Guide to Identification of Aphids and Their Natural Enemies

Guide to identifi cation of aphids and their natural enemies Cristina Navarro Campos Ferrán García-Marí

www.belchim.co.uk

Guide-Puceron_FINAL_v2_ENG.indd 1 9/02/2015 11:02:29 introduction

Belchim Crop Protection has been serving agriculture Damage can be direct – from physical feeding damage for almost 30 years. We have developed this guide with and loss of sugar or via transmission of phytopathogenic a view to increasing the knowledge of economically viruses. important crop pests and their natural enemies. For these reasons, aphids have the potential to cause a More than 4000 species of aphid have been identifi ed great deal of harm to crops if not controlled by natural in 10 distinct families. Although there is great variety predators and chemical insecticides. in colour, shape, size and food-source, there are several features in common; This guide has been produced with the assistance of Cristina Navarro Campos and Ferran Garcia-Mari, All aphids feed on plant sap using sucking mouthparts. both researchers at the Agroforestery Institute of the Mediterranean. We would like to express our deepest High reproductive capacity can result in very rapid gratitude for them making the development of this tool population increases. This gives them the potential to possible. be extremely destructive. These aphids will often form large colonies.

Some aphids (eg Rosy apple aphid – Dysaphis plantaginea) feed on only a few specifi c species. This is known as host specifi city. Other aphids (eg Black bean aphid – Aphis fabae) are polyphagous and can feed on many species of plants.

Guide-Puceron_FINAL_v2_ENG.indd 2 9/02/2015 11:02:52 Aphids Natural Enemies

Apple aphid Aphis pomi 3 14-spot ladybird Propylea 14-punctata 23

Bird cherry oat aphid Rhopalosiphum padi 4 7-spot ladybird Coccinella septempunctata adult 24

Black bean aphid Aphis fabae 5 7-spot ladybird Coccinella septempunctata larva 25

Blackcurrant sowthistle aphid Hyperomyzus lactucae 6 Adonis ladybird Adonia variegata 26

Buckthorn potato aphid Aphis nasturtii 7 Green lacewing Chrysoperla carnea adult 27

Cotton aphid Aphis gossypii 8 Green lacewing Chrysoperla carnea larva 28

Currant lettuce aphid Nasonovia ribis-nigri 9 Lady beetle Scymnus spp. adult 29

Glasshouse potato aphid Aulacorthum solani 10 Lady beetle Scymnus spp. larva 30

Grain aphid Sitobion avenae 11 Marmalade hoverfl y Episyrphus balteatus adult 31

Green bug Schizaphis graminum 12 Marmalade hoverfl y Episyrphus balteatus larva 32

Lettuce root aphid Pemphigus bursarius 13 Migrant hoverfl y Eupeodes corollae 33

Mealy cabbage aphid Brevicoryne brassicae 14 Parasitic wasp Lysiphlebus testaceipes adult 34

Pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum 15 Parasitic wasp Lysiphlebus testaceipes mummy 35

Peach potato aphid Myzus persicae 16 Predatory gall midge Aphidoletes aphidimyza adult 36

Plum aphid Hyalopterus pruni 17 Predatory gall midge Aphidoletes aphidimyza larva 37

Potato aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae 18

Rose grain aphid Metopolophium dirhodum 19

Rosy apple aphid Dysaphis plantaginea 20

Willow carrot aphid Cavariella aegopodii 21 1 Guide-Puceron_FINAL_v2_ENG.indd 3 9/02/2015 11:02:52 Aphids 2 Guide-Puceron_FINAL_v2_ENG.indd 4 9/02/2015 11:02:53 Aphis pomi Apple aphid

Dark head

Black Legs and cauda and antennae pale siphunculi with black tips

Body colour green or yellow-green

Dark head

Main crops attacked: apple Remarks: specifi c Damage: direct feeding Size of apterae: 1.2-2.2 mm

Return to contents page 3 Guide-Puceron_FINAL_v2_ENG.indd 5 9/02/2015 11:03:44 Rhopalosiphum padi Bird cherry oat aphid

Red area at base of siphunculi and Antennae short, cauda not reaching base of siphunculi

Body colour brown-green shape oval Apterae have a coating of wax

Main crops attacked: cereals Remarks specifi c to cereals Damage: cereals (BYDV) potatoes (can spread PVY) Size of apterae: 1.2-2.4 mm

Return to contents page 4 Guide-Puceron_FINAL_v2_ENG.indd 6 9/02/2015 11:03:56 Aphis fabae Black bean aphid

Antennae pale yellow with black tip

Siphunculi black with paler cauda

Legs pale yellow with black tarsus

Body colour matt black often with white wax markings

Main crops attacked: beans, sugar beet Remarks: polyphagous Damage: direct feeding, bean (BLVR, BYMV), pea (PEMV), beet (BYV) Size of apterae: 1.5-3 mm

Return to contents page 5 Guide-Puceron_FINAL_v2_ENG.indd 7 9/02/2015 11:04:02 Hyperomyzus lactucae Blackcurrant sowthistle aphid

Long pale antennae

Faint green line on upper abdomen

Prominent fi nger- shaped cauda

Green line on upper abdomen

Main crops attacked: currants, potato, lettuce Damage: direct feeding, potato (PVY) Size of apterae: 2.0-3.2 mm

Antennae approx. half body length

Pale siphunculi

Body colour yellow-green, no dark bands and no wax powder

Main crops attacked: potato, beet, lettuce, sunfl ower Remarks: polyphagous Damage: potato (PVY, PVA) Size of apterae: 1.1-2.4 mm

Antennae pale yellow with dark tip

Siphunculi Legs pale yellow black with with dark femur tip paler cauda and tarsus

Body colour variable, from black to light-green

Dark grey or green patches

Major crops attacked: cucurbits Remarks: polyphagous Damage: direct feeding, cucurbits & ornamentals (several viruses) Size of apterae: 0.9-1.8 mm

Return to contents page 8 Guide-Puceron_FINAL_v2_ENG.indd 10 9/02/2015 11:04:19 Nasonovia ribis-nigri Currant lettuce aphid

Antennae long

Siphunculi Transverse with dark tip dark marks

Body shiny. Pale yellow, green or red

With transverse dark marks on abdomen

Main crops attacked: lettuce Remarks: specifi c to lettuce Damage: direct feeding Size of apterae: 1.3-2.7 mm

Return to contents page 9 Guide-Puceron_FINAL_v2_ENG.indd 11 9/02/2015 11:04:26 Aulacorthum solani Glasshouse potato aphid

Pale siphunculi Green or red with dark tips patch at base of siphunculi

Long antennae

Body colour green, pear-shaped

Main crops attacked: potato, glasshouse ornamentals Damage: potato (PLRV – poor transmission), beet (BYV), cucumber (CMV) Size of apterae: 1.5-3.0 mm

Siphunculi long and black

Cauda 3/4 the length of siphunculi Antennae uniformly dark

Body colour variable: yellow green-dark brown

Main crops attacked: cereals Remarks: specifi c to cereals Damage: cereals (BYDV), potatoes (PVY) Size of apterae: 1.3-3.3 mm

Return to contents page 11 Guide-Puceron_FINAL_v2_ENG.indd 13 9/02/2015 11:04:42 Schizaphis graminum Green bug

Antennae dark, not reaching base of siphunculi

Dark green dorsal longitudinal band

Siphunculi paler than body with black tip, half as long as distance between their bases

Body colour apple-green, oval

Main crops attacked: cereals Remarks: specifi c Damage: cereals (BYDV) Size of apterae: 1.3-2.1 mm

Return to contents page 12 Guide-Puceron_FINAL_v2_ENG.indd 14 9/02/2015 11:04:44 Pemphigus bursarius Lettuce root aphid

No siphunculi

Surrounded by white waxy residue

Main crops attacked: lettuce Remarks: found on the roots of lettuce Damage: direct feeding, lettuce (LMV) Size of apterae: 2.0-2.2 mm

Siphunculi short and dark

Cauda broad and triangular

Body colour green covered with white-greyish waxy powder

Main crops attacked: brassicae Remarks: specifi c to brassicae Damage: direct feeding, brassicas (TuMV, CaMV) Size of apterae: 1.9-2.7 mm

Return to contents page 14 Guide-Puceron_FINAL_v2_ENG.indd 16 9/02/2015 11:04:49 Acyrthosiphon pisum Pea aphid

Long legs Red eyes

Long cauda

Long and slender siphunculi

Main crops attacked: peas, alfalfa Damage: bean (BLRV), pea (PEMV, PSbMV), potatoes (PVY) Size of apterae: 2-5 mm

Siphunculi and cauda light green

Long convergent siphunculi with dark tip

Body colour light green, sometimes pink or red Sometimes with dark green longitudinal bands

Main crops attacked: potatoes, sugar beet, lettuce, brassicas and legumes Remarks: polyphagous Damage: brassicas (TuYV, CaMV), beet (BYV, BMYV, BChV), potato (PLRV, PVA, PVY) Size of apterae: 1.2-2.3 mm

Return to contents page 16 Guide-Puceron_FINAL_v2_ENG.indd 18 9/02/2015 11:05:07 Hyalopterus pruni Plum aphid

Body shape elongate

Siphunculi small and thin, shorter than cauda

Body colour pale blue green with green areas covered with white waxy powder

Main crops attacked: plum Remarks: specifi c to plum Damage: direct feeding, plum (plum pox virus – weak transmission) Size of apterae: 1.5-2.6 mm

Return to contents page 17 Guide-Puceron_FINAL_v2_ENG.indd 19 9/02/2015 11:05:17 Macrosiphum euphorbiae Potato aphid

Red eyes

Long pointed siphunculi

Body colour green, sometimes pink or yellow Body rather large, spindle-shaped

Main crops attacked: rose, potato Remarks: polyphagous Damage: potato (PVY, PVA), beet (BYV, BMYV) Size of apterae: 2.0-4.0 mm

Return to contents page 18 Guide-Puceron_FINAL_v2_ENG.indd 20 9/02/2015 11:05:31 Metopolophium dirhodum Rose grain aphid

Dark dorsal longitudinal band

Antennae with dark tip on each segment, extending beyond base of pale siphunculi

Body colour yellow-green to pink

Main crops attacked: cereals, maize Remarks: specifi c Damage: cereals (BYDV – other more important vectors), maize (MMV) Size of apterae: 1.6-2.9 mm

Return to contents page 19 Guide-Puceron_FINAL_v2_ENG.indd 21 9/02/2015 11:05:43 Dysaphis plantaginea Rosy apple aphid

Siphunculi dark, 3 to 4 times as long as cauda

Antennae reaching the base of siphunculi

Aptera form colonies in crumpled leaves

Body colour dull pink to grey, covered with white-grey wax

Globe shaped

Main crops attacked: apples Remarks: specifi c to apples Damage: direct feeding Size of apterae: 2.1-2.6 mm

Return to contents page 20 Guide-Puceron_FINAL_v2_ENG.indd 22 9/02/2015 11:05:50 Cavariella aegopodii Willow carrot aphid

Antennae less than half the body length

Supracaudal gives impression of two ‘tails’

Body elongate and slightly fl attened

Main crops attacked: carrot, celery, fennel Damage: direct feeding, carrot (motley dwarf), parsnip (yellow fl eck, PMV), celery (CeMV) Size of apterae: 1.5-2.8 mm

© Blackthorn Arable Ltd. Return to contents page 21 Guide-Puceron_FINAL_v2_ENG.indd 23 9/02/2015 11:05:53 Natural Enemies 22 Guide-Puceron_FINAL_v2_ENG.indd 24 9/02/2015 11:05:56 Propylea 14-punctata 14-spot ladybird

Head yellow with black anterior side Thorax yellow with several black spots

Elytra yellow with 14 spots (sometimes fused)

Insects 3.5-4.5 mm in length

Return to contents page 23 Guide-Puceron_FINAL_v2_ENG.indd 25 9/02/2015 11:06:34 Coccinella septempunctata adult 7-spot ladybird

Thorax black with 2 white rectangular spots on the front corners

Head black with two white spots

Elytra with 6 spots. Additional spot behind head.

Insects 7-8 mm in length

Sides of elytra rounded

Return to contents page 24 Guide-Puceron_FINAL_v2_ENG.indd 26 9/02/2015 11:06:41 Coccinella septempunctata larva 7-spot ladybird

Prominent tubercles bearing hairs

Long and prominent legs Orange spots on prothorax and abdomen

Insects up to 7 mm, with body shape resembling tiny alligators

Body segmented

Black or dark grey

Return to contents page 25 Guide-Puceron_FINAL_v2_ENG.indd 27 9/02/2015 11:06:47 Adonia variegata Adonis ladybird

Red elytra with 7 or more black spots

Thorax black with white edges Sides of elytra parallel

Insects 4-4.5 mm in length

Return to contents page 26 Guide-Puceron_FINAL_v2_ENG.indd 28 9/02/2015 11:06:57 Chrysoperla carnea adult Green lacewing

Long and threadlike antennae

Golden eyes

Head without black spots, at least on its upper part Green insect with transparent wings

27-29 mm in length, with golden eyes

Return to contents page 27 Guide-Puceron_FINAL_v2_ENG.indd 29 9/02/2015 11:07:02 Chrysoperla carnea larva Green lacewing

Two dark lines on head, without central dark spot Pincer like mandibles

Three pairs of prominent legs

Shape of body resembling small alligators

Body colour pale white with brown or red areas

Return to contents page 28 Guide-Puceron_FINAL_v2_ENG.indd 30 9/02/2015 11:07:15 Scymnus spp. adult Lady beetle

Body shape rounded

Covered with small hairs

Very small insects, 1 to 2.5 mm in length

Body colour brown or with black and brown areas

Return to contents page 29 Guide-Puceron_FINAL_v2_ENG.indd 31 9/02/2015 11:07:20 Scymnus spp. larva Lady beetle

Wax secretions arranged in regular rows

Head capsule

3 pairs of legs

Body covered with white wax secretions

Wax secretions short or long and irregular

Return to contents page 30 Guide-Puceron_FINAL_v2_ENG.indd 32 9/02/2015 11:07:28 Episyrphus balteatus adult Marmalade hoverfl y

Wings transparent, with spurious vein in the middle of wing

Thorax black

Abdomen with narrow and wide black bands

Return to contents page 31 Guide-Puceron_FINAL_v2_ENG.indd 33 9/02/2015 11:07:35 Episyrphus balteatus larva Marmalade hoverfl y

Anterior part of body Cylindrical, legless and tapering up to 1 cm in length and without cephalic capsule

Two prominent organs on posterior part of body

Yellow white colour

Transparent body No head capsule Tapering anterior body

Return to contents page 32 Guide-Puceron_FINAL_v2_ENG.indd 34 9/02/2015 11:07:47 Eupeodes corollae Migrant hoverfl y

Transparent wings, with spurious vein in the middle of wing

Black abdomen with yellow spots (may meet in the middle in males)

Return to contents page 33 Guide-Puceron_FINAL_v2_ENG.indd 35 9/02/2015 11:07:55 Lysiphlebus testaceipes adult Parasitic wasp

13 to 16 antennal segments

Black pterostigma present in forewings

Black or brown insects less than 3.5 mm in length Less than 3 closed cells on forewings

Return to contents page 34 Guide-Puceron_FINAL_v2_ENG.indd 36 9/02/2015 11:07:58 Lisyphlebus testaceipes mummy Parasitic wasp

Aphid swollen and with spherical shape

Bronze, brown or clear in colour

Hardened body with papery texture

Attached to leaf

Return to contents page 35 Guide-Puceron_FINAL_v2_ENG.indd 37 9/02/2015 11:08:03 Aphidoletes aphidimyza adult Predatory gall midge

Antennae with 14 segments, bilobate in males and cylindrical in females

eyes touching above head

Wings with 3 veins reaching the wing border

Insects of 1-3 mm and aspect of mosquitos Long legs, with fi rst tarsal segment much shorter than second

Return to contents page 36 Guide-Puceron_FINAL_v2_ENG.indd 38 9/02/2015 11:08:10 Aphidoletes aphidimyza larva Predatory gall midge

Tapering anterior body and no cephalic capsule Without legs

Small, 1-3 mm in length

Bright orange in colour

Slug-like

Return to contents page 37 Guide-Puceron_FINAL_v2_ENG.indd 39 9/02/2015 11:08:15 Aphid Guide – Glossary Antennae – Segmented sensory appendages on the head of the insect BYDV – Barley yellow dwarf virus Apterae – Wingless adults BLVR – Bean leaf roll virus Bilobate – two lobes BYMV – Bean yellow mosaic virus Cauda – tail-like structure PEMV – Pea enation mosaic virus Cephalic capsule – helmet-like structure covering head BYV – Beet yellows virus Elytra – wing case PVY – Potato virus Y Femur – the ‘thigh’ segment near the body of the insect PVA – Potato virus A Forewings – front pair of wings PLRV – Potato leaf roll virus Mandibles – paired appendages at insects mouths CMV – Cucumber mosaic virus Prothroax – foremost segment of thorax LMV – Lettuce mosaic virus Pterostigma – obvious coloured or darkened cell in wing membrane TuMV – Turnip mosaic virus Siphunculi – tubular organs on the back of insect CaMV – Caulifl ower mosaic virus Spurious vein – vein like thickening of the wing membrane PSbMV – Pea seed borne mosaic virus Supracaudal process – Additional tail-like structure above the cauda BMYV – Beet mild yellowing virus Tarsal segment –paired hook structure projecting from tarsus BChV – Beet chlorosis virus Tarsus – segment at the end of the leg MMV – Maize mosaic virus Tergites – hardened dorsal structure PMV – Parsnip mosaic virus Terminal process – tip segment of antennae CeMV – Celery mosaic virus Thorax – segment located between neck and abdomen Tibia – the ‘calf’ segment of the leg Tubercles – round protruberance

Return to contents page 38 Guide-Puceron_FINAL_v2_ENG.indd 40 9/02/2015 11:08:22 www.belchim.co.uk

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