Editorial Board Balakrishnan Parasuraman Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia Benjamin James. Inyang University of Calabar, Nigeria Cyril Foropon University of Manitoba, Canada David H. Kent Golden Gate University, USA Dennis Yao Dzansi Central University of Technology, South Africa Donald Henry Ah Pak Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, China Fulford Richard Edith Cowan University, Australia Goi Chai Lee Curtin University of Technology, Malaysia Hafizi Muhamad Ali Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia Kevin James Daly University of Western Sydney, Australia K. G. Viswanadhan NSS College of Engineering, India Lisa Wang Canadian Center of Science and Education, Canada Mahdi Salehi Zanjan University, Iran Matthew M.Chew Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Muhammad Aslam Khan HITEC University Taxila, Pakistan Muhammad Madi Bin Abdullah Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia Roberto Bergami Vitoria University, Australia Sathya Swaroop Debasish Fakir Mohan University, India Tobias Basse University of Applied Sciences, Germany Wen-Hsien Tsai National Central University, TAIWAN International Journal of Business and Management September, 2009 Contents Role Stressors and Burnout: Effects of Social Relationships 3 Philippe Dubreuil, Marie-Christine Laughrea, Alexandre J.S. Morin, François Courcy & Olivier Loiselle From Marketing Mix to E-Marketing Mix: a Literature Overview and Classification 17 Gandolfo Dominici The Paths of Enterprises Independent Innovation Based on Products Upgrade 25 Xiaohua Sun & Wentao Guo A Study of Debt Structure Preference Based on Controlling Shareholders’ Benefits of Control 30 Yanhui Wang, Yajun Guo & Xueting Song Leverage, Growth Opportunities and Stock Price Response to New Financing 35 Do, Quynh- Nhu Probe into the “Marriage” Relationship of “Outside Managers” and Family Firm 50 Peisi Yu & Jingliang Chen Seigniorage and Public Deficit: A Test of Comparison between Turkey and Tunisia 55 Burak Gürbüz, Zehra Yeúim Gürbüz, Héla Miniaoui & Mounir Smida Confirmatory Research on a Representative Method of Describing Knowledge Task Process 72 Huan Cao & Yongjian Li Entrepreneurial Orientation and Performance Relations of Malaysian Bumiputera SMEs: The Impact of 84 Some Perceived Environmental Factors Amran Awang, Shaiful Annuar Khalid, Ab Aziz Yusof, Kamsol Mohamed Kassim, Mohammad Ismail, Rozihana Shekh Zain & Abdul Rashid Sintha Madar Macroeconomic Situations and Policy Adjustments in China 97 Dongjun Mao An Investigation of Manufacturing Performance Improvement through Lean Production: A Study on 106 Bangladeshi Garment Firms Farhana Ferdousi & Amir Ahmed Business Ethics Reflected in Sanlu Milk Incident 117 Meiying Song Determinants of Herding Behavior among Financial Analysts: A Study of French Listed Firms 121 Mouna Youssef & Mohamed Taher Rajhi The Mode of Dual Agricultural Insurance Institution: Way out of the Plight of Chinese Agricultural 131 Insurance Institution Guoqu Deng Organizational Justice Perceptions as Predictor of Job Satisfaction and Organization Commitment 145 Arti Bakhshi, Kuldeep Kumar & Ekta Rani On Study of “Macro-tourism” Industry Theory: A Case Study of Nanjing in China 155 Wei Yan 1 Vol. 4, No. 9 International Journal of Business and Management Contents A Study on the Tendency of Sole Proprietorship for American-Funded Investment in China and Our 164 Countermeasures Ang Ding Rebranding of Higher Educational Institutions in Malaysia 170 Chai Lee Goi & Mei Teh Goi Design and Application of a General-purpose E-learning Platform 178 Xiaolin Chen Study on the Security Capability, the Security Planning and the Security Mechanism of Rural House in China 182 Feng Han & Yachen Liu Problems and Prospects of Marketing in Developing Economies: The Nigerian Experience 187 Sunday O. E. Ewah & Alex B. Ekeng Analysis of Utilization of FDI in the Yangtze River Delta 197 Zhiwei Xiong Motivations and Ways for Multi-National Corporation’s Tax Planning 203 Caiying Tian Changing Pragmatics of the Indian Pharmaceutical Industry in the Pre and Post TRIPS Period 206 Ravi Kiran & Sunita Mishra Study on the Model of the Community Managing in Tourist Attractions 221 Ruliang Kan, Shenghua Wang & Qinqin Yan The Operationalisation of Safety Culture for the Malaysian Construction Organisations 226 Faridah Ismail, Ahmad Ezanee Hashim, Razidah Ismail & Muhd. Zaimi Abdul Majid The Thinking of Subprime Lending Crisis 238 Cheng Shao & Zhiwei Xiong The Influence of Organizational Culture on Organizational Learning, Worker Involvement and Worker 243 Productivity Kodjo Ezane Joseph & Changjun Dai Research on Reverse Logistics Network Design of Household Appliances Based on Green Logistics 251 Xiaoye Zhou & Miao Zhang Perceptions of Firms Learning and Growth under Knowledge Management Approach with Linkage to 257 Balanced Scorecard (BSC): Evidence from a Multinational Corporation of Bangladesh Md. Habib- Uz- Zaman Khan, ASA & Abdel Karim Halabi 2 International Journal of Business and Management September, 2009 Role Stressors and Burnout: Effects of Social Relationships Philippe Dubreuil Group for Interdisciplinary Research in Psychology Applied to Social Systems (GIRPASS) Department of Psychology, University of Sherbrooke, FLSH 2500 boul. Université, Sherbrooke, (Quebec), J1K 2R1, Canada E-mail: [email protected] Marie-Christine Laughrea Group for Interdisciplinary Research in Psychology Applied to Social Systems (GIRPASS) Department of Psychology, University of Sherbrooke, FLSH 2500 boul. Université, Sherbrooke, (Quebec), J1K 2R1, Canada E-mail: [email protected] Alexandre J.S. Morin (Corresponding author) Department of Psychology, University of Sherbrooke 2500 boulevard de l’Université Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada Tel: 819-821-8000 ext. 65016 E-mail: [email protected] François Courcy Group for Interdisciplinary Research in Psychology Applied to Social Systems (GIRPASS) Department of Psychology, University of Sherbrooke, FLSH 2500 boul. Université, Sherbrooke, (Quebec), J1K 2R1, Canada E-mail: [email protected] Olivier Loiselle Group for Interdisciplinary Research in Psychology Applied to Social Systems (GIRPASS) Department of Psychology, University of Sherbrooke, FLSH 2500 boul. Université, Sherbrooke, (Quebec), J1K 2R1, Canada E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Many studies found direct relations between burnout, role conflict, role ambiguity and work relationships, but few have verified the possibility of moderation and mediation effects between these variables. This cross-sectional study investigates these two possibilities in an attempt to clarify the function of work relationships in the association between role stressors and burnout. This study was conducted on a sample of 263 French-speaking Canadian workers from nine different organizations. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted in order to investigate the purported interaction between social relationships and role stressors. Mediation effects were also verified through multiple regressions involving a bootstrapping procedure to estimate the indirect effects of role stressors on burnout. The results provided no evidence in favor of moderation. Conversely, the results revealed rather that social relationships did 3 Vol. 4, No. 9 International Journal of Business and Management mediate the relationship between role stressors and burnout. Keywords: Burnout, Role conflict, Role ambiguity, Mediation, Moderation, Relationships 1. Introduction According to Maslach, Schaufeli and Leiter (2001), burnout is a work-related psychological syndrome, which can be defined by a combination of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and reduction of personal accomplishment. The first component, emotional exhaustion, refers to a feeling of exhaustion leading the worker to think that he will be unable to invest himself any further in his tasks. The second component, depersonalization, refers to a cognitive distance that is expressed by an attitude of indifference and cynicism toward clients, colleagues and supervisors. The third component, reduction of personal accomplishment, refers to a feeling of reduced competency at meeting job demands. The burnout syndrome is known to exert a deleterious impact on both an organization’s efficiency and an employee’s health. Stephens and Joubert (2001) estimated that in 1998 alone, the costs of mental health problems accounted for a loss of more than 14 billion dollars for the Canadian economy, half of which appeared to be related to reduced productivity. Furthermore, it is now recognized that burnout may precipitate the development of mental health problems such as depression and anxiety (Maslach et al., 2001) and that it can negatively affect the social network and family life of affected employees (Burke & Greenglass, 2001). These considerations support the increasing amount of scientific attention that has been devoted to burnout development and prevention in the past few years. 1.1 Risk Factors for Burnout Development To prevent burnout effectively, it is crucial to understand the risk processes involved in this syndrome. Although some individual risk factors have been pointed out by previous studies as playing a role in burnout development (e.g. Cordes & Dougherty, 1993; Maslach & Jackson, 1985; Russell, Altaimer, & Van Velzen, 1987; Zellars, Perrewé, & Hochwarter, 2000), organizational factors definitely occupy a central place. Indeed, studies showed quite clearly the crucial influence of organizational factors in burnout development,