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Strategies,Strategies, TrendsTrends && TipsTips inin UniformUniform DomainDomain NameName DisputeDispute ResolutionResolution PolicyPolicy ((““UDRPUDRP””)) ProceedingsProceedings

Jonathan Goins & Amanda McCoy Kilpatrick Stockton LLP [email protected] [email protected]

1 101 Strategies, Trends & Tips In UDRP WhatWhat’’ss InIn AA Name?Name? Proceedings

Domain Name

ICANN WIPO

UDRP ACPA

gTLDs ccTLDs

Registrant Registrar

2 Cybersquatting 101 Strategies, Trends & Tips In UDRP UDRPUDRP isis …… Proceedings

“The“The UDRPUDRP isis anan administrativeadministrative alternativealternative disputedispute resolutionresolution policypolicy whichwhich createscreates aa procedureprocedure specificallyspecifically designeddesigned toto provideprovide aa fastfast andand cheapcheap meansmeans forfor resolvingresolving domaindomain namename disputes.disputes. OnOn average,average, itit takestakes nono moremore thanthan twotwo monthsmonths toto resolveresolve aa domaindomain namename disputedispute underunder thethe UDRP.”UDRP.”

---- AmericanAmerican Girl,Girl, LLCLLC v.v. Nameview,Nameview, Inc.Inc.,, 381381 F.F. Supp.Supp. 2d2d 876876 (E.D.(E.D. Wis.Wis. 2005)2005) (internal(internal citationscitations omitted).omitted).

3 Cybersquatting 101 Strategies, Trends & Tips In UDRP CybersquattingCybersquatting IsIs …… Proceedings

•• Registering,Registering, traffickingtrafficking in,in, oror usingusing aa domaindomain namename (a)(a) thatthat isis confusinglyconfusingly similarsimilar oror identicalidentical toto andand (b)(b) withwith badbad faithfaith intentintent toto profitprofit fromfrom thethe goodwillgoodwill of,of, aa trademarktrademark belongingbelonging toto someonesomeone else.else.

-- Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act, Section 43 of the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. §1125

4 Cybersquatting 101 Strategies, Trends & Tips In UDRP CybersquattingCybersquatting IsIs …… Proceedings

(i) the is identical or confusingly similar to a or service mark in which the complainant has rights;

(ii) the squatter has no rights or legitimate interests in respect of the domain name; and

(iii) the domain name has been registered and is being used in bad faith.

-- Paragraph 4, Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (“UDRP”) as adopted by the Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ("ICANN")

5 Cybersquatting 101 Strategies, Trends WhyWhy AreAre DomainDomain NamesNames // & Tips In UDRP Proceedings CybersquattingCybersquatting SoSo Overwhelming?Overwhelming?

6 Cybersquatting 101 Strategies, Trends & Tips In UDRP TheThe UniverseUniverse OfOf DomainDomain NamesNames Proceedings

• Over 1.5 billion Internet users

• Over 174 million registered domain names worldwide

7 Cybersquatting 101 Strategies, Trends Total Number of WIPO Domain Name & Tips In UDRP Proceedings Cases By Year

8 Cybersquatting 101 Strategies, Trends WIPO Complainant Country Filing & Tips In UDRP Proceedings (Top 15 Ranking 1999-2008)

Country Number of Cases Percentage of Cases

United States of America 6,452 43.81% France 1,575 10.69% United Kingdom 1,110 7.54% Germany 840 5.70% Switzerland 744 5.05% Spain 678 4.60% Italy 467 3.17% Canada 289 1.96% Australia 270 1.83% Netherlands 265 1.80% Sweden 212 1.44% Japan 174 1.18% India 143 0.97% Brazil 126 0.86% Denmark 124 0.84

9 Cybersquatting 101 Strategies, Trends WIPO Respondent Country Filing & Tips In UDRP Proceedings (Top 15 Ranking 1999-2008)

Country Number of Cases Percentage of Cases

United States of America 5,822 39.53% United Kingdom 1,243 8.44% China 735 4.99% Canada 701 4.76% Spain 677 4.60% Republic of Korea 596 4.05% France 466 3.16% Australia 356 2.42% Italy 222 1.51% Netherlands 219 1.49% India 216 1.47% Germany 213 1.45% Russian Federation 207 1.41% Switzerland 204 1.39% Bahamas 165 1.12%

10 Cybersquatting 101 Strategies, Trends & Tips In UDRP Which Industry Is Impacted The Most? Proceedings

11 Cybersquatting 101 Strategies, Trends WIPO Cases & Tips In UDRP Proceedings gTLDs v. ccTLDs (2008)

12 Cybersquatting 101 Strategies, Trends The Universe Of gTLDs, SLDs, & Tips In UDRP Proceedings ccTLDs, etc., etc., etc., etc., etc.

.aero the air transport industry .arpa reserved exclusively to support operationally-critical infrastructural identifier spaces as advised by the Internet Architecture Board .biz business use .cat Catalan .com commercial organizations .coop cooperatives .edu post-secondary educational establishments .gov government entities within the U.S. .info informational sites .int international organizations established by treaty .jobs employment-related sites .mil the U.S. military .mobi sites catering to mobile devices .museum museums .name families and individuals .net originally for network infrastructures .org originally for organizations .pro certain professions .tel telephone network services .travel travel agents, airlines, hoteliers, tourism bureaus, etc. .asia companies. organizations and individuals in the Asia-Pacific region .uk United Kingdom .be Belgium .in India 13 Cybersquatting 101 Strategies, Trends The Universe Of gTLDs, SLDs, & Tips In UDRP Proceedings ccTLDs, etc., etc., etc., etc., etc.

AdditionalAdditional gTLDsgTLDs AreAre AroundAround TheThe CornerCorner

14 Cybersquatting 101 Strategies, Trends Sophistication Of Cybersquatters & Tips In UDRP Proceedings Cyber-Terminology

• Cybersquatting • • • • Name Jacking • Renewal Snatching / Alert Angling / Extension Exaggeration • Cyberflying • Serial Cybersquatter

15 Cybersquatting 101 Portal Websites Or Click-Through Strategies, Trends & Tips In UDRP Proceedings Advertising / Presumption Of Bad Faith

• “A website owner is paid click-through advertising revenues from having visitors to a web site subsequently click on a link or banner advertisement which leads the visitor to a second web site . . . . This sort of arrangement illustrates a reason why a website owner might want a well known mark included in its domain name.” Nintendo of Am., Inc. v. Pokemonplanet.net et al., Case No. D2001-1020, at n.2 (WIPO Sept. 25, 2001) (transferring name, and characterizing the respondent’s use of the Complainant’s POKEMON mark as “another improper use of the Complainant’s mark for commercial purposes”);

• Bang & Olufsen v. Unasi Inc., Case No. D2005-0728, at § C (WIPO Sept. 7, 2005) (finding bad faith as, inter alia, Respondent was using the disputed domain name as a “web portal with links to different products … competing with those of Complainant’s” knowing “that Internet users recognize Complainant’s [] mark as identifying Complainant’s business”);

• Microsoft Corp. v. Gioacchino Zerbo, Case No. D2005-0644, at § C (WIPO Aug. 9, 2005) (“It may be inferred that the Respondent did register the domain name in dispute on purpose, to disrupt the Complainant’s business, as it used the domain name [in dispute] with sponsored links to competitors.”

16 Cybersquatting 101 Strategies, Trends SoSo HowHow DoDo YouYou FindFind AA & Tips In UDRP Proceedings Cybersquatter?Cybersquatter? WHOIS Search Reverse WHOIS Search

17 Cybersquatting 101 Strategies, Trends GoGo ToTo TheThe RegistrarRegistrar’’ss WHOISWHOIS & Tips In UDRP Proceedings SearchSearch DatabaseDatabase

• www.networksolutions.com • www.godaddy.com • www.moniker.com • Full list of ICANN-approved Registrars are publicly available at www..org/en/registrars/accredited-list.html

18 Cybersquatting 101 Strategies, Trends ContactingContacting RegistrarRegistrar & Tips In UDRP Proceedings oror MaybeMaybe TheThe RegistrantRegistrant

-- Sometimes the Registrant is anonymous or private; -- Send Cease / Desist Letter? ¾ Transfer Agreement w/o $$$ ¾ Transfer Agreement w/ $$$ ¾ Cyberflying Games Begin ¾ Ignore You ¾ Jurisdiction

19 Cybersquatting 101 How Do You Know Which Ones Strategies, Trends How Do You Know Which Ones & Tips In UDRP Proceedings To Go After?

• Likelihood of Confusion Test (similarities or source affiliation) • Dilution Test (blurring or tarnishment) • Advertising Traffic To Your Advantage? • DMCA Claim?

20 Cybersquatting 101 Strategies, Trends & Tips In UDRP WhyWhy NotNot SueSue TheThe Registrar?Registrar? Proceedings

-- In Rem Domain Name Action Under ACPA -- Recent Trend, Although Success Rate Is Not High -- Disfavored by ICANN (Sort Of)

21 Cybersquatting 101 Strategies, Trends & Tips In UDRP JurisdictionJurisdiction InIn SuingSuing RegistrantRegistrant Proceedings

•• ((www.kevinspacey.comwww.kevinspacey.com))

•• LostLost inin federalfederal districtdistrict courtcourt Spacey v. Burgar, 207 F. Supp. 2d 1037 2001 WL 1869857 (C.D. Cal. 2001)

•• WonWon InIn UDRPUDRP ProceedingProceeding Kevin Spacey v. Alberta Hot Rods D2000-1532,1532 Claim No. FA0205000114437 Nat’l Arbitration Forum (Aug. 1, 2002)

22 Cybersquatting 101 Strategies, Trends & Tips In UDRP ACPA vs. UDRP Proceedings ACPA vs. UDRP

•• Imposes Imposes liabilityliability uponupon •• Requires Requires thatthat meremere registrationregistration inin badbad respondentrespondent useuse thethe faith.faith. domaindomain name.name. •• Damages Damages maymay includeinclude •• Remedy Remedy limitedlimited toto actualactual oror statutorystatutory cancellationcancellation oror transfertransfer damages.damages. ofof thethe domaindomain name.name. •• Discovery. Discovery. •• One One pleading.pleading. •• Potentially Potentially highhigh costs.costs. •• Relatively Relatively inexpensive.inexpensive. •• Months/years. Months/years. •• 90 90 days.days. •• Potential Potential forfor appealappeal toto federalfederal court.court.

23 Cybersquatting 101 Strategies, Trends & Tips In UDRP OtherOther ConsiderationsConsiderations Proceedings

•• WIPO WIPO vs.vs. NAFNAF vs.vs. otherother forumforum •• Single Single personperson panelpanel vs.vs. 3-person3-person panelpanel •• Submitting Submitting toto jurisdictionjurisdiction inin …… •• Filing Filing requirementsrequirements (eUDRP(eUDRP initiative)initiative) •• Supplemental Supplemental filingsfilings

24 Cybersquatting 101 Strategies, Trends 4 Current ICANN-Approved & Tips In UDRP Proceedings UDRP Service Providers

• World Intellectual Property Organization ("WIPO")

• The National Arbitration Forum ("NAF")

• Asian Domain Name Dispute Resolution Centre ("ADNDRC")

• The Czech Arbitration Court ("CAC")

25 Cybersquatting 101 Strategies, Trends & Tips In UDRP CommonCommon UDRPUDRP IssuesIssues Proceedings

1.1. Non-commercial Non-commercial // FairFair UseUse –– Complaint Complaint forumsforums 2.2. Bad Bad FaithFaith IntentIntent toto ProfitProfit –– Cost-per-click Cost-per-click linkinglinking portalsportals –– “This “This domaindomain forfor sale”sale” –– Pornography Pornography 3.3. The The GrayGray ZoneZone ––Resell Resellersers –– “Tribute” “Tribute” pagespages –– Acronyms Acronyms –– Disclaimers Disclaimers

26 Cybersquatting 101 Strategies, Trends One End Of The Spectrum: & Tips In UDRP Proceedings Complaint Forum

27 Cybersquatting 101 Strategies, Trends One End Of The Spectrum: & Tips In UDRP Proceedings Complaint Forum

UDRPUDRP ElementsElements •• Identical Identical oror confusinglyconfusingly similarsimilar 55

•• No No rightsrights oror legitimatelegitimate interestsinterests 77

•• Registered Registered andand usedused inin badbad faithfaith 77

28 Cybersquatting 101 Strategies, Trends The Other End Of The Spectrum: & Tips In UDRP Proceedings Pay-Per Click Linking Portal

29 Cybersquatting 101 Strategies, Trends The Other End Of The Spectrum: & Tips In UDRP Proceedings Pay-Per Click Linking Portal

UDRPUDRP ElementsElements •• Identical Identical oror confusinglyconfusingly similarsimilar 55

•• No No rightsrights oror legitimatelegitimate interestsinterests 55

•• Registered Registered andand usedused inin badbad faithfaith 55

30 Cybersquatting 101 Strategies, Trends & Tips In UDRP TheThe GrayGray ZoneZone Proceedings

31 Cybersquatting 101 Strategies, Trends & Tips In UDRP TheThe GrayGray ZoneZone Proceedings

UDRPUDRP ElementsElements •• Identical Identical oror confusinglyconfusingly similarsimilar ??

•• No No rightsrights oror legitimatelegitimate interestsinterests ??

•• Registered Registered andand usedused inin badbad faithfaith ??

32 Cybersquatting 101 Strategies, Trends & Tips In UDRP ResellersResellers Proceedings

•• Majority Majority View:View: –– “A “A resellerreseller cancan bebe makingmaking aa bonabona fidefide offeringoffering ofof goodsgoods andand servicesservices andand thusthus havehave aa legitimatelegitimate interestinterest inin thethe domaindomain namename ifif thethe useuse fitsfits certaincertain requirements.requirements. TheseThese requirementsrequirements includeinclude thethe acactualtual offeringoffering ofof goodsgoods andand servicesservices atat issue,issue, thethe useuse ofof thethe sitesite toto sellsell onlyonly thethe trademarkedtrademarked goodsgoods andand thethe sitesite accuratelyaccurately disclosingdisclosing thethe registrant’sregistrant’s relationshiprelationship withwith thethe trademarktrademark owner.owner. TheThe respondentrespondent mustmust alsoalso notnot trytry toto cornercorner thethe marketmarket inin domaindomain namesnames thatthat reflectreflect thethe trademark.”trademark.” (WIPO (WIPO PanelPanel Views)Views) •• Minority Minority view:view: –– “Without “Without thethe expressexpress permissipermissionon ofof thethe trademarktrademark holderholder thethe rightright toto resellresell thethe trademarktrademark holder’sholder’s productsproducts doesdoes notnot createcreate aa rightright toto useuse thethe trademtrademarkark asas thethe basisbasis forfor aa domaindomain name.”name.” (WIPO(WIPO PanelPanel Views)Views)

33 Cybersquatting 101 Strategies, Trends & Tips In UDRP ““TributeTribute”” SitesSites Proceedings

•• View View 11 –– An An activeactive andand clearlyclearly non-commercialnon-commercial fanfan sitesite maymay havehave rightsrights andand legitimatelegitimate interestsinterests inin thethe domaindomain namename thatthat includesincludes thethe complainant’scomplainant’s trademark.trademark. TheThe sitesite shouldshould bebe non-commercialnon-commercial andand clearlyclearly distinctdistinctiveive fromfrom anyany officialofficial site.site. (WIPO(WIPO PanelPanel Views)Views) •• View View 2:2: –– Respondent Respondent doesdoes notnot havehave rightsrights toto expressexpress itsits view,view, eveneven ifif positive,positive, onon anan individualindividual oror entityentity byby usingusing aa confusinglyconfusingly similarsimilar domaindomain name,name, asas thethe rerespondentspondent isis misrepresentingmisrepresenting itselfitself asas beingbeing thatthat individualindividual oror entity.entity. InIn particular,particular, wherewhere thethe domaindomain namename isis identicalidentical toto thethe trademark,trademark, thethe respondent,respondent, inin itsits actions,actions, prpreventsevents thethe trademarktrademark holderholder fromfrom exercisingexercising thethe rightsrights toto itsits markmark andand managingmanaging itsits presencepresence onon thethe Internet.Internet. (WIPO)(WIPO) PanelPanel Views)Views)

34 Cybersquatting 101 Strategies, Trends & Tips In UDRP DisclaimersDisclaimers Proceedings

•• ConsensusConsensus view:view: TheThe existenceexistence ofof aa disclaimerdisclaimer cannotcannot curecure badbad faith,faith, whenwhen badbad faithfaith hashas beenbeen establishedestablished byby otherother factors.factors. AA disclaimerdisclaimer cancan alsoalso showshow thatthat thethe respondentrespondent hadhad priorprior knowledgeknowledge ofof thethe complainant’scomplainant’s trademark.trademark. HoweverHowever aa disclaimerdisclaimer isis sometimessometimes foundfound toto supportsupport otherother factorsfactors indicatingindicating goodgood faithfaith oror legitimatelegitimate interest.interest. (WIPO(WIPO PanelPanel Views)Views)

35 Cybersquatting 101 Strategies, Trends & Tips In UDRP SomeSome TheoriesTheories toto ConsiderConsider Proceedings

•• Opportunistic Opportunistic BadBad FaithFaith –– VeuveVeuve CliquotCliquot Ponsardin,Ponsardin, MaisonMaison FondeeFondee enen 17721772 v.v. TheThe PolygenixPolygenix GroupGroup CoCo.,., WIPOWIPO CaseCase D2000-D2000- 01630163 (bad(bad faithfaith isis foundfound wherewhere aa domaindomain namename “is“is soso obviouslyobviously connectedconnected withwith suchsuch aa well-knownwell-known productproduct thatthat itsits veryvery useuse byby someonesomeone withwith nono connectionconnection withwith thethe productproduct suggestssuggests opportunisticopportunistic badbad faith”).faith”). –– PepsiCo,PepsiCo, Inc.Inc. v.v. ZhavoronkovZhavoronkov,, WIPOWIPO CaseCase No.No. D2002-0562D2002-0562 (“blatant(“blatant appropriationappropriation ofof aa universallyuniversally recognizedrecognized trademarktrademark isis ofof itselfitself sufficientsufficient toto constituteconstitute badbad faith”).faith”).

36 Cybersquatting 101 Strategies, Trends & Tips In UDRP SomeSome TheoriesTheories toto ConsiderConsider Proceedings

•• Pattern Pattern ofof ConductConduct –– Amazon.com,Amazon.com, Inc.Inc. v.v. MicheleMichele DinoiaDinoia c/oc/o Szk.comSzk.com,, NAFNAF CaseCase No.No. 536549536549 (“The(“The factfact thatthat RespondentRespondent [has[has a]a] longlong historyhistory ofof abusiveabusive cybersquattingcybersquatting cancan leaveleave nono doubtdoubt asas toto whetherwhether hishis behaviorbehavior inin thisthis instanceinstance waswas thethe productproduct ofof inadvertence.”)inadvertence.”)

37 Cybersquatting 101 Strategies, Trends & Tips In UDRP SomeSome TheoriesTheories toto ConsiderConsider Proceedings

•• Use Use ofof PrivacyPrivacy ServicesServices –– FifthFifth ThirdThird BancorpBancorp v.v. SecureSecure WhoisWhois InformationInformation ServiceService,, WIPOWIPO CaseCase No.No. D2006-0696D2006-0696 (“The(“The useuse ofof aa proxyproxy registrationregistration serviceservice toto avoidavoid disclosingdisclosing thethe namename andand coordinatescoordinates ofof thethe realreal partyparty inin interestinterest isis alsoalso consistentconsistent withwith anan inferenceinference ofof badbad faithfaith inin registeringregistering andand usingusing thethe DomainDomain Name,Name, givengiven thethe otherother evidenceevidence inin thisthis casecase ofof evasiveevasive andand irresponsibleirresponsible conduct.”)conduct.”)

38 Cybersquatting 101 Strategies, Trends & Tips In UDRP AddAdd toto Favorites!Favorites! Proceedings

•• http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/domains http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/domains

39 Cybersquatting 101 Strategies, Trends & Tips In UDRP EnterEnter withwith CautionCaution Proceedings

•• Risks: Risks: –– ReverseReverse domaindomain namename hijackinghijacking –– AppealAppeal ––Cost Costss –– PressPress // publicpublic relationsrelations

40 Cybersquatting 101 Strategies, Trends & Tips In UDRP PreventivePreventive MeasuresMeasures Proceedings

•• Watch Watch NoticeNotice // PolicingPolicing

•• Domain Domain NameName TyposquattingTyposquatting SearchSearch

•• Register Register TM,TM, RegisterRegister DomainDomain NameName

•• Funnel Funnel WhichWhich OnesOnes ToTo EnforceEnforce

41 Cybersquatting 101 Strategies, Trends & Tips In UDRP PolicyPolicy GroupGroup InitiativesInitiatives Proceedings

ToTo BeBe ContinuedContinued

42 Cybersquatting 101 Strategies, Trends & Tips In UDRP THANKTHANK YOU!YOU! Proceedings

TheThe EndEnd www.cybersquatting101.comwww.cybersquatting101.com (At(At LeastLeast ForFor Today)Today)

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