PREDATOR: Proactive Recognition and Elimination of Domain Abuse at Time-Of-Registration
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Click Trajectories: End-To-End Analysis of the Spam Value Chain
Click Trajectories: End-to-End Analysis of the Spam Value Chain ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ z y Kirill Levchenko Andreas Pitsillidis Neha Chachra Brandon Enright Mark´ Felegyh´ azi´ Chris Grier ∗ ∗ † ∗ ∗ Tristan Halvorson Chris Kanich Christian Kreibich He Liu Damon McCoy † † ∗ ∗ Nicholas Weaver Vern Paxson Geoffrey M. Voelker Stefan Savage ∗ y Department of Computer Science and Engineering Computer Science Division University of California, San Diego University of California, Berkeley z International Computer Science Institute Laboratory of Cryptography and System Security (CrySyS) Berkeley, CA Budapest University of Technology and Economics Abstract—Spam-based advertising is a business. While it it is these very relationships that capture the structural has engendered both widespread antipathy and a multi-billion dependencies—and hence the potential weaknesses—within dollar anti-spam industry, it continues to exist because it fuels a the spam ecosystem’s business processes. Indeed, each profitable enterprise. We lack, however, a solid understanding of this enterprise’s full structure, and thus most anti-spam distinct path through this chain—registrar, name server, interventions focus on only one facet of the overall spam value hosting, affiliate program, payment processing, fulfillment— chain (e.g., spam filtering, URL blacklisting, site takedown). directly reflects an “entrepreneurial activity” by which the In this paper we present a holistic analysis that quantifies perpetrators muster capital investments and business rela- the full set of resources employed to monetize spam email— tionships to create value. Today we lack insight into even including naming, hosting, payment and fulfillment—using extensive measurements of three months of diverse spam data, the most basic characteristics of this activity. How many broad crawling of naming and hosting infrastructures, and organizations are complicit in the spam ecosystem? Which over 100 purchases from spam-advertised sites. -
Passive Monitoring of DNS Anomalies Bojan Zdrnja1, Nevil Brownlee1, and Duane Wessels2
Passive Monitoring of DNS Anomalies Bojan Zdrnja1, Nevil Brownlee1, and Duane Wessels2 1 University of Auckland, New Zealand, b.zdrnja,nevil @auckland.ac.nz { } 2 The Measurement Factory, Inc., [email protected] Abstract. We collected DNS responses at the University of Auckland Internet gateway in an SQL database, and analyzed them to detect un- usual behaviour. Our DNS response data have included typo squatter domains, fast flux domains and domains being (ab)used by spammers. We observe that current attempts to reduce spam have greatly increased the number of A records being resolved. We also observe that the data locality of DNS requests diminishes because of domains advertised in spam. 1 Introduction The Domain Name System (DNS) service is critical for the normal functioning of almost all Internet services. Although the Internet Protocol (IP) does not need DNS for operation, users need to distinguish machines by their names so the DNS protocol is needed to resolve names to IP addresses (and vice versa). The main requirements on the DNS are scalability and availability. The DNS name space is divided into multiple zones, which are a “variable depth tree” [1]. This way, a particular DNS server is authoritative only for its (own) zone, and each organization is given a specific zone in the DNS hierarchy. A complete domain name for a node is called a Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN). An FQDN defines a complete path for a domain name starting on the leaf (the host name) all the way to the root of the tree. Each node in the tree has its label that defines the zone. -
Monthly Cybersecurity Newsletter April 2018 Issue
Monthly Cybersecurity Newsletter April 2018 Issue Enterprise Security and Risk Management Office (ESRMO) From the Desk of the State Chief Risk Officer – Maria Thompson Be Careful What You Type You should be careful when typing a web address into your browser. It is very easy to enter a similar but incorrect domain name and end up somewhere you do not want to be. Unscrupulous individuals use domain names similar to more popular ones on the Internet in order to entice individuals who mistakenly type the wrong web address. This practice of using similar domain names and relying on individuals to type the wrong address is called typosquatting. A typosquatter’s URL will usually be one of several kinds: a common misspelling of the known name (e.g. exemple.com), a differently phrased name (e.g. examples.com), a different top-level domain name (e.g. example.org), or an abuse of a country code (example.cm). In fact, a report published in December 2009 by McAfee found that .cm was the riskiest domain in the world, with 36.7% of the sites posing a security risk to users. Once on a typosquatter’s site, the user may be tricked into thinking he or she is on the intended site, through the use of similar logos, website layouts or content. Visiting such a site, however, may result in malicious software (malware) to be downloaded and installed on the end user’s machine, or it may entice the end user to disclose private information. Most typosquatters are probably just aiming to make money by taking advantage of your errors. -
Sidekick Suspicious Domain Classification in the .Nl Zone
Master Thesis as part of the major in Security & Privacy at the EIT Digital Master School SIDekICk SuspIcious DomaIn Classification in the .nl Zone delivered by Moritz C. M¨uller [email protected] at the University of Twente 2015-07-31 Supervisors: Andreas Peter (University of Twente) Maarten Wullink (SIDN) Abstract The Domain Name System (DNS) plays a central role in the Internet. It allows the translation of human-readable domain names to (alpha-) numeric IP addresses in a fast and reliable manner. However, domain names not only allow Internet users to access benign services on the Internet but are used by hackers and other criminals as well, for example to host phishing campaigns, to distribute malware, and to coordinate botnets. Registry operators, which are managing top-level domains (TLD) like .com, .net or .nl, disapprove theses kinds of usage of their domain names because they could harm the reputation of their zone and would consequen- tially lead to loss of income and an insecure Internet as a whole. Up to today, only little research has been conducted with the intention to fight malicious domains from the view of a TLD registry. This master thesis focuses on the detection of malicious domain names for the .nl country code TLD. Therefore, we analyse the characteristics of known malicious .nl domains which have been used for phishing and by botnets. We confirm findings from previous research in .com and .net and evaluate novel characteristics including query patterns for domains in quar- antine and recursive resolver relations. Based on this analysis, we have developed a prototype of a detection system called SIDekICk. -
Draft 7-17-11 an EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS of FAIR USE
Draft 7-17-11 AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF FAIR USE DECISIONS UNDER THE UNIFORM DOMAIN-NAME DISPUTE-RESOLUTION POLICY David A. Simon INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................ 1 I. THE UDRP AND ITS PROBLEMS ............................................................................................................... 7 II. METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................................................................... 12 A. Sample Selection: Method of Selection .......................................................................................... 13 B. Types of Cases Selected for Sample............................................................................................... 14 III. FINDINGS ................................................................................................................................................ 17 A. U.S. Respondents Win Twice as Many Fair Use Cases as Other Respondents ............................. 17 B. U.S. Law Dominates UDRP Decisions .......................................................................................... 21 C. U.S. Panels Decide Mostly Cases Involving U.S. Respondents ..................................................... 23 IV. IMPLICATIONS ........................................................................................................................................ 25 A. Explaining U.S. Favoritism -
Proactive Cyberfraud Detection Through Infrastructure Analysis
PROACTIVE CYBERFRAUD DETECTION THROUGH INFRASTRUCTURE ANALYSIS Andrew J. Kalafut Submitted to the faculty of the Graduate School in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Computer Science Indiana University July 2010 Accepted by the Graduate Faculty, Indiana University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Doctoral Minaxi Gupta, Ph.D. Committee (Principal Advisor) Steven Myers, Ph.D. Randall Bramley, Ph.D. July 19, 2010 Raquel Hill, Ph.D. ii Copyright c 2010 Andrew J. Kalafut ALL RIGHTS RESERVED iii To my family iv Acknowledgements I would first like to thank my advisor, Minaxi Gupta. Minaxi’s feedback on my research and writing have invariably resulted in improvements. Minaxi has always been supportive, encouraged me to do the best I possibly could, and has provided me many valuable opportunities to gain experience in areas of academic life beyond simply doing research. I would also like to thank the rest of my committee members, Raquel Hill, Steve Myers, and Randall Bramley, for their comments and advice on my research and writing, especially during my dissertation proposal. Much of the work in this dissertation could not have been done without the help of Rob Henderson and the rest of the systems staff. Rob has provided valuable data, and assisted in several other ways which have ensured my experiments have run as smoothly as possible. Several members of the departmental staff have been very helpful in many ways. Specifically, I would like to thank Debbie Canada, Sherry Kay, Ann Oxby, and Lucy Battersby. -
D-FENS: DNS Filtering & Extraction Network System for Malicious Domain Names
University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2018 D-FENS: DNS Filtering & Extraction Network System for Malicious Domain Names Jeffrey Spaulding University of Central Florida Part of the Computer Sciences Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Doctoral Dissertation (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Spaulding, Jeffrey, "D-FENS: DNS Filtering & Extraction Network System for Malicious Domain Names" (2018). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 6378. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/6378 D-FENS: DNS FILTERING & EXTRACTION NETWORK SYSTEM FOR MALICIOUS DOMAIN NAMES by JEFFREY SPAULDING B.S. Clarkson University, 2003 M.S. SUNY Polytechnic Institute, 2013 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Computer Science in the College of Engineering and Computer Science at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Summer Term 2018 Major Professor: Aziz Mohaisen c 2018 Jeffrey Spaulding ii ABSTRACT While the DNS (Domain Name System) has become a cornerstone for the operation of the Internet, it has also fostered creative cases of maliciousness, including phishing, typosquatting, and botnet communication among others. To address this problem, this dissertation focuses on identifying and mitigating such malicious domain names through prior knowledge and machine learning. In the first part of this dissertation, we explore a method of registering domain names with deliberate typographical mistakes (i.e., typosquatting) to masquerade as popular and well-established domain names. -
Fast-Flux Botnet Detection Based on Traffic Response and Search Engines Credit Worthiness
ISSN 1330-3651 (Print), ISSN 1848-6339 (Online) https://doi.org/10.17559/TV-20161012115204 Original scientific paper Fast-Flux Botnet Detection Based on Traffic Response and Search Engines Credit Worthiness Davor CAFUTA, Vlado SRUK, Ivica DODIG Abstract: Botnets are considered as the primary threats on the Internet and there have been many research efforts to detect and mitigate them. Today, Botnet uses a DNS technique fast-flux to hide malware sites behind a constantly changing network of compromised hosts. This technique is similar to trustworthy Round Robin DNS technique and Content Delivery Network (CDN). In order to distinguish the normal network traffic from Botnets different techniques are developed with more or less success. The aim of this paper is to improve Botnet detection using an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) or router. A novel classification method for online Botnet detection based on DNS traffic features that distinguish Botnet from CDN based traffic is presented. Botnet features are classified according to the possibility of usage and implementation in an embedded system. Traffic response is analysed as a strong candidate for online detection. Its disadvantage lies in specific areas where CDN acts as a Botnet. A new feature based on search engine hits is proposed to improve the false positive detection. The experimental evaluations show that proposed classification could significantly improve Botnet detection. A procedure is suggested to implement such a system as a part of IDS. Keywords: Botnet; fast-flux; IDS 1 INTRODUCTION locations DoS attack against the web site becomes very difficult as it must be effective on every server in the field The Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical [7, 8]. -
Outcomes Report of the GNSO Ad Hoc Group on Domain Tasting
GNSO Outcomes Report on Domain Tasting Doc. No.: Date: 2007/02/04 4 October, 2007 OUTCOMES REPORT OF THE GNSO AD HOC GROUP ON DOMAIN NAME TASTING 4 October 2007 Group Chair: Mike Rodenbaugh ICANN Staff: Olof Nordling, Patrick Jones STATUS OF THIS DOCUMENT This is the final version of the Outcomes Report from the GNSO ad hoc group on Domain Name Tasting, submitted to the GNSO Council on 4 October, 2007. GNSO Outcomes Report on Domain Tasting v1.6 Authors: Mike Rodenbaugh, [email protected] , Olof Nordling, [email protected] , Patrick Jones, [email protected], Page 1 of 144 GNSO Outcomes Report on Domain Tasting Doc. No.: Date: 2007/02/04 4 October, 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 2 OBJECTIVE 5 3 BACKGROUND 7 4 OUTCOMES 10 5 NEXT STEPS 32 ANNEX 1 - SUBSCRIBERS TO THE DT LIST 33 ANNEX 2 - RFI RESPONSES 34 ANNEX 3 - EXPERIENCES FROM CCTLDS 97 ANNEX 4 - COMMENTS FROM UDRP PROVIDERS 104 ANNEX 5 – IPC CONSTITUENCY SUPPLEMENTAL RFI116 ANNEX 6 – REQUEST TO VERISIGN 144 GNSO Outcomes Report on Domain Tasting v1.6 Authors: Mike Rodenbaugh, [email protected] , Olof Nordling, [email protected] , Patrick Jones, [email protected], Page 2 of 144 GNSO Outcomes Report on Domain Tasting Doc. No.: Date: 2007/02/04 4 October, 2007 1 Executive summary 1.1 Background Following a request from the At-Large Advisory Committee in spring 2007, the GNSO Council called for an Issues Report on Domain Tasting from ICANN Staff in May 2007. This Issues Report, available at http://gnso.icann.org/issues/domain- tasting/gnso-domain-tasting-report-14jun07.pdf was discussed at the ICANN San Juan meeting, where the GNSO Council on 27 June 2007 (minutes at http://gnso.icann.org/meetings/minutes-gnso-27jun07.shtml) resolved to establish an ad hoc group for further fact-finding on the practice of domain tasting. -
Brief of Internet Commerce Association
No. 19-46 IN THE Supreme Court of the United States U.S. PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE, ET AL., Petitioners, v. BOOKING.COM B.V., Respondent. ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT BRIEF OF THE INTERNET COMMERCE ASSOCIATION AS AMICUS CURIAE IN SUPPORT OF RESPONDENT Megan L. Brown Counsel of Record David E. Weslow Ari S. Meltzer Jeremy J. Broggi WILEY REIN LLP 1776 K Street NW Washington, DC 20006 (202) 719-7000 [email protected] February 19, 2020 Counsel for Amicus Curiae - i - TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TABLE OF CITED AUTHORITIES .......................... ii INTEREST OF AMICUS CURIAE ............................1 SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT .....................................3 ARGUMENT ...............................................................7 I. The Government Seeks A Bright-Line Rule That Would Devalue Registered Domain Names As A Class Of Intellectual Property Assets. ...............................................................7 II. The Government’s Rule Would Discourage Investment In The Internet Economy By Precluding Trademark Protection For New Types of Domain Names. ............................... 13 III. The Government’s Rule Would Eliminate A Critical Consumer Protection And Anti-Fraud Tool, Opening The Door To More Domain Name Abuse. ................................................... 15 A. Cybercriminals Abuse Domain Names Through Typosquatting And Domain Name Hijacking To Perpetrate Fraud And Proliferate Malware. .................... 16 B. Companies Rely On Trademark Protection To Combat Domain Name Abuse. ................................................... 20 C. Non-Trademark Remedies Do Not Provide A Sufficient Means For Combatting Domain Name Abuse. ..... 26 CONCLUSION .......................................................... 28 - ii - TABLE OF CITED AUTHORITIES Page(s) Cases Central Source LLC v. annaulcreditreports.com, No. 20-CV-84 (E.D. Va.) ....................................... 23 Central Source LLC v. aabbualcreditreport.com, No. 14-CV-918 (E.D. -
The Secondary Market for Domain Names”, OECD Digital Economy Papers, No
Please cite this paper as: OECD (2006-04-12), “The Secondary Market for Domain Names”, OECD Digital Economy Papers, No. 111, OECD Publishing, Paris. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/231550251200 OECD Digital Economy Papers No. 111 The Secondary Market for Domain Names OECD Unclassified DSTI/ICCP/TISP(2005)9/FINAL Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Economiques Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 12-Apr-2006 ___________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________ English - Or. English DIRECTORATE FOR SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INDUSTRY COMMITTEE FOR INFORMATION, COMPUTER AND COMMUNICATIONS POLICY Unclassified DSTI/ICCP/TISP(2005)9/FINAL Working Party on Telecommunication and Information Services Policies THE SECONDARY MARKET FOR DOMAIN NAMES English - Or. English JT03207431 Document complet disponible sur OLIS dans son format d'origine Complete document available on OLIS in its original format DSTI/ICCP(2005)9/FINAL FOREWORD This report was presented to the Working Party on Telecommunications and Information Services Policies (TISP) in December 2005 and was declassified by the Committee for Information, Computer and Communications Policies (ICCP) in March 2006. This report was prepared by Ms. Karine Perset, with the participation of Mr. Dimitri Ypsilanti, both of the OECD's Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry. This report is published on the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. 2 DSTI/ICCP(2005)9/FINAL © OECD/OCDE 2006 3 DSTI/ICCP(2005)9/FINAL -
How to Efficiently Protect a Domain Name?
Comparative Law Review 22 2016 Nicolaus Copernicus University http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/CLR.2016.010 Monika Gaczkowska HOW TO EFFICIENTLY PROTECT A DOMAIN NAME? Abstract Cybercrime rates are increasing in Poland and throughout the world. There are many types of offences concerning internet domains, among others, cybersquatting, typosquatting, cyber smearing, and cyberwildcatting. The following article is a comparative study of the settlement of disputes concerning internet domain names taking as an example the Domain Name Court of Arbitration at the Polish Chamber of Information Technology and Telecommunications (PIIT) and the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Arbitration and Mediation Center. Between the two processes of recovery of the domains there are many similarities. During the study legislation was sought in the Polish legal system, which is related to internet domains. In Poland, there is no particular legal regulation regarding internet domain names. One may search for protective measures in the Act on Combating Unfair Competition [o zwalczaniu nieuczciwej konkurencji], Industrial Property Law [Prawo własności przemysłowej], and the Civil Code [Kodeks cywilny]. This article commends the settlement of disputes through arbitration and describes them in detail. Keywords cybersquatting – typosquatting – cyber smearing – cyberwildcatting – disputes – internet domains * Monika Gaczkowska graduated from the Warsaw University’s Faculty of Law and Administration. She was an Erasmus student at the Faculty of Law and the International Business Programme of the University of Alicante. She is currently, a PhD student in the field of IP law at Koźmiński University in Warsaw. She participated in postgraduate studies in IT law. She works in one of the leading law firms in Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe (CEE/SEE).