Olympia Bewegt. Zur Inszenierung Kollektiver Identität Am Beispiel Der Olympischen Spiele Von Sydney 2000

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Olympia Bewegt. Zur Inszenierung Kollektiver Identität Am Beispiel Der Olympischen Spiele Von Sydney 2000 Olympia bewegt. Zur Inszenierung kollektiver Identität am Beispiel der Olympischen Spiele von Sydney 2000 Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades des Doktors der Sportwissenschaft beim Fachbereich Sportwissenschaft der Universität Hamburg vorgelegt von Andrea Vollrath geb. am 27. 9. 1964 in Frankfurt am Main Sydney, Dezember 2007 Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Knut Dietrich Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Jürgen Lange-Amelsberg Tag der Disputation: 12. November 2007 1 Abb. 1: Entzündung der olympischen Flamme bei den Olympischen Spielen von Sydney1 1 Quelle: http://www.ndr.de/sydney2000/galerie_feuer.html [letzter Zugriff 27.04.2007]. 2 All the world's a stage, And all the men and women merely players; They have their exits and their entrances, And one man in his time plays many parts … William Shakespeare, As you like it 2 2 Die ganze Welt ist eine Bühne, und alle Männer und Frauen bloße Spieler; sie treten auf und gehen wieder ab, und ein Mensch spielt sein Leben lang viele Rollen ... Aus: William Shakespeare, „Wie es euch gefällt“, 2. Akt, 7. Szene. Inhaltsverzeichnis 3 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Inhaltsverzeichnis................................................................................................................... 3 Abbildungsverzeichnis................................................................................................................ 6 Abkürzungsverzeichnis............................................................................................................... 7 1. Einleitung..................................................................................................................................... 8 1.1 Problemstellung...................................................................................................................... 8 1.2 Begriffliche Vorklärungen und Forschungsstand.................................................................. 13 1.3 Aufbau der Arbeit.................................................................................................................. 21 2. Theoretische Grundlagen.............................................................................................. 24 2.1 Kollektive Identität und Sport............................................................................................... 25 2.1.1 Nostrifikationsprozesse............................................................................................... 31 2.1.2 Sportereignisse als Inszenierungen............................................................................. 38 2.1.3 Sport als dargestellte Gesellschaft.............................................................................. 40 2.1.4 Zur Rolle der Massenmedien...................................................................................... 49 2.2 Untersuchungsrelevante Dimensionen kollektiver Identitätsbildung................................... 55 2.2.1 Grenzkonstruktionen durch Innen/Außen-Differenzen.............................................. 56 2.2.2 Kollektives Gedächtnis und Erinnerungskultur.......................................................... 60 2.2.3 Erzeugungen nationaler Identität............................................................................... 65 2.3 Zusammenfassung................................................................................................................ 68 3. Methodologische Grundlagen……………...............……....................................... 72 3.1 Zur historischen Analyse ………………………………………………………………… 72 3.2 Zur Bestimmung der exemplarischen Untersuchungseinheiten........................................... 74 3.2.1 Datenerhebungsmethoden..........................……........................................................ 76 3.2.2 Auswertungsverfahren………................................................................................... 80 4. Kollektive Identität in der Sportentwicklung Australiens…………………....... 82 4.1 Zentrale Phasen...................................................................................................................... 82 4.1.1 Kolonisation............................................................................................................... 83 4.1.2 Organisation................................................................................................................ 92 4.1.3 Institutionalisierung.................................................................................................... 98 4.2 Zur Rolle der australischen Massenmedien........................................................................... 103 4.3 Zentrale Sportereignisse........................................................................................................ 110 4.3.1 Exkurs: Zur Geschichte der olympischen Bewegung................................................. 115 4.3.2 Australien und Olympische Spiele............................................................................. 130 Inhaltsverzeichnis 4 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.3.3 Die Olympischen Spiele von Melbourne 1956........................................................ 135 4.4 Zusammenfassung.............................................................................................................. 143 5. Zur Inszenierung kollektiver Identität bei den Spielen von Sydney............ 146 5.1 Zentrale Akteure ……………………………………….................................................... 146 5.2 Organisatorisches und gesellschaftliches Umfeld des Sportereignisses…….................... 153 5.2.1 Bereitstellung: Bewerbungs- und Vorbereitungsphase (1990-2000).................... 154 5.2.2 Vermittlung: Durchführungsphase (September 2000)............................................ 178 5.2.3 Auswertung: Unmittelbare und mittelfristige Folgen (2000-2001)......................... 185 5.3 Ausgewählte Problembereiche……………………………………….……..................... 192 5.3.1 Nationale Selbstdarstellungen…………………………………...…...................... 193 5.3.2 Aussöhnung mit den Ureinwohnern………………………………….................... 202 5.3.3 Nachhaltige Folgen......…………………………………………..…...................... 208 5.4 Zusammenfassung und Hinführung zu den Untersuchungseinheiten…............................ 217 6. „Sydney 2000“ - Exemplarische Untersuchungseinheiten…………................ 222 6.1 Symbole: Verwendungen des „Sydney 2000“ Logos…...……........................... 222 6.1.1 Datenerhebungs- und Auswertungsverfahren………………….............................. 222 6.1.2 Darstellung der Vorbereitungsschritte für die Einzelfallanalysen……..…............. 226 6.1.3 Analyse von drei Gruppentypen…………………...................……........................ 228 6.1.3.1 Typ „Künstlerdarstellung“……………………………............................... 228 6.1.3.2 Typ „Mitwirkendenkennung“……………………….…………...........…..... 233 6.1.3.3 Typ „Fangruppenabzeichen“…………………….…………........................ 237 6.1.4 Ergebnisse…………………………..……………………………….….................. 239 6.2 Rituale: Die Entzündung der olympischen Flamme…….….....….….............. 244 6.2.1 Datenerhebungs- und Auswertungsverfahren …………………….……................ 244 6.2.2 Darstellung und Auswertung der teilnehmenden Beobachtung…………............... 246 6.2.3 Visuelle Analyse einer Filmaufzeichnung............................................................... 252 6.2.4 Bildinterpretationen in australischen Printmedien……………..….…….…........... 260 6.2.4.1 Sieben Fackelträgerinnen beim Feuerwerk………….………..................... 260 6.2.4.2 Cathy Freeman im olympischen Feuer…………....…................................. 265 6.2.5 Ergebnisse………………………………………........………..………………..…. 268 6.3 Helden: Verehrungen Cathy Freemans im Rahmen des 400m-Laufs.......... 273 6.3.1 Datenerhebungs- und Auswertungsverfahren.......................................................... 273 6.3.2 Darstellung und Auswertung der teilnehmenden Beobachtung des 400m-Laufs… 275 Inhaltsverzeichnis 5 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6.3.3 Visuelle Analyse einer Filmaufzeichnung des 400m-Laufs................................... 283 6.3.4 Darstellung und Auswertung des Experteninterviews............................................ 288 6.3.5 Ergebnisse................................................................................................................ 294 6.4 Gruppenanalyse: Erzeugungen von Selbst- und Fremdbildern der freiwilligen Helfer................................................................................................... 298 6.4.1 Datenerhebungs- und Auswertungsverfahren............................................................ 298 6.4.2 Darstellung und Auswertung der Interviews mit den Helfern.................................. 300 6.4.2.1 Darstellung der Auswertungsschritte............................................................ 302 6.4.2.2 Vertiefende Fallinterpretationen................................................................... 304 6.4.3 Bildinterpretationen australischer Printmedien......................................................... 313 6.4.3.1 „47 000 Heroes“........................................................................................... 314 6.4.3.2 „We’re with you“......................................................................................... 317 6.4.4 Ergebnisse................................................................................................................
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