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Home , Afrotis, Ardeotis, BirdLife South Africa, Calendulauda, Cape crow, Certhilauda

Birds of the and Conservation

Contents

Acknowledgements ii

Introduction 1

Aims of this booklet 1

About BirdLife South 1

The Karoo – and 2

Birds of the Karoo 4

Bird tourism opportunities 7

Species descriptions and ecology 8

Large terrestrial birds and raptors 8

Other raptors/birds of prey 10

Other large birds 14

Waterbirds 15

Other waterbirds 16

Larks 18

Other 23

Managing impacts on livestock 33

Habitat management 34

Conclusion 51

References and further reading 52

Cover image: Malachite

i Acknowledgements

This work is based on the research carried out during the BirdLife Karoo Birds Research and Conservation Project, conducted from 2017-2019, made possible thanks to a donation to BirdLife South Africa from Mrs Gaynor Rupert. In addition, the project partnered with the SANBI Karoo BioGaps Project, supported by the National Research Foundation of South Africa (Grant Number: 98864), awarded through the Foundational Biodiversity Information Programme (FBIP), a joint initia- tive of the Department of Science of Technology (DST), the National Research Foundation (NRF) and the South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI).

AL wishes to thank Richard Dean for his time, insights and comments. Domitilla Raimondo of SANBI is thanked for the invitation to become part of the SANBI Karoo BioGaps project. Gigi Laidler and Carol Poole are thanked for all their groundwork. Campbell Fleming is thanked for assistance during surveys during 2017, and Eric Herrmann for hard work in the field in 2018. Thanks to Adrian Craig and Salome Willemse for assistance with atlassing efforts. Thanks to Joseph Steyn, Mark Anderson and Kerry Purnell for comments on drafts of this book.

Thank you also to Stefan Theron for completing the translation and Ernst Retief for reviewing the Afrikaans version.

The many landholders who allowed us access to their land and provided coffee and conversation are especially thanked, as are the several landholders who facilitated our surveys by offering a place to stay. Dankie julle almal!

Image credits

All images are the authors’ own except for the following: Page 8 - , van Rensburg Page 11 - Northern Black Khoraan, Chris Van Rooyen Page 14 - Blue Crane, Jonh Tinkler Page 15 - Black-winged Stilt, Chris Van Rooyen

Recommended citation

Wright DR, Theron S, Lee ATK 2019. Birds of the Karoo: Ecology and Conservation. BirdLife South Africa. , South Africa.

ii Layard’s -babbler

iii Introduction

Aims of this booklet specifically to its birds and biodiversity. In many instances these are shared The Karoo landscape and culture is threats and we hope that knowledge unique and has maintained its aesthetic of them may also support action to for many generations, whilst other areas mitigate their impact on our biodi- have succumbed to excessive devel- versity. Finally, the booklet provides opment and change. In many respects, conservation recommendations and the landholders, primarily private and actions which can be taken by interested communal farmers, are the key custo- landholders, private farmers, communal dians of this landscape. This includes property owners, environmental organ- being responsible for the birds and isations and government agencies. In other biodiversity which call this area this way, the booklet intends to support home. The work of BirdLife South Africa the people and organisations already has shown that agriculture and birds undertaking conservation initiatives in can happily coexist and the traditional the Karoo, whilst also encouraging action sheep farming of the can support from all who call the region home. biodiversity. However, certain threats to this region and its biodiversity remain. About BirdLife South Africa Threats in some instances are even increasing, in particular due to mining Vision and renewable energy facilities. The aims of this booklet are to educate and inspire BirdLife South Africa wishes to see people to take action where necessary, a country and region where nature or continue with existing positive actions and people live in greater harmony, which support the conservation of the more equitably and sustainably. region’s birds and biodiversity. The booklet firstly introduces a suite of the Mission bird which occupy the region, specifically including those charismatic BirdLife South Africa strives to species which may spark an interest in conserve birds, their habitats and birds, as well as the endemic species biodiversity through scientifically-based which occur nowhere else in the world! programmes, through supporting The species descriptions and images the sustainable and equitable use of should assist interested parties with natural resources and by encouraging identification, whilst also providing an people to enjoy and value nature. introduction to the ecology of these birds. The Karoo endemic species are part of South Africa’s unique natural heri- tage and it is our responsibility to create awareness of these birds and encourage people to support their conservation. In addition, the booklet describes some of the threats to the Karoo landscape and

Birds of the Karoo: Ecology and Conservation 1 The Karoo – climate has created an incredible array of and geography unique habitats exploited by different and remarkable plants and , The Karoo sensu lato describes the arid many adapted to life at its harshest. south-western zone of South Africa. It is a diverse region from all perspectives: The region consists of two climatically historical, geological, and environmental, and botanically distinct : the stretching from the Atlantic Ocean in with predominantly the west to beyond the Gariep (Orange) stable winter rainfall, and River in the north-east. This includes with predominantly higher summer rain- the flowering carpets of the Namaqua- fall but where amounts vary significantly land, to the seemingly empty Aberdeen between . The Nama and Succulent plain, the extremely dry Tankwa and Karoo together cover over 450 000 km2, , whispering of approximately 25-30% of South Africa Bushmanland, snow-capped heights and at least 25% of ’s surface of the Hantam and escarpment of the areas. As this is an arid zone, annual Great Karoo. It is a region of contrasts rainfall is low (50-400 mm) and is and extremes, bounded by often highly localized, varying annually to the south, grasslands to the east, in amount and timing. There are two and to the north. This juxta- notable rainfall gradients across the position of biomes and environments region: firstly, seasonality, with rainfall

Biome Nama Karoo Succulent Karoo −24

−26

−28

−30

−32 N

−34 0 100 200 300 400 500 km

16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32

The two biomes that make up the ‘Karoo’ are floristically very different. Black squares mark the locations of survey areas visited by the author team during 2017 and 2018.

2 BirdLife South Africa Thunderstorm over the Karoo

Birds of the Karoo: Ecology and Conservation 3 transitioning from winter rainfall in the west, through aseasonal, to summer rainfall in the east. Secondly, mean annual rainfall amounts also show a general pattern of increase from west to east, and from north to south. The variability of the rainfall and long dry spells or severe regional droughts create a mosaic so that high and low resource areas occur as patches in the landscape. The Karoo also experiences a dramatic range of temperatures, from frost and snow prone high-altitude areas (e.g. -16°C at Sutherland), to extremely hot central bordering the Kalahari (up to 50°C at Vioolsdrif). Stark’s , a nomadic granivore

Many iconic are found in Resident species of birds tend to main- the Karoo. and Steenbok tain low densities and wait for rainfall are common and endan- events, whereas nomadic species search gered species, such as Riverine for rich resource patches scattered in Rabbit and Black-footed cat, also time and space, so that their respec- occur. There are negative percep- tive densities likewise vary temporally tions associated with species, such as and spatially. Resident birds tend to be Black-backed Jackal and . insectivorous or omnivorous, and often become habituated around Birds of the Karoo habitats: the Familiar , Karoo and Mountain are The Karoo, used in this booklet to good examples. Certain species have mean both Succulent and Nama Karoo become very dependent on biomes (see map on page 2), is rich in the landscape, notably House and in species for an arid region: over 407 Cape Sparrow. These, as well as Pied bird species, of which 294 species are Starlings, do very well where supple- considered typical of the region (Dean mental feed is given to livestock. 1995). The Nama Karoo has a high species richness of nomadic birds which Homesteads on farms provide many move into areas following high rainfall, resources for birds, and as such tend such as Lark-like Bunting, Black-eared to have higher species richness than Sparrowlark, Grey-backed Sparrowlark the surrounding landscape. As well as and Stark’s Lark. Both the Succulent and supplemental food, there is usually water, Nama Karoo have high species richness trees, shrubs and watered gardens, which of (Alaudidae) compared with provide food and nesting places for other biomes. While typically referred birds. Red-eyed Bulbuls, Cape Weavers, to as LBJs, due to their seemingly drab Cape Robin-Chats, Karoo and appearance, they have unique calls and mousebirds all love Karoo garden envi- life-history strategies and, with a bit ronments. Sheds for livestock provide of interest, can readily be told apart. nesting resources for Speckled Pigeon,

4 BirdLife South Africa

Birds of the Karoo: Ecology and Conservation 5 Little Swift, Rock Martin and swallows. Agricultural pastures are frequented by Spur-winged Geese, Cape Francolin, Red-capped Lark, Sacred Ibis and many other species. Irrigated lands have resulted in the expansion of Hadeda Ibis and Egyptian Goose into the Karoo.

However, those birds restricted to the Karoo (the endemics) are normally found in naturally occurring . The following 10 species are endemic to the Karoo: , , , Sclater’s Lark, Black-eared Sparrowlark, Karoo Eremomela, Cinnamon-breasted Warbler, , Karoo Long-billed Lark and Barlow’s Lark.

The following have core ranges strongly centred on the Karoo (Karoo Near-endemic): Cape Long-billed Lark, Large-billed Lark, Ludwig’s , Grey Tit, Sickle-winged Chat, , Karoo Scrub Robin, Rufous-eared Warbler, Black-headed Canary, Layard’s Tit-Babbler and Pale-winged Starling.

Namaqua

In addition, a variety of arid zone species have at least half of their distribution range in the Karoo, e.g. , Karoo , Grey-backed , Pririt Batis, White-throated Canary, Namaqua Sandgrouse, Namaqua Dove, Double- banded Courser and Dusky Sunbird. Of the species reliant on the Karoo, two are considered species of conservation concern: Ludwig’s Bustard (Endangered) and Red Lark (Vulnerable), with Sclater’s Lark listed as Near Threatened. A subset of the most iconic Karoo birds, including the endemics and near-endemics, are Grey-backed Sparrowlark described in further detail here.

6 BirdLife South Africa Bird tourism opportunities are popular with birdwatchers. Old, well established farmsteads with tall Avitourism, or people who travel for the trees, shallow dams, as well as good purpose of birdwatching, is one of the farm tracks for exploring surrounding fastest growing nature-based tourism rangelands, are ideal for this purpose. activities worldwide: in South Africa the market is about 40 000 people Knowing which species are important to per . Birdwatchers tend to spend birdwatchers can be a valuable service more money compared to other tour- to visiting birdwatchers, and we highlight ists, and encouraging birdwatchers to some of these species in the following visit your establishment can be of great pages. Getting up close and personal benefit. Read more about Bird-friendly with birds is a highlight for birdwatchers; establishments and their requirements for example, in bird hides or around here: www.birdlife.org.za/go-birding/ habituated wild birds. Birds can become bird-friendly-establishments/ easily tolerant of people’s presence if they are regularly fed. However, one Many Karoo landholders have infra- should also ensure that birdwatchers structure (jaghuisies, etc) that can be abide by a standard code of conduct and tailored to provide facilities for visiting do not disturb sensitive birds unduly; for birdwatchers. The biggest attraction example, birds on nests. People watching to birders are the endemics, the birds birds should be familiar with the bird found only in the Karoo and nowhere watchers’ code of ethics: www.birdlife. else. Places that have a variety of org.za/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/ habitats that support a variety of birds BLSA-Code-of-Conduct-Eng.pdf

Birdwatchers scanning for Larks and other arid zone species

Birds of the Karoo: Ecology and Conservation 7 Species descriptions and ecology

Large terrestrial birds and raptors

Martial Eagle/Breëkoparend Polemaetus bellicosus Verreaux’s Eagle/Witkruisarend Aquila verreauxii One of the largest raptors in South Africa and the world, they have a dark A very large black raptor, frequenting chocolate brown head and neck, with a mountainous areas of the Karoo, where slight crest, which contrasts with a cream they nest on cliffs. In flight the bird has coloured, slightly flecked breast, and distinctive white panels on the underside dark brown back and wings. They range of the wings, and a large white “V” on the across much of South Africa but are in back, and white rump. Their preferred serious decline due to multiple threats, food is the rock hyrax (dassie), but also including habitat loss, persecution, elec- take other small mammals, such as young trocution and collision with infrastructure. antelope, baboons, monkeys or hares. While often seen as a threat by small live- Occasionally observed to scavenge, they stock farmers, a variety of prey including only take livestock rarely, probably when , antelope, hares and even no natural food can be found. Gener- jackals are taken. Often seen roosting on ally, they provide a valuable service to electricity pylons, on which they also nest landholders by controlling species that occasionally. They prefer open, wooded compete with livestock for natural food. habitats, like the Kalahari, but also grass- land and Karoo, where they are very rare. Conservation status National: Vulnerable; Conservation status Global: Least Concern National: Endangered; Global: Vulnerable

8 BirdLife South Africa Pale Chanting Goshawk/Bleeksingvalk /Grootrooivalk Melierax canorus Falco rupicoloides

A common, medium-sized, pale grey A raptor, smaller in size than the Pale raptor, with fine grey barring on the Chanting Goshawk, and with an overall breast, and bright red legs and cere rufous-brown appearance. The rufous- (small area just above the bill). In flight, brown colouring is broken by dense the white wings contrast with the black black and brown barring on the back wing tips. They frequent arid and semi- and wings. Preys primarily on , arid shrublands including the Karoo and such as and , Kalahari habitats. They are often seen but may also take small birds, conspicuously perched on telephone and mammals. They are also often poles or other infrastructure from visible perched on telephone poles which they scan for suitable prey, which or as they hover whilst hunting. They includes mostly small mammals such as like to build their nests on windmills. rodents, but also small birds and reptiles.

Birds of the Karoo: Ecology and Conservation 9 Other raptors/birds of prey

Other typical raptors in the Karoo include Black-shouldered Kite, Rock Kestrel, Jackal Buzzard and Gabar Goshawk. Black-chested Snake-eagle and also occur, the latter mostly in summer. The Endangered Black Harrier passes through between their winter breeding grounds of the and summer hunting grounds of Lesotho and the . Most other eagles are vagrant. White-backed Vulture occasionally occur in the north, and Cape Vulture to the east, but are also rare.

Secretarybird/Sekretarisvoël Sagittarius serpentarius

A very large, upright raptor with a predominantly grey body, and black feathers on its thighs, above long, bare legs. They’re often seen walking through the veld and prefer more open habitats where they hunt snakes and other reptiles, small birds, Jackal Buzzard rodents, and even hares, using their strong legs and feet to strike Globally important roosts of hundreds and kill their prey. They have a distinc- (and at some roosts thousands) of Lesser tive yellow-orange facial skin, and a Kestrel occur in tall stands of trees at crest of feathers often seen standing various towns such as , up in the wind. They nest on the top of Hanover, and as far south as flat trees and are under threat due to Uniondale. This species migrates to South habitat loss across South Africa. They Africa from . Flocks of the migratory are prone to entanglement with fences Amur Falcon can also be seen in the and collision with overhead cables. eastern Karoo. , with its rufous cap, and (dark Conservation status cap) are found in pairs at low densities, National: Vulnerable; Global: Vulnerable with Lanner more associated with land- scapes which are treed, and Peregrine with mountains and cliffs. Pygmy Falcon are found associated with nests in the north-eastern Karoo. Nocturnal raptors include Barn Owl,

10 BirdLife South Africa Spotted Eagle Owl and Cape Eagle Owl, with other owl species becoming more frequent closer to the Kalahari. Spotted Eagle Owl is the most frequently seen, often perched along fences or telephone poles from dusk and through the night.

Lesser Kestrel Spotted Eagle Owl

As apex predators, raptors are very vulnerable to chemicals. For instance, DDT and other organochlorines can result in the thinning of eggshells in Black Harrier, and likely most raptors. Raptors are vulnerable to secondary poisoning associated with rodent control, i.e. if they eat rodents that have died after consuming rodent baits the birds can also die. Rodents killed using poison baits should be properly disposed of, i.e. buried or burnt. Owls provide a valuable pest control service: a breeding family of Barn Owls can easily eat over 10 mice a day. You can attract owls to your property by placing owl boxes, which are easy to build or buy: www.birdlife. org.za/old-navigation/owl-boxes

Birds of the Karoo: Ecology and Conservation 11 /Gompou Ludwig’s Bustard/Ludwigse pou kori ludwigii

Considered to be one of the heaviest A large terrestrial bird, which is nearly flying birds in the world at approx- one metre tall. They have a rufous-brown imately 15.7 kg, and standing more colour back with white underbelly, and than one metre tall! The distinctive dark grey-brown fore-neck with a rusty fine grey barring on the neck, brown orange hind-neck. Their diet consists of back and white underbelly, together a wide variety of food including insects, with the very large size and prominent small reptiles and mammals and also crest on the back of the head assist in plant berries and seeds. As with many identification. They walk through open other large birds and raptors, they are habitats, such as the karoo, grass- particularly vulnerable to collisions with lands and , preying primarily powerline infrastructure. Much of their on insects and large reptiles such as core distribution is centred on the Karoo, lizards, snakes and chameleons. They where they favour dwarf-shrubland habi- are threatened due to collisions with tats. To the east and south their range infrastructure and through loss of habitat. overlaps with the Denham’s Bustard, which prefers grassland habitats. Conservation Status National: Near-threatened; Conservation status Global: Near-threatened National: Endangered; Global: Endangered. Near-endemic.

12 BirdLife South Africa

Karoo Korhaan/Vaalkorhaan / vigorsii Witvlerkkorhaan afraoides This species appears uniform grey-brown in colour, with the black chin and black Similar in shape and size to the Karoo eye contrasting the rest of the body. They Korhaan, but with a pitch black neck, are of a similar shape to the , breast and underbelly in the males. but smaller in size: similar in size to the Females are a uniform rufous-brown Northern Black Korhaan. Karoo Korhaans colour with fine black barring on the back have more melodious frog-like calls. They and neck. The males also have a conspic- prefer shrubland to grassland habitat, uous white cheek patch. They are often but also make use of agricultural fields. located by the very loud keraak-ker- This species also feeds on small reptiles, aaak-kerraak calls given during the terri- insects and plant matter which it finds as torial display flight or from the ground. it walks through the more open habitats. As omnivores they feed on insects, Groups of three are frequently seen. seeds, plant material and small reptiles. They are not threatened and common Conservation status throughout much of the north-east- National: Near threatened; Karoo where grass cover dominates. Global: Least concern. Endemic.

Birds of the Karoo: Ecology and Conservation 13 Other large birds White Storks can be seen flying over- head, occasionally stopping to forage on The eastern Nama Karoo is home to large their way south; and Black Stork appear numbers of Blue Crane, South Africa’s intermittently here and there. Blue national bird. Grey-crowned Crane have Korhaan are found where Nama Karoo been seen in agricultural fields associ- interfaces with grassland, e.g. Mountain ated with irrigation in the . National Park in the eastern Karoo.

Blue Crane Black Stork

White Storks

14 BirdLife South Africa Waterbirds

Pied Avocet/Bontelsie Black-winged Stilt/Rooipootelsie Recurvirostra avosetta Himantopus himantopus

The upturned bill of the Pied Avocet The all white head, shorter bill and is diagnostic, with its black and long red legs of this wader distin- white plumage. A pair or flock grace guishes it from the Pied Avocet. Pairs many shallow dams and pans. are often found on small, shallow dams, while congregations can get fairly large on larger water-bodies.

Birds of the Karoo: Ecology and Conservation 15 Other waterbirds

The ephemeral pans and dams of the Karoo can host large congregations of waterbirds, including Red-billed and Cape Teal, Yellow-billed Duck, Greater and Lesser Flamingo. Cape Wagtail, Blacksmith Lapwing, Kittlitz’s and Three-banded Plovers can be seen along the shore of most long-lasting water- bodies, with the occasional African Spoonbill. Over summer, a variety of migrant waders appear, including Curlew Sandpiper, Little Stint, Ruff, Common Greenshank, Wood, Common and Marsh Sandpipers. These are best identified using dedicated field guides, such as Faansie Peacock’s Waders of . Reed beds around dams can team South African Shelduck/Kopereend with a wide variety of birds, including Tadorna cana African Red Bishop, Levaillant’s Cisti- cola and various warbler species. One of the region’s few obviously sexually dimorphic geese, the male There are few flowing rivers in the has a grey head and the female has a Karoo, with the notable exception being white face and black crown. The Karoo the Orange/Gariep River. This, and is a population stronghold for this other rivers of the Eastern Cape, host southern African endemic species. a wide variety of birds with life histo- ries associated with water, including Pied and Giant Kingfisher, Reed and White-breasted Cormorant, African Fish Eagle, African Black Duck, Hamerkop, Goliath Heron and various egrets.

Where the Karoo meets the sea on the west coast, a variety of coastal birds can be observed, and estu- aries are particularly prolific birding spots, home to further varieties of coastal waders, gulls and more.

16 BirdLife South Africa Common Tern roost, West Coast

Malachite Kingfisher

Kittlitz’s Plover (with Grey-headed Gull)

Birds of the Karoo: Ecology and Conservation 17 Larks

Large-billed Lark/Dikbeklewerik Karoo Lark/Karoolewerik Galerida magnirostris albescens

A heavy-built and robust lark species, This species forms part of a larger with a large, heavy bill relative to other complex of related birds, which also lark species, with yellowish base. A small includes the Red Lark and Barlow’s Lark. crest on the back of the head and heavy The Karoo Lark is the smallest and has streaking on the breasts also helps with the heaviest streaking of these species, identification. They are often the most with the breast streaking extending on conspicuous lark species in an area due to the belly and flanks. Colour often to their highly vocal nature. They have depends on the sands where they a melodious, repeated call often likened occur. They prefer slightly denser and to ‘open-the-squeaky-gate’. They are taller vegetation, and often forage on most likely to be confused with Sabota open sandy patches between larger Larks to the east of their range, which bushes, where they feed on a variety of are superficially similar but prefer to insects and plant material. They perform perch on bushes and imitate other birds. aerial display flights, hovering high and Much of their distribution centres on the calling, especially after rain. They are Karoo region where they are a common most common in the , resident. They are not threatened, with Tankwa and Hantam Karoo, but absent a population estimate of more than from Bushmanland and eastern Karoo. 750,000 individuals for the Karoo. The population size is estimated to be more than 700,000 individuals.

Conservation status Not threatened. Karoo endemic.

18 BirdLife South Africa Red Lark/Rooilewerik Barlow’s Lark/Barlowse lewerik Calendulauda burra Calendulauda barlowi

One of the only threatened Lark species A highly range restricted species, in the Karoo region, with a total popula- occurring between Port Nolloth and the tion size estimated at 47,000 individuals. mouth in the Northern They are restricted to the northern and Cape, and into the Sperrgebiet of western Karoo region, from Concordia Namibia. This species is not yet consid- across Bushmanland to south of Brand- ered a full species by certain authorities vlei and eastwards to Vanwyksvlei, and as it is genetically similar to the Dune absent elsewhere. They are associated Lark of Namibia. It is also thought to with habitats that have good grass and hybridise with the Karoo Lark in their shrub cover. The larger size and heavier contact zone, and their calls are basi- build separate it from the Karoo Lark. cally indistinguishable. In comparison The reddish colouration contrasts with to the Karoo Larks they appear grey in the white belly, and streaking is restricted colour, with fine streaking on the upper to the upper breast. A pair will defend breast, but with a slightly longer bill a territory of several hectares, where than the other “karoo lark complex” males perform hovering display flights species. They are often located on the with melodious ‘trp trp t trr-rip’ calls ground, foraging below bushes and sometimes up to 100 m up, but usually occasionally using their bills to dig up 20-40 m. The Red Lark is replaced by prey. The presence of this species was the superficially similar Fawn-coloured negatively correlated with heavily grazed Lark where the Karoo meets the Kalahari. veld in poor condition. Their very small Their threat status is primarily due to population size, estimated at less than their restricted range and impacts on 7,000 birds in South Africa, warrants habitat quality, especially overgrazing. further conservation attention. Usually seen in pairs or small family groups. Conservation status National: Vulnerable; Conservation status Global: Vulnerable. Endemic. Not threatened. Karoo Endemic.

Birds of the Karoo: Ecology and Conservation 19 Karoo Long-billed Lark/ Cape Long-billed Lark/ Karoolangbeklewerik Weskuslangbeklewerik subcoronata Certhilauda curvirostris

One of the most characteristic sounds This is another highly range-restricted of the Karoo is the long descending lark species, found only in sandy zones ‘wheeeooo’ call of the Karoo Long-billed of the strandveld and Succulent Karoo Lark, often given during a dramatic vegetation along the west coast of diving display flight. This is not to be South Africa. Their distribution is entirely mistaken for the Eastern Clapper Lark, restricted to a very narrow band down with its wing beat and ascending whistle, the west coast. According to the latest often performed as a high aerial display estimates, its range extends less than flight. The Karoo Long-billed Lark is 5,000 km2 and the population is esti- one of the “long-billed lark” complex of mated at less than 40,000 individuals. South Africa, which also includes the The call is very similar to the Karoo Long- Cape Long-billed Lark, Agulhas Long- billed Lark, but the bill is visibly longer, billed Lark and Eastern Long-billed and overall the bird is larger in size. Lark. The Karoo Long-billed is the most They appear a uniform grey colour, with widespread of the four species, with a streaking on the breast. Usually in pairs. range extending almost 250,000 km2, bounding the Cape Long-billed Lark in Conservation status the west, Agulhas Long-billed Lark south Not threatened. Karoo Endemic. of the Cape Fold Mountains, and Eastern Long-billed Lark associated with the grasslands of the east. The long-billed larks are generally larger than the other lark species, with a diagnostic long, slightly de-curved bill. This bill is used extensively during foraging as the bird digs for insects, flips stones or breaks apart nests. Often in pairs.

20 BirdLife South Africa Sclater’s Lark/Namakwalewerik /Sabotalewerik Spizocorys sclateri Calendulauda sabota

A very small, highly range-restricted lark This lark is usually seen calling from species which favours gravel plains or the top of a bush or small tree, stony desert scrub, where it camouflages where they imitate the calls of many well with its habitat. The dark “tear drop” other birds. A medium-sized, streaky stripe below the eye is fairly diagnostic lark, they are associated with the at close range, along with the heavy bill. Nama Karoo and , being They are an overall buffy-brown grey absent from the Succulent Karoo. colour, with indistinct streaking on the breast. This species is often difficult to see, and easiest located at drinking troughs or other water points, where it occurs in small to large groups.

Conservation status National: Near threatened; Global: Near threatened. Karoo Endemic.

Birds of the Karoo: Ecology and Conservation 21 Spike-heeled Lark/Vlaktelewerik Black-eared Sparrowlark/ Chersomanes albofasciata Swartoorlewerik Eremopterix australis Probably the most widespread and commonly encountered lark across the Confined to the north-west portion Karoo, this lark is fairly easily iden- of the Karoo in South Africa, tified by the pale throat, and short, the overall black appearance of the white tipped tail. Small family groups male, with chestnut coloured wings of 2-6 birds forage on the ground contrasting with the rest of the body through habitats with low shrubs. make them the most easily identifiable of the Karoo endemics. They are a highly nomadic and irruptive species, which move around the landscape in response to rainfall. In the right habitat and conditions they can be very common, forming large flocks, but are generally scarce. They can form mixed flocks with Grey-backed Sparrowlarks, which are more widespread, and more frequently observed visiting drinking troughs.

Conservation status Not threatened. Karoo Endemic.

22 BirdLife South Africa Other passerines

Karoo Chat/Karoospekvreter Sickle-winged Chat/Vlaktespekvreter Cercomela schlegelii Cercomela sinuata

The Karoo Chat is a near-endemic Slightly smaller than the other chat which appears mostly grey, and slightly species, this chat most closely resembles larger than the other chat species. It the very common Familiar Chat. Unlike is important to check the tail feathers the Familiar Chat, they are not common and rump when trying to identify the around homesteads or modified habitats, various chat species; the Karoo Chat has and do not flick their wings as much. a grey rump with few white feathers on The back is pale grey-brown in colour, the edge of the tail. It feeds primarily contrasting with the more pale under- on insects, either foraging on the parts. The tail pattern is diagnostic, with ground or flying down to the ground a rusty-pink rump and black triangle on from a perch. This species is negatively the tail feathers. They also have an indis- associated with increasing grass cover, tinct white eye ring. Forages in a similar preferring scrub and low bushes. Most way to Karoo Chat, but may spend more chats are found in pairs, with one often time on the ground hunting for conspicuously perched on a shrub while prey. They are mostly associated with the other forages on the ground. cooler, upland parts of the Karoo, espe- cially the Hantam area, but mostly rare or absent from the central Karoo. A near-en- demic, primarily isolated to South Africa, but also occurring in southern Namibia.

Birds of the Karoo: Ecology and Conservation 23 /Woestynspekvreter -eating Chat/Swartpiek Cercomela tractrac formicivora

Juvenile pictured above. A smaller bird with an overall chocolate brown colour, broken only by the white This species is the lightest in colour of primary feather wing patches, which are the chats, with an overall pale grey-white clearly visible in flight. They are often appearance. The plain white rump and spotted hovering above the ground white edging to the tail feathers is also whilst calling during their display flight, diagnostic. Forages for invertebrate prey or perched prominently on an anthill, from a fence post or similar perch. They as the name suggests. They forage in are associated with more arid environ- family groups, primarily on termites, ments, especially the Tankwa. Research and other insects and occur widely suggests they are less common than across the country and further north. the Sickle-winged Chat with approxi- mately half the population size. Their range extends far north into Namibia.

Conservation status Not threatened. Karoo Near-endemic.

24 BirdLife South Africa Karoo Scrub Robin/Slangverklikker Karoo Eremomela/Groenbossanger Erythropygia coryphaeus Eremomela gregalis

A common near-endemic occurring A tiny bird of approximately 11-12 cm, across the Karoo region and parts of with a distinct grey cap, green back and southern Namibia. They are a uniform a bright yellow eye. The grey-greenish dark grey colour, with a distinctive white back contrasts with the white underbelly stripe above the eye. The bird also often and yellow vent (base of the tail). A fairly cocks its tail upwards and flashes the common resident of the western Karoo, white edges to the tail feathers. They with family groups occurring at a density are also negatively associated with of 4 -5 individuals per km2. Research indi- grass cover, preferring more bushy cates that they are negatively associated habitats. They are often located by with increasing grass cover, as with other their alarm call, heard from a perch or Karoo endemics, preferring shale ridges deep within a bush. The song has a and outcrops with scrubby habitat. wide variety of chattering notes and whistles. Their Afrikaans name comes Conservation status from their ability to find snakes and give Not threatened. Karoo Endemic. the alarm call to warn other animals.

Conservation status Not threatened. Karoo Near-endemic.

Birds of the Karoo: Ecology and Conservation 25 Cinnamon-breasted Warbler/ Namaqua Warbler/Namakwalangstertjie Kaneelborssanger Phragmacia substriata Euryptila subcinnamomea This small bird is often overlooked as An uncommon species with a total it prefers skulking within Phragmites population of approximately 60,000 reedbeds near watercourses; however individuals. They are isolated to rocky the loud “trilling” call can give it away slopes, boulder fields and gorges in arid and distinguishes it from the similar, areas, where their cinnamon coloura- but more streaky, . The tion provides good camouflage with back and flanks are a rufous brown lichen and rocks of the same colour. colour which contrasts with the white The reddish breast band, rufous head breast with faint streaking on it. They and rufous coverts at the base of the are associated with habitats near water tail, with the reddy-brown back give an and increasing vegetation height, likely overall grey and reddish appearance. linked to the reed beds and acacia trees They prey on small insects and may be of the drainage lines they prefer. An best located by their call due to their endemic bird with only a very small part camouflage. The call is a loud, piercing of its distribution in southern Namibia. whistle sound - chwee-chwee-chwee. Conservation status Conservation Status Not threatened. Karoo Endemic. Not threatened. Karoo Endemic.

26 BirdLife South Africa Rufous-eared Warbler/ Grey Tit/Piet-tjou-tjou-grysmees Rooioorlangstertjie afer Malcorus pectoralis This species’ Afrikaans name comes As the name suggests, the bright red from a portion of their loud call, which ear patch is distinctive. The back is grey also includes a variety of whistles, but with streaking, whilst the plain breast primarily “piet tjou tjou”. The distinc- contrasts with a black bar between tive black crown, black neck and black the breast and throat. One of the more throat contrast with a white stripe under common and widespread species of the eye. Although widespread, they the Karoo region, with a population are not always regularly encountered, estimate of more than two million at a density of less than one individual individuals. Pairs or family groups per km2. They often make their nests forage for invertebrates on the ground in hollow posts associated with kraals. or among the scrubby karoo plants They mostly forage in pairs or family and are also detected by their piercing groups, feeding on insects, and occa- call. A near-endemic, also occurring in sionally on , fruit or larvae. Namibia and parts of southern . Conservation status Not threatened. Karoo Near-endemic.

Birds of the Karoo: Ecology and Conservation 27 Black-headed Canary/Swartkopkanarie Layard’s Tit-babbler/Grystjeriktik Crithagra alario Sylvia layardi

This small arid-zone canary has a distinc- A small grey bird with striking white tive black head and black breast, with a iris, with a dark-grey to black tail and bright rufous back and wings, with black white vent (area under the tail), as well edges to the wing tips. A fairly common as fine grey streaking on the white arid zone species with approximately throat and upper breast. A near-en- 455,000 individuals. They forage in demic which primarily occurs in arid small to large flocks and are nomadic, habitats, including the Karoo and dry moving in response to good conditions. parts of the Fynbos biome, restricted They primarily feed on seeds and other to South Africa and southern Namibia. plant material, and sometimes drink in Most commonly associated with rocky, large numbers when water is available. scrub dominated mountain slopes, they are usually replaced by Chest- Conservation status nut-vented Tit-babblers in acacia Not threatened. Karoo Near-endemic. dominated drainage lines or wood- lands. They are good mimics, and pairs forage in bushes for insects and fruit.

Conservation status Not threatened. Karoo Near-endemic.

28 BirdLife South Africa Pale-winged Starling/Bleekvlerkspreeu Red-eyed Bulbul/Rooioogtiptol Onychognathus nabouroup Pycnonotus nigricans

As the name suggests, the pale white A medium-sized bird approximately 20 wing patch is fairly diagnostic, although cm in length. Their dark brown backs only visible in flight. The all blue-black contrast with the pale underparts. The appearance contrasts sharply with the black crest and bright red eye ring are pale wing, and they have a striking pale diagnostic, together with the yellow or yellow eye which distinguishes them vent found in other bulbul species. from the similar Red-winged Starling. A common species of the arid zone A larger bird at almost 30 cm in length, with a density of approximately 4.5 with a total population size estimated individuals per km2. It occurs in South at less than 150,000 individuals in Africa and Namibia. They can occur in South Africa. Colonies and flocks are flocks around fruiting trees and human associated with mountains and rocky settlements, feeding also on other plant hillsides in the arid zone, but they are material such as flowers. They are also generally absent from the Karoo plains closely associated with water sources. unless foraging in nearby wooded drainage lines. Drinks frequently and Conservation status feeds primarily on insects and fruit. Not threatened. Karoo Near-endemic.

Conservation status Not threatened. Karoo Near-endemic.

Birds of the Karoo: Ecology and Conservation 29 Cape Sparrow/Gewone Mossie Southern Masked Weaver/ Passer melanurus Swartkeelgeelvink Ploceus velatus The male “mossie”, as it is more commonly known, has a black head and A typical weaver bird with bright yellow very distinctive white “C” marking on breast and olive-green colouration on the head, with a rufous coloured back, the back and wings, contrasting with the grey neck and white underparts. They dark black face mask. They are highly are very common across the region, with sociable and will often form colonies a total population estimated at more with their traditional basket shaped nests than 6 million individuals and a density hanging in groups in suitable trees. Their of approximately 20 individuals per km2. loud, “swizzling” call is also diagnostic. They make conspicuous messy nests, They occur in a wide variety of habitats often in thorn trees. They are often found across South Africa and further north. near homesteads and feed primarily on seeds and other plant material.

Conservation status Not threatened. Karoo Near-endemic.

30 BirdLife South Africa Sociable Weaver/Versamelvoël Lark-like Bunting/Vaalstreepkoppie Philetairus socius Emberiza impetuani

As the name suggests, these birds are One of the most common birds of the highly gregarious, always occurring Karoo, although also quite nondescript in in large groups. Their extremely large plumage. The population was estimated nests, with multiple chambers, can be at more than 17 million individuals, with seen across the northern parts of the a density of up to 71 individuals per km2. arid Karoo and Kalahari regions, often on They are fairly small, with fairly uniform telephone poles. They are a pale brown brown plumage with a faint white eye colour, with mottled marks on their stripe. Nomadic, they are often encoun- back and a grey bill contrasting with a tered in small groups or large flocks black chin. Their over-sized nests are across the region, and frequently at an important part of the ecology of the water sources, where they are usually region, providing habitat for species such among the most common birds. as Pygmy Falcon, lizards and snakes.

Conservation status Not threatened. Endemic to southern Africa.

Birds of the Karoo: Ecology and Conservation 31 Dusky Sunbird/Namakwasuikerbekkie Southern Double-collared Sunbird fuscus

The quintessential sunbird of the arid zone, males with blackish heads and pale bellies, this species can be very common where shrubs, like Lycium (kraaldoring) or Melianthus (kruidjie-roer-my-nie) are in flower, but rare otherwise. are easily told apart: the bright green Malachite Sunbird can be common where flowering aloes are found in the Karoo, and the small, multi-coloured Southern Double-collared Sunbird is restricted to the interface of the Karoo and Cape Floristic Region to the south and east.

32 BirdLife South Africa Managing crow impacts The has increased dramat- on livestock ically across the Karoo in recent years as it has adapted well to human modi- There are three corvid (crow) species fied landscapes and climate, nesting that occur across the Karoo. The all-black in predator inaccessible powerline and is an insectivorous species, telephone line infrastructure, as well which can occur in large flocks, but is as windmills. It has filled the ecological more commonly seen in pairs. It does not niche left by now scarce or extinct eat meat, unlike the other two species, vultures, scavenging frequently on and is useful for controlling insects like roadkill or livestock. It can occur in very locusts. White-necked Ravens and Pied large numbers near abattoirs or slaughter are superficially similar to each houses and in Opuntia orchards. While other, except the white on the raven it can be useful for identifying areas is restricted to the neck only (it has a of activity of jackal or caracal, it is black belly) and has a heavier bill. The now viewed as a pest by many land- raven prefers rocky or mountainous holders, especially in areas where it has habitats, as it nests mostly on cliffs. It learned to peck the eyes of sheep. scavenges on dead animals, including sheep, but has not been reported to harm livestock. Generally, this is a useful species filling the important role of scavenger in mountainous regions.

The all black Cape Crow

Pied Crow showing the distinctive White-necked Raven white breast

Birds of the Karoo: Ecology and Conservation 33 Habitat management

In this section a number of challenges or such as mining, mineral extraction and threats to the birds and biodiversity of electricity infrastructure, to more local the Karoo are described, along with the scale impacts such as inappropriate appropriate conservation actions and fencing and secondary poisoning. It is solutions to help mitigate each of these important for people and organisations threats. These range from large-scale to be made aware of these challenges threats with potential severe impacts, for biodiversity so that they may take

A view over the grassy Karoo plains near Hanover, eastern Karoo.

34 BirdLife South Africa action where possible. Given the scale concern that protected areas in the of potential development in the Karoo, Karoo are markedly skewed to the there is concern that there are few higher rainfall areas, and are particularly formally protected areas in this biome. inadequate for the protection of the The Karoo has the lowest percentage endemic and nomadic species of birds. of protected area coverage of any of South Africa’s biomes. There is also

Birds of the Karoo: Ecology and Conservation 35 1.1 Challenge forests and alter avian communities. During our recent BirdLife South Africa Mining, mineral extraction survey, no extractive activity related to and energy production ‘fracking’ was observed. An overview of the potential impacts on biodiversity and The Karoo region contains a wealth of avifauna has been conducted (Holness mineral resources which can be exploited et al. 2016). This research suggests for commercial gain and play an that under the “Big Gas scenario”, as important role in South Africa’s economy much as 15% habitat loss could result and development. Whilst it is essential from wellpads alone for species such as that certain areas be set aside and used Karoo Long-billed Lark, Karoo Chat and for mineral extraction, it is also important Rufous-eared Warbler. Taking additional that high priority biodiversity areas be habitat loss and disturbance along roads avoided. Existing mineral extraction has into account, it is not unreasonable to included diamonds, gold, iron ore and expect declines of as much as 20% in other metals. There are also new and the abundance of the above species. emerging threats where the impacts of Increased road networks and traffic will mineral extraction and mining have been likely also have negative effects on birds. poorly quantified, including uranium mining and shale gas extraction, i.e. The BirdLife South Africa survey iden- fracking. Large-scale mining activities tified 30 of 100 of the most commonly lead to an irreversible loss of habitat encountered species whose presence with knock-on impacts on species was associated with the presence of which rely on the habitat in those areas. water. These species are all likely to Additional associated impacts include be either attracted by the presence of pollution of water sources, air, noise and water in the landscape (and are thus light pollution. Contamination of water especially vulnerable to the presence sources is of particular concern in an of potentially contaminated water that arid environment such as the Karoo. will be a feature of shale gas explo- ration) or use habitat closely tied to Fracking water (e.g. Namaqua Warbler).

The recently completed “Karoo BioGaps” In addition to that modelling, a species study undertaken by the South African analysis of life-history traits was National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) conducted on the main Karoo bird was initiated to address biodiversity community. According to this analysis, information gaps across the southern 40% of >200 species associated with the Karoo area which is defined by shale-gas Karoo are directly or indirectly reliant extraction concessions. 52% of the Nama on water or associated habitat. This is Karoo and 10% of the Succulent Karoo because some interactions between biomes fall within potential concessions species and water are subtle. For (Todd et al. 2016). At least one study on instance, swallows frequently use mud the impact of shale-gas extraction has for nest construction; several species identified an impact of this activity on roost in, on or near water or water bird communities: Farwell et al. (2016) associated habitats (e.g. Phragmites suggest that shale gas development reedbeds), or may be reliant on insect has the potential to fragment regional biota that thrive in aquatic environments.

36 BirdLife South Africa Certainly, shale-gas exploration in this the potential and existing impacts arid environment spells bad news for on birds, and mitigate these where biodiversity and especially birds given possible, through proactive engagement that research shows water to be an with the renewable energy industry. important predictor of species richness and abundance for many species. 1.2 Solution

Maintaining a shared vision of the Karoo landscape

The current, predominant land use of agriculture allows for the coexis- tence of birds, biodiversity and people across the Karoo, given that the veld is managed sustainably. Concerns over fracking, uranium mining or other unsustainable activities are shared by both conservationists and landholders reliant on livestock for an income. The knock-on impacts of large transport trucks associated with mining and the Renewable energy developments cumulative impacts of mining activities in the general environment will also BirdLife South Africa supports the devel- negatively affect farming activities. All opment of renewable energy to augment landholders are encouraged to register our power needs and replace the more as interested and affected parties for damaging energy production associated infrastructure or mining developments with coal mining. However, it is essen- within their region or local area. This tial that the development of renewable will ensure that they may have input energy facilities does not lead to further into such developments. Conservation negative impacts on the environment. organisations and committed land- Alternative energy development in the holders should work together wher- form of wind turbines and solar energy ever possible to develop and maintain facilities is experiencing rapid growth a shared vision for the landscape, currently in South Africa, and various bird ensuring the conservation of South species, dominated by raptors, have died Africa’s natural and cultural heritage. after colliding with wind-turbines. There are also collision risks associated with There are a number of useful resources large solar energy facilities. In addition available on the BirdLife South Africa to the facilities themselves, there may website: www.birdlife.org.za/what- be further negative impacts on birds we-do/terrestrial-bird-conservation/ due to the powerline infrastructure and what-we-do/birds-renewable-energy/ distribution network associated with these facilities. In to mitigate these impacts, BirdLife South Africa has developed the Birds and Renewable Energy Project, which aims to assess

Birds of the Karoo: Ecology and Conservation 37 2.1 Challenge (Kudu, Mountain Reedbuck, Rhebok). Blue Crane was observed entangled on Electricity grid and other infrastructure one occasion and entanglement has been reported for . Pylons and the electric grid infrastruc- ture, essential for moving electricity around the country, pose a major threat to the long term viability of populations of Ludwig’s Bustard and other species, which are prone to collisions with the overhead cables (Shaw et al. 2015). Eskom has a wide variety of bird scaring devices that can be deployed on these lines, but retrofitting is costly. Facilitating the deployment of these devices is a large conservation initiative that needs further attention. In addition, Cape Vulture fatalities, through electrocution Eagle Owl on fence on pylons are still recorded, and so pylon design needs continued attention. The use of electric fences around some camps, or even entire farms seems to Fencing have solved or limited the problem of jackal of sheep for some The Karoo is criss-crossed by thousands farmers. These are usually low line of kilometres of a variety of fences, electric fences, although more expen- used traditionally for controlling move- sive fences need to be used to keep ment of livestock, as well as restricting out caracal, which easily climb fences. the movement of problem animals. The most frequently observed electrical Fences impact birds in a variety of fences are low strand (about 20 cm ways, causing direct mortality through from the ground) along mesh fences, snagging on barbed wire; snaring and primarily to control jackal movement. snarling (when limbs become entangled However, of major concern is tortoise in loose strand wires); direct impact bycatch. This is especially a problem in (strand fences through wetlands pose the eastern Karoo regions where large a large threat to low flying birds); and Tortoises are especially prone to barriers for movement of terrestrial being caught on electric fences, where birds (Secretarybirds and korhaans). they die slow and horrible deaths.

Big fence projects in effect create 2.2 Solution population islands for species unable to cross fence lines, although this problem Bird-friendly infrastructure likely does not extend to many bird species. However, strike rates with fences Reducing infrastructure collisions is likely a cause of mortality for large, Visibility devices must be deployed on low flying bird species. Entanglement new infrastructure developments since with single strand fences was frequently overhead cables are a major source observed for jumping game species of mortality for cranes and bustards

38 BirdLife South Africa (Boshoffet al. 2011, Jenkins et al. 2010, fence visibility with flappers, old bottles, Shaw et al. 2010). Eskom and the Endan- metal containers, or similar items will gered Wildlife Trust (EWT) maintain an alert birds to the presence of a fence and active partnership regarding improving this also helps prevent Springbok and the safety of electricity grid infrastruc- other game running into fences. Please ture for birds and can be contacted and consider the needs of terrestrial birds, alerted to problem powerlines. Land- like Secretarybirds, when placing fences, holders can contact Eskom to report as they can restrict bird movement. problem lines and request the installa- tion of visibility devices as required. Use of single electric strands rather than fixed, multi-strand fences to control livestock movement could also be considered. To combat the bycatch on fences related to tortoises or other animals, electric fencing can be used as long as temperature controlled timers are used to allow tortoises to escape during the warm periods in which they are most likely to be mobile. These are currently not in use at all, and it would likely require legislation or a major conservation campaign in order to maintain tortoise-friendly electric fences.

Safety of dams and water-points Hadeda on a wire Many bird species are vulnerable to drowning in cement reservoirs. These Mitigation of fencing impacts should be covered by shade netting, There are several methods for mini- planks or even old corrugated iron if mising the unintended impacts of fences at all possible. This will limit water loss on birdlife, which are summarised in due to evaporation, and prevent animals this BirdLife South Africa information accessing these sites. Drownings can pamphlet: www.birdlife.org.za/wp-con- also be prevented by attaching a log, tent/uploads/2019/05/Fences_Birds.pdf branch, pole or ladder to the side of the reservoir, and thus allow birds to sit and These include removing non-essential drink/bathe, but importantly also to fences and maintaining fence tension. clamber onto if their feathers become Replacing non-essential barbed wire wet and waterlogged. Simply including with smooth wire should be considered, a few rocks in standard drinking troughs especially for the top strands of long will aid the escape of most small animals. camp fences, as these are especially Preventing animals dying in reservoirs is likely to damage or snag birds like owls. good practise to maintain water quality. Do not place fences through dams and pans: these are associated with high bird densities. Birds cannot see strand wires under low light conditions and flying into these can kill or maim birds. Increasing

Birds of the Karoo: Ecology and Conservation 39 3.1 Challenge A further concern related to damage causing control is the use of Secondary poisoning and trapping generic gin-traps (known as ‘ysters’ or ‘slagysters’), which do not target A major concern for BirdLife South specific animals. While these can be Africa is the use of poison for problem deployed in a targeted manner, for animal control, due to the secondary example where a damage causing animal impacts on birds and other biodiversity. is known to occur, their use can also Poison has a devastating effect on a be haphazard. Gin-traps and body-grip range of target and non-target species, traps are frequently placed along fence including endangered species (Santan- lines, especially mesh (or jackal-proof) geli et al. 2017). Vultures, raptors and fences where aardvark or other animals corvids would all be influenced by this have dug under or pushed up the fence, practise. Intentional poisoning of birds creating wildlife corridors. Bycatch (or like Blue Crane is unacceptable and this secondary trappings) observed at these has been identified as a threat to this locations include porcupine, baboon, species in the Karoo (Gibbons 2011). steenbok, cape fox, bat-eared fox, scrub hare and Karoo Korhaan. Scavenging eagles can also get caught in gin traps.

3.2 Solution

Human-wildlife conflict issues

BirdLife South Africa recognises that damage causing animal control is a controversial and very emotive issue. Our organisation is also not currently qualified to provide evidence-based advice on this issue. However, we recog- nise that certain practises do have an influence on birds, and hence comment Karoo Korhaan in gin trap on these from the perspective of those interested in limiting consequences of Poison use as a method of predator their actions on bird communities. For control is illegal for good reason: the more detailed information on ‘Sensible wildlife bycatch is nearly unavoidable, solutions to living with wildlife’ we and there are secondary environmental recommend: www..co.za/ effects, e.g. poisoning of soil and water care-for-nature/conservation-in-action/ supplies. Unintentional bycatch can biodiversity-compliance/wildlife-man- include pets and even people. While agement/damage-causing-animals/ people clearly do not prefer to scavenge carcasses, this has been reported to During lambing season, ewes and their occur in poorer communities, and lambs can be protected in predator-proof as such the use of poison must be cages, or through more intensive kraaling condemned and discouraged. and monitoring. More regular patrols and increased human presence around

40 BirdLife South Africa Free-flying Spotted Eagle Owl at Radical Raptors. Rehabilitated wildlife can provide valuable educational opportunities. vulnerable flocks also lowers preda- If you do come across injured birds you tion risk. Comprehensive and holistic can contact the following establishments: damage causing animal management programmes that consider a variety of African Sanctuary techniques are important for good land Tel: 031 785 4382 use for farmers, birds and biodiversity. Raptor Rescue Hotline: 082 35 90 900 africanraptor.co.za Kraaling, protection collars, livestock guarding animals, sirens, sensor activated Owl Rescue Centre lights and alarms, specific cage traps and Tel: 082 719 5463 the use of herdsmen should all be consid- www.owlrescuecentre.org.za ered prior to deployment of non-target traps, such as gin traps or body traps, Vulpro which can all catch birds, especially Tel: 082 808 5113 terrestrial birds of conservation concern www.vulpro.com like Ludwig’s Bustard and Secretarybird.

Birds of the Karoo: Ecology and Conservation 41 4.1 Challenge 4.2 Solution

Climate change Combating climate change

Climate change is resulting in rapid Climate change is already having dire warming of South Africa’s arid envi- consequences on the planet, and ronments and higher rates of extreme everyone needs to do their bit. Luckily, weather events, all of which take their toll many farmers are already doing their on avifauna. At the same time, climate part by living off-grid, with solar power, change, in association with telephone wind turbines, and stoves for warmth. line infrastructure, has been given as However, farming everywhere of course the reason for the spread of Pied Crows requires the use of diesel or petrol into new areas (Cunningham et al. powered motors, and so consideration 2016). Observations and projections for can be given on how to reduce these warming across southern Africa’s arid costs, and put a rand or two back into zone are alarming (Kruger and Sekele your own pocket for something else. 2013). While many of the resident birds are physiologically and behaviourally adapted to dealing with short periods of extreme temperatures, prolonged periods of abnormal temperatures will hamper birds provisioning food to their chicks, foraging, compromise nesting activities, and ultimately reduce breeding success.

Certainly, what makes the Succulent Karoo special is not just the timing of rainfall, which occurs predominantly in winter, but also its predictability. Thus, the Succulent Karoo and its biota will be adversely impacted not just by the probability of decreasing rainfall (as predicted by climate change models), Different Karoo plants may be under threat but also if rainfall becomes more erratic from climate change in the future. The affiliation of most of the Karoo endemic bird species seems to be tied somewhat to this biome: and as such climate change poses a serious future threat to the avifauna of the Karoo. Climate change is of course a shared threat in this landscape, as the reduction in rainfall has, and may continue to have, negative effects on livestock farming, particularly through periods of prolonged drought.

42 BirdLife South Africa 5.1 Challenge On the other hand, prickly pear and mesquite are frequently encountered, Alien vegetation with prickly pear common in the south- eastern Karoo, especially where the The following alien invasive species Karoo meets the Albany Thicket habitat or plant groups are notable in the types. This species is frequently encoun- Karoo: various members of the cactus tered around settlements, due to its family (often escaped ornamentals, edible fruit, but also anywhere in the but especially Opuntia indica (prickly landscape where seeds are dispersed pear)); Prosopis glandulosa or Prosopis by a variety of fruit eating animals or velutina (Fabaceae, also known as people (Dean and Milton 2000). Jointed mesquite); Tamarix ramosissima (salt cactus was also observed frequently cedar or pink tamarisk). Tamarisk has in this region. A variety of biological a superficial appearance to the indige- control measures have been introduced nous Tamarix usneoides (wild tamarisk), to slow the spread of Opuntia species, where differences are only clear during but manual removal of dense thickets the flowering season when the pink may still be required in some cases. flowers of the pink tamarisk clearly differentiate this species from wild By contrast, Prosopis can be dominant tamarisk. Satansbos (Solanum elaeagni- in the Bushmanland region. Prosopis folium) is a huge problem in the eastern can form very large trees, and the seed part of the Karoo. It is mostly found in pods are edible for livestock and thus lucerne, but is said to be spread by kudu seeds can be quickly dispersed through and is now also found on hillsides. the landscape by goats or sheep.

The trees are used by Sociable Weavers for making nests in otherwise tree-less landscapes, and are positively associated with the presence of several species, such as Pririt Batis, Black-chested Prinia, Southern Masked Weaver and Red-headed Finch. However, these trees form dense stands and impen- etrable thickets, totally transforming dwarf shrub landscape and negatively impacting access to rangelands. There are several projects driven by the Department of Agriculture to assist farmers with dealing with Prosopis, but the fecundity and extent of this species means it will be a feature of the Karoo landscape for years to come. Comparisons of acacia and Prosopis dominated habitats suggest bird foraging guilds may respond differently to these Mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa/ vegetation types (Dean et al. 2002). Prosopis velutina)

Birds of the Karoo: Ecology and Conservation 43 5.2 Solution This will increase the quantity and quality of Karoo habitat available for Alien vegetation eradication the endemic and threatened birds.

As far as possible, all alien invasive All landholders should familiarise species should be identified and erad- themselves with the Alien and Invasive icated, with the priority to clear the Species Regulations promulgated in lightly infested areas first. This should be 2013, in terms of section 97(1) of the done in line with the legal requirements National Environmental management: of every landowner to control invasive Biodiversity Act 10 of 2004 and the species on their property, and use the Alien and Invasive Species lists in appropriate eradication methods for terms of section 66(1), 70(1)(a), 71(3) each species present. Assistance can and 71A of the National Environmental be sought from various conservation management: Biodiversity Act 10. agencies and government departments. The appropriate rehabilitation of the For further information visit natural vegetation following alien plant www.invasives.org.za eradication should be encouraged.

A landowner clearing alien wattle trees from a river course

44 BirdLife South Africa 6.1 Challenge 6.2 Solution

Fire Appropriate fire management

In the Nama Karoo, where grass becomes Active fire management already forms an increasingly dominant component a major component of the management of the vegetation cover, fire manage- of many farms. Fire regimes should ment needs careful thought. There is mimic those required by the ecology of a lot of concern regarding fires, since the natural veld wherever possible. Fire they can cause loss of livestock, human prevention activities should take the focus fatalities and damage to infrastruc- and ensure that all properties, including ture, and negligence in terms of fire government, landholders and private management can result in litigation. individuals, have the necessary fire breaks With dry conditions accompanied by and firefighting equipment. They should strong winds, fire can quickly get out of be registered with the local Fire Protec- control. However, for grass dominated tion Association if possible and have full landscapes, fire is part of the ecological knowledge of any protocols related to functioning of the landscape: it helps reporting and fighting fires within their control bush encroachment and reju- regions. Fire education programmes should venates moribund veld (du Toit et al. also be conducted for all staff. In certain 2015). For birds, aseasonal (spring or instances management authorities may also early summer) fires in the western half be required to conduct planned burns to of the Karoo can threaten birds that are maintain ecological functioning within the nesting, or large terrestrial birds (cranes, system. This must be done in full consul- korhaans), especially very young birds tation with all of the necessary authorities that have limited or no flying abilities. and as determined by ecological specialists.

Working together

Birds of the Karoo: Ecology and Conservation 45 7.1 Challenge 8.1 Challenge

Agricultural land conversion Pesticides

Large-scale land conversion for agricul- Intensive agriculture, especially for fruit, tural purposes is normally observed in can often involve intensive insecticide the Karoo in association with low-lying spraying regimes. Impacts of pesti- areas with access to irrigation, where cide use can extend far beyond the the land is used for growing of pasture zone of application, especially for river crops (e.g. lucerne/alfalfa), increasingly ecosystems. However, in the arid Karoo seed crops (e.g. onions) and also for the regions, agricultural practises that require creation of orchards in some regions. This intensive pesticide use are limited, practise involves complete conversion restricted to the fruit growing regions of natural habitat to managed habitat, associated with the Orange River to with major implications for vegetation. the north and east, Olifants River to the south, and Fish River to the south east. 7.2 Solution 8.2 Solution BirdLife South Africa acknowledges the critical function of agriculture for We acknowledge that it is sometimes ensuring food security and contributing necessary to use certain chemi- to the country’s economy. It is suggested cals for managing the impacts of that farming practices in the Karoo focus pests during agricultural production. on livestock production, which is compat- However, these practises should be ible with the birds and biodiversity of this limited as far as possible, and must arid environment. However, fortunately avoid contaminating water sources. in the case of pasture crops, these areas are also often very productive in terms of bird species richness and biomass: African Pipit, Red-capped Lark, Egyp- tian Goose, Spur-winged Goose, South African Shelduck and, occasionally, Blue Crane are associated with these habitats.

46 BirdLife South Africa 9.1 Challenge 9.2 Solution

Erosion and desertification Maintaining healthy veld

Given the arid nature of the Karoo The Karoo is dominated by agricul- landscape, with low vegetation cover tural land-uses, primarily livestock and biomass, erosion and desertification production for cattle and sheep. Recent have been hot topics for decades. The research undertaken by BirdLife South number of hectares required per LSU Africa found that the presence of (Large Stock Unit) is upwards of 20, but cattle and sheep on land seemed to over 100 for regions like the Tankwa and have little impact on bird presence, Richtersveld. Overstocking and artificially although degraded landscapes did maintaining livestock numbers through have lower species richness. Given water provision during drought periods that sheep farming is geared towards results in devastating consequences for maintaining vegetation biomass and land condition, the ‘downward spiral’ relies on rangeland (veld) in good of loss of vegetation, leading to loss of condition, the farming community of soil, and ultimately poor recovery of the Karoo is a natural partner when vegetation. The birds and other biodi- it comes to bird conservation. versity of the region also rely on healthy vegetation to provide suitable habitat. A few important factors must be kept The loss of vegetation and decline in mind. The Karoo is a semi-desert. in veld quality can therefore have a Therefore rainfall is low and unreliable, knock-on impact on the biodiversity. which means veld should be managed

Land degradation

Birds of the Karoo: Ecology and Conservation 47 as conservatively as possible. An ideal For grazing capacity guidelines you approach would be to rest certain can visit the CapeFarmMapper website, parts of a farm to ensure reserves and navigate to Resource Layers: for the dry periods. Landholders Agriculture: Grazing Capacity 2018. should avoid over-stocking of veld (gis.elsenburg.com/apps/cfm) to reduce areas of erosion which can lead to long-term desertification. There are also other sources of infor- mation available on livestock ecological Livestock will generally utilise the most best practise e.g. www.azef.co.za/ palatable plant species first, and favour pdf/Grazing_Guidelines_Draft.pdf these over other species. A contin- uous, high-density grazing system can BirdLife South Africa has also produced therefore lead to the permanent loss of guidelines which may be applicable palatable species, as they are not given a for the eastern areas of the Karoo: chance to flower, set seed and recover. It “Bird-friendly burning and grazing is advisable to stock land at the appro- best-practice for grasslands” at www. priate carrying capacity and to ensure birdlife.org.za/media-and-resources/ that different plots are given periods of grassland-best-practise-guidelines/ rest to allow the palatable plant species a chance to adequately recover.

Land restoration underway

48 BirdLife South Africa 10.1 Challenge 10.2 Solution

Plastic and other pollution Wherever possible, landholders are encouraged to utilise existing recy- The problem of poor recycling infra- cling schemes which may be found for structure, waste management and plastic various products. An opportunity exists pollution has received much media atten- for local municipalities, conservation tion. This is a big problem across South organisations or private landholders to Africa and the world, but especially so begin recycling initiatives, which can around the small towns of the Karoo also provide employment for impov- where municipal dumps are easily iden- erished communities whilst improving tified by the plastic distributed by strong the state of the local environment. winds in the surrounding landscape. Most farmsteads burn all their rubbish, which may have environmental consequences, especially regarding disposal of environ- mentally hazardous waste, like batteries.

Kelp Gull entangled in plastic

Birds of the Karoo: Ecology and Conservation 49

50 BirdLife South Africa Conclusion

The bird species, environmental threats and conservation actions described in this booklet are intended to provide an introduction for those interested in the conservation and ecology of this region. The booklet is not exhaustive, and inter- ested readers should consult the refer- ence list, further reading, and the various website links throughout the text, in order to learn more about these species and their conservation. The landholders and land managers of the Karoo region are the true custodians of the landscape and they are thanked for providing a space where our unique Karoo birds may flourish. Landholders and managers are also encouraged to apply the solutions described in this booklet, ultimately to the benefit of the birds and other biodiversity which call this region home.

Birds of the Karoo: Ecology and Conservation 51 References and further reading

Boshoff AF, Minnie JC, Tambling CJ, Farwell LS, Wood PB, Sheehan J, Michael MD. 2011. The impact of power George GA. 2016. Shale gas develop- line-related mortality on the Cape Vulture ment effects on the songbird commu- Gyps coprotheres in a part of its range, nity in a central Appalachian forest. with an emphasis on electrocution. Bird Biological Conservation 201: 78-91. Conservation International 21: 311-327. Gibbons B. 2011. Recorded Blue Cunningham S, Madden C, Barnard Crane Anthropoides paradiseus P, Amar A. 2016. Electric crows: mortalities from 2005 to 2009 powerlines, climate change and the in the Karoo. Indwa 9: 41-43. emergence of a native invader. Diver- sity and Distributions 22: 17-29. Harrison, J. and Young, D. 2010. Farming for the future: farming sustain- Dean WRJ. 1995. Where birds are ably with nature. : Animal rare or fill the air: The protection Demography Unit. The book includes of the endemic and the nomadic attractive and useful notes on birds. avifaunas of the Karoo. PhD, Univer- Download it at www.adu.org.za/docs/ sity of Cape Town, Cape Town. farming_for_the_future_lr.pdf

Dean WRJ, Milton SJ (eds). 1999. Hockey, P., Dean, W.R.J. & Ryan, P. The Karoo: Ecological patterns (eds.) (2005) Roberts Birds of Southern and processes. Cambridge, UK: Africa. Trustees of the John Voelcker Cambridge University Press. Bird Book Fund, Johannesburg.

Dean W, Milton S. 2000. Directed Holness S, Driver A, Todd S, Snaddon K, dispersal of Opuntia species in Hamer M, Raimondo D, Daniels F, Alex- the Karoo, South Africa: are crows ander G, Bazelet C, Bills R, et al. 2016. the responsible agents? Journal of Biodiversity and Ecological Impacts: Arid Environments 45: 305-314. Landscape Processes, Ecosystems and Species. In: Scholes R, Lochner P, Dean W, Anderson M, Milton S, Anderson Schreiner G, Snyman-Van der Walt L, T. 2002. Avian assemblages in native de Jager M editors. Shale Gas Develop- Acacia and alien Prosopis drainage line ment in the Central Karoo: A Scientific woodland in the Kalahari, South Africa. Assessment of the Opportunities and Journal of Arid Environments 51: 1-19. Risks. Pretoria, South Africa. Available at http://seasgd.csir.co.za/scientific-as- du Toit JCO, van den Berg L, O’Connor sessment-chapters/: CSIR. p. 7-21. TG. 2015. Fire effects on vegeta- tion in a grassy dwarf shrubland at Jenkins AR, Smallie JJ, Diamond M. a site in the eastern Karoo, South 2010. Avian collisions with power lines: Africa. African Journal of Range a global review of causes and mitigation & Forage Science 32: 13-20. with a South African perspective. Bird Conservation International 20: 263-278.

52 BirdLife South Africa Kruger AC, Sekele SS. 2013. Trends South African National in extreme temperature indices in Biodiversity Institute South Africa: 1962–2009. International www.sanbi.org journal of 33: 661-676. Department of Lee ATK, Fleming C, Wright DR. 2018. Environmental Affairs Modelling bird atlas reporting rate as www.environment.gov.za a function of density in the southern Karoo, South Africa. Ostrich 89: 363-372. Department of Agriculture www.daff.gov.za/daffweb3/ Mucina L, Rutherford MC. 2006. Programme/LandCare/ The vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. South African www.birdlife.org.za National Biodiversity Institute.

Peacock, F. 2012. Chamberlain’s LBJS: The definitive guide to Southern Africa’s Little Brown Jobs. publishing, Cape Town.

Santangeli A, Arkumarev V, Komen L, Bridgeford P, Kolberg H. 2017. Unearthing poison use and consequent anec- dotal vulture mortalities in Namibia’s commercial farmland – implications for conservation. Ostrich 88: 147-154.

Shaw JM, Jenkins AR, Allan DG, Ryan PG. 2015. Population size and trends of Ludwig’s Bustard Neotis ludwigii and other large terrestrial birds in the Karoo, South Africa. Bird Conserva- tion International. FirstView: 1-18.

Shaw JM, Jenkins AR, Ryan PG, Smallie JJ. 2010. A preliminary survey of avian mortality on power lines in the Over- berg, South Africa. Ostrich 81: 109-113.

Todd S, Hoffman MT, Henschel J, Cardoso A, Brooks M, Underhill L. 2016. Chapter 14. The potential impacts of fracking on biodiversity of the Karoo Basin, South Africa. In: Glazeweski J, Esterhuyse S editors. Hydraulic fracturing in the Karoo: Critical legal and environmental perspec- tives. Juta and company. p. 278-301.

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