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Role of Dietary Schizochytrium Sp. in Improving Disease Resistance of Zebrafsh Through Metabolic and Microbial Analysis

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Role of Dietary Schizochytrium Sp. in Improving Disease Resistance of Zebrafsh Through Metabolic and Microbial Analysis Role of dietary Schizochytrium sp. in improving disease resistance of zebrash through metabolic and microbial analysis Yanyan Shi Xiamen University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xingyu Cao Xiamen University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Zhidong Ye Xiamen University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yiyuan Xu Xiamen University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yiming Wang Xiamen University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Zhipeng Li Jimei University Wei Hang Xiamen University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Ning He ( [email protected] ) Xiamen University https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2698-877X Research Keywords: Schizochytrium sp., zebrash, metabolic proling, intestine microbiota, disease resistance Posted Date: October 14th, 2020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-88323/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Version of Record: A version of this preprint was published at Aquaculture on June 1st, 2021. See the published version at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.736631. Page 1/22 Abstract Background As an essential nutrient for farmed sh, the sh oil from wild sh has been partly replaced by vegetable ingredients to prevent overshing. Schizochytrium sp., a type of marine microalgae, is considered as a promising alternative to sh oil for improving growth and fatty acid prole in sh. However, there lacks a comprehensive understanding of disease resistance on microalgae supplementation of sh. In the present study, to understand the pathogen-resistant mechanisms of diets enriched with microalgae, the effects of dietary Schizochytrium sp. on the intestine microbial and metabolic prole of zebrash were investigated. Results The challenge trial with Edwardsiella piscicida showed that 120 g/kg Schizochytrium sp. supplementation had a signicantly higher survival rate of zebrash. Additionally, higher goblet cell density was observed in zebrash fed with Schizochytrium sp. Metabolomic analysis of humoral uids indicated that the diet supplemented with Schizochytrium sp. boosted the TCA cycle, energy supply, taurine metabolism, and L-serine metabolism, whereas decreased cholesterol metabolism in zebrash. The microbiome analysis revealed that a 120 g/kg Schizochytrium sp. supplemented diet could remarkably increase the abundance of benecial bacteria (i.e., Lactobacillus, Dorea, Butyricicoccus, and Pseudoxanthomonas), and reduce several potential pathogens (i.e., Flavobacterium, Pseudomonas, Citrobacter, and Mycoplasmas). Combined omics analysis indicated that some Dorea and Butyricicoccus species might be candidate probiotics with disease resistance. Conclusions Dietary supplement of Schizochytrium sp. could improve the survival rate of zebrash when infected with Edwardsiella piscicida. It further revealed that Schizochytrium sp. as feed additive had the potential to improve metabolism and the intestine health by dual-omics analysis, and thus enhance disease resistance of zebrafish. Our research provides a novel insight into developing the fundamental understanding of disease resistance in aquatic animals fed with microalgae. Moreover, this experiment shed substantial light on the screening of probiotic candidates with immunomodulatory properties. Background Dietary sh oil, mainly produced from wild-caught ocean sh, provides essential nutrients for farmed sh [1]. However, due to the rapid global expansion of the aquaculture industry and the limited availability of wild sh resources, sh oil access is gradually decreasing [2–4]. To satisfy the increasing needs of the aquaculture industry, researchers have focused on nding sh oil alternatives[5]. Compared with land- based crops, microalgae have a nutritional quality that is more similar to sh oil, especially in terms of proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals, and, hence, they are considered as a promising alternative to sh Page 2/22 oil and could enhance sustainability in aquaculture [6]. Studies have shown that marine microalgae diets that are rich in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), can improve the growth, nutritional performance, and fatty acid prole of sh [3, 7, 8]. Moreover, Sheikhzadeh et al. have found that dietary supplementation with 2.5% Spirulina platensis could improve mucosal immune responses and disease resistance in rainbow trout [9]. Schizochytrium sp., a type of marine microalgae, has been preferred as a potential replacement for sh oil because of its ease in large-scale heterotrophic cultivation and high lipid content [10]. Our previous study found that Schizochytrium sp. is rich in LC-PUFA, especially DHA (above 40% of total lipids) [11]. To our knowledge, many researchers have focused on improving growth and the ratio of LC-PUFA with dietary containing with Schizochytrium sp. both in juvenile and adult sh, such as the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) [12, 13], Pacic white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) [14], channel catsh (Ictalurus punctatus) [15], seabream (Sparus aurata) [16], and zebrash (Danio rerio) [8]. Nevertheless, few studies have shown that dietary Schizochytrium sp. signicantly improves the non-specic immunity [17], and modulates the intestinal microbiota of both the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) [18] and the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) [19]. Therefore, there is a need for a more comprehensive and more in-depth understanding of the Schizochytrium sp. supplementation’s internal effects on host health. Recently, technologies such as high-throughput sequencing and metabolomics have considered being a rapid expansion in research related to sh immunity [20]. It is well known that the intestinal microbiota plays essential roles in nutrient distribution, regulation of innate immunity, and maintenance of intestinal tissue integrity, which can be modulated by diets [21]. Because of the central role played by metabolism in immunity, metabolomics is rapidly established as a critical analytical tool in immunity studies [22]. However, few studies have been conducted in an integrated manner to evaluate the inuence of dietary microalgae on metabolism and microbiota in sh. In the present study, zebrash was selected as the model organism to evaluate the effect of Schizochytrium sp. in the diet on the metabolic prole and intestinal microbiota. A 56-day feeding trial using a diet enriched with Schizochytrium sp. was administered daily to zebrash. Metabolomic proling of the humoral uid and the intestinal microbial community structure were examined by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) analysis and 16S rDNA gene sequencing technology, respectively. Additionally, zebrash were challenged with Edwardsiella piscicida (E. piscicida) to verify the disease resistance of Schizochytrium sp. enriched diets. Our results provide a novel insight into developing the fundamental understanding of metabolic responses and disease resistance in zebrash fed with microalgae. Materials And Methods Microalgal strains and culture conditions Page 3/22 Schizochytrium sp. ATCC MYA 1381 was maintained in our laboratory. The fermentation process was consistent with our previous study[11]. In brief, the seed culture (10% v/v) was transferred to a 3 L fermenter and incubated at 28 °C for 10 days. The biomass was harvested by centrifugation (12,000 × g, 10 min), and then dried in a vacuum freeze dryer. The resulting cells were stored at -20 °C until further use. Diet preparation Three iso-nitrogenous, iso-energetic, and iso-lipidic experimental diets were prepared according to Sarker et al., [23] with different Schizochytrium sp. content: 0 g/kg (C), 60 g/kg (S1), and 120 g/kg (S2), respectively. Details of the feed formula are provided in Supplemental Table 1. We used the whole dried cells of Schizochytrium sp. instead of sh oil in the S1 and S2 groups. The diet preparation followed the methods by Duan et al. [20]. Crude protein, lipid, and ash of the trial diets were measured by the guidelines of the Association of Ocial Analytical Chemists. Zebrash treatment and sample collection Healthy juvenile zebrash (body weights of approximately 0.59 g) were purchased from Guangzhou Flower Bird Fish and Bug market (Guangzhou, China). The zebrash were acclimatized to the trial conditions for 14 days before conducting the feeding trial. The water quality parameters were as follows: a temperature of 25 ± 0.5 °C, pH 7.8, and 6.0 ± 0.5 mg/L of dissolved oxygen. The zebrash were fed 4% of their body weight daily. Uneaten food and feces were removed from the tanks, and one-third of the culture water was renewed with fresh water once a day. After acclimation, sh were split into three groups with replicate tanks (48 L) containing 50 sh per tank and fed with the corresponding experimental feed. The culture conditions were identical to those of the acclimation stage. The sh were fed twice a day, namely at 08:00 and 17:00, for 56 days. On day 56, eight sh from each group were sampled for GC-MS analysis. Intestines from three individuals of each group were pooled together as one sample to reduce individual variation. Three replicates were performed for the microbiome analysis. Challenge experiment Eighty sh from each group were challenged with E. piscicida isolated from diseased Nile tilapia in southeastern China. These sh were infected by an intraperitoneal injection of E. piscicida at 6 × 103 CFU/sh. The concentration of bacteria selected was identied through
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