Quantitative Uniqueness of Human Brain Evolution Revealed Through Phylogenetic Comparative Analysis Ian F Miller1,2*, Robert a Barton3, Charles L Nunn2,4
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EAZA Best Practice Guidelines Bonobo (Pan Paniscus)
EAZA Best Practice Guidelines Bonobo (Pan paniscus) Editors: Dr Jeroen Stevens Contact information: Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp – K. Astridplein 26 – B 2018 Antwerp, Belgium Email: [email protected] Name of TAG: Great Ape TAG TAG Chair: Dr. María Teresa Abelló Poveda – Barcelona Zoo [email protected] Edition: First edition - 2020 1 2 EAZA Best Practice Guidelines disclaimer Copyright (February 2020) by EAZA Executive Office, Amsterdam. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in hard copy, machine-readable or other forms without advance written permission from the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA). Members of the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA) may copy this information for their own use as needed. The information contained in these EAZA Best Practice Guidelines has been obtained from numerous sources believed to be reliable. EAZA and the EAZA APE TAG make a diligent effort to provide a complete and accurate representation of the data in its reports, publications, and services. However, EAZA does not guarantee the accuracy, adequacy, or completeness of any information. EAZA disclaims all liability for errors or omissions that may exist and shall not be liable for any incidental, consequential, or other damages (whether resulting from negligence or otherwise) including, without limitation, exemplary damages or lost profits arising out of or in connection with the use of this publication. Because the technical information provided in the EAZA Best Practice Guidelines can easily be misread or misinterpreted unless properly analysed, EAZA strongly recommends that users of this information consult with the editors in all matters related to data analysis and interpretation. -
UNIT 4 HISTORY of HUMAN EVOLUTION* History of Human Evolution
UNIT 4 HISTORY OF HUMAN EVOLUTION* History of Human Evolution Contents 4.0 Introduction 4.1 Trends in Human Evolution: Understanding Pre-modern Humans 4.2 Hominization Process 4.2.1 Bipedalism 4.2.2 Opposable Thumb and Manual Dexterity 4.3 Summary 4.4 References 4.5 Answers to Check Your Progress Learning Objectives: After reading this unit you will be able to: analyze the major trends in human evolution; review characteristics which distinguish human from their primate ancestors; learn anatomical and cultural changes associated with the process of hominization; and comprehend the significance of these changes during evolution of human. 4.0 INTRODUCTION Humans first evolved in East Africa about 2.5 million years ago from an earlier genus of apes called Australopithecus, which means ‘Southern Ape’. About 2 million years ago, some of these archaic men and women left their homeland to journey through and settle vast areas of North Africa, Europe and Asia. Since survival in the snowy forests of northern Europe required different traits than those needed to stay alive in Indonesia’s steaming jungles, human populations evolved in different directions. The result was several distinct species, to each of which scientists have assigned a pompous Latin name. Humans in Europe and western Asia evolved into Homo neanderthalensis (‘Man from the Neander Valley’), popularly referred to simply as ‘Neandethals’. Neanderthals, bulkier and more muscular than us Sapiens, were well adapted to the cold climate of Ice Age western Eurasia. The more eastern regions of Asia were populated by Homo erects, ‘Upright Man’, who survived there for close to 2 million years, making it the most durable species ever. -
The Neuroscience of Human Intelligence Differences
Edinburgh Research Explorer The neuroscience of human intelligence differences Citation for published version: Deary, IJ, Penke, L & Johnson, W 2010, 'The neuroscience of human intelligence differences', Nature Reviews Neuroscience, vol. 11, pp. 201-211. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2793 Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.1038/nrn2793 Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Peer reviewed version Published In: Nature Reviews Neuroscience Publisher Rights Statement: This is an author's accepted manuscript of the following article: Deary, I. J., Penke, L. & Johnson, W. (2010), "The neuroscience of human intelligence differences", in Nature Reviews Neuroscience 11, p. 201-211. The final publication is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2793 General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 02. Oct. 2021 Nature Reviews Neuroscience in press The neuroscience of human intelligence differences Ian J. Deary*, Lars Penke* and Wendy Johnson* *Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2EE, Scotland, UK. All authors contributed equally to the work. -
Proposal for Inclusion of the Chimpanzee
CMS Distribution: General CONVENTION ON MIGRATORY UNEP/CMS/COP12/Doc.25.1.1 25 May 2017 SPECIES Original: English 12th MEETING OF THE CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES Manila, Philippines, 23 - 28 October 2017 Agenda Item 25.1 PROPOSAL FOR THE INCLUSION OF THE CHIMPANZEE (Pan troglodytes) ON APPENDIX I AND II OF THE CONVENTION Summary: The Governments of Congo and the United Republic of Tanzania have jointly submitted the attached proposal* for the inclusion of the Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) on Appendix I and II of CMS. *The geographical designations employed in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the CMS Secretariat (or the United Nations Environment Programme) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The responsibility for the contents of the document rests exclusively with its author. UNEP/CMS/COP12/Doc.25.1.1 PROPOSAL FOR THE INCLUSION OF CHIMPANZEE (Pan troglodytes) ON APPENDICES I AND II OF THE CONVENTION ON THE CONSERVATION OF MIGRATORY SPECIES OF WILD ANIMALS A: PROPOSAL Inclusion of Pan troglodytes in Appendix I and II of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals. B: PROPONENTS: Congo and the United Republic of Tanzania C: SUPPORTING STATEMENT 1. Taxonomy 1.1 Class: Mammalia 1.2 Order: Primates 1.3 Family: Hominidae 1.4 Genus, species or subspecies, including author and year: Pan troglodytes (Blumenbach 1775) (Wilson & Reeder 2005) [Note: Pan troglodytes is understood in the sense of Wilson and Reeder (2005), the current reference for terrestrial mammals used by CMS). -
Spatial Mosaic Evolution of Snail Defensive Traits
University of New Orleans ScholarWorks@UNO Biological Sciences Faculty Publications Department of Biological Sciences 2007 Spatial Mosaic Evolution of Snail Defensive Traits Steve G. Johnson University of New Orleans, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uno.edu/biosciences_facpubs Recommended Citation Johnson, S.G., C. Darrin Hulsey, Francisco J. Garcia de Leon. 2007. Spatial mosaic evolution of snail defensive traits. BMC Evolutionary Biology 7:50 (open access in pubmed central) This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biological Sciences at ScholarWorks@UNO. It has been accepted for inclusion in Biological Sciences Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UNO. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BMC Evolutionary Biology BioMed Central Research article Open Access Spatial mosaic evolution of snail defensive traits Steven G Johnson*1, C Darrin Hulsey2 and Francisco J García de León3 Address: 1Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Orleans, 2000 Lake Shore Drive, New Orleans, LA, 70148 USA, 2Department of Biology, Georgia Tech, 310 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, USA and 3Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas del Noroeste, P.O. Box 128, La Paz, B.C.S. Mexico Email: Steven G Johnson* - [email protected]; C Darrin Hulsey - [email protected]; Francisco J García de León - [email protected] * Corresponding author Published: 30 March 2007 Received: 26 February 2007 Accepted: 30 March 2007 BMC Evolutionary Biology 2007, 7:50 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-50 This article is available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/7/50 © 2007 Johnson et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. -
8. Primate Evolution
8. Primate Evolution Jonathan M. G. Perry, Ph.D., The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Stephanie L. Canington, B.A., The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Learning Objectives • Understand the major trends in primate evolution from the origin of primates to the origin of our own species • Learn about primate adaptations and how they characterize major primate groups • Discuss the kinds of evidence that anthropologists use to find out how extinct primates are related to each other and to living primates • Recognize how the changing geography and climate of Earth have influenced where and when primates have thrived or gone extinct The first fifty million years of primate evolution was a series of adaptive radiations leading to the diversification of the earliest lemurs, monkeys, and apes. The primate story begins in the canopy and understory of conifer-dominated forests, with our small, furtive ancestors subsisting at night, beneath the notice of day-active dinosaurs. From the archaic plesiadapiforms (archaic primates) to the earliest groups of true primates (euprimates), the origin of our own order is characterized by the struggle for new food sources and microhabitats in the arboreal setting. Climate change forced major extinctions as the northern continents became increasingly dry, cold, and seasonal and as tropical rainforests gave way to deciduous forests, woodlands, and eventually grasslands. Lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers—once diverse groups containing many species—became rare, except for lemurs in Madagascar where there were no anthropoid competitors and perhaps few predators. Meanwhile, anthropoids (monkeys and apes) emerged in the Old World, then dispersed across parts of the northern hemisphere, Africa, and ultimately South America. -
Seasonality and Brain Size Are Negatively Associated in Frogs
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Seasonality and brain size are negatively associated in frogs: evidence for the expensive brain Received: 7 July 2017 Accepted: 20 November 2017 framework Published: xx xx xxxx Yi Luo1,2, Mao Jun Zhong1,2, Yan Huang1,2, Feng Li1,2, Wen Bo Liao1,2 & Alexander Kotrschal3 The challenges of seasonal environments are thought to contribute to brain evolution, but in which way is debated. According to the Cognitive Bufer Hypothesis (CBH) brain size should increase with seasonality, as the cognitive benefts of a larger brain should help overcoming periods of food scarcity via, for instance, increased behavioral fexibility. However, in line with the Expensive Brain Framework (EBF) brain size should decrease with seasonality because a smaller brain confers energetic benefts in periods of food scarcity. Empirical evidence is inconclusive and mostly limited to homoeothermic animals. Here we used phylogenetic comparative analyses to test the impact of seasonality on brain evolution across 30 species of anurans (frogs) experiencing a wide range of temperature and precipitation. Our results support the EBF because relative brain size and the size of the optic tectum were negatively correlated with variability in temperature. In contrast, we found no association between the variability in precipitation and the length of the dry season with either brain size or the sizes of other major brain regions. We suggest that seasonality-induced food scarcity resulting from higher variability in temperature constrains brain size evolution in anurans. Less seasonal environments may therefore facilitate the evolution of larger brains in poikilothermic animals. Brain size varies dramatically between species1 and the recent decades have uncovered a variety of factors that drive this evolution2–10. -
Human-Nonhuman Primate Interconnections and Their Relevance to Anthropology
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Ecological and Environmental Anthropology Wildlife Damage Management, Internet Center (University of Georgia) for November 2006 Human-Nonhuman Primate Interconnections and Their Relevance to Anthropology Agustin Fuentes University of Notre Dame Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdmeea Part of the Environmental Sciences Commons Fuentes, Agustin, "Human-Nonhuman Primate Interconnections and Their Relevance to Anthropology" (2006). Ecological and Environmental Anthropology (University of Georgia). 1. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdmeea/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Wildlife Damage Management, Internet Center for at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Ecological and Environmental Anthropology (University of Georgia) by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Vol. 2, No. 2 Ecological and Environmental Anthropology 2006 Articles Human-Nonhuman Primate Interconnections and Their Relevance to Anthropology Agustín Fuentes The human-nonhuman primate interface is a core component in conservation and an emerging area of discourse across anthropology. There is a growing recognition of the relevance of long-term sympatry between human and nonhuman primates. Until recently these relationships received limited attention in the anthropological literature and in the primatological construction of models for the behavior and evolution of primate societies. Most socioecological investigations into primate groups and human populations do not incorporate their interactions (beyond predation or crop raiding), potential pathogen sharing, or the role of the anthropogenically impacted environment. Current relationships between humans and nonhuman primates are generally assumed to be rooted in conflict over land use and relatively recent, and thus have limited evolutionary and long term ecological impact. -
The Web of Life Evolution in Action
The Web of Life Evolution in Action Presentations at the National Association of Biology Teachers Annual Conferences 1998 – 2001 by the Society for the Study of Evolution Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution Table of Contents On Observing Evolution .............................................................................................. 1 DefendingEvolution .................................................................................................... 5 Humans as the World’s Greatest................................................................................... 7 Evolutionary Force ...................................................................................................... 7 Evolution in Our Lives .............................................................................................. 18 Putting the Scientific Method into Biological Taxonomy – Teaching the Phylogenetic System................................................................................................... 20 SNPs : Why all the excitement? ................................................................................ 23 Macroevolution: Evolution on a big scale................................................................. 24 Why Evolution Matters .............................................................................................. 29 Applied Evolution: Technology for the 21st Century................................................. 34 DNA and Early Human HistoryNeandertals and Early Humans: But Did They Mate? .................................................................................................................................. -
Magic Traits: Distinguishing the Important from the Trivial
Letters Trends in Ecology and Evolution January 2012, Vol. 27, No. 1 Magic traits: distinguishing the important from the trivial Benjamin C. Haller1, Luis F. De Le´ on1,2, Gregor Rolshausen1, Kiyoko M. Gotanda1 and Andrew P. Hendry1 1 Department of Biology and Redpath Museum, McGill University, 859 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 2K6 2 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 2072, Balboa, Panama´ Servedio et al. [1], following Gavrilets [2], define a magic implies that such a trait is, in a sense, an ordinary trait that trait as ‘a trait subject to divergent selection and a trait contributes to non-random mating, but that is, at times, in a contributing to non-random mating that are pleiotropic ‘magic environment’ that subjects it to divergent selection; expressions of the same gene(s)’. This clarified definition is the magic comes from the trait–environment interaction. certainly helpful, but we outline here several pivotal ques- Thus, a crucial question emerges: how consistently diver- tions for empirical research, particularly surrounding the gent, through time and across space, must selection be for a crucial concept of effect size. trait to be magic and also important for speciation? Again, The effect size of a magic trait, defined by Servedio et al. we argue that expected effect size is the key: divergent [1] as ‘how much the trait contributed to the evolution of selection must be sufficiently strong and consistent to actu- increased reproductive isolation’, determines whether a ally drive divergence. magic trait is actually important for speciation (an ‘impor- The second pillar of the definition is non-random mat- tant magic trait’) or is a ‘trivial magic trait’ (a magic trait of ing. -
Primate Conservation
Primate Conservation Global evidence for the effects of interventions Jessica Junker, Hjalmar S. Kühl, Lisa Orth, Rebecca K. Smith, Silviu O. Petrovan and William J. Sutherland Synopses of Conservation Evidence ii © 2017 William J. Sutherland This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0). This license allows you to share, copy, distribute and transmit the work; to adapt the work and to make commercial use of the work providing attribution is made to the authors (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Attribution should include the following information: Junker, J., Kühl, H.S., Orth, L., Smith, R.K., Petrovan, S.O. and Sutherland, W.J. (2017) Primate conservation: Global evidence for the effects of interventions. University of Cambridge, UK Further details about CC BY licenses are available at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Cover image: Martha Robbins/MPI-EVAN Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda Digital material and resources associated with this synopsis are available at https://www.conservationevidence.com/ iii Contents About this book ............................................................................................................................. xiii 1. Threat: Residential and commercial development ............................ 1 Key messages ........................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1. Remove and relocate ‘problem’ -
Ancestral Facial Morphology of Old World Higher Primates (Anthropoidea/Catarrhini/Miocene/Cranium/Anatomy) BRENDA R
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 88, pp. 5267-5271, June 1991 Evolution Ancestral facial morphology of Old World higher primates (Anthropoidea/Catarrhini/Miocene/cranium/anatomy) BRENDA R. BENEFIT* AND MONTE L. MCCROSSINt *Department of Anthropology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901; and tDepartment of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 Communicated by F. Clark Howell, March 11, 1991 ABSTRACT Fossil remains of the cercopithecoid Victoia- (1, 5, 6). Contrasting craniofacial configurations of cercopithe- pithecus recently recovered from middle Miocene deposits of cines and great apes are, in consequence, held to be indepen- Maboko Island (Kenya) provide evidence ofthe cranial anatomy dently derived with regard to the ancestral catarrhine condition of Old World monkeys prior to the evolutionary divergence of (1, 5, 6). This reconstruction has formed the basis of influential the extant subfamilies Colobinae and Cercopithecinae. Victoria- cladistic assessments ofthe phylogenetic relationships between pithecus shares a suite ofcraniofacial features with the Oligocene extant and extinct catarrhines (1, 2). catarrhine Aegyptopithecus and early Miocene hominoid Afro- Reconstructions of the ancestral catarrhine morphotype pithecus. AU three genera manifest supraorbital costae, anteri- are based on commonalities of subordinate morphotypes for orly convergent temporal lines, the absence of a postglabellar Cercopithecoidea and Hominoidea (1, 5, 6). Broadly distrib- fossa, a moderate to long snout, great facial