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Multiseriate Cortical Sclerenchyma Enhance Root Penetration in Compacted Soils
Multiseriate cortical sclerenchyma enhance root penetration in compacted soils Hannah M. Schneidera, Christopher F. Strocka, Meredith T. Hanlona, Dorien J. Vanheesb,c, Alden C. Perkinsa, Ishan B. Ajmeraa, Jagdeep Singh Sidhua, Sacha J. Mooneyb,d, Kathleen M. Browna, and Jonathan P. Lyncha,b,d,1 aDepartment of Plant Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802; bDivision of Agricultural and Environment Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom; cThe James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie DD2 5DA, United Kingdom; and dCentre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom Edited by Philip N. Benfey, Duke University, Durham, NC, and approved January 3, 2021 (received for review June 11, 2020) Mechanical impedance limits soil exploration and resource capture Root anatomical phenes have a large effect on penetration by plant roots. We examine the role of root anatomy in regulating ability (11). Thicker roots are more resistant to buckling and plant adaptation to mechanical impedance and identify a root deflection when encountering hard soils (12, 13). However, in anatomical phene in maize (Zea mays) and wheat (Triticum aesti- maize, cortical cell wall thickness, cortical cell count, cortical cell vum ) associated with penetration of hard soil: Multiseriate cortical wall area, and stele diameter predict root penetration and bend sclerenchyma (MCS). We characterize this trait and evaluate the strength better than root diameter (14). Smaller cells in the outer utility of MCS for root penetration in compacted soils. Roots with cortical region in maize are associated with increased root pen- MCS had a greater cell wall-to-lumen ratio and a distinct UV emis- sion spectrum in outer cortical cells. -
Development and Cell Cycle Activity of the Root Apical Meristem in the Fern Ceratopteris Richardii
G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Article Development and Cell Cycle Activity of the Root Apical Meristem in the Fern Ceratopteris richardii Alejandro Aragón-Raygoza 1,2 , Alejandra Vasco 3, Ikram Blilou 4, Luis Herrera-Estrella 2,5 and Alfredo Cruz-Ramírez 1,* 1 Molecular and Developmental Complexity Group at Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Cinvestav Sede Irapuato, Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera, Irapuato-León, Irapuato 36821, Guanajuato, Mexico; [email protected] 2 Metabolic Engineering Group, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Cinvestav Sede Irapuato, Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera, Irapuato-León, Irapuato 36821, Guanajuato, Mexico; [email protected] 3 Botanical Research Institute of Texas (BRIT), Fort Worth, TX 76107-3400, USA; [email protected] 4 Laboratory of Plant Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia; [email protected] 5 Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 27 October 2020; Accepted: 26 November 2020; Published: 4 December 2020 Abstract: Ferns are a representative clade in plant evolution although underestimated in the genomic era. Ceratopteris richardii is an emergent model for developmental processes in ferns, yet a complete scheme of the different growth stages is necessary. Here, we present a developmental analysis, at the tissue and cellular levels, of the first shoot-borne root of Ceratopteris. -
The Genomics of Wood Formation in Angiosperm Trees
The Genomics of Wood Formation in Angiosperm Trees Xinqiang He and Andrew T. Groover Abstract Advances in genomic science have enabled comparative approaches that can evaluate the evolution of genes and mechanisms underlying phenotypic traits relevant to angiosperm forest trees. Wood formation is an excellent subject for com- parative genomics, as it is an ancestral trait for angiosperms and has undergone significant modification in different angiosperm lineages. This chapter discusses some of the traits associated with wood formation, what is currently known about the genes and mechanisms regulating these traits, and how comparative evolution- ary genomic studies can be undertaken to provide more comprehensive views of the evolution and development of wood formation in angiosperms. Keywords Wood formation • Wood development • Wood evolution • Transcriptional regulation • Epigenetics • Comparative genomics Genomic Perspectives on the Evolutionary Origins and Variation in Angiosperm Wood Introduction The evolutionary and developmental biology of wood are fundamental to under- standing the amazing diversification of angiosperms. While flower morphology and reproductive characters associated with angiosperms have been the focus of numer- ous genetic and genomic evo-devo studies, wood development is a relatively neglected trait of angiosperm evolution and development that is now tractable for comparative and evolutionary genomic studies. The ability to produce wood from a X. He School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China A.T. Groover (*) Pacific Southwest Research Station, US Forest Service, Davis, 95618 CA, USA Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, 95618 CA, USA e-mail: [email protected] © Springer International Publishing AG 2017 205 A.T. Groover and Q.C.B. -
Sclereid Distribution in the Leaves of Pseudotsuga Under Natural and Experimental Conditions Author(S): Khalil H
Sclereid Distribution in the Leaves of Pseudotsuga Under Natural and Experimental Conditions Author(s): Khalil H. Al-Talib and John G. Torrey Source: American Journal of Botany, Vol. 48, No. 1 (Jan., 1961), pp. 71-79 Published by: Botanical Society of America Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2439597 . Accessed: 19/08/2011 13:16 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Botanical Society of America is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to American Journal of Botany. http://www.jstor.org January, 1961] AL-TALIB AND TORREY-SCLEREID DISTRIBUTION 71 SMITH, G. H. 1926. Vascular anatomyof Ranalian flowers. Aquilegia formosav. truncata and Ranunculus repens. I. Ranunculaceae. Bot. Gaz. 82: 1-29. Univ. California Publ. Bot. 25: 513-648. 1928. Vascular anatomy of Ranalian flowers. II. TUCKER, SHIRLEY C. 1959. Ontogeny of the inflorescence Ranunculaceae (continued), Menispermaceae,Calycan- and the flowerin Drimys winteri v. chilensis. Univ. thaceae, Annonaceae. Bot. Gaz. 85: 152-177. California Publ. Bot. 30: 257-335. SNOW, MARY, AND R. SNOW. 1947. On the determination . 1960. Ontogeny of the floral apex of Micheiat of leaves. New Phytol. 46: 5-19. -
Tree Anatomy Stems and Branches
Tree Anatomy Series WSFNR14-13 Nov. 2014 COMPONENTSCOMPONENTS OFOF PERIDERMPERIDERM by Dr. Kim D. Coder, Professor of Tree Biology & Health Care Warnell School of Forestry & Natural Resources, University of Georgia Around tree roots, stems and branches is a complex tissue. This exterior tissue is the environmental face of a tree open to all sorts of site vulgarities. This most exterior of tissue provides trees with a measure of protection from a dry, oxidative, heat and cold extreme, sunlight drenched, injury ridden site. The exterior of a tree is both an ecological super highway and battle ground – comfort and terror. This exterior is unique in its attributes, development, and regeneration. Generically, this tissue surrounding a tree stem, branch and root is loosely called bark. The tissues of a tree, outside or more exterior to the xylem-containing core, are varied and complexly interwoven in a relatively small space. People tend to see and appreciate the volume and physical structure of tree wood and dismiss the remainder of stem, branch and root. In reality, tree life is focused within these more exterior thin tissue sets. Outside of the cambium are tissues which include transport cells, structural support cells, generation cells, and cells positioned to help, protect, and sustain other cells. All of this life is smeared over the circumference of a predominately dead physical structure. Outer Skin Periderm (jargon and antiquated term = bark) is the most external of tree tissues providing protection, water conservation, insulation, and environmental sensing. Periderm is a protective tissue generated over and beyond live conducting and non-conducting cells of the food transport system (phloem). -
Dicot/Monocot Root Anatomy the Figure Shown Below Is a Cross Section of the Herbaceous Dicot Root Ranunculus. the Vascular Tissu
Dicot/Monocot Root Anatomy The figure shown below is a cross section of the herbaceous dicot root Ranunculus. The vascular tissue is in the very center of the root. The ground tissue surrounding the vascular cylinder is the cortex. An epidermis surrounds the entire root. The central region of vascular tissue is termed the vascular cylinder. Note that the innermost layer of the cortex is stained red. This layer is the endodermis. The endodermis was derived from the ground meristem and is properly part of the cortex. All the tissues inside the endodermis were derived from procambium. Xylem fills the very middle of the vascular cylinder and its boundary is marked by ridges and valleys. The valleys are filled with phloem, and there are as many strands of phloem as there are ridges of the xylem. Note that each phloem strand has one enormous sieve tube member. Outside of this cylinder of xylem and phloem, located immediately below the endodermis, is a region of cells called the pericycle. These cells give rise to lateral roots and are also important in secondary growth. Label the tissue layers in the following figure of the cross section of a mature Ranunculus root below. 1 The figure shown below is that of the monocot Zea mays (corn). Note the differences between this and the dicot root shown above. 2 Note the sclerenchymized endodermis and epidermis. In some monocot roots the hypodermis (exodermis) is also heavily sclerenchymized. There are numerous xylem points rather than the 3-5 (occasionally up to 7) generally found in the dicot root. -
Anatomical Traits Related to Stress in High Density Populations of Typha Angustifolia L
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.09715 Original Article Anatomical traits related to stress in high density populations of Typha angustifolia L. (Typhaceae) F. F. Corrêaa*, M. P. Pereiraa, R. H. Madailb, B. R. Santosc, S. Barbosac, E. M. Castroa and F. J. Pereiraa aPrograma de Pós-graduação em Botânica Aplicada, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras – UFLA, Campus Universitário, CEP 37200-000, Lavras, MG, Brazil bInstituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Sul de Minas Gerais – IFSULDEMINAS, Campus Poços de Caldas, Avenida Dirce Pereira Rosa, 300, CEP 37713-100, Poços de Caldas, MG, Brazil cInstituto de Ciências da Natureza, Universidade Federal de Alfenas – UNIFAL, Rua Gabriel Monteiro da Silva, 700, CEP 37130-000, Alfenas, MG, Brazil *e-mail: [email protected] Received: June 26, 2015 – Accepted: November 9, 2015 – Distributed: February 28, 2017 (With 3 figures) Abstract Some macrophytes species show a high growth potential, colonizing large areas on aquatic environments. Cattail (Typha angustifolia L.) uncontrolled growth causes several problems to human activities and local biodiversity, but this also may lead to competition and further problems for this species itself. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate anatomical modifications on T. angustifolia plants from different population densities, once it can help to understand its biology. Roots and leaves were collected from natural populations growing under high and low densities. These plant materials were fixed and submitted to usual plant microtechnique procedures. Slides were observed and photographed under light microscopy and images were analyzed in the UTHSCSA-Imagetool software. The experimental design was completely randomized with two treatments and ten replicates, data were submitted to one-way ANOVA and Scott-Knott test at p<0.05. -
Eudicots Monocots Stems Embryos Roots Leaf Venation Pollen Flowers
Monocots Eudicots Embryos One cotyledon Two cotyledons Leaf venation Veins Veins usually parallel usually netlike Stems Vascular tissue Vascular tissue scattered usually arranged in ring Roots Root system usually Taproot (main root) fibrous (no main root) usually present Pollen Pollen grain with Pollen grain with one opening three openings Flowers Floral organs usually Floral organs usually in in multiples of three multiples of four or five © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 Reproductive shoot (flower) Apical bud Node Internode Apical bud Shoot Vegetative shoot system Blade Leaf Petiole Axillary bud Stem Taproot Lateral Root (branch) system roots © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 Storage roots Pneumatophores “Strangling” aerial roots © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 4 Stolon Rhizome Root Rhizomes Stolons Tubers © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 5 Spines Tendrils Storage leaves Stem Reproductive leaves Storage leaves © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 6 Dermal tissue Ground tissue Vascular tissue © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 7 Parenchyma cells with chloroplasts (in Elodea leaf) 60 µm (LM) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 8 Collenchyma cells (in Helianthus stem) (LM) 5 µm © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 9 5 µm Sclereid cells (in pear) (LM) 25 µm Cell wall Fiber cells (cross section from ash tree) (LM) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 10 Vessel Tracheids 100 µm Pits Tracheids and vessels (colorized SEM) Perforation plate Vessel element Vessel elements, with perforated end walls Tracheids © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 11 Sieve-tube elements: 3 µm longitudinal view (LM) Sieve plate Sieve-tube element (left) and companion cell: Companion cross section (TEM) cells Sieve-tube elements Plasmodesma Sieve plate 30 µm Nucleus of companion cell 15 µm Sieve-tube elements: longitudinal view Sieve plate with pores (LM) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. -
Anatomy of Periderm and Cortex of Fouquieriaceae James Henrickson California State University, Los Angeles
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Volume 7 | Issue 1 Article 7 1969 Anatomy of Periderm and Cortex of Fouquieriaceae James Henrickson California State University, Los Angeles Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Henrickson, James (1969) "Anatomy of Periderm and Cortex of Fouquieriaceae," Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany: Vol. 7: Iss. 1, Article 7. Available at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso/vol7/iss1/7 ALISO VoL. 7, No. 1, pp. 97-126 APRIL 18, 1969 ANATOMY OF PERIDERM AND CORTEX OF FOUQUIERIACEAE JAMES HENRICKSON1 California State College, Los Angeles INTRODUCTION The Fouquieriaceae are small trees and shrubs native to arid portions of Mexico and southwestern United States. The family is treated as consisting of two genera: Fouquieria with 11 known species, and the monotypic Idria. For a brief description of the distribution, growth habits, and floral charac teristics of the family, see Henrickson, 1969. Ever since the family has been known to science, only a small number of anatomical studies have been undertaken. Van Tieghem ( 1899), in re porting on material collected in Baja California by Diguet, made a general and relatively incomplete description of spine formation and stem and floral morphology. He claimed his findings provided evidence of an affinity of this family with the Ebenales. Solereder ( 1908) in his Systematic Anatomy of the Dicotyledons discussed the general anatomy of Fouquieria and included the genus in the Tamariscaceae, where it formed an aberrant element. He included a discussion of leaf, spine, and wood anatomy. -
Plant Structure and Growth
Plant Structure And Growth The Plant Body is Composed of Cells and Tissues • Tissue systems (Like Organs) – made up of tissues • Made up of cells Plant Tissue Systems • ____________________Ground Tissue System Ø photosynthesis Ø storage Ø support • ____________________Vascular Tissue System Ø conduction Ø support • ___________________Dermal Tissue System Ø Covering Ground Tissue System • ___________Parenchyma Tissue • Collenchyma Tissue • Sclerenchyma Tissue Parenchyma Tissue • Made up of Parenchyma Cells • __________Living Cells • Primary Walls • Functions – photosynthesis – storage Collenchyma Tissue • Made up of Collenchyma Cells • Living Cells • Primary Walls are thickened • Function – _Support_____ Sclerenchyma Tissue • Made up of Sclerenchyma Cells • Usually Dead • Primary Walls and secondary walls that are thickened (lignin) • _________Fibers or _________Sclerids • Function – Support Vascular Tissue System • Xylem – H2O – ___________Tracheids – Vessel Elements • Phloem - Food – Sieve-tube Members – __________Companion Cells Xylem • Tracheids – dead at maturity – pits - water moves through pits from cell to cell • Vessel Elements – dead at maturity – perforations - water moves directly from cell to cell Phloem Sieve-tube member • Sieve-tube_____________ members – alive at maturity – lack nucleus – Sieve plates - on end to transport food • _____________Companion Cells – alive at maturity – helps control Companion Cell (on sieve-tube the side) member cell Dermal Tissue System • Epidermis – Single layer, tightly packed cells – Complex -
Tree Physiology Lindsay Ivanyi Resource Specialist Forest Preserves of Cook County What Is a Tree?
Tree Physiology Lindsay Ivanyi Resource Specialist Forest Preserves of Cook County What is a Tree? A woody plant having one well- defined stem and a formal crown. Also, a tree usually attains a height of 8 feet. http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/anthro/caribarch/images/da nceiba.jpg Tree Parts What are the Three Main parts of a tree and What are Their Functions? 1. Crown: Manufactures food, air exchange, shade 2. Trunk/Branches: Transports food, minerals, & water up and down the plant 3. Roots: Absorb water and minerals, transport them up through the trunk to the crown, and stabilize the tree Tree Anatomy and Purpose Leaves… FIRST! Describing a tree without addressing leaves is like describing a cat without hair… it happens but is not as functional, nor as huggable. LEAVES Leaves can be needle- shaped, scale- shaped, or broad and flat, and simple or compound Canopy/Leaf Function Leaves produce food for the tree, and release water and oxygen into the atmosphere through photosynthesis and transpiration. Buds occur at the ends of the shoots (terminal buds) and along the sides of the shoot (lateral buds). These buds contain the embryonic shoots, leaves, and flowers for the next growing season. Lateral buds occur below the terminal bud at leaf axils. If the terminal bud is removed, a lateral bud or two will grow to take its place. Meristematic Growth Breaking Leaf Buds A leaf bud is considered “breaking” once a green leaf tip is visible at the end of the bud, but before the first leaf from the bud has unfolded to expose the leaf stalk at the base. -
Tree Anatomy Stems and Branches
Tree Anatomy Series WSFNR14-15 Nov. 2014 COMPONENTSCOMPONENTS OFOF STEMSSTEMS by Dr. Kim D. Coder, Professor of Tree Biology & Health Care Warnell School of Forestry & Natural Resources, University of Georgia Trees attempt to occupy more space and control available resources through cell divisions and cell expansion. From the end of a shoot tip to the end of a root tip, trees elongate. Along this axis of growth, trees also expand radially, which is termed “secondary growth.” Tree growth is initiated in the shoot tips (growing points / buds), root tips, vascular cambium (i.e. or simply cambium), and phellogen which generates periderm. The first two meristems are primary generation systems and the second two are termed secondary meristems. Cambial activity and xylem formation, as seen in visible increases in growth increment volume is radial growth, and reviewed in the next two chapters. Cross-Section Tree stem anatomy is usually visualized in cross-section. In this form, two-demensional “layers” or “rings,” and tissue types can be identified. More difficult is to visualize these two-dimensional cross- sections and incorporate them into a three dimensional object which changes and grows over time. Moving from outside to inside a stem, tissues encountered include those associated with periderm, secondary cortex, phloem, xylem, and pith. A traditional means of describing a mature tree stem cross-section defines which tissue type is cut first, second and third using a handsaw. A list of generic tissues in stems from outside to inside could include: (Figure 1). epidermis and primary cortex = exterior primary protective tissues quickly rent, torn, and discarded with secondary growth (expansion of girth by lateral meristems – vascular cambium and phellogen).