Research Board No. 1953:DVKLQJWRQ'&SS± 5RVDOHV - Road Diet handbook: Setting Trends for Livable Communities 6HFRQG (GLWLRQV,7(:DVKLQJWRQ'& 5RVDOHVDQG.QDSS. /LYDELOLW\,PSDFWVRI*HRPHWULF'HVLJQ&URVV6HFWLRQ&KDQJHV RI 5RDG 'LHWV Proceedings 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric Design &KLFDJR,/
7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ 5HVHDUFK %RDUG Highway Capacity Manual 75% 6SHFLDO 5HSRUW :DVKLQJWRQ'& :HOFK 7 7KH &RQYHUVLRQ RI )RXU/DQH 8QGLYLGHG 8UEDQ 5RDGZD\V WR 7KUHH/DQH )DFLOLWLHV 3UHVHQWHG DW WKH Transportation Research Board Urban Street Symposium 'DOODV 7;
APPENDIX A .HQWXFN\&DVH6WXGLHV
ROAD DIET CASE STUDY EVALUATION US 60 VERSAILLES, KY (FINAL) REPORT Prepared by .HQWXFN\7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ&HQWHU
Prepared for: .HQWXFN\7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ&DELQHW 'LYLVLRQRI3ODQQLQJ
Date: $XJXVW
TABLE OF CONTENTS 5RDG'LHW&DVH6WXG\(YDOXDWLRQ 869HUVDLOOHV.\ )LQDO 5HSRUW ,QWURGXFWLRQ 5RDG'LHW,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ 5HVXOWLQJFRQGLWLRQV 7UDYHO7LPHV &UDVK+LVWRU\ (YDOXDWLRQ0HWKRGRORJ\ 6DIHW\(YDOXDWLRQ 2SHUDWLRQV(YDOXDWLRQ (YDOXDWLRQ6XPPDU\ LIST OF FIGURES )LJXUH6WXG\$UHD )LJXUH7\SLFDO6HFWLRQV )LJXUH5RDG'LHW&URVV6HFWLRQ )LJXUH86ZLWK6WDQGDUG5RDG'LHW )LJXUH86ZLWK$GGHG6KRXOGHUV )LJXUH86ZLWK3DUNLQJ )LJXUH865RDG'LHW7\SHVDQG/RFDWLRQV LIST OF TABLES
7DEOH7UDYHO7LPH6WXG\ 7DEOH7KUHH L INTRODUCTION 7KH SXUSRVH RI WKLV UHSRUW LV WR HYDOXDWH DQG SUHVHQW WKH HIIHFWV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK WKH FRQYHUVLRQ RI D VHFWLRQ RI 86 LQ 9HUVDLOOHV :RRGIRUG &RXQW\ .< 7KLV VHFWLRQ XQGHUZHQWD³URDGGLHW´LQLQZKLFKWKHURDGZDVUHGXFHGIURPDODQHIDFLOLW\WRD ODQHIDFLOLW\7KHDUHDFRQVLGHUHGLQWKLVVWXG\H[WHQGVRQ86IURP0DLQ6WUHHWWR WKH86%\SDVV 03WR03 IRUDGLVWDQFHRIPLOHV7KHORFDWLRQRI WKHVWXG\DUHDLVVKRZQEHORZLQFigure 1 Figure 1: Study Area 7KLVUHSRUWVXPPDUL]HVWKHUHVXOWVRIWKHURDGGLHWRQWKLVFRUULGRUZKLOHFRQFHQWUDWLQJ RQ DVSHFWV VXFK DV WUDYHO WLPHV FUDVK UHFRUGV DQG VDIHW\ $V ZHOO DV UHVXOWLQJ FRQGLWLRQVIRUPHUFRQGLWLRQVZLOOEHGLVFXVVHG ROAD DIET IMPLEMENTATION 7KHVWXG\VHFWLRQZDVRULJLQDOO\IRXURUILYHODQHVZLGHHDFKDERXWIWLQZLGWKZLWK WZRODQHVLQHDFKGLUHFWLRQDQGVRPHWLPHVFRQWDLQHGDPHGLDQ7\SLFDOFURVVVHFWLRQV DUHVKRZQLQFigure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igure 2: Typical Sections 7KH URDG GLHW DSSURDFK GLVWULEXWHG WKH DYDLODEOH URDGZD\ ZLGWK GLIIHUHQWO\ WR DGGUHVV WKHVHLVVXHV,WVKRXOGEHQRWHGWKDWWKHUHZDVQRWDXQLIRUPFURVVVHFWLRQIRUWKHHQWLUH FRUULGRU7KHPRVWW\SLFDOFURVVVHFWLRQFUHDWHVRQO\RQHIRRWODQHLQHDFKGLUHFWLRQ ZKLOHDIRRWWZRZD\OHIWWXUQODQH 7:/7/ ZDVDGGHGLQWKHFHQWHU$GGLWLRQDOO\ IRRW ELNH ODQHV ZHUH DGGHG RQ HDFK VLGH LQ KRSHV RI LQFUHDVLQJ PXOWLPRGDO WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ $Q H[DPSOH RI WKLV FURVVVHFWLRQ FDQ EH VHHQ LQ Figure 3 DQG D FRQVWUXFWHGH[DPSOHLVVKRZQLQFigure 4. Figure 3: Road Diet Cross-Section Figure 4: US 60 with Standard Road Diet $QRWKHURSWLRQVLPLODUWRWKHRQHGHVFULEHGDERYHDGGVIRRWVKRXOGHUVWRHDFKVLGH 7KLVZDVGRQHZKHUHWKHUHZDVDPHGLDQSUHYLRXVO\IHZHUDFFHVVSRLQWVZHUHSUHVHQW DQGDZLGHUSDYHGVXUIDFHH[LVWHG$QH[DPSOHRIWKLVFDQEHVHHQLQFigure 5. Figure 5: US 60 with Added Shoulders )LQDOO\DWKLUGFURVVVHFWLRQZDVXWLOL]HGZKHUHWKHELNHODQHVZHUHUHPRYHGWRSURYLGH IRUSDUNLQJVSDFHV7KLVFURVVVHFWLRQLVXWLOL]HGLQWKHVHFWLRQLQWKHYLFLQLW\RIWKH GRZQWRZQDUHDWRFUHDWHPRUHSDUNLQJ$QH[DPSOHRIWKLVFDQEHVHHQLQFigure 6 EHORZFigure 7VXPPDUL]HVWKHXVHRIHDFKFURVVVHFWLRQDORQJWKHFRUULGRU Figure 6: US 60 with Parking Figure 7: US 60 Road Diet Types and Locations 2QH RI WKH PDLQ JRDOV RI WKH URDG GLHW ZDV WR LPSURYH VDIHW\ DORQJ ZLWK LPSURYLQJ HIILFLHQF\ 7KH WZRZD\ OHIWWXUQ ODQH SURYLGHV PRWRULVWV ZLWK D UHIXJH DUHD DQG UHPRYHVWKHPIRUPWKHWUDIILFZKLOHZDLWLQJWRFRPSOHWHWKHLUWXUQV RESULTING CONDITIONS 7KLVVHFWLRQFRQWDLQVWKHUHVXOWVFRQFHUQLQJWUDYHOWLPHVDQGFUDVKKLVWRU\ Travel Times 7UDYHOWLPHVZHUHFROOHFWHGDORQJWKHFRUULGRUWRGHWHUPLQHDYHUDJHWUDYHOWLPHVDVZHOO DVDYHUDJHVSHHGVIRUSHDNWUDYHO7UDYHOWLPHVIRUHDFKGLUHFWLRQDUHVKRZQLQTable 1 7KHWUDYHOWLPHVZHUHFDOFXODWHGEDVHGRQUXQVLQHDFKGLUHFWLRQ Table 1: Travel Time Study 7UDYHO7LPH 6HFRQGV 5XQ :HVW (DVW $YHUDJH 7KHDYHUDJHZHVWERXQGWUDYHOWLPHZDVVHFRQGV RUPLQXWHV DQGWKHDYHUDJH HDVWERXQG WUDYHO WLPH ZDV VHFRQGV RU PLQXWHV 7KLV PHDQV WKH FRPELQHG DYHUDJHLVVHFRQGV RUPLQXWHV WKXVWKHDYHUDJHGLUHFWLRQDOWULSVSHHGLV PLOHVSHUKRXU,WVKRXOGEHQRWHGWKDWWKHH[LVWLQJVSHHGOLPLWLVPLOHVSHUKRXU Crash History $ WKUHH\HDU FUDVKKLVWRU\ ZDV FROOHFWHGDQG DQDO\]HG DORQJ WKHFRUULGRU 7KH SHULRG HYDOXDWHGZDV EHWZHHQ-DQXDU\ DQG'HFHPEHU DQG WKHUH ZHUH FUDVKHVUHFRUGHGLQWKLVSHULRGTable 2VXPPDUL]HVWKHFUDVKHVE\W\SHDQGORFDWLRQ &UDVKHVDUHGLVDJJUHJDWHGE\VLJQDOL]HGDQGPLGEORFNFUDVKHVWRDVVLVWLQLGHQWLI\LQJ FUDVK SDWWHUQV WKDW PD\ EH DIIHFWHG E\ WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI WKH URDG GLHW Table 3 VXPPDUL]HVFUDVKHVIRUWKH WZR \HDUVIROORZLQJWKHURDGGLHWFKDQJHDQG WKHGDWHLV VLPLODUO\ DUUDQJHG DV LQ Table 2. 7KH GDWHV RI WKH FUDVKHV HYDOXDWHG H[WHQG IURP -DQXDU\WR'HFHPEHU Table 2: Pre- Road Diet Three-Year Crash Summary (2005-2007) &UDVK7\SH 7RWDO 6LJQDOL]HG 0LGEORFN +HDG2Q %DFNLQJ 2SSRVLQJOHIWWXUQ 5HDUHQG 6LGHVZLSH2SSRVLWHGLUHFWLRQ 6LGHVZLSH6DPHGLUHFWLRQ 6LQJOHYHKLFOH 3HGHVWULDQ%LF\FOLVW 2WKHU Total 39 15 24 Table 3: Post- Road Diet Three-Year Crash Summary (2009-2010) &UDVK7\SH 7RWDO 6LJQDOL]HG 0LGEORFN +HDG2Q %DFNLQJ 2SSRVLQJOHIWWXUQ 5HDUHQG 6LGHVZLSH2SSRVLWHGLUHFWLRQ 6LGHVZLSH6DPHGLUHFWLRQ 6LQJOHYHKLFOH 3HGHVWULDQ%LF\FOLVW 2WKHU Total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afety Evaluation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perations Evaluation 7KHUH LVQRWUDYHOWLPHGDWDDYDLODEOHIRUWKHEHIRUH SHULRGWRDOORZIRUDEHIRUHDIWHU FRPSDULVRQ7KHFXUUHQWVSHHGVDUHEHORZWKHVSHHGOLPLWLQGLFDWLQJWKDWWKHUHPD\EH VRPHGHOD\VGXULQJWKHSHDNSHULRG7KHSUHVHQFHRIWKHVLJQDOL]HGLQWHUVHFWLRQVFRXOG LQGXFHRSHUDWLRQDOGHOD\VZKLFKFRXOGH[SODLQWKHLQFUHDVHGWUDYHOWLPH+RZHYHUWKH LQFUHDVHG WUDYHO WLPHV DUH VPDOO DQG QR FRQJHVWLRQ ZDV REVHUYHG GXULQJ WKH GDWD FROOHFWLRQLQGLFDWLQJDFFHSWDEOHRSHUDWLRQ EVALUATION SUMMARY 7KHDQDO\VLVVKRZQKHUHKHOSVRQHWRVHHWKHEHQHILWVDQGGLVDGYDQWDJHVRIWKHURDG GLHWDOORZLQJWKHPWRGHFLGHLILWZDVWKHFRUUHFWGHFLVLRQTable 4 SUHVHQWVDVXPPDU\ RIWKHHYDOXDWLRQSDUDPHWHUVFRQVLGHUHG Table 4: Summary of Road Diet Installation Effects $VSHFW (IIHFW 7UDYHOWLPHVDQG 6XFFHVVIXOSRVVLEO\LPSURYHG ,QWHUVHFWLRQGHOD\V 'HFOLQHG UHGXFHGFRQIOLFWSRLQWV LQFUHDVHGFUDVKHVHVSHFLDOO\UHDUHQG 2YHUDOOVDIHW\ UHGXFHGFUDVKHVZLWKLQMXULHV 7UDYHOVSHHGV 0RVWOLNHO\LPSURYHGXQLIRUPLW\WUDIILFFDOPLQJSRWHQWLDO 3HGHVWULDQVDIHW\ 1R&KDQJH 0XOWLPRGDORSHUDWLRQV 1R&KDQJHHQFRXUDJHVELF\FOLVWVPRUH $FFHVVPDQDJHPHQW ,PSURYHGSRWHQWLDO 7KH WUDYHO WLPHV VKRZ DQ LPSURYHPHQW RYHUDOO IRU WKLV URDG GLHW LQVWDOODWLRQ 7KH LQFUHDVHLQWKHQXPEHURIFUDVKHVLVGLUHFWO\DWWULEXWHGWRWKHODFNRISURSHUGHVLJQIRU WKHWUDQVLWLRQRIWKHH[LVWLQJFURVVVHFWLRQWRWKHURDGGLHWFURVVVHFWLRQLQWKHHDVWHQG RIWKHSURMHFW0RUHRYHUWKHODFNRIDQ\DFFHVVPDQDJHPHQWLQWKHVRXWKVLGHRIWKH SURMHFW FRQWULEXWHV WR WKH KLJKHU QXPEHU RI FUDVKHV LQ WKH DIWHU SHULRG ,W VKRXOG EH QRWHG WKDW LI WKH HDVW HQG RI WKH SURMHFW LV H[FOXGHG WKH VDIHW\ SHUIRUPDQFH RI WKH UHPDLQLQJFRUULGRULVDVW\SLFDOO\DQWLFLSDWHGLHWKHUHLVDQRYHUDOOUHGXFWLRQLQFUDVKHV DQGDQLPSURYHPHQWLQVDIHW\2WKHUDVSHFWVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKPRVWURDGGLHWVVXFKDV LPSURYHG WUDIILF FDOPLQJ LPSURYHG DFFHVV PDQDJHPHQW SRWHQWLDO DQG LPSURYHG PXOWLPRGDORSHUDWLRQVFRXOGDOVREHYLHZHGDVDGGLWLRQDOEHQHILWVIRUWKLVFRUULGRU7KH VDIHW\SHUIRUPDQFHRIWKLVFRUULGRUSRLQWVWRWKHQHHGIRUGHYHORSLQJSURSHUGHVLJQVIRU WKH WUDQVLWLRQ LQWR DQG RXW RI WKH URDG GLHW DQG WKHUHIRUH D UHYLHZ RI WKLV PD\ EH QHHGHG ROAD DIET CASE STUDY EVALUATION EUCLID AVE. LEXINGTON, KY (FINAL) REPORT Prepared by .HQWXFN\7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ&HQWHU Prepared for: .HQWXFN\7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ&DELQHW 'LYLVLRQRI3ODQQLQJ Date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³URDGGLHW´LQLQZKLFKWKHURDGZDVUHGXFHGIURPDODQHIDFLOLW\WRD ODQH IDFLOLW\ 7KH DUHD FRQVLGHUHG LQ WKLV VWXG\ H[WHQGV RQ (XFOLG $YHQXH IURP $VKODQG$YHQXHWR6/LPHVWRQH6WUHHW 03WR03 IRUDGLVWDQFHDRI PLOHV7KHORFDWLRQRIWKHVWXG\DUHDLVVKRZQEHORZLQFigure 1 Figure 1: Study Area 7KLV UHSRUW VXPPDUL]HV WKH UHVXOWV RI WKH URDG GLHW RQ (XFOLG ZKLOH FRQFHQWUDWLQJ RQ DVSHFWVVXFKDVWUDYHOWLPHVFUDVKUHFRUGVDQGVDIHW\$VZHOODVUHVXOWLQJFRQGLWLRQV IRUPHUFRQGLWLRQVZLOOEHGLVFXVVHG ROAD DIET IMPLEMENTATION 7KH VWXG\ VHFWLRQ ZDV RULJLQDOO\ IRXU ODQHV ZLGH HDFK DERXW IW LQ ZLGWK ZLWK WZR ODQHVLQHDFKGLUHFWLRQ7KLVFURVVVHFWLRQLVVKRZQLQFigure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igure 2: Typical Section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igure 3 Figure 3: Road Diet Cross-Section 2QHRIWKHPDLQJRDOVRIWKHURDGGLHWZDVWRLPSURYHVDIHW\DORQJZLWKLPSURYLQJ HIILFLHQF\7KHWZRZD\OHIWWXUQODQHSURYLGHVPRWRULVWVZLWKDUHIXJHDUHDDQG UHPRYHVWKHPIRUPWKHWUDIILFZKLOHZDLWLQJWRFRPSOHWHWKHLUWXUQV$FRQVWUXFWHG H[DPSOHVKRZLQJWKHVHFKDQJHVLVGLVSOD\HGLQFigure 4. Figure 4: Euclid Post-Road Diet Transformation RESULTING CONDITIONS 7KLVVHFWLRQFRQWDLQVWKHUHVXOWVFRQFHUQLQJWUDYHOWLPHVDQGFUDVKKLVWRU\ Travel Times 7UDYHOWLPHVZHUHFROOHFWHGDORQJWKHFRUULGRUWRGHWHUPLQHDYHUDJHWUDYHOWLPHVDVZHOO DVDYHUDJHVSHHGVIRUSHDNWUDYHO7UDYHOWLPHVIRUHDFKGLUHFWLRQDUHVKRZQLQTable 1 7KHWUDYHOWLPHVZHUHFDOFXODWHGEDVHGRQUXQVLQHDFKGLUHFWLRQ Table 1: Travel Time Study 7UDYHO7LPH 6HFRQGV 5XQ 1RUWKZHVW 6RXWKHDVW $YHUDJH 7KHDYHUDJHQRUWKZHVWWUDYHOWLPHZDVVHFRQGV RUPLQXWHV DQGWKHDYHUDJH VRXWKHDVW WUDYHO WLPH ZDV VHFRQGV RU PLQXWHV 7KLV PHDQV WKH FRPELQHG DYHUDJH LV VHFRQGV RU PLQXWHV WKXV WKH DYHUDJH GLUHFWLRQDO WULS VSHHG LV PLOHVSHUKRXU,WVKRXOGEHQRWHGWKDWWKHH[LVWLQJVSHHGOLPLWLVPLOHVSHUKRXU Crash History $ WKUHH\HDU FUDVKKLVWRU\ ZDV FROOHFWHGDQG DQDO\]HG DORQJ WKHFRUULGRU 7KH SHULRG HYDOXDWHGZDVEHWZHHQ-DQXDU\DQG'HFHPEHUDQGWKHUHZHUH FUDVKHVUHFRUGHGLQWKLVSHULRGTable 2VXPPDUL]HVWKHFUDVKHVE\W\SHDQGORFDWLRQ &UDVKHVDUHGLVDJJUHJDWHGE\VLJQDOL]HGDQGPLGEORFNFUDVKHVWRDVVLVWLQLGHQWLI\LQJ FUDVK SDWWHUQV WKDW PD\ EH DIIHFWHG E\ WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI WKH URDG GLHW Table 3 VXPPDUL]HVFUDVKHVIRUWKHWKUHH\HDUVIROORZLQJWKHURDGGLHWFKDQJHDQGWKHGDWDLV VLPLODUO\ DUUDQJHG DV LQ Table 2. 7KH GDWHV RI WKH FUDVKHV HYDOXDWHG H[WHQG IURP -DQXDU\WR'HFHPEHUDQGWKHUHZHUHFUDVKHVGXULQJWKDWSHULRG Table 2: Pre- Road Diet Three-Year Crash Summary (1997-1999) &UDVK7\SH 7RWDO 6LJQDOL]HG 0LGEORFN +HDG2Q %DFNLQJ 2SSRVLQJOHIWWXUQ 5HDUHQG 6LGHVZLSH2SSRVLWHGLUHFWLRQ 6LGHVZLSH6DPHGLUHFWLRQ 6LQJOHYHKLFOH 3HGHVWULDQ%LF\FOLVW 2WKHU Total 236 140 96 Table 3: Post- Road Diet Three-Year Crash Summary (2001-2003) &UDVK7\SH 7RWDO 6LJQDOL]HG 0LGEORFN +HDG2Q %DFNLQJ 2SSRVLQJOHIWWXUQ 5HDUHQG 6LGHVZLSH2SSRVLWHGLUHFWLRQ 6LGHVZLSH6DPHGLUHFWLRQ 6LQJOHYHKLFOH 3HGHVWULDQ%LF\FOLVW 2WKHU Total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afety Evaluation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perations Evaluation 7KHUH LVQRWUDYHOWLPHGDWDDYDLODEOHIRUWKHEHIRUH SHULRGWRDOORZ IRU D EHIRUHDIWHU FRPSDULVRQ7KHFXUUHQWVSHHGVDUHEHORZWKHVSHHGOLPLWLQGLFDWLQJWKDWWKHUHPD\EH VRPHGHOD\VGXULQJWKHSHDNSHULRG7KHSUHVHQFHRIWKHVLJQDOL]HGLQWHUVHFWLRQVFRXOG LQGXFHRSHUDWLRQDOGHOD\VZKLFKFRXOGH[SODLQWKHLQFUHDVHGWUDYHOWLPH+RZHYHUWKH LQFUHDVHG WUDYHO WLPHV DUH VPDOO DQG QR FRQJHVWLRQ ZDV REVHUYHG GXULQJ WKH GDWD FROOHFWLRQLQGLFDWLQJDFFHSWDEOHRSHUDWLRQ EVALUATION SUMMARY 7KHDQDO\VLVVKRZQKHUHKHOSVRQHWRVHHWKHEHQHILWVDQGGLVDGYDQWDJHVRIWKHURDG GLHWDOORZLQJWKHPWRGHFLGHLILWZDVWKHFRUUHFWGHFLVLRQTable 4 SUHVHQWVDVXPPDU\ RIWKHHYDOXDWLRQSDUDPHWHUVFRQVLGHUHG Table 4: Summary of Road Diet Installation Effects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repared by .HQWXFN\7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ&HQWHU Prepared for: .HQWXFN\7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ&DELQHW 'LYLVLRQRI3ODQQLQJ Date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³URDGGLHW´LQZKLFKWKHURDGZDVUHGXFHGIURPDODQHIDFLOLW\WRD ODQHIDFLOLW\7KHDUHDFRQVLGHUHGLQWKLVVWXG\H[WHQGVRQ 86IURP&DPSWR)W 7KRPDV$YHQXH 03WR03 IRUDGLVWDQFHRIPLOHV7KHORFDWLRQ RIWKHVWXG\DUHDLVVKRZQEHORZLQFigure 1 Figure 1: Study Area 7KLV UHSRUW VXPPDUL]HV WKH UHVXOWV RI WKH URDG GLHW RQ 86 ZKLOH FRQFHQWUDWLQJ RQ DVSHFWVVXFKDVWUDYHOWLPHVFUDVKUHFRUGVDQGVDIHW\$VZHOODVUHVXOWLQJFRQGLWLRQV IRUPHUFRQGLWLRQVZLOOEHGLVFXVVHG ROAD DIET IMPLEMENTATION 7KH VWXG\ VHFWLRQ ZDV RULJLQDOO\ IRXU ODQHV ZLGH HDFK DERXW IW LQ ZLGWK ZLWK WZR ODQHVLQHDFKGLUHFWLRQ7KLVFURVVVHFWLRQLVVKRZQLQFigure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igure 2: Typical Section 7KH URDG GLHW DSSURDFK GLVWULEXWHG WKH DYDLODEOH URDGZD\ ZLGWK GLIIHUHQWO\ WR DGGUHVV WKHVHLVVXHV7KLVVROXWLRQWRRNWKHSDYHGURDGZD\DQGPDGHLWVRWKDWRQO\RQHIRRW ODQHUHPDLQHGLQHDFKGLUHFWLRQZKLOHDIRRWWZRZD\OHIWWXUQODQHZDVDGGHGLQWKH FHQWHU$GGLWLRQDOO\IRRWELNHODQHVZHUHDGGHGRQHDFKVLGHLQKRSHVRILQFUHDVLQJ PXOWLPRGDOWUDQVSRUWDWLRQ$QH[DPSOHRIWKLVFURVVVHFWLRQFDQEHVHHQLQFigure3 Figure 3: Road Diet Cross-Section 2QH RI WKH PDLQ JRDOV RI WKH URDG GLHW ZDV WR LPSURYH VDIHW\ DORQJ ZLWK LPSURYLQJ HIILFLHQF\ 7KH WZRZD\ OHIW WXUQ ODQH SURYLGHV PRWRULVWV ZLWKDUHIXJHDUHDDQG UHPRYHV WKHP IURP WKH WUDIILF ZKLOH ZDLWLQJ WR FRPSOHWH WKHLU WXUQV &RQVWUXFWHG H[DPSOHVRIWKHUHVXOWLQJFRUULGRUFDQEHVHHQLQFigures 4 DQG 5. Figure 4: US 27 Post-Road Diet Transformation (Near Ends with More Entrances) Figure 5: US 27 Post-Road Diet Transformation (In Middle with Few Entrances) RESULTING CONDITIONS 7KLVVHFWLRQFRQWDLQVWKHUHVXOWVFRQFHUQLQJWUDYHOWLPHVDQGFUDVKKLVWRU\ Travel Times 7UDYHOWLPHVZHUHFROOHFWHGDORQJWKHFRUULGRUWRGHWHUPLQHDYHUDJHWUDYHOWLPHVDVZHOO DVDYHUDJHVSHHGVIRUSHDNWUDYHO7UDYHOWLPHVIRUHDFKGLUHFWLRQDUHVKRZQLQTable 1 7KHWUDYHOWLPHVZHUHFDOFXODWHGEDVHGRQUXQVLQHDFKGLUHFWLRQ Table 1: Travel Time Study 7UDYHO7LPH 6HFRQGV 5XQ 1RUWK 6RXWK $YHUDJH 7KH DYHUDJH QRUWKERXQG WUDYHO WLPH ZDV VHFRQGV RU PLQXWHV DQG WKH DYHUDJH VRXWKERXQG WUDYHO WLPH ZDV VHFRQGV RU PLQXWHV 7KLV PHDQV WKH FRPELQHGDYHUDJHLVVHFRQGV RUPLQXWHV WKXVWKHDYHUDJHGLUHFWLRQDOWULS VSHHGLVPLOHVSHUKRXU,WVKRXOGEHQRWHGWKDWWKHH[LVWLQJVSHHGOLPLWLVPLOHV SHUKRXU Crash History $ WKUHH\HDU FUDVKKLVWRU\ ZDV FROOHFWHGDQG DQDO\]HG DORQJ WKHFRUULGRU 7KH SHULRG HYDOXDWHGZDV EHWZHHQ-DQXDU\ DQG'HFHPEHU DQG WKHUH ZHUH FUDVKHVUHFRUGHGLQWKLVSHULRGTable 2VXPPDUL]HVWKHFUDVKHVE\W\SHDQGORFDWLRQ &UDVKHVDUHGLVDJJUHJDWHGE\VLJQDOL]HGDQGPLGEORFNFUDVKHVWRDVVLVWLQLGHQWLI\LQJ FUDVK SDWWHUQV WKDW PD\ EH DIIHFWHG E\ WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI WKH URDG GLHW Table 3 VXPPDUL]HVFUDVKHVIRUWKHWZR \HDUVIROORZLQJWKHURDGGLHWFKDQJHDQGWKHGDWDLV VLPLODUO\ DUUDQJHG DV LQ Table 2. 7KH GDWHV RI WKH FUDVKHV HYDOXDWHG H[WHQG IURP -DQXDU\ WR'HFHPEHU DQGWKHUHZHUHDWRWDORIFUDVKHVIRUWKLV SHULRG Table 2: Pre- Road Diet Three-Year Crash Summary (2005-2007) &UDVK7\SH 7RWDO 6LJQDOL]HG 0LGEORFN +HDG2Q %DFNLQJ 2SSRVLQJOHIWWXUQ 5HDUHQG 6LGHVZLSH2SSRVLWHGLUHFWLRQ 6LGHVZLSH6DPHGLUHFWLRQ 6LQJOHYHKLFOH 3HGHVWULDQ%LF\FOLVW 2WKHU Total 60 15 47 Table 3: Post- Road Diet Three-Year Crash Summary (2009-2010) &UDVK7\SH 7RWDO 6LJQDOL]HG 0LGEORFN +HDG2Q %DFNLQJ 2SSRVLQJOHIWWXUQ 5HDUHQG 6LGHVZLSH2SSRVLWHGLUHFWLRQ 6LGHVZLSH6DPHGLUHFWLRQ 6LQJOHYHKLFOH 3HGHVWULDQ%LF\FOLVW 2WKHU Total 19 1 18 7KHSULPDU\FUDVKW\SHDWERWKLQWHUVHFWLRQDQGPLGEORFNORFDWLRQVDQGERWKEHIRUHDQG DIWHU WKH URDGGLHW WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ LV UHDU HQGV 7KLV LV PDLQO\ DWWULEXWHG WR YHKLFOHV VORZLQJ WR WXUQ OHIW RU ULJKW $YHUDJH FUDVKHV SHU \HDU DUH XVHG IRU WKH FRPSDULVRQ VLQFH WKH WZR WLPH SHULRGV ZHUH QRW WKH VDPH 7KHVH DYHUDJHV VKRZDVLJQLILFDQW UHGXFWLRQLQFUDVKHVZLWKDGHFUHDVHLQWRWDOFUDVKHVGHFUHDVHLQUHDUHQGV DQGGHFUHDVHLQVLGHVZLSHV EVALUATION METHODOLOGY 6DIHW\ DQG RSHUDWLRQDO LPSURYHPHQWV DUH W\SLFDOO\ WKH UHDVRQV IRU D URDG GLHW LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ7KHUHIRUHWKHHYDOXDWLRQVKRXOGFRQVLGHUPHWULFVWKDWFRXOG DOORZIRU FRPSDULVRQV RI WKH EHIRUH DQG DIWHU FRQGLWLRQV DV ZHOO GHWHUPLQH WKH OHYHO RI SHUIRUPDQFH IRU WKH FXUUHQW FRQGLWLRQV 7KHVH PHDVXUHV LQFOXGH FUDVK FKDQJHV DQG WUDYHOWLPHVDQGVSHHGV Safety Evaluation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perations Evaluation 7KHUH LVQRWUDYHOWLPHGDWDDYDLODEOHIRU WKHEHIRUH SHULRGWRDOORZ IRU D EHIRUHDIWHU FRPSDULVRQ7KHFXUUHQWVSHHGVDUHEHORZWKHVSHHGOLPLWLQGLFDWLQJWKDWWKHUHPD\EH VRPHGHOD\VGXULQJWKHSHDNSHULRG7KHSUHVHQFHRIWKHVLJQDOL]HGLQWHUVHFWLRQVFRXOG LQGXFHRSHUDWLRQDOGHOD\VZKLFKFRXOGH[SODLQWKHLQFUHDVHGWUDYHOWLPH+RZHYHUWKH LQFUHDVHG WUDYHO WLPHV DUH VPDOO DQG QR FRQJHVWLRQ ZDV REVHUYHG GXULQJ WKH GDWD FROOHFWLRQLQGLFDWLQJDFFHSWDEOHRSHUDWLRQ EVALUATION SUMMARY 7KHDQDO\VLVVKRZQKHUHKHOSVRQHWRVHHWKHEHQHILWVDQGGLVDGYDQWDJHVRIWKHURDG GLHWDOORZLQJWKHPWRGHFLGHLILWZDVWKHFRUUHFWGHFLVLRQTable 4 SUHVHQWVDVXPPDU\ RIWKHHYDOXDWLRQSDUDPHWHUVFRQVLGHUHG Table 4: Summary of Road Diet Installation Effects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repared by .HQWXFN\7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ&HQWHU Prepared for: .HQWXFN\7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ&DELQHW 'LYLVLRQRI3ODQQLQJ Date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³URDGGLHW´LQZKLFKWKHURDGZDV UHGXFHGIURPDODQHIDFLOLW\WRDODQHIDFLOLW\RQVRPHSDUWVDQGJUHZIURPDODQH IDFLOLW\WRDODQHIDFLOLW\RQWKHRWKHU7KHDUHDFRQVLGHUHGLQWKLVVWXG\H[WHQGVRQ.< IURP(DVW*UDKDP$YHWR%ODFN&DW$OO\ 03WR03 IRUDGLVWDQFH RIPLOHV7KHORFDWLRQRIWKHVWXG\DUHDLVVKRZQEHORZLQFigure 1 Figure 1: Study Area 7KLVUHSRUWVXPPDUL]HVWKHUHVXOWVRIWKHURDGGLHWRQ.<ZKLOHFRQFHQWUDWLQJRQ DVSHFWVVXFKDVWUDYHOWLPHVFUDVKUHFRUGVDQGVDIHW\$VZHOODVUHVXOWLQJFRQGLWLRQV IRUPHUFRQGLWLRQVZLOOEHGLVFXVVHG ROAD DIET IMPLEMENTATION 7KH VWXG\ VHFWLRQ VRXWK RI .< ZDV RULJLQDOO\ IRXU ODQHV ZLGH HDFK DERXW IHHW ZLGH7KHVHFWLRQQRUWKRI.<ZDVWZRODQHVZLGHHDFKDERXWIHHWZLGH7KHVH FURVVVHFWLRQVDUHVKRZQLQFigure 2 and Figure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igure 2: Initial Four Lane Section (North of KY 114) Figure 3: Initial Two Lane Section (South of KY 114) 7KH URDG GLHW DSSURDFK GLVWULEXWHG WKH DYDLODEOH URDGZD\ ZLGWK GLIIHUHQWO\ WR DGGUHVV WKHVHLVVXHV7KLVVROXWLRQWRRNWKHSDYHGURDGZD\RQWKHQRUWKHUQKDOIRIWKHSURMHFW DQGFRQYHUWHGLWLQWRRQHIRRWODQHLQHDFKGLUHFWLRQZLWKDIRRWWZRZD\OHIWWXUQ ODQH LQ WKH FHQWHU 7KH VDPH WKLQJ ZDV GRQH ZLWK WKH VRXWKHUQ KDOIRIWKHSURMHFW XWLOL]LQJIHHWODQHVLQVWHDGRIIHHWODQHV$QH[DPSOHRIWKHVHFURVVVHFWLRQVFDQ EHVHHQLQFigure 4 DQGFigure 5 Figure 4: Road Diet Cross-Section (North of 114) Figure 5: Road Diet Cross-Section (South of 114) 2QH RI WKH PDLQ JRDOV RI WKH URDG GLHW ZDV WR LPSURYH VDIHW\ DORQJ ZLWK LPSURYLQJ HIILFLHQF\ 7KH WZRZD\ OHIWWXUQ ODQH SURYLGHV PRWRULVWV ZLWK D UHIXJH DUHD DQG UHPRYHV WKHP IURP WKH WUDIILF ZKLOH ZDLWLQJ WR FRPSOHWH WKHLU WXUQV &RQVWUXFWHG H[DPSOHVRIWKHUHVXOWLQJFRUULGRUFDQEHVHHQLQFigures 6 DQG Figure 7. Figure 6: KY 1428 Post-Road Diet Transformation Figure 7: KY 1428 Post-Road Diet Transformation (Transition from Two Lanes) RESULTING CONDITIONS 7KLVVHFWLRQFRQWDLQVWKHUHVXOWVFRQFHUQLQJWUDYHOWLPHVDQGFUDVKKLVWRU\ Travel Times 7UDYHOWLPHVZHUHFROOHFWHGDORQJWKHFRUULGRUWRGHWHUPLQHDYHUDJHWUDYHOWLPHVDVZHOO DVDYHUDJHVSHHGVIRUSHDNWUDYHO7UDYHOWLPHVIRUHDFKGLUHFWLRQDUHVKRZQLQTable 1 Table 1: Travel Time Study 7UDYHO7LPH 6HFRQGV 6HFWLRQ 'LVWDQFH IW 1RUWKERXQG 6RXWKERXQG 03WR&RXUW6WUHHW &RXUW6WUHHWWR)ULHQG6WUHHW )ULHQG6WUHHWWR.< .<WR0XVLF6WUHHW 0XVLF6WUHHWWR03 7RWDO 7KH WRWDO QRUWKERXQG WUDYHO WLPH ZDV VHFRQGV RU PLQXWHV DQG WKH WRWDO VRXWKERXQGWUDYHOWLPHZDVVHFRQGV RUPLQXWHV 7KLVPHDQVWKHFRPELQHG DYHUDJHLVVHFRQGV RUPLQXWHV WKXVWKHDYHUDJHGLUHFWLRQDOWULSVSHHGLV PLOHVSHUKRXU,WVKRXOGEHQRWHGWKDWWKHH[LVWLQJVSHHGOLPLWLVPLOHVSHUKRXU Crash History $ WKUHH\HDU FUDVKKLVWRU\ ZDV FROOHFWHGDQG DQDO\]HG DORQJ WKHFRUULGRU 7KH SHULRG HYDOXDWHGZDVEHWZHHQ-DQXDU\DQG'HFHPEHUDQGWKHUHZHUH FUDVKHVUHFRUGHGLQWKLVSHULRGTable 2VXPPDUL]HVWKHFUDVKHVE\W\SHDQGORFDWLRQ &UDVKHVDUHGLVDJJUHJDWHGE\VLJQDOL]HGDQGPLGEORFNFUDVKHVWRDVVLVWLQLGHQWLI\LQJ FUDVK SDWWHUQV WKDW PD\ EH DIIHFWHG E\ WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI WKH URDG GLHW Table 3 VXPPDUL]HVFUDVKHVIRUWKHWKUHH\HDUVIROORZLQJWKHURDGGLHWFKDQJHDQGWKHGDWDLV VLPLODUO\ DUUDQJHG DV LQ Table 2. 7KH GDWHV RI WKH FUDVKHV HYDOXDWHG H[WHQG IURP -DQXDU\ WR'HFHPEHU DQGWKHUHZHUHDWRWDORI FUDVKHVIRUWKLV SHULRG Table 2: Pre- Road Diet Three-Year Crash Summary (2002-2004) &UDVK7\SH 7RWDO 6LJQDOL]HG 0LGEORFN +HDG2Q $QJOH 2SSRVLQJOHIWWXUQ 5HDUHQG 6LGHVZLSH2SSRVLWHGLUHFWLRQ 6LGHVZLSH6DPHGLUHFWLRQ 6LQJOHYHKLFOH 3HGHVWULDQ%LF\FOLVW 2WKHU Total 115 17 98 Table 3: Post- Road Diet Three-Year Crash Summary (2007-2009) &UDVK7\SH 7RWDO 6LJQDOL]HG 0LGEORFN +HDG2Q $QJOH 2SSRVLQJOHIWWXUQ 5HDUHQG 6LGHVZLSH2SSRVLWHGLUHFWLRQ 6LGHVZLSH6DPHGLUHFWLRQ 6LQJOHYHKLFOH 3HGHVWULDQ%LF\FOLVW 2WKHU Total 52 12 40 7KHSULPDU\FUDVKW\SHDWERWKLQWHUVHFWLRQDQGPLGEORFNORFDWLRQVDQGERWKEHIRUHDQG DIWHU WKH URDGGLHW WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ LV UHDU HQGV 7KLV LV PDLQO\ DWWULEXWHG WR YHKLFOHV VORZLQJWRWXUQOHIWRUULJKW7KHGDWD¶V\HDUO\DYHUDJHVVKRZDVLJQLILFDQWUHGXFWLRQLQ FUDVKHV ZLWK D GHFUHDVH LQ WRWDO FUDVKHV GHFUHDVH LQ UHDU HQGV DQG GHFUHDVHLQDQJOHFROOLVLRQV EVALUATION METHODOLOGY 6DIHW\ DQG RSHUDWLRQDO LPSURYHPHQWV DUH W\SLFDOO\ WKH UHDVRQV IRU D URDG GLHW LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ7KHUHIRUHWKHHYDOXDWLRQVKRXOGFRQVLGHUPHWULFVWKDWFRXOGDOORZIRU FRPSDULVRQV RI WKH EHIRUH DQG DIWHU FRQGLWLRQV DV ZHOO GHWHUPLQH WKH OHYHO RI SHUIRUPDQFH IRU WKH FXUUHQW FRQGLWLRQV 7KHVH PHDVXUHV LQFOXGH FUDVK FKDQJHV DQG WUDYHOWLPHVDQGVSHHGV Safety Evaluation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perations Evaluation 7KHUH LVQRWUDYHOWLPHGDWDDYDLODEOHIRUWKHEHIRUH SHULRGWRDOORZ IRU D EHIRUHDIWHU FRPSDULVRQ7KHFXUUHQWVSHHGVDUHEHORZWKHVSHHGOLPLWLQGLFDWLQJWKDWWKHUHPD\EH VRPHGHOD\VGXULQJWKHSHDNSHULRG7KHSUHVHQFHRIWKHVLJQDOL]HGLQWHUVHFWLRQVFRXOG LQGXFHRSHUDWLRQDOGHOD\VZKLFKFRXOGH[SODLQWKHLQFUHDVHGWUDYHOWLPH+RZHYHUWKH LQFUHDVHG WUDYHO WLPHV DUH VPDOO DQG QR FRQJHVWLRQ ZDV REVHUYHG GXULQJ WKH GDWD FROOHFWLRQLQGLFDWLQJDFFHSWDEOHRSHUDWLRQ EVALUATION SUMMARY 7KHDQDO\VLVVKRZQKHUHKHOSVRQHWRVHHWKHEHQHILWVDQGGLVDGYDQWDJHVRIWKHURDG GLHWDOORZLQJWKHPWRGHFLGHLILWZDVWKHFRUUHFWGHFLVLRQTable 4 SUHVHQWVDVXPPDU\ RIWKHHYDOXDWLRQSDUDPHWHUVFRQVLGHUHG Table 4: Summary of Road Diet Installation Effects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repared by .HQWXFN\7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ&HQWHU Prepared for: .HQWXFN\7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ&DELQHW 'LYLVLRQRI3ODQQLQJ Date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³URDGGLHW´LQLQZKLFKWKHURDGZDVUHGXFHGIURPDODQHIDFLOLW\WRD ODQHIDFLOLW\7KHDUHDFRQVLGHUHGLQWKLVVWXG\H[WHQGVRQ 86IURP.<WR &KHVWQXW6WUHHW 03WR03 IRUDGLVWDQFHRIPLOHV7KHORFDWLRQRI WKHVWXG\DUHDLVVKRZQEHORZLQFigure 1 Figure 1: Study Area 7KLV UHSRUW VXPPDUL]HV WKH UHVXOWV RI WKH URDG GLHW RQ &ROOHJH 6WUHHW ZKLOH FRQFHQWUDWLQJ RQ DVSHFWV VXFK DV WUDYHO WLPHV FUDVK UHFRUGV DQG VDIHW\ $V ZHOO DV UHVXOWLQJFRQGLWLRQVIRUPHUFRQGLWLRQVZLOOEHGLVFXVVHG ROAD DIET IMPLEMENTATION 7KHVWXG\VHFWLRQZDVRULJLQDOO\IRXUODQHVZLGHHDFKDERXWRUIWLQZLGWKZLWK WZRODQHVLQHDFKGLUHFWLRQ7KLVFURVVVHFWLRQLVVKRZQLQFigure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igure 2: Typical Section )RU86UHDUHQGFUDVKHVZHUHEHFRPLQJDSUREOHPDVZDVFRQJHVWLRQ7KHURDG GLHWFRQYHUVLRQZDVLPSOHPHQWHGWRDGGUHVVWKHVHLVVXHV7KHQHZGHVLJQGLVWULEXWHG WKHDYDLODEOHURDGZD\E\SURYLGLQJRQHIRRWODQHLQHDFKGLUHFWLRQZKLOHDGGLQJD IRRWWZRZD\OHIWWXUQODQHLQWKHFHQWHU7KHZLGHUWUDYHOODQHVSURYLGHVRPHZKDWRID ³VKRXOGHU´VRFDUVZLOOEHIDUWKHUDZD\IURPSHGHVWULDQV7KLVVKRXOGHUDOVRKHOSVPDNH ELF\FOLVWVWUDYHOLQJRQWKHURDGIHHOVDIHU$QH[DPSOHRIWKLVFURVVVHFWLRQFDQEHVHHQ LQFigure3 Figure 3: Road Diet Cross-Section 2QH RI WKH PDLQ JRDOV RI WKH URDG GLHW ZDV WR LPSURYH VDIHW\ DORQJ ZLWK LPSURYLQJ HIILFLHQF\ 7KH WZRZD\ OHIW WXUQ ODQH SURYLGHV PRWRULVWV ZLWK D UHIXJH DUHD DQG UHPRYHV WKHP IRUP WKH WUDIILF ZKLOH ZDLWLQJ WR FRPSOHWH WKHLU WXUQV $ FRQVWUXFWHG H[DPSOHRIWKHVHFKDQJHVFDQEHVHHQLQFigure 4. Figure 4: US 127 Post-Road Diet Transformation RESULTING CONDITIONS 7KLVVHFWLRQFRQWDLQVWKHUHVXOWVFRQFHUQLQJWUDYHOWLPHVDQGFUDVKKLVWRU\ Travel Times 7UDYHOWLPHVZHUHFROOHFWHGDORQJWKHFRUULGRUWRGHWHUPLQHDYHUDJHWUDYHOWLPHVDVZHOO DV DYHUDJH VSHHGVIRU UXVK KRXU WUDYHO 7UDYHO WLPHVIRU HDFK GLUHFWLRQDUH VKRZQ LQ Table 17KHWUDYHOWLPHVZHUHFDOFXODWHGEDVHGRQUXQVLQHDFKGLUHFWLRQ Table 1: Travel Time Study 7UDYHO7LPH 6HFRQGV 5XQ 6RXWK 1RUWK $YHUDJH 7KH DYHUDJH VRXWKERXQG WUDYHO WLPH ZDV VHFRQGV RU PLQXWHV DQG WKH DYHUDJH QRUWKERXQG WUDYHO WLPH ZDV VHFRQGV RU PLQXWHV 7KLV PHDQV WKH FRPELQHGDYHUDJHLVVHFRQGV RUPLQXWHV WKXVWKHDYHUDJHGLUHFWLRQDOWULS VSHHGLVPLOHVSHUKRXU,WVKRXOGEHQRWHGWKDWWKHH[LVWLQJVSHHGOLPLWLVPLOHV SHUKRXU Crash History $ WKUHH\HDU FUDVKKLVWRU\ ZDV FROOHFWHGDQG DQDO\]HG DORQJ WKHFRUULGRU 7KH SHULRG HYDOXDWHGZDVEHWZHHQ-DQXDU\DQG'HFHPEHUDQGWKHUHZHUH FUDVKHVUHFRUGHGLQWKLVSHULRGTable 2VXPPDUL]HVWKHFUDVKHVE\W\SHDQGORFDWLRQ &UDVKHVDUHGLVDJJUHJDWHGE\VLJQDOL]HGDQGPLGEORFNFUDVKHVWRDVVLVWLQLGHQWLI\LQJ FUDVK SDWWHUQV WKDW PD\ EH DIIHFWHG E\ WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI WKH URDG GLHW Table 3 VXPPDUL]HVFUDVKHVIRUWKHWKUHH\HDUVIROORZLQJWKHURDGGLHWFKDQJHDQGWKHGDWDLV VLPLODUO\ DUUDQJHG DV LQ Table 2. 7KH GDWHV RI WKH FUDVKHV HYDOXDWHG H[WHQG IURP -DQXDU\WR'HFHPEHUZLWKDWRWDORIFUDVKHVIRUWKHSHULRG Table 2: Pre- Road Diet Three-Year Crash Summary (2003-2005) &UDVK7\SH 7RWDO 6LJQDOL]HG 0LGEORFN +HDG2Q %DFNLQJ 2SSRVLQJOHIWWXUQ 5HDUHQG 6LGHVZLSH2SSRVLWHGLUHFWLRQ 6LGHVZLSH6DPHGLUHFWLRQ 6LQJOHYHKLFOH 3HGHVWULDQ%LF\FOLVW 2WKHU Total 164 89 75 Table 3: Post- Road Diet Three-Year Crash Summary (2007-2009) &UDVK7\SH 7RWDO 6LJQDOL]HG 0LGEORFN +HDG2Q %DFNLQJ 2SSRVLQJOHIWWXUQ 5HDUHQG 6LGHVZLSH2SSRVLWHGLUHFWLRQ 6LGHVZLSH6DPHGLUHFWLRQ 6LQJOHYHKLFOH 3HGHVWULDQ%LF\FOLVW 2WKHU Total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afety Evaluation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ables 2 DQG3LQGLFDWHWKDWWKHUHZHUHQRSHGHVWULDQDQGELF\FOHFUDVKHV EHIRUHRUDIWHUWKHURDGGLHWLPSOHPHQWDWLRQ7KLVFRXOGHLWKHULQGLFDWHWKHDEVHQFHRI DQ\ SUREOHPV RU WKHDEVHQFH RI WKHVH XVHUV 7KH ODFN RI DQ\ SHGHVWULDQ DQG ELF\FOH WUDIILFFRXQWVGRHVQRWDOORZIRUDQ\DGGLWLRQDOFRQFOXVLRQV Operations Evaluation 7KHUH LVQRWUDYHOWLPHGDWDDYDLODEOHIRUWKHEHIRUH SHULRGWRDOORZIRUDEHIRUHDIWHU FRPSDULVRQ7KHFXUUHQWVSHHGVDUHEHORZWKHVSHHGOLPLWLQGLFDWLQJWKDWWKHUHPD\EH VRPHGHOD\VGXULQJWKHSHDNSHULRG7KHSUHVHQFHRIWKHVLJQDOL]HGLQWHUVHFWLRQVFRXOG LQGXFHRSHUDWLRQDOGHOD\VZKLFKFRXOGH[SODLQWKHLQFUHDVHGWUDYHOWLPH+RZHYHUWKH LQFUHDVHG WUDYHO WLPHV DUH VPDOO DQG QR FRQJHVWLRQ ZDV REVHUYHG GXULQJ WKH GDWD FROOHFWLRQLQGLFDWLQJDFFHSWDEOHRSHUDWLRQ EVALUATION SUMMARY 7KHDQDO\VLVVKRZQKHUHKHOSVRQHWRVHHWKHEHQHILWVDQGGLVDGYDQWDJHVRIWKHURDG GLHWKHOSLQJGHFLGHLILWZDVWKHFRUUHFWGHFLVLRQTable 4 SUHVHQWVDVXPPDU\RIWKH HYDOXDWLRQSDUDPHWHUVFRQVLGHUHG Table 4: Summary of Road Diet Installation Effects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repared by .HQWXFN\7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ&HQWHU Prepared for: .HQWXFN\7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ&DELQHW 'LYLVLRQRI3ODQQLQJ Date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³URDG GLHW´7KHVWXG\DUHDH[WHQGVIURPWKHLQWHUVHFWLRQRIVWW6WUHHWWRWKHLQWHUVHFWLRQRI 86( 03WR03 KRZHYHUWKHURDGGLHWLVEHLQJFRQVLGHUHGIRUWKH VHFWLRQ WKURXJK GRZQWRZQ 0LGGOHVERUR IURP VW 6WUHHW WR WK6WUHHW$JHQHUDO ORFDWLRQRIWKHVWXG\DUHDLVVKRZQLQFigure 17KLVWUHDWPHQWLVEHLQJFRQVLGHUHGWR LQFUHDVHZDONDELOLW\DQGVHUYHDVDPHWKRGRIWUDIILFFDOPLQJIRUWUDIILFWUDYHOLQJWKURXJK GRZQWRZQ0LGGOHVERURRQ.< Figure 1: Study Area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igure 2VKRZVWKHW\SLFDOVHFWLRQRI WKHFRUULGRU Figure 2: Typical Section /DQG XVH DURXQG WKH VWXG\ DUHD LV SULPDULO\ FRPPHUFLDO DV WKLV VHFWLRQ RI .< UHSUHVHQWV WKH FRPPHUFLDO FHQWHU RI 0LGGOHVERUR 7KHUH DUH IRXU VLJQDOL]HG LQWHUVHFWLRQVDQGHLJKWFRPPHUFLDODFFHVVSRLQWVLQWKHSURMHFWDUHD$FFHVVSRLQWVDUH GLVWULEXWHGHYHQO\RQWKHQRUWKDQGVRXWKVLGHVRIWKHURDG Appendix AVKRZVWKHH[LVWLQJODQHJHRPHWU\DORQJWKHFRUULGRU Traffic Volumes 7XUQPRYHPHQWFRXQWVZHUHFRQGXFWHGE\.<7&'LVWULFWIRUWKH30SHDNSHULRGWR EH XVHG LQ WKH HYDOXDWLRQ SURFHVV 7KLV SHULRG ZDV FKRVHQ E\ WKH GLVWULFW DV LW UHSUHVHQWV WKH KLJKHVW WUDYHO GHPDQG RQ WKH FRUULGRU Appendix B VXPPDUL]HV WKH SHDNKRXUWXUQPRYHPHQWFRXQWVDWWKHVLJQDOL]HGLQWHUVHFWLRQV 7KH,7(7ULS*HQHUDWLRQ0DQXDOZDVXVHGWRHVWLPDWHWXUQFRXQWVDWWKHXQVLJQDOL]HG DFFHVV SRLQWV 7KLV SURFHVV ZDV FRQVLGHUHG DFFHSWDEOH LQ HVWLPDWLQJWKHHQWHULQJWRH DQGH[LWLQJIURPWKHFRPPHUFLDODFFHVVSRLQWVVLQFHWUDIILFFRXQWVDWHDFKSRLQWZHUH QRW DYDLODEOH 7ULS JHQHUDWLRQ ODQG XVH FRGHV DQG IDFLOLW\ VL]HV DUH VXPPDUL]HG LQ Appendix B. 5RDG'LHW&DVH6WXG\(YDOXDWLRQ .<0LGGOHVERUR.< Travel Times 7UDYHOWLPHVZHUHFROOHFWHGDORQJWKHFRUULGRUWRDVVLVWLQWKHFDOLEUDWLRQRIWKHPLFUR VLPXODWLRQPRGHOLQJHIIRUWV$YHUDJHWUDYHOWLPHVIRUWKHFRUULGRUDUHVKRZQLQTable 1 7KHWUDYHOWLPHVZHUHEDVHGRQHLJKWUXQVSHUGLUHFWLRQ7KH30SHDNWUDYHOWLPHVZHUH VHFRQGVIRUWKHHDVWERXQGDQGVHFRQGVIRUWKHZHVWERXQGGLUHFWLRQ Table 1: Travel Time Study 7UDYHO6HJPHQW'LUHFWLRQ 7UDYHO7LPH VHF .< $0 1RRQ 30 Westbound WK6W7RWK6W WK6WWRWK6W WK6WWRVW6W Total 48 47 43 Eastbound VW6W7RWK6W WK6W7RWK6W WK6W7RWK6W Total 51 49 52 Crash History $ WKUHH\HDU FUDVKKLVWRU\ ZDV FROOHFWHGDQG DQDO\]HG DORQJ WKHFRUULGRU 7KH SHULRG HYDOXDWHGZDVEHWZHHQ-DQXDU\DQG'HFHPEHUDQGWKHUHZHUH FUDVKHVUHFRUGHGLQWKLVSHULRG7KHVHFWLRQKDVDFUDVKUDWHRIFUDVKHVSHU PLOOLRQYHKLFOHPLOHVRIWUDYHO 0907 ZKLOHWKHDYHUDJHVDWHUDWHIRUVLPLODUURDGV IRXU ODQHXUEDQDUWHULDOV LVFUDVKHVSHU09077KHFULWLFDOFUDVKUDWHIDFWRUIRU WKHVHURDGVLVFUDVKHVSHU0907DQGWKLVLQGLFDWHVWKDWWKHVHFWLRQKDVD &UDVK 5DWH )DFWRU RI Table 2 VXPPDUL]HV WKH FUDVKHV E\ W\SH DQG ORFDWLRQ &UDVKHVDUHGLVDJJUHJDWHGE\VLJQDOL]HGDQGPLGEORFNFUDVKHVWRDVVLVWLQLGHQWLI\LQJ FUDVKSDWWHUQVWKDWPD\EHDIIHFWHGE\WKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKHURDGGLHW5RDGGLHWV W\SLFDOO\FDQUHGXFHPLGEORFNFUDVKHVVXFKDVVLGHVZLSHVDQGUHDUHQGVDVZHOODV LQWHUVHFWLRQFUDVKHVVXFKDVDQJOH+RZHYHUWKHUHLVDOLNHOLKRRGRILQFUHDVHGQXPEHU RIUHDUHQGFUDVKHVDWLQWHUVHFWLRQV 5RDG'LHW&DVH6WXG\(YDOXDWLRQ .<0LGGOHVERUR.< Table 2: Three-Year Crash Summary (2007-2009) &UDVK7\SH 7RWDO 6LJQDOL]HG 0LGEORFN $QJOH %DFNLQJ +HDGRQ 2SSRVLQJOHIWWXUQ 5HDUHQG 6LGHVZLSH2SSRVLWHGLUHFWLRQ 6LGHVZLSH6DPHGLUHFWLRQ 6LQJOHYHKLFOH 2WKHU Total 135 100 35 7KHGDWDLQ7DEOHVKRZVWKDWWKHPDMRULW\RIWKHFUDVKHVRQWKHFRUULGRURFFXUDWWKH VLJQDOL]HG LQWHUVHFWLRQV 7KH SULPDU\ FUDVK W\SH DW WKH VLJQDOL]HG LQWHUVHFWLRQV LV DQ DQJOH FUDVK ZKLFK PD\ EH GXH WR WKHDEVHQFHRI OHIWWXUQ ODQHV DW WKH LQWHUVHFWLRQV ZKLFKZLOODOORZIRUYHKLFOHVWUDYHOOLQJWKURXJKVHHLQJOHIWWXUQLQJYHKLFOHV7KLVVFHQDULR UHVWULFWVVLJKWGLVWDQFHZKLFKFDQOHDGWRWKHRFFXUUHQFHRIDQJOHFUDVKHV &UDVK GLDJUDPV VKRZLQJ WKH ORFDWLRQ DQG W\SH RI HDFK FUDVK RQ WKH FRUULGRU DUH SURYLGHGLQAppendix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igure 3 7KH ILQDO FRQILJXUDWLRQVKRXOGEHGHWHUPLQHGE\.<7&LQFRQMXQFWLRQZLWKWKHFLW\RI0LGGOHVERUR WRSURYLGHWKHEHVWDQGVDIHVWXVHRIWKHDGGLWLRQDOVSDFHFUHDWHGE\WKHUHPRYDORIRQH ODQHRIWUDYHO Figure 3: Typical Cross-Section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alibration 7KHH[LVWLQJPRGHOZDVFDOLEUDWHGXVLQJWKHWUDYHOWLPHVWXGLHV 7DEOH LQWKHH[LVWLQJ FRQGLWLRQV$WKUHVKROGRISHUFHQWDERYHRUEHORZWKHH[LVWLQJWUDYHOWLPHVZDVXVHG WR GHWHUPLQH WKH HIIHFWLYHQHVV RI WKH FDOLEUDWHG PRGHO 7KH 9,66,0 PRGHO ZDV FDOLEUDWHGE\DGMXVWLQJWXUQLQJYROXPHVWXUQLQJVSHHGVDQGWUDYHOVSHHGVWKURXJKWKH FRUULGRUTable 3VXPPDUL]HVWKHWUDYHOWLPHFDOLEUDWLRQIRUWKH.<FRUULGRU Table 3: VISSIM Travel Time Calibration 7UDYHO7LPH VHF 7UDYHO6HJPHQW $0 1RRQ 30 .< )LHOG 9,66,0 )LHOG 9,66,0 )LHOG 9,66,0 Westbound WK6W7RWK6W WK6WWRWK6W WK6WWRVW6W Total 48 47 47 49 43 54 Eastbound VW6W7RWK6W WK6W7RWK6W WK6W7RWK6W Total 51 50 49 51 52 59 7KHFDOLEUDWLRQLVZLWKLQWKHDFFHSWDEOHSHUFHQWYDULDWLRQ0RUHRYHUWKLVFDOLEUDWLRQ DQG UHFRUGLQJV RI WKH 9,66,0 PRGHO ZHUH SURYLGHG WR 'LVWULFW DQG DSSURYHG DV DFFXUDWHO\UHSUHVHQWLQJWKHH[LVWLQJFRQGLWLRQVRQWKHFRUULGRU 5RDG'LHW&DVH6WXG\(YDOXDWLRQ .<0LGGOHVERUR.< Measures of Effectiveness 2SHUDWLRQDO SHUIRUPDQFH RI WKH URDG GLHW DOWHUQDWLYH ZDV HYDOXDWHG IRU ERWK FRUULGRU RSHUDWLRQV DV ZHOO DV LQGLYLGXDO VLJQDOL]HG LQWHUVHFWLRQV RQ WKH FRUULGRU &RUULGRU RSHUDWLRQV ZHUH HYDOXDWHG XVLQJ WUDYHO WLPHV WKURXJK WKH HQWLUH VHFWLRQ ,QWHUVHFWLRQ RSHUDWLRQVZHUHHYDOXDWHGXVLQJWKHIROORZLQJIRXUPHDVXUHVRIHIIHFWLYHQHVVZKLFKDUH IRUWKHHQWLUHLQWHUVHFWLRQ 'HOD\ 6HFRQGV 6WRSSHG'HOD\ 6HFRQGV 1XPEHURI6WRSV $YHUDJH4XHXH/HQJWK IHHW 5RDG'LHW&DVH6WXG\(YDOXDWLRQ .<0LGGOHVERUR.< RESULTS Operational Analysis Table 4 VXPPDUL]HV WKH UHVXOWV RI FRUULGRU OHYHO DQDO\VLV IRU WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RID URDG GLHW RQ.< 7KH GDWD LQ WKH WDEOH LQGLFDWHV WKDW WKHUH LV D VOLJKW GHFUHDVH LQ WUDYHOWLPHVDIWHUWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKHURDGGLHW7KLVGHFUHDVHLVEHWZHHQWR VHFRQGV GXULQJ WKH SHDN SHULRGV UHSUHVHQWLQJ DSSUR[LPDWHO\ D WR SHUFHQW GHFUHDVHLQWUDYHOWLPHV Table 4: Travel Time Corridor Level Travel Time(sec) Travel Segment (KY 74) AM Noon PM 4-Lane 3-Lane 4-Lane 3-Lane 4-Lane 3-Lane Westbound WK6W7RWK6W WK6WWRWK6W WK6WWRVW6W Total 47 41 49 40 54 49 Eastbound VW6W7RWK6W WK6W7RWK6W WK6W7RWK6W Total 50 50 51 50 59 54 Table 5VXPPDUL]HVWKHLQWHUVHFWLRQGHOD\DQGTXHXHHVWLPDWHVIRUWKH30SHDNKRXU 7KHRYHUDOOSDWWHUQLQWKHGDWDSUHVHQWHGLQ7DEOHLQGLFDWHVQRVLJQLILFDQWFKDQJHVLQ GHOD\VIRUWKH30SHDNSHULRGDIWHUWKHLQVWDOODWLRQRIWKHURDGGLHW,QWHUVHFWLRQGHOD\V ZLOO LQFUHDVH E\ WR VHFYHK DW WKH YDULRXV LQWHUVHFWLRQV UHSUHVHQWLQJ DQ LQFUHDVH EHWZHHQ WR SHUFHQW LQFUHDVH 4XHXH OHQJWKV DW DOO LQWHUVHFWLRQV DUH UHGXFHG VLJQLILFDQWO\²IRUWKUHHRIWKHIRXUDWDERXWRQHWKLUGRIWKHRULJLQDOOHQJWK7KLVFRXOGEH DWWULEXWHGWRWKHSUHVHQFHRIWKHOHIWWXUQDX[LOLDU\ODQHDWWKHLQWHUVHFWLRQVVHSDUDWLQJ OHIWWXUQLQJDQGWKURXJKPRYHPHQWV$QLVVXHWKDWVKRXOGEHQRWHGKHUHLVWKHODFNRI VLJQLILFDQWFKDQJHVLQGHOD\VDQGVLJQLILFDQWLPSURYHPHQWVLQTXHXHOHQJWKVLQGLFDWLQJ WKDWWKHURDGGLHWDSSOLFDWLRQZLOOQRWLPSDFWQHJDWLYHO\RSHUDWLRQV 5RDG'LHW&DVH6WXG\(YDOXDWLRQ .<0LGGOHVERUR.< Table 5: PM Peak Hour Intersection Operations Summary 'HOD\ VHF $YHUDJH4XHXH IW ,QWHUVHFWLRQ ([LVWLQJ 5RDG'LHW ([LVWLQJ 5RDG'LHW .<DWVW6WUHHW .<DWWK6WUHHW .<DWWK6WUHHW .<DWWK6WUHHW Safety Analysis 7KHSULPDU\FUDVKW\SHRQWKHFRUULGRULVDQDQJOHFUDVKDWDQLQWHUVHFWLRQ 7DEOH 7KLV FUDVK W\SH LV OLNHO\ FDXVHG E\ WKH DEVHQFH RI OHIWWXUQ ODQHV WKDW FRXOG SURYLGH XQUHVWULFWHGVLJKWGLVWDQFHWRRQFRPLQJWUDIILF7KHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIDOHIWWXUQODQHDW WKHVH LQWHUVHFWLRQV WKURXJK WKH URDG GLHW ZLOO FRUUHFW WKLV SUREOHPDQGVLJQLILFDQWO\ LPSURYH VLJKW GLVWDQFH IRU OHIWWXUQLQJ YHKLFOHV 7KLV VKRXOG UHVXOW LQ D UHGXFWLRQ RI DQJOHFUDVKHV 7KHVHFRQGPRVWIUHTXHQWFUDVKW\SHRQWKHFRUULGRULVUHDUHQGFUDVKHVDQGPRVWRI WKH\\\ DUH RFFXUULQJ DW LQWHUVHFWLRQV 7KLV FUDVK W\SH LV W\SLFDOO\DWWULEXWHGWRD FRPELQDWLRQ RI WKH ODFN RI OHIWWXUQ ODQHV FDXVLQJ UHDU HQG FUDVKHV ZKHQ D YHKLFOH VWRSVWRWXUQOHIW DQGFRQJHVWLRQRQWKHFRUULGRU7KHRSHUDWLRQDODQDO\VLVSUHVHQWHGLQ 7DEOHV DQG LQGLFDWH WKDW WKHUH ZLOO EH QR FKDQJHV LQ WKH OHYHO RI FRQJHVWLRQ DQG WKHUHIRUHQRFKDQJHVDUHDQWLFLSDWHGLQFUDVKHVUHVXOWLQJIURPFRQJHVWLRQ+RZHYHU WKHLQWURGXFWLRQRIOHIWWXUQODQHVDQGWKHVHSDUDWLRQRIWKURXJKDQGOHIWWXUQLQJYHKLFOHV ZLOO OLNHO\ KDYH D SRVLWLYH HIIHFW RI UHGXFLQJ VRPH RI WKH UHDU HQG FUDVKHV DW WKH VLJQDOL]HG LQWHUVHFWLRQV ,W VKRXOG EH SRLQWHGG WKRXJK WKDW WKLV HIIHFW ZLOO QRW DSSO\ DW WKRVHLQWHUVHFWLRQVZKLFKDOUHDG\KDYHOHIWWXUQODQHV $SSUR[LPDWHO\SHUFHQWRIWKHFUDVKHVDUHDWPLGEORFNORFDWLRQVDQGWKHURDGGLHWFDQ SRWHQWLDOO\ DGGUHVV VHYHUDO RI WKHVH FUDVKHV 5HDU HQG DQG VLGHVZLSHV DUH WKH WZR SULPDU\FUDVKW\SHVWKDWURDGGLHWVW\SLFDOO\UHGXFHE\HOLPLQDWLQJWKHIULFWLRQFUHDWHGE\ VWRSSHGOHIWWXUQLQJYHKLFOHVLQWUDIILF7KHUHPRYDORIOHIWWXUQLQJYHKLFOHVIURPWKHPDLQ VWUHDPRIWUDIILFHOLPLQDWHVXQH[SHFWHGVWRSSHGYHKLFOHVWKDWFRXOGOHDGWRUHDUHQGVRU WKH QHHG WR VZHUYH WR DYRLG WKH VWRSSHG YHKLFOHV UHVXOWLQJ LQ VLGHVZLSHV Table 6 VXPPDUL]HVWKHSRWHQWLDOHIIHFWVRIURDGGLHWLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRQFUDVKHVIRU.< 5RDG'LHW&DVH6WXG\(YDOXDWLRQ .<0LGGOHVERUR.< Table 6: Safety Effects of Road Diet 6LJQDOL]HG 0LGEORFN &UDVK7\SH 1XPEHU (IIHFW 1XPEHU (IIHFW $QJOH %DFNLQJ +HDGRQ 2SSRVLQJOHIWWXUQ 5HDUHQG 5HDUWRUHDU 6LGHVZLSH2SSRVLWHGLUHFWLRQ 6LGHVZLSH6DPHGLUHFWLRQ 6LQJOHYHKLFOH Total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igure 4 5RDG'LHW&DVH6WXG\(YDOXDWLRQ .<0LGGOHVERUR.< EVALUATION SUMMARY 7KHDQDO\VLVSUHVHQWHGKHUHHYDOXDWHVWKHIHDVLELOLW\RIFRQYHUWLQJWKHODQHVHFWLRQRI .<LQ0LGGOHVERURWRDODQHFURVVVHFWLRQZLWKRQHODQHLQHDFKGLUHFWLRQDQGD WZRZD\OHIWWXUQODQH7KHVLPXODWLRQPRGHOVGHYHORSHGLQ9,66,0ZHUHFDOLEUDWHGWR UHIOHFWWKHILHOGFRQGLWLRQV7KHDQDO\VLVFRPSOHWHGHYDOXDWHGWKHRSHUDWLRQDODQGVDIHW\ HIIHFWV RI WKLV SRWHQWLDO FKDQJH $ VXPPDU\ RI WKH RYHUDOO SRWHQWLDO HIIHFWV RI WKH LQVWDOODWLRQLVVKRZQLQTable 7 Table 7: Summary of Road Diet Installation Effects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xisting Conditions 5RDG'LHW&DVH6WXG\(YDOXDWLRQ .<0LGGOHVERUR.< APPENDIX B Traffic Volumes 5RDG'LHW&DVH6WXG\(YDOXDWLRQ .<0LGGOHVERUR.< 482 470 476 476 4 10 10 14, 2, 2 31, 9, 18 6 454 15 22 4 453 4 8 4 4 22nd 20 21st Street 44 20 th 500 476 9 10 33, 16, 25 3, 8, 4 6, 1 10 10 541 553 506 506 50 CODE 934 6 E STORE ITE CODE 935 ING ITE CODE 210 485 506 506 656 10 10 2, 1, 7 6, 39, 5 4 20 452 501 50 135 4 18 th 3 4 19 th 465 3 3, 3, 183 27, 26, 27 FITZPATRICK 10 10 506 471 471 655 6 49, 7, 13 30 563 4 15 4 120 521 15 th 38 18, 9, 17 10 679 551 6 29, 18,42 520 474 38 8 4 4 10 10 10 10 22nd 4 4 440 43 13 40, 19,23 496 500 21st Street 8, 10,26 489 508 460 30 24 429 18 42 69, 24,48 489 514 20 th 11, 3 5 505 18, 64,4 541 19 th 93, 69,69 508 502 430 58 14 494 10 4 9, 4,27 508 502 18 th 2, 14, 185 2, 14,185 706 667 491 148 28 4 4 10 10 FITZPATRICK 0 4 4 562 118 50 110, 10, 34 730 15 th 31, 23,19 615 547 502 15 30 0 55, 34,15 678 597 55 26 9 9 5 5 22nd 9 9 725 34 12 13, 11,30 771 686 21st Street 14, 10,40 795 659 26 33 717 48 30 71, 30,60 795 20 th 10, 3 81 7 7, 69,12 712 19 th 99, 82,81 703 606 12 85 560 242 20 6, 4,33 822 703 18 th 10, 326 919 697 687 3 7 9 9 5 5 FITZPATRICK 9 768 125 10 45, 28,45 903 15 th 56, 17, 27 56, 17,27 840 612 27 55 APPENDIX C Crash Diagrams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rocess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perational evaluation 7UDYHOWLPHV ,QWHUVHFWLRQGHOD\V 7UDYHOVSHHGV 0LQRUVWUHHWRSHUDWLRQV 5DLOURDGFURVVLQJV Safety evaluation $QJOHFUDVKHV /HIWWXUQFUDVKHV 5HDUHQGFUDVKHV 3HGHVWULDQVDIHW\ %LF\FOLVWVVDIHW\ Operational Performance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³5HFRPPHQGHG´LGHQWLILHVWKHYROXPHFRPELQDWLRQVZKHUH WKHURDGGLHWZLOOSHUIRUPEHORZFDSDFLW\DQGUHVXOWLQRSHUDWLRQDOJDLQV7KHXSSHUDUHD³1RW UHFRPPHQGHG´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afety Performance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x 6LGHVZLSH&UDVKHV6LGHVZLSHFUDVKHVFDQUHVXOWIURPYHKLFOHVFKDQJLQJODQHVWRDYRLG GHOD\VEHKLQGDOHIWWXUQLQJYHKLFOHLQWKHLQVLGHWKURXJKODQH7KHVHW\SHVRIFUDVKHV FDQRFFXUDWPLGEORFNDFFHVVSRLQWVDQGPDMRULQWHUVHFWLRQV5RDGGLHWVHOLPLQDWHWKHVH W\SHVRIFUDVKHVE\UHPRYLQJWKHWXUQLQJYHKLFOHIURPWKHWKURXJKODQH6LGHVZLSHVFDQ DOVRRFFXUEHWZHHQYHKLFOHVWUDYHOLQJRQWKHWZRZD\OHIWWXUQODQHDQGWKRVHDWWHPSWLQJ WRHQWHULWEXWWKHVHFUDVKHVDUHQRWDIUHTXHQWRFFXUUHQFHDVSULRUUHVHDUFKDQGFDVH VWXGLHVLQGLFDWH)LJXUHVKRZVWKHUHJLRQRIGHFUHDVHGVLGHVZLSH FRQIOLFWV DV D FRPELQDWLRQRIPDMRUDQGPLQRUVWUHHWYROXPHVDQGOHIWWXUQSHUFHQWDJH )LJXUH6LGHVZLSHFRQIOLFWJXLGDQFHE\PDMRUPLQRUVWUHHWYROXPHDQGOHIWWXUQSHUFHQW x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x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ther Considerations 7KHUHDUHDGGLWLRQDOHOHPHQWVWKDWVKRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHGZKHQURDGGLHWV DUHHYDOXDWHG7KH IROORZLQJ OLVW LGHQWLILHV WKHVH HOHPHQWV DQG SURYLGHV D EULHI RYHUYLHZ RI WKHLU SRWHQWLDO LPSOLFDWLRQV x 0XOWLPRGDORSHUDWLRQV5RDGGLHWVLPSURYHPXOWLPRGDORSHUDWLRQV ELF\FOHVDQGWUDQVLW WKURXJKWKHSUHVHQFHRIHLWKHUZLGHUODQHVRUH[FOXVLYHELF\FOHODQHV x 3HGHVWULDQVDIHW\5RDGGLHWVFDQLQFUHDVHSHGHVWULDQFRPIRUWDQGVDIHW\E\UHGXFLQJ WKHQXPEHURIODQHVWREHFURVVHGSURYLGLQJDUHIXJHZLWKLQWKHWZRZD\OHIWWXUQODQH DQGUHGXFLQJWKHVSHHGGLIIHUHQWLDOLQWKHWUDYHOODQHV x 2SHUDWLRQDOFRQVLVWHQF\7KLVDVSHFWDGGUHVVHVWKHSRWHQWLDOIRUPRUHXQLIRUPVSHHGV DORQJWKHFRUULGRUHOLPLQDWLRQRIXQEDODQFHGVSHHGVE\WUDYHOODQHVDQGSRWHQWLDOVSHHG UHGXFWLRQV URDGGLHWLVDFWLQJDVWUDIILFFDOPLQJ DIWHUWKHURDGGLHWFRQYHUVLRQ x /LYDELOLW\ 5RDG GLHWV KDYH WKH SRWHQWLDO WR LPSURYH FRUULGRU OLYDELOLW\ DQG SURYLGH RSSRUWXQLWLHV IRU UHVLGHQWLDO DQG FRPPHUFLDO JURZWK 5HGXFHG VSHHGV HQFRXUDJH SHGHVWULDQDQGELF\FOHWUDIILFDQGFUHDWHDSHGHVWULDQIULHQGO\HQYLURQPHQW Design Considerations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ெ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erformance Evaluation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hen Not to Convert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nalysis Checklist 7KHIROORZLQJFKHFNOLVWLVSURYLGHGLQRUGHUWRDOORZIRUDV\VWHPDWLFFRQVLGHUDWLRQRIWKHYDULRXV HOHPHQWV WR EH HYDOXDWHG DQG FRQVLGHUHG SULRU WR D URDG GLHW LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ 7DEOH 7KH FKHFNOLVWLGHQWLILHVDQDO\VLVWREHFRPSOHWHGDQGGDWDWREHFROOHFWHGWKDWPD\EHXVHGWRDVVLVW LQHYDOXDWLQJWKHURDGGLHWFRQYHUVLRQIRUDVSHFLILFVHFWLRQRIURDGZD\:KHUHDSSOLFDEOHWKH JXLGDQFHLQWKLVGRFXPHQWPD\EHXVHGWRDGGUHVVPDQ\RIWKHVHLVVXHV 7DEOH&KHFNOLVWIRULPSOHPHQWDWLRQFRQVLGHUDWLRQV Operational aspects 7UDYHOWLPHV ,QWHUVHFWLRQGHOD\V 7UDYHOVSHHGV 0LQRUVWUHHWRSHUDWLRQV 5DLOURDGFURVVLQJV Safety aspects $QJOHFUDVKHV /HIWWXUQFUDVKHV 5HDUHQGFUDVKHV 3HGHVWULDQVDIHW\ %LF\FOLVWVVDIHW\ Multimodal operations 3XEOLFWUDQVSRUWDWLRQ %LF\FOH 3HGHVWULDQ Access management Livability Operational consistency Transition design Cross section elements 1XPEHURIODQHV %LF\FOHODQHV 3DUNLQJ 6LGHZDONV %XIIHUV REFERNCES 6WDPDWLDGLV 1 .LUN $ :DQJ & DQG &XOO $ Guidelines for Road Diet Conversions,.7&.HQWXFN\7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ&HQWHU/H[LQJWRQ.< 2. .HQWXFN\7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ&DELQHW 'HVLJQ0HPR0DQXDO)UDQNIRUW.< For more information or a complete publication list, contact us at: KENTUCKY TRANSPORTATION CENTER 176 Raymond Building University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0281 (859) 257-4513 (859) 257-1815 (FAX) 1-800-432-0719 www.ktc.uky.edu [email protected] The University of Kentucky is an Equal Opportunity Organization