Josef Dudi1 1Sekolah Tinggi Pastoral (STIPAS) Palangkaraya E-Mail: 1Bernadetha [email protected]

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Josef Dudi1 1Sekolah Tinggi Pastoral (STIPAS) Palangkaraya E-Mail: 1Bernadetha Boli@Yahoo.Com Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Administrasi Negara Vol. 2 No. 2 FAKTOR PENDUKUNG DAN PENGHAMBAT PERKEMBANGAN AGAMA LOKAL KAHARINGAN PADA ETNIS DAYAK Supporting and Hampering Determinants of Local Religions “Kaharingan” on Dayak Ethnic Josef Dudi1 1Sekolah Tinggi Pastoral (STIPAS) Palangkaraya e-mail: [email protected] Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui faktor pendorong dan penghambat perkembangan agama lokal Kaharingan pada etnis Dayak di Provinsi Kalimantan Tengah-Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan grounded. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulan: Pertama, faktor pendukung keberadaan agama lokal Kaharingan, yaitu: 1) adanya realitas bahwa kepercayaan Kaharingan sangat kuat mempengaruhi karakter sosial dan pranata sosial peradaban orang Dayak Ngaju, 2) agama lokal Kaharingan menjadi pusat sentuh agama-agama lain, dan 3) adanya kademangan yang dipercayai sebagai lembaga sosial sekaligus lembaga religius. Kedua, setidaknya ada tiga faktor penghambat perkembangan agama lokal Kaharingan pada Etnis Dayak, yaitu 1) perubahan kultural, 2) intervensi pemerintah terhadap lembaga adat, dan 3) pudarnya mentalitas ”betang”. Kata Kunci: Agama lokal, Kaharingan, Dayak Ngaju Abstract This study aims to determine the driving and inhibiting determinants of the development of local religions Kaharingan on Dayak ethnic in the province of Central Kalimantan-Indonesia. This research employed a qualitative research method with a grounded approach. Based on the research result, it concludes: Firstly, the supporting factor of Kaharingan local religion existence are: 1) existence of reality that Kaharingan trust very strongly influencing social character and social order of civilization of Dayak Ngaju people, 2) Kaharingan local religion becomes the center of a touch of other faith, and 3) the existence of kademangan which is believed to be a social institution as well as a religious institution. Second, at least three factors are inhibiting the development of local religions Kaharingan on Dayak ethnic, namely 1) cultural change, 2) government intervention against customary institutions, and 3) fading mentality "betang". Keywords: Local Religion, Kaharingan, Dayak Ngaju A. PENDAHULUAN komunitas dapat eksis (Tubbs dan Moss, Pluralitas adalah suatu realitas sosial. 2000:61). Akan tetapi, pluralitas merupakan Pluralitas merupakan suatu kebenaran alamiah ancaman. Pluralitas lebih sering menyakitkan (O’Dea, 1996: 61). Pluralitas harus dihadirkan daripada menyenangkan (Juliawan, 2004). untuk menciptakan tertib sosial. Salah satu unsur keragaman yang paling Keanekaragaman agama sangat diperlukan agar peka dan sangat potensial memunculkan konflik 15 Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Administrasi Negara Vol. 2 No. 2 adalah agama. Filosof sosial telah banyak membahas Sei Gohong tidak mengalami persaingan dan bahwa pluralitas agama sering mempunyai efek konflik. Namun, mekanisme penyelesaian konflik negatif terhadap kesejahteraan masyarakat dan sudah tertata dalam ruang sosial yang unik dan individu. Isu-isu agama menjadi salah satu masalah istimewa. penyebab perang. Keyakinan agama sering Ada empat agama yang hidup menimbulkan sikap tidak toleran. Loyalitas agama berdampingan dan eksis di tengah perbedaan di Sei hanya menyatukan beberapa orang tertentu dan Gohong, yakni Agama lokal Kaharingan, Islam, memisahkan yang lainnya (O’Dea, 1996:139). Protestan, dan Katolik. Agama lokal Kaharingan Jonathan Wift dengan nada sinis mengatakan: “Kita dianut oleh masyarakat yang berasal dari satu etnik mempunyai agama hanya untuk membuat kita yakni etnik Dayak. Namun, agama lokal tersebut saling membenci, namun tidak cukup membuat kita sampai saat ini dirasakan sulit berkembang, karena untuk saling mencintai” (O’Dea, 1996:141). berbagai hal, seperti perkembangan agama islam, Sejumlah pakar pluralis agama berusaha kristen, dan katolik. menelaah secara mendalam substansi pluralitas Menurut Durkheim sebagaimana dikutip agama. Salah satu faktor dibutuhkan tesis oleh O’Dea, (1995:215) agama adalah suatu "sistem pluralisme agama adalah kode etik yang sama- kepercayaan dan praktik yang telah dipersatukan sama dimiliki oleh berbagai tradisi keagamaan. yang berkaitan dengan hal-hal yang kudus, Menurut Caputo (2003:134): “Agama-agama, dalam kepercayaan-kepercayaan dan praktik-praktik yang bentuk plural, bersifat unik, tetapi tanpa klaim bersatu menjadi suatu komunitas moral yang kepemilikan eksklusif atas kebenaran”. tunggal." Kerusuhan besar bernuansa agama yang di Agama dan masyarakat memiliki hubungan Indonesia terjadi sejak tahun 1998 adalah konflik yang erat. Hal itu mencerminkan bahwa agama Ambon, konflik Sambas, konflik Pontianak, kasus merupakan implikasi dari perkembangan Ketapang, kasus Kupang, kasus Mataram, kasus masyarakat. Agama adalah sebuah fakta sosial yang Sampit (Herts, 2003), dan konflik Poso. Konflik- harus diterangkan oleh fakta-fakta sosial lainnya. konflik tersebut telah menewaskan ribuan orang. Sifat kudus yang dimaksud Durkheim dalam Ribuan orang mengungsi dan ketakutan di kaitannya dengan pembahasan agama bukanlah kampung halamannya sendiri. dalam artian yang teologis, melainkan sosiologis. Ketika kerusuhan bermotif SARA (Suku Sifat kudus itu dapat diartikan bahwa sesuatu yang Agama, Ras, Antargolongan) di Indonesia "kudus" itu "dikelilingi oleh ketentuan-ketentuan berkecamuk, kebanyakan orang demikian sibuk tata cara keagamaan dan larangan-larangan yang mencari penyebab kerusuhan. Namun, orang lupa memaksakan pemisahan radikal dari yang bahwa ada sejumlah suku di pelosok Indonesia duniawi." Sifat kudus ini dibayangkan sebagai suatu yang hidup damai dalam perbedaan berabad-abad kesatuan yang berada di atas segala-galanya. lamanya. Mereka jarang sibuk mencari penyebab Durkheim menyambungkan lahirnya pengkudusan mengapa sejumlah suku yang plural itu hidup ini dengan perkembangan masyarakat. harmoni? Salah satu contoh dari pernyataan Selain sifat "kudus", suatu agama selalu terakhir itu adalah masyarakat di Desa Sei Gohong melibatkan ritual tertentu. Ada dua jenis praktik Kecamatan Bukit Batu (Kota Palangka Raya) ritual yang terjalin dengan sangat erat yaitu pertama, Provinsi Kalimantan Tengah. praktik ritual negatif yang berwujud dalam bentuk Sei Gohong adalah sebuah desa yang pantangan-pantangan atau larangan-larangan memperlihatkan karakter sosial yang tipikal oleh dalam suatu upacara keagamaan; kedua, praktik karena pluralitas agama yang hidup secara ritual positif yang berwujud dalam bentuk upacara- harmonis. Fenomena itu, tentu tidak berarti bahwa upacara keagamaan itu sendiri. 16 Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Administrasi Negara Vol. 2 No. 2 Hubungan antara agama dengan maka perlakukan mereka seperti itu”. Dalam masyarakat juga terlihat di dalam masalah ritual. sebuah hadits Nabi Muhammad menyatakan, Kesatuan masyarakat sangat tergantung kepada “Seseorang tidaklah disebut Mukmin sejati kecuali conscience collective, dan agama nampak memainkan jika menginginkan bagi saudaranya apa yang peran ini. Masyarakat menjadi "masyarakat yang diinginkan oleh dirinya”. beragama" karena para anggotanya taat kepada Kimball (2003:84) mengatakan, dalam setiap kepercayaan. Ritual, yang terwujud merupakan agama, klaim kebenaran merupakan fondasi yang orde moral yang ada. Di sini agama sebagai alat mendasari keseluruhan struktur agama. Namun, integrasi masyarakat, dan praktik ritual secara terus ketika interpretasi tertentu atas klaim tersebut menerus menekankan ketaatan manusia terhadap menjadi proposisi-proposisi yang menuntut agama. Dengan begitu, praktik ritual secara kebenaran tunggal dan diperlakukan sebagai bersama-sama turut serta di dalam memainkan doktrin kaku. Kecenderungan tersebut merupakan fungsi penguatan solidaritas. tanda-tanda awal kejahatan yang menyertainya. Agama merupakan bagian terpenting dari Menurut Tracy (1987), di antara agama-agama yang kebudayaan. O’Dea (1995:215) mengatakan, agama ada di dunia ini memang tidak ada yang memiliki adalah unsur sentral dalam kebudayaan. Ajaran esensi tunggal. Ada perbedaan penafsiran tentang konkrit yang terkandung di dalamnya bisa saja Tuhan itu sendiri: God, Emptiness, Suchness, the One, harmonis atau ada konflik dengan situasi yang ada Nature, the Many. Ada perbedaan pemahaman dalam masyarakat. mengenai apa yang diwahyukan oleh Tuhan tentang Menurut Northcott (2000:267), konstruksi Tuhan dan tentang diri kita dalam hubungan Spengalaman manusia terbentuk dari agama yang harmoni dan disharmoni dengan Tuhan. dianut. Agama adalah salah satu bentuk konstruksi Penelitian ini bermaksud menjawab sosial. Setiap agama pasti mempunyai manifesto pertanyaan, faktor-faktor apakah yang mendorong sosio-kultural. Menifesto sosio-kultural itu biasanya dan menghambat perkembangan agama lokal terjadi pada suatu lokasi tertentu yang menjadi Kaharingan pada etnis Dayak di Kalimantan pusat dari segala kegiatan agama (rumah Allah, Tengah? gereja, pura, masjid, dan sebagainya). Aslan (2004:164) membeberkan bahwa B. METODE PENELITIAN dalam berbagai agama, aturan itu ditegaskan Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di desa Sei sebagai suatu prinsip etika. Dalam kitab suci Hindu Gohong Kecamatan Bukit Batu Kota Palangka Raya Mahabharata dikatakan bahwa: “Seseorang tidak Propinsi Kalimantan Tengah, Indonesia. Teknik boleh melakukan sesuatu kepada orang lain yang pengumpulan data yaitu pengamatan partisipatif, dipandangnya melukai dirinya sendiri.” Dalam depth interview, dan dokumentasi. Keabsahan data kitab suci Jaina, Sutra Kritoga dikatakan bahwa: dilakukan dengan menggunakan
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