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TPC ATLANTIC FLOYD 1999 PRELIMINARY REPOR1a1 rage i ot zi

kifl~s HOME ARCHIVES FORECASTS IMAGERY ABOUT TPC RECONNAISSANCE

Preliminary Report 7 - 17 September, 1999

Text-only version (printer friendly) Richard J. Pasch, Todd B. Kimberlain and Stacy R. Stewart National Hurricane Center 18 November 1999 PRELIMINARY REPORTS Floyd was a large and intense hurricane Tropical Storm that pounded the central and northern Bahama islands, Arlene Tropical Depression seriously threatened , struck the coast of North Two Carolina and moved up the east coast into . It neared the threshold of category five intensity on the Saffir/Simpson Hurricane Scale as it approached , and produced a flood Tropical Storm Emily disaster of immense proportions in the eastern United Tropical Depression Seven States, particularly in . Hurricane Floyd a. Synoptic History Tropical Storm Harvey Floyd can be traced back to a that emerged from Tropical Depression western on 2 September. This system was not particularly Eleven impressive-looking, in terms of the organization of the convection shown on Tropical Depression satellite images, but there was evidence of curvature in the cloud lines. Twelve Overall the system was broad and disorganized, yet easily recognizable as a synoptic-scale entity. Tropical Storm The wave proceeded westward across the eastern tropical Atlantic Katrina at about the normal speed of propagation, 6 degrees of longitude per day, with little apparent change, for several days. A center of circulation was estimated late on 5 September near 15N 32.5W but the cloud pattern lacked sufficient deep convection for a Dvorak classification. On 6 September, there was enough of a curved band of deep convection present so that the system was classified as a T1.0 on the Dvorak scale around 1200 UTC. A favorable upper-level pattern existed over the area, and the cloud pattern became more consolidated and better organized on the 7th. Tropical Depression Eight formed about 1000 miles east of the by 1800 UTC that day.

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A deep-layer ridge prevailed to the north of the and the associated steering current moved the system west-northwestward at 12-15 knots for a couple of days. When it reached a position about 750 n mi east of the , the cloud pattern became sufficiently well organized for the system to become Tropical Storm Floyd around 0600 UTC 8 September. Even though large-scale conditions appeared conducive for strengthening, There was a lack of a well-defined inner core. This was evidenced by visible, infrared, and microwave imagery that showed no tightly curved banding features or a concentration of deep convection close to the center, a condition that probably prevented during the early stages of the . Floyd slowly strengthened and became a hurricane by 1200 UTC 10 September while centered about 200 n mi east-northeast of the northern Leeward Islands.

As Floyd was nearing hurricane status, a mid-tropospheric in the vicinity of 60-65W longitude caused a slowing of the forward speed, and then a turn toward the northwest. The northwestward motion continued until the 11th, keeping the hurricane well to the northeast of the islands of the northeastern . On the 11th, Floyd neared the southwest portion of the mid-Atlantic upper-tropospheric trough which was situated to the north of , i.e. close to its climatological position. Historically, hurricanes have had difficulty strengthening in this area. Floyd's upper-level outflow was disrupted over the southern semicircle by the trough and an over the eastern Caribbean. Consequently, after strengthening nearly to category three status early on the 11th, the hurricane weakened to 85 knots around 0000 UTC on the 12th. Early on the 12th, rising mid- to upper-tropospheric heights to the north of Floyd forced a turn toward the west. The westward turn also marked the beginning of a major strengthening 'episode (this phenomenon has also been observed with many past hurricanes, e.g. Andrew of 1992). Maximum sustained winds increased from 95 knots to 135 knots, and the central pressure fell about 40 mb from early on the 12th to early on the 13th. From 0600 to 1800 on the 13th, Floyd was at the top end of category four intensity on the Saffir/Simpson Hurricane Scale.

One potential contributor to the significant strengthening of Floyd was the presence of enhanced upper oceanic heat content along its track. Analyses from the Physical Oceanography Division of NOAA/AOML showed relatively high values of heat content just to the east of the Bahamas a day or two before Floyd passed through the area.

Floyd was aimed at the central Bahamas until late on the 13th, when the heading became west-northwestward. The passed just 20 to 30 n mi northeast and north of San Salvador and Cat Islands on the night of the 13th. Floyd's eyewall passed over central and northern Eleuthera on the morning of the 14th, and after turning toward the northwest, Floyd struck Abaco island on the afternoon of the 14th. By the time the hurricane hit Abaco, it had weakened somewhat from its peak, but Floyd was still a borderline category three/four hurricane.

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As a mid- to upper-tropospheric trough over the eastern United States eroded the subtropical ridge over the extreme western Atlantic, Floyd continued to turn gradually to the right. The center of the hurricane paralleled the coast, passing about 95 n mi east of Cape Canaveral around 0900 UTC 15 September. By the afternoon of the 15th, Floyd was abeam of the Florida/ border and headed northward toward the . Although there was a fluctuation in intensity, related to an eyewall replacement event discussed in the next section, overall the intensity of Floyd diminished from the 13th to the 15th. Environmental causes for intensity change are not entirely understood, but two large-scale factors probably contributed to a gradual decline: the entrainment of drier air at low levels from the northwest, and increasing south-southwesterly vertical shear. As Floyd neared the North Carolina coast late on the 15th, its maximum winds decreased below category three status. After turning toward the north-northeast with forward speed increasing to near 15 knots, Hurricane Floyd made near , North Carolina at 0630 UTC 16 September as a category two hurricane with estimated maximum winds near 90 knots. Floyd was losing its eyewall structure as it made landfall. Continuing to accelerate north-northeastward, Floyd's center passed over extreme on the morning of the 16th and over the greater Norfolk, area around 1500 UTC that day. Floyd then weakened to a tropical storm and moved swiftly along the coasts of the and on the afternoon and early evening of the 16th, reaching by 0000 UTC 17 September. By that time, the storm's forward speed had increased to near 29 knots. The system decelerated as it moved into New England. By late on the 16th and early on the 17th, Floyd was becoming more involved with a frontal zone that existed along the Atlantic seaboard. The system took the form of a frontal low and thus became extratropical by the time it reached the coast of at 1200 UTC 17 September. The cyclone turned toward the northeast and then east-northeast, moving over the coast of New Brunswick late on the 17th, early on the 18th and late on the 18th and early on the 19th. Floyd's extratropical remnant merged with a large extratropical low over the north Atlantic and was no longer a distinct entity by 1800 UTC 19 September. b. Meteorological Statistics Table 1 lists the best track positions and intensities at six-hourly intervals. Figure 1 is a display of this track. Figre2a, Figure 2b, and Eigure 3 depict the best track curves of maximum one-minute average "surface" (10 meters above ground level) wind speed and minimum central sea-level pressure, respectively, as a function of time. Also plotted on Figure 2a and Figure 3 are aircraft reconnaissance and dropsonde data from the U.S. Air Force Reserves (the

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Hurricane Hunters) and NOAA, estimates from analyses of surface synoptic data, as well as Dvorak-technique estimates from the Tropical Analysis and Forecast Branch, TAFB, the Satellite Analysis Branch, SAB, and the U.S. Air Force Weather Agency (AFGWC in the figures) using satellite imagery. Eigure 2b also shows the best track wind speed curve, but with only in situ data, i.e. flight level and dropsonde wind measurements. In both Eigure 2a and Figure 2b the flight level winds are adjusted for elevation (90% of 700 mb wind speeds, 80% of 850 mb speeds, and 85% of 1500 ft speeds), and dropsonde wind measurements above the surface are adjusted to the 10 meter level using a mean hurricane eyewall profile determined by previous dropsonde measurements.

The peak intensity of Floyd, 135 knots, is based upon roughly 90% of the highest flight level (700 mb) winds of 149 knots at 0933 UTC 13 September. Minimum dropsonde-measured central pressure was 921 mb at 1121 UTC on that date.

Floyd is estimated to have been a 90-knot hurricane at landfall in North Carolina.

There was a 10 meter anemometer measurement of sustained winds of 83 knots at 0710 UTC with gusts to 106 knots at 0716 UTC taken by University of Oklahoma meteorology professor Josh Wurman near Topsail Beach North Carolina. There were also unofficial reports of peak wind gusts to 120 knots (at 8 stories elevation) at Wrightsville Beach and 104 knots at the Wilmington Emergency Operations Center.

Table 2 lists ship reports of tropical storm force or greater wind speeds associated with Floyd. Table 3 lists a selection of surface observations from land stations and data buoys. Floyd's eye passed over NOAA data buoy 41010, located about 105 n mi east-northeast of Cape Canaveral, around 0900 UTC 15 September. That buoy reported maximum 8-minute averaged winds of 72 knots at an anemometer height of 5 meters. At least three factors would imply a higher value for the 1-minute, 10 meter wind speed from the buoy observation: 1) going from an 8-minute to a 1- minute average; 2) going from 5 meters to 10 meters elevation; and 3) the presence of waves over 50 feet high. The best track intensity of Floyd when it passed over the buoy is near 100 knots, as indicated by dropsonde and aircraft flight level wind data. The center of the hurricane passed about 25 n mi west of the Frying Pan Shoals C-MAN station located about 30 n mi southeast of Cape Fear at 0500 UTC 16 September. This station reported winds sustained at 86 knots for a 20-minute period centered at that time, at an anemometer height of 44 meters.

On 13 September, just after Floyd reached maximum strength, there was evidence of a concentric eyewall. Figure 4 is a sequence of microwave images produced by the Naval Research Laboratory. Note that in the first image, during the deepening phase, there was a dominant inner eyewall with an eye diameter of 20 to 25 n mi. Later on, after peak intensity was reached, there was some indication of a concentric eyewall, particularly

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in the last image of this sequence. It is interesting to note that after this period, there was an apparent eyewall replacement, as suggested in the microwave image sequence shown in Figure 5, and in radar imagery from NOAA/WP-3D aircraft research missions (not shown). It can be seen that the inner eyewall was dissipating while Floyd was centered near Eleuthera. This corresponded to a weakening of the hurricane to near 105 knots. The outer convective ring became the new eyewall by the time Floyd was centered over Abaco, corresponding to an eye diameter near 50 n mi. Afterwards, the new eye failed to contract significantly, while Floyd re- strengthened just slightly as it reached Abaco. After the disintegration of the inner eyewall the large-scale environment, as noted in the previous section, became less favorable. Consequently, after leaving the Bahamas, Floyd never regained its former intensity and, in fact, slowly weakened. Heavy rainfall preceded Floyd over the mid-Atlantic states due to a pre-existing frontal zone and the associated overrunning. Hence, even though the tropical cyclone was moving fairly quickly, precipitation amounts were very large. Rainfall totals as high as 15 to 20 inches were recorded in portions of eastern North Carolina and Virginia. At Wilmington, North Carolina, the storm total of 19.06 inches included a 24-hour record of 15.06 inches. Totals of 12 to 14 inches were observed in , , and New Jersey. New records were set in Philadelphia for the most amount of rain in a calendar day, 6.63 inches. In southeastern , rainfall totals were generally in the 4 to 7 inch range but there was a report of 13.70 inches at Brewster. Totals of nearly 11 inches were measured in portions of New England.

Storm surge values as high as 9 to 10 feet were reported along the North Carolina coast. A number of tornadoes were sighted in eastern North Carolina. There was a confirmed in Bertie County and another in Perquimans County. The latter tornado destroyed two houses and damaged three or four others. At least ten tornadoes were reported by spotters in the Newport/Morehead City County Warning area, and these apparently caused some structural damage. Four tornadoes or funnel clouds were seen in the Wilmington area, but no damage was apparent. c. Casualty and Damage Statistics There were 57 deaths that were directly attributable to Floyd, 56 in the United States and 1 in Grand Bahama Island. The death toll by state is as follows: North Carolina 35, 6, New Jersey 6; Virginia 3, Delaware 2, New York 2, 1, and 1. Most of these deaths were due to drowning in freshwater flooding. Floyd was the deadliest hurricane in the United States since Agnes of 1972. In the United States, the Property Claims Services Division of the Insurance Services Office reports that insured losses due to Floyd totaled 1.325 billion dollars. Ordinarily this figure would be doubled to estimate the

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total damage. However, in comparison to most hurricane , in the case of Floyd there was an inordinately large amount of freshwater flood damage, which probably alters the two to one damage ratio. Total damage estimates range from 3 to over 6 billion dollars. d. Forecast and Warning Critique When averaged over the entire lifetime of the hurricane, the track forecasts for Floyd were excellent. Table 4 shows the average track errors for the official forecast and for a selection of objective guidance models. It can be seen that the average official forecast errors were substantially below the most recent ten-year averages. Also, on average, the official forecasts were better than all of the guidance except the UKMI model which had average track errors that were about equal to those of the official forecasts. Although the overall average official forecast errors for Floyd were extremely low, the official forecasts were just ordinary if one considers only the period when hurricane warnings were in effect for the United States,. For example, the average 24-hour track forecast error for the latter period was roughly the same as the most recent ten-year average. Official track forecasts during the latter period also had a westward bias, and were somewhat slow. For example, the 36-hour official track forecasts during the period when hurricane warnings were in effect for the United States were an average of 104 n mi too far west and 70 n mi too far south. All of the track guidance models showed a similar westward and slow bias during this period. Official intensity forecasts were fairly good (errors of 10 knots or less) for the first couple of days of Floyd's history. However, there were some large underforecasts of intensity, by as much as 30 to 40 knots, from 10-12 September. After Floyd reached its maximum intensity, the official forecasts did not show enough weakening. From 13 September onward, the wind speed was overpredicted in the advisories at practically every forecast time interval, by as much as 30 to 40 knots, and even 50 knots in one occasion. The Statistical Hurricane Intensity Prediction Scheme, SHIPS, performed similarly. Table 5 is a chronology of the various watches and warnings that were issued for Floyd. A hurricane warning was issued for the northwest Bahamas more than 24 hours prior to the arrival of the eyewall at Eleuthera. For the United States, practically the entire east coast (the greater area northward to Plymouth ) was put under a hurricane warning for Floyd. To the authors' knowledge, the last time such an event occurred was during of 1960. Hurricane warnings for the southeast Florida coast proved unnecessary. However, given the forecast uncertainty and the required response times for evacuations and other preparations for such a large, severe hurricane, it was prudent to issue such warnings. The hurricane warning was issued for the coast of North Carolina at 0300 UTC 15 September. This is about 26-27 hours prior to the

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arrival of the eyewall in the Cape Fear area. Generally, for the coasts of South and North Carolina, hurricane warnings were issued at least 24 hours before the onset of tropical storm force winds.

According to preliminary information provided to the Federal Emergency Management agency, over 2 million people were evacuated for Floyd in the United States. This is probably the largest evacuation in U.S. history. Acknowidedgements

Some of the data in this report was furnished by local Offices in Miami, Melbourne, Jacksonville, Charleston, Wilmington, Newport/Morehead City, Raleigh/Durham, Wakefield, /Washington, Mount Holly, New York, and Taunton. Stephen Baig produced the track chart, and James Franklin produced the wind and pressure plots.

Figure 1. Best track for Hurricane Floyd, 7-17 September 1999.

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Figure 2a. Best track speed curve for Hurricane Floyd, showing all available intensity estimates and wind observations. Aircraft wind measurements have been adjusted for elevation (90% of 700 mb wind speeds, 80% of 850 mb speeds, and 85% of 1500 ft speeds), and dropsonde wind measurements above the surface are adjusted to the 10 meter level using a mean hurricane eyewall profile determined by previous dropsonde measurements. Vertical line denotes landfall.

A C 410 .. 1..... *) O.w(60

l930 y~w(6 ItoD Y ~ ~ It -V,)

9 9 9110 9112 9114 9116 9118 9'

Figure 2b. Best track maximum sustained wind speed curve for Hurricane Floyd, showing only in situ wind observations adjusted for elevation as indicated in Figure 2a.

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E010 ......

ISO

190

*40$ OA,,

t tz On...... * 6Ar.. ._,1 ,-......

930*260 vcrlAOABI55 T.O

,20 V AC14) M.XM b~ ~ --- -W- SpfI S S 81 9/10 V2 Sr14 WII one seo Oaf.(Uo.SD%.A

Figure 3. Best track minimum central pressure curve and central pressure observations or estimates for Hurricane Floyd. Vertical line denotes landfall.

a b

a, r-r-

C d t w~ - - -. . a J r -

Feg 4 3.-e* .u n~ ts H.u1~Fl~ a ta)0 18UX.b l112UC. le) 1147 Wre 4 ) ISMf tU

Figure 4. Sequence of microwave images of Hurricane Floyd at: (a) 0116 UTC, (b) 1122 UTC, (c) 1347 UTC, and (d) 2240 UTC 13 September, 1999.

a

C

---- 8.._~ naS ,,c . = . ~,,Mf - - ' . - ~~ c-,

Figure 5. Sequence of microwave images of Hurricane Floyd at: (a) 2240 UTC 13 September, (b)

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0104 UTC, (c) 1110 UTC, and (d) 2228 UTC 14 September, 1999.

Table 1. Best track, Hurricane Floyd, 7 - 17 September, 1999

DateiTime [ Position Pressure Wind Speed Stage (UTC) FLat. (°N)]|Lon. (°W) (mb) (kt) Stage 7/180 14.6 45.6 1008 tropical depression 8/0000 15.0 46.9 | 1007 ||I30 II II 0600 15.3 48.2 || 1005 | 35 tropical storm 1200|15.8 49.6 1003 I 40 || 11 1800 16.3 51.1 100045

900 16.7 [ 52.6 1000 II 45 E l l 0600 17.1 53.9 fi 1003 II 45I Il I' 1200]l 1. 1 5.1 1 03 1 50 1 1800 17.9 56.3 fi 996 II 60iII * [ o/0000 18.3 57.2 995 0600 ] 18.6 58.2 990 I iI60 i1iI 1200 193 58.8 989 hurricane

[ 1800 20.2 59.6 ||975 ||L70iiii* 11/[00 20.8 60.4 971 0600| 21.4 61.1 963 | 5 l 1200[| 21.9 | 62.0 ||962 ||l95ll 1800| 22.5 966 || 9063.090 lll 12/0000] 22.7 64.1 967 IIZ858. lI lZ I 0600 22.8 65.2 960 1200 23.0 66.2 955 l 105 I I Ii 1800 232 67.4 940 l 115 || * 300 23.4 68.7 931 l 125 JF " 060 23.6 70.0 922 f 135 1200 23.9 71.4 921 135 18001 24.1 72.9 923 f 125 L l ll 14[0000 24.5 74.0 924 l 115 E I I I 0600 24.9 75.3 927 l 105 LI I I 1200 25.4 76.3 930 l 105 1800| 26.1[ 77.0 | 930 l 110 [ 15/0000 27.1 77.7 933 fl 115 0600 28.2 78.5 935 110 L I IZ 1200 29.3 78.9 943 l 100 1I I I 180| 30.6][ 79.1 || 947 ||ll 95 l

1610000 32.1 78.7 | 950 ||_90_9[ _ _ _ _ ,I I- urn I 11 11 11 I http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1 999floyd.html 08/02/2005 TPC ATLANTIC FLOYD 1999 PRELIMINARY REPORT Page 11 of 21

1 0600lj 33.7 78.0 956 IL 90 IL ji 1200jj 3 jj 76.8 967 70 jj ' 1800 38.0 75.3 974 60 tropical storm 17/00 40.6 73.5 || 980 || 50 aII Z 17/0600| 42.1 72.1 983 50 tropical storm 1200|| 43.3 || 70.6 984 45 extratropical 1800 44.2 68.9 985 45 18/0000 44.8 67.3 987 40 L Z l* 06001I 45.4 I[ 990 3565.5 EII35 X 1200 46.6 63.0 992 35 L i i Z 1800 47.7 593 992 ||i35 iIZ 19/00| 48.0 | 56.3 || 992 | 35 711Y 06001i 48.5 1 52.5][ 994 35 LI X 1200|| 49.5 | 48.0 992 40 1 Z I*

~1800 h _ _ I merged with low

13/1200| 23.9 | 71.4 921 135 minimum pressure Landfalls

25.4 76.3 930 105 Near Alice Town, ______I _ _ __ _ I______E leutheraJ 14/1900| 26.3 77.1 932 ][ 120 |Near Cherokee Sound,] 16/0630|1 78. i 95690 Near Cape Fear, ______N orth C arolina

Table 2. Ship reports of 34 knots or higher wind speed associated with Hurricane Floyd, September 1999. Date/Time 1 Wind Pressure1 (UTC) Ship call sign Lon. (OW) dir/speed (mb)

08/1500 PDYI 19.0 52.6 070/39 1011.1 09/0900 DFSO || 17.2 53.7 180/37 fi 1004.2 09/1200 DFSO || 16.9 54.5 210/37 1005.2 09/1500 DFSO || 16.6 55.4 180/45 || 1005.5 12/1500 DGOO 22.7 It 69.3 It 320135 || 1001.5 12/1800 DGOO || 23.5 It 69.5 340/37 998.5 12/1800 ZCAH3 || 24.9 It 63.1 130/58 || 1009.3 12/2100 DGOO | It 69.8 030/43 994.8 I 13/0000 || DGOO 24.5 69.9 It 040/45 994.8 1 13/0300 DGOO || 24.9 I| 70.3 || 040/52 || 997.0 | 13/0600 DGOO 25.6 70.5 040/52 998.5

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13/0900 DGOO 26.3 IL 70.8 060/52 II 999.5 13/1200 DILD II 24.9 53.1 170/37 1013.9 13/1200 DGOO II 27.0 71.0 090/52 1002.9 13/1800 KHRH II 19.5 74.7 360/50 { 994.0 13/1800 WZJF 66.9 135/35 I 1009.5 14/0000 PPXI fl 30.6 74.3 070/50 I 1001.0 14/0900 WGJT II 22.0 73.5 II 180/35 II 998.2 14/1200 1 PPXI f 30.4 { 71.0 110/45 fI 1001.0 14/1500 PEXU II 26.7 70.6 120/37 J. 1009.2 15/0300 SHIP II 30.3 j 74.3 100/45 fi 1006.5 15/0900 JF DGOS II 29.3 73.8 130/38 1004.0 15/1200 DGOS fi 28.9 II 73.8 130/47 I 1003.5 15/1200 J{ PFKV 30.6 if 74.0 if 120/38 IF 1004.4 15/1800 PFKV fl 30.3 74.0 | 130/36 1003.6 16/0000 WRGQ3 75.4 I 160/46 IF (898.1) 16/0300 PEXU II 29.4 73.9 I[ 190/36 Fi 1008.5 16/0600 1 WRGQ { 31.2 75.2 200/41 IF 1001.0 16/0600 SHIP fi 36.8 73.0 I 140/36 1006.8 16/1200 WZJE 32.0 71.6 It 180/38 I 1008.5 16/1200 3ELL6 32.0 72.5 200/36 1007.2 16/1800 jF -BKJO fl 34.7 if 72.2 190/60 1005.0 16/1800 WZJE II 32.1 72.3 210/52 II 1009.6 16/2100 DEDI II 40.4 70.9 I 130/42 fl 998.0 16/2100 SHIP 36.6 IF 69.5 i 180/47 lo 1007.0 17/0000 DEDI 40.4 70.8 IF 140/50 II 993.3 17/0000 SHIP 36.6 I 68.4 IF 190/40 I 1009.5 17/0000 WAUU 36.0 I 68.5 IF 19046 I 1009.7

Table 3. Hurricane Floyd, selected surface observations, September 1999. Minimum 1Maximum surface sea-level wind speed pressure l (kt) Date/ Sust. Peak Date! Storm Storm Rain Location Press. time winda gust timeb surgeC tided (storm (mb)(UTC) (kts) (kts) (UTC) (ft) total)

Bahamas I[l

Grand Bahama 1F 3i 352 6 ___57 _= Island | 929.0 B14/1910 9.32 Uttle Harbor 11 11 11 11 11 http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1999floyd.htm0 08/02/2005 TPC ATLANTIC FLOYD 1999 PRELIMINARY REPORT Page 13 of 21

Abacos lI lI IL 1L L I L |I| Nassau E=W || 55Z||Z WW|| Florida IF|_ Craig Field | 994.6 15/1653 37 L l 15/1929|1 Daytona Beach || 991.8 15/1353 36 6 15/1053|| || 1.23 |

|Lighthouse E3[im Ft. Lauderdale ~~____[oo Exec 133E3 [Ft. Lauderdale Int'l 994.6 14/2253 25 36 14/2201 || || 0.10 | Ft. Pierce || 989.5 15/0735 29 |[ 15/0736|| Gainesville 994.6 15/1653 33 ||f15/1407Il Jacksonville Int'l 995.3 15/1656 40 ||1 ||I15/0907|| LakeWorth Pier 993.4 14/2200 32 ||I49I111700I_ Leesburg | 996.4 15/1053 20 l511 15/115311 Li 1 |Melbourne Airport | 989.1 15/0900 45 59 15/050111 | || 1.35 Melbourne WFO 1] 32 |52| 15/0655 || 111111 Miami 995.8 14/2256 19 ||29I15/0322Il | || 0.04

Ocala 998.0 15/1035 28 || iI15/153511 _ 1 1 1 Orlando 993.8 15/0853| 24 || 2Il15/0853Il | 11 1.26|

[Patrick AFB (COF) l | 49 15/082011 ][ IIEI Sanford 25 ||37| 14/2024 || 1[X || 3.20 Tamiami Airport || 996.4 14/2253 21 |1|14/1953|| l l [WestPalm Beach 992.9 15/0453 27 14/1941f_ 111| 0.38 | Georgia

Alma 999.7 15r950 28 15/174611 _ l

Brooklet ZI __ [ j 0.41 [ Dover llZ W Z Z fl_][ | 0.40

Ludowici Ill _ _ ][ 0.52 | | Newington Jj ll W i IL 1 11 0.85 Rocky Ford | ][ | 0.20 Savannah Airport I|IIIE ||I35 |L461||15/1810|| [St. Simon's Island 993.2 15/1804 40 | 15/1804|| ||IZ |[ _

Allendale J ll l 1[11l ___|| 0.67

Beaufort Vl ii11ffll1 IL Il __ 1 1.83 Charleston City J|/15H______j3

[Charleston Harbor || j | _ _ 10.1 ][_ CharlestonIntl 953'1/02 43[l6=4I3

lEdisto Beh State 1hJ9J609_ ____ Florence Airport || 991.2 ||16/0655|| 36 || 54I 16/0158|| | || 4.04| r ~ | .. I-,-,---.. .. ,. IT i. r- i

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Folly Beach | LI || 47 | 62 |15/2300|| j Grand Strand 977.0 16/0553 16/0523 E Ladson Oakbrook 4.30 Myrtle Beach %E7] 16/05316

Myrtle Beach- Springmaid Pier Ridgeville | 3.58 St. George | 1.90 Walterboro 2.50 Williams E=E=E =12.42E| North Carolina Beaufort 978.0 16/0409 42 16/0405 5.56 Castle Hayne 2E 16/0715 Castle Hayne3SW 104 |16/0845 Cherry Point 96. 1605 56 7 1/45 MCAS 33 E33 Elizabeth City 968.5 16/1418 34 56 16/1346 || 2.65

Federal Point 16/0620|Z7Z|16060| Flemington | 16/0625 L IZ1 I Fi 983.8 16/0740 51 61 16/0805 0.34 Greenville 16/0800

Holden Beach 42 64 16/0820|I64IIEIIIIEIII Manteo 16/1000 Masonboro island 10.3 Mt. Olive 16/0520 Myrtle Grove 16/0540 Newport 1 16/0454 New Bemr 961.1 16/0543 39 16/0501 4.29 New River 959.0 16/0426 44 16/0556 || 8.26 Oak Island 52 16/0820 10.0 LII | Pleasure Island 10.0 L| l Rocky MountVWilson 15.15 Airport Seymour Johns16 16/155 1 1 1 South River 3.50 Washington | 16/0800 Wilmington Airport 959.7 16/0755 16/0855 19.06 Wilmington I Corning Plant Wilmington EOC 104 16/0845 Wrightsville Beach 120 Virginia

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| Fort Eustis || 985.2 |16/1455 25 | 16/1640I|

| Glouchester || IL li JE __ [ 11.25 |

Hampton __ 17]f1[ F 7.50 | James City County If J[14.30

LangleyAFB ][iIIi || 40 71 5I|16/1355|| _

LowerJames City ||ZjL hjllI ll ____| 12.83 | Newport News 983.4 16/1558 33 || 16/1623 || 16.57 NorfolkAirport ][ 977.1 16/1551 27 [1 16/13037| Norfolk NAS 979.1 16/1555 38 16/1609|| Oceana NAS 975.7 16/1556 35 | 16/1656 l Portsmouth 978.3 16/1600 30 16/1614| || 10.10| Richmond 991.9 16/1640 29 44 16/1405 6.54 Smithfield ][X EILZZLiLliZEIIZII 12.50 Wakefield WFO | 12.73 Weems10.83 Yorktown ][EWE1Z LZZX1L Maryland ][ _ Annapolis I[ W Z ll fl | 11.60 Cambridge = 2.5 || I Chestertown ][ l lJ II 7 IIl || 14.00 Lewisetta ][ l f| 3.5 || Martin State Airport][ 989.0 | 1111 Mid-Bay Buoy ][ j 16/1710|| L I OceanCity ][ 976.8 116/1853 31 16/1653 || 1.71 PatuxentNAS 991.0 30 16/1555 II I Salisbury J[ 980.4 ][16/1851 28 16/2150 [ [ 5.08 | Solomon's Island || If l1 l11 I11J71III 3.0 || il St. InigoesJ| 987.6 |[IZZIZ W WLIZII lIZ Tall Timbers || Jljj || 2J|16/2040 | 11.10 |

IThomas Point Light]l ___71 43 16/1300 llJ 7 IDelaware | |[ IliJE |E 5 | 16/PM || L IGreenwood 7 10.58 Lewesl[_][ W W W 2.6||6.76 W Vemon 12.36 Wilmington ][ 986.0 |[16/2106 32 16/2214|| New Jersey J[_

| American Corners J| _ ll II | 10.20 Atlantic City J[ 9802 ][16/2o54 23 34 16/2345 2.0 6.22

CaldwelMaEssey L53 E 3[u W[ 26 .3 Cape May I l l l l l 26 | -6 | I 11 11 11 11 11

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Doylestown 11 11 11 IL II 10.07 Federalsburg jj 11.20 Neshanic I 10.07 Newark Int'l Airport|| 985.1 1116/2351| 38 || 46J16/2351 |.22 I Pequannock | _ _ I Z I [ _ 11.04 | Sandy Hook | 981.0 |1612306| 34 ||45I||17/0024|| 1.9 ||6.57 |

Somerville |l __ II Wll 13.34 | Teterboro Airport | 985.0 ||16/2351 24 38 16/2351 I 8.53 |

Wayne/Iflows __ l lllILI L. .. |[ 12.21

White House _ 12.98 |Pennsylvania | Philadelphia || 985.0 16/2136 32 42 16/2136 2.8 9.34 || New York .

Central Park 983.8 16/2250 25 36 16/1450 __ __ 5.02 I

|Farrningdale|Airport 98.H1/31233[ [T3[33J1625j]ZI .3 HPN Airport || 985.8 ||17/0050|| 25 || 42 ||16/235011 || 6.26

|Islip/MacArthurAirport 9341/16 E3S31 7i J~~6 ___ [IJlC ___ JFK Int'l Airport | 982.5 ||16/2351|| 30 || 411|1710051|| J[ 3.27 LaGuardiaAirport | 983.7 ||16/23511| 30 |41 17/00511 | || 4

MGJ Airport | _ _ || 29 || 44 ||16/2039|| MTP Airport || 986.9 1|17/02541| 22 || 37 j 17/0454 1 1 Newburgh/Stewart 92 105113131LI Airport ______I ______

NWS Upton || __ __ i_ [L Xi |3.50 Westhampton 1 43317/01311 1 Airport _ _ i______White Plains I i i 5I Airport 9581/0012 21~ I ______Massachusetts || Beverly j_ II . I i 31 |__| 1| Blue Hill I Observatory-Milton ______B oston _ _ _ _ B______I I I l ~ _ _ _ _ I Z[ _ _ _ _ /Logan II Airport _ _ I _ _ _ 3 [_ _ Zi _ _ Brewster II |I 63 1|17/0545 [ [ Buzzards Bay -] || 47 |[ 7 | 17/0300|| Fox Point I 4. Hurricane Barrier Hadley. || | 9.60

Hyannis J_ II__ 1 L I62I||

MLawrenceVy ll l_ _ |Martha's Vineyard | | 3 | | l l

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Nantucket IL 11 IL 32 IL 11 1.3 ll New Bedford Hurr. I I2

Barrier _ I . . _ _IO ___ I Norwood __ lEll || 27 |_____ Orange ][ __ llIW 9 | ll __ || . |

Plymouth ][ _ _ || 33_||____II Southwick __ ]i _____| 9.16 Taunton __ [I ||_38_|| __ Westfield _ _ L ll || 37 | Worcester || lW || 30lE || | Rhode Island | Island || Il ll || 39_|| I Newport -] I[Zlf ||i35 Ir lll || 2.6 || Providence || ILI l I||I35I|| ll I | 5

Westerly 1|| IiEI EI II__| | Connecticut 11 1

| Bridgeport Airport]| 981.8 ][17/o154 29 || 39 |16/2254 l _ Bristol __ ][iX 1 l ll _____| 10.80 | Burlington ][ _ _ I II i l ______4I

| DanburyAirport ]| 987.1 ][17101s3 15 || 21II170153 1 Groton/New 983_ _ _ _ LondonAipr Hartford Airport ][ 985.4 ][17Io253 Meriden 984.5 ][17/0156|| | MMK Airport ][ 986.4 11o15s 20 ||i34III17/o155 iI

|New Haven Airport[ 983.8 ][17/o145 3 || _ | Southington ][ __ llllll ll ___|| 9.14 | | Willimantic 985.8 ][17/0352 L 31 ||

| Windsor Locks || L i ___||_37_|| |New Hampshire

| Manchester _ _ || _ 28 || _ _ _ _ _ NOAA National Data Buoy Center buoys 41004 (30.5N | 1171 7 100I 1 79.1 W ) __ _ _ _J J _ _ _ _ i lI _ _ _ _ 41009 (28.5N 9 2 15/100 80.2W) ___ .J i___ I______41008 (31.41[ I II3IIs2ol 80.9W) ______I...... I___tl ___J l 41010 (28.9N1[99611/901 119 157071 78.5W) I_ _ II ... J_ _ __ 44009 (38.5N 9 1518001711

74.7W ) i _ _ _ I _ _ _ . L ______44014 (36.8-N 9141/6071[6 16111 74.8W ) _ _ _ . . i ______.r ______.rlE1Xr] ______980.0 17/0000 11 33 11 43 44025 (40.3N 1117/0600 11 11 http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1999floyd.htm8 08/02/2005 TPC ATLANTIC FLOYD 1999 PRELIMINARY REPORT Page 18 of 21

QASOSand C-MAN are 2 min; buoys are 8 min. bDate/time is for sustained wind when both sustained and gust are listed. cStorm surge is water height above normal astronomical tide level. dStorm tide is water height above National Geodetic Vertical Datum (1929 mean sea level).

Table 4. Preliminary forecast evaluation of Hurricane Floyd, heterogeneous sample. (Errors in nautical miles for tropical storm and hurricane stages with number of forecasts in parenthesis). Il Period (hours) Forecast Technique | 12| 4 | 6 | 48 || 72 l CLIP 206(29) 312(25) | GFDI 36(34) |[ 71(32) 97(30) 115(28) | 153(25) | GFDL* J[ 31(30) |[ 66 (30) 96 (28) 109 (26) || 155 (24) l LBAR |[ 30(34) | 59(32) 92(30) 112 (28) |[ 120 (24) | AVNI |[ 38(35) 77(33) 119 (31) 141 (29) J[ 187 (25) | BAMD 37 (34) 70 (32) 106 (30) 147 (28) |[ 239 (24) | BAMM 50(34) 96(32) 137(30) 175(28) ][ 243(24) | BAMS 63 (34) 123 (32) 173 (30) 207 (28) ][ 263 (24) | A98E ][ 35(33) 72(31) 113 (29) 120 (27) ][ 174 (24) | NGPI 39 (29) 69 (27) 101 (25) 123 (23) ][ 146 (19) | IUKMI ||29 (32) ||54 (30) ||66 (26) ||76 (24) ][ 97 (21) | lI I NHC OFFICIAL || 28(35) 53(33) 73(31) 73(29) |[ 104 (25) | | NHC OFFICIAL 1989-1998 10-year 1 48 89 || 128 164 || 242 | l average 2 (1790) (159) (1410) (1107) |

GFDL output not available until after forecast issuance.

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Table 5. Watch and warning summary, Hurricane Floyd, September 1999 [te(Uime Action Location 09/2100 Tropical storm watch , , , and Dutch Saint Maarten issued ______092200 I Pica storm watch French and Saint Barthelemy Tropical storm watch 11/0300 discontinued Antigua, Barbuda, Anguilla and Dutch Saint Maarten

11/0300 Tropical storm watch French Saint Martin and Saint Barthelemy

Tropical Storm warning 12/0900 and hurricane watch Turks; Caicos, and Southeast Bahamas 12/900 Troicaissed 12/0900 || Hurricane watch issued Central Bahamas 13/0000 Hurricane waring issued Central Bahamas 13/0000 Hurricane watch issued Northwest Bahamas

13/0900 Huricane watch upgraded Northwest Bahamas f to hurricane warning 13/0900 || Hurricane watch issued Florida: South of Flagler Beach to Hallandale 13/1500 watch extended" South to include Miami-Dade County and nort~h of Flagler1 13/1500___ 11Hurricane|i watch extended ||_____I Beach, Florida to Brunswick, Georgia

13/1800 Hurricane watch extended Including Lake Okeechobee

3/1 ] oHurricane watch upgraded Florida City, Florida to south of Brunswick, Georgia ______to hurricane warning ______Trpclstorm warningFlrd 13/2100 Tropical sFlorida Keys, north of Seven Mile Bridge 13/2100 || Hurricane watch issued Georgia: Brunswick to Savannah F14/0300 Hurricane watch extended] North of Savannah, Georgia toa Little iver Inlet, South 1Iicntne ursadCaroiconsand 14/0900 Tropical storm warning l 1 discontinued 11 14/1500 Tropical storm warning Southeast Bahamas ______discontinued Sothas Bhaa |14/210014/2100 ||II Tropical discontinued storm warning ,y frommI the Seven Mile Bridgei northward Hurricane warning Georgia and South Carolina coasts to Little River Inlet, South | 14/21001/10extended || Carolina

Hurricane warning 14/2100 downgraded to tropical Florida: Florida City to Boca Raton l_ _ ] storm warning l North of Little River Inlet, South Carolina to Cape Charles 14/2100 Hurricane watch extended Light, Virginia, south of New Point Comfort, including l _ Pamlico and Albermarle sounds Hurricane warning North of Little River Inlet, South Carolina to the North extended CarolinaNirginia border Huricaner15/0300 warning Florida: Boca Raton to Ft. Pierce discontinued ______I

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15/0300 Hurcanewatch eended North Carolina/Virginia border to Chincoteague, Virginia, 1 I III IIncluding , south of Smith Point 15/0300 | Hurricane warning Central Bahamas ______d isco ntin u ed__ IF ______15/0300 Trodiscontinued Florida: Florida City to Ft. Pierce

15/0600 Hurricane warning || Northwest Bahamas: New Providence, Bimini, Andros, and 1 l discontinued I Berry Islands

15/0900 Tropicalissued storm watchc includingChincoteague, Chesapeake Virginia Bay to Capenorth ofHenlopen, Smith Point Delaware, and the Potomac from Cobb Island to Smith Point 15/1200 Hurricane warning Florida: South of Sebastian Inlet to Ft. Pierce l discontinued || Northwest Bahamas: Grand Bahama and Abaco Islands 15/1500 Hurricane warning Florida: Sebastian Inlet to Titusville ______d isco ntin u ed ______151500 |Tropical storm watch North of Chincoteague, Virginia to Sandy Hook, New Jersey, 1 1 ] extended i[including Delaware Bay 15/1700 Tropical storm watch North of Sandy Hook, New Jersey to Montauk Point on Long extended | Island, New York, including Delaware Bay 15/1900 Hurricane warning Florida: Titusville to Femandina Beach ______d isco ntin u ed ______

15/2100 Hurricaneexened warning VignaNorth of Northnlding Carolina/Virginia Chesapeake Bay,border south to Chincoteague, of Smith Point Tropical storm watch North of Chincoteague, Virginia to Sandy Hook, New Jersey, upgraded to tropical storm including northern Chesapeake Bay, the Potomac Basin, and warning Delaware Bay 15/2100 Tropical storm watch North of Sandy Hook, New Jersey to the Merrimack River, l II extended [ Massachusetts, including Long Island Sound 16/0300 ir I.Hurricane discontinued warning ICarolinaNorth of Fernandina Beach, Florida to Edisto Beach, South 1 1610300 || Hurricane warning 1NorthofChincoteague,Virginiato Cape HenlopenDelaware] extended :cege rii p npn |16/0300 Tropical storm warning North of Sandy Hook, New Jersey to Plymouth, L~ Lextended [Massachusetts 1 Hurricane warning North of Cape Henlopen, Delaware to Manasquan Inlet, New i0 extended Jersey and from Moriches Inlet, New York to Plymouth, [I Massachusetts 16/0900 Tropical storm warning North of Plymouth, Massachusetts to Merrimack River, | 16090extended Massachusetts

_ _ _ Hudiscontarinueg 16/1100 Huriscaonetwning From South Santee River, South Carolina, southward Hurricane warning South Santee River, South Carolina to Surf City, North 1 16/1300 I[ discontinued Carolina 16/1500 [ Hurricanew1 arnin9 North Carolina: North of Surf City to 16/1800 Hurricane warning | Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Cape Charles Light, 1 16/1800 discontinued j Virginia, including southern Chesapeake Bay || Hurricane warning Cape Charles Light, Virginia to the Merrimack River, 16/2100 downgraded to tropical Massachusetts, including Chesapeake Bay, the Potomac l _ _ storm warning J Basin, Delaware Bay, and Long Island Sound Tropical storm warning Cape Charles Light, Virginia to Sandy Hook, New Jersey, 17/0300 discontinued 1 including Chesapeake Bay, the Potomac Basin, and I____ _ II IDelaware Bay

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Sandy Hook, New Jersey to the Merrimack River, 17/0900 11 Tropical. discontinued storm warning II|| Massachusetts, including Long Island Sound I. - *1

Tocdd Spindler

Last updated January 26, 2000

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www.nws.noaa.gov

Search lEnter Search Here I IGOI

Search TPC I 1 Tropical Cyclone Report Text-only version Tropical Ana Two Bill Claudette Danny Six Seven 6 - 19 September 2003 Erika Nine Fabian Jack Beven and Hugh Cobb Grace Henri National Hurricane Center Isabel 19 December 2003 Fourteen Juan Revised: 16 January 2004 Kate Larry Mindy Hurricane Isabel was a long-lived Cape Verde Nicholas hurricane that reached Category 5 status on the Saffir- Odette Simpson Hurricane Scale. It made landfall near Drum Peter Inlet on the of North Carolina as a Get Storm Info Satellite Imagery Category 2 hurricane. Isabel is considered to be one of US Weather Radar the most significant tropical cyclones to affect Aircraft Recon portions of northeastern North Carolina and east- Advisory Archive Mobile Products central Virginia since in 1954 and the E-mail Advisories Chesapeake-Potomac Hurricane of 1933. RSS Feeds E About NHC Products a. Synoptic History Tropical Analysis and Forecasting Isabel formed from a tropical wave that moved westward from the coast of Atlantic Products E Pac Products Africa on 1 September. Over the next several days, the wave moved slowly About TAFB westward and gradually became better organized. By 0000 UTC 5 Products September, there was sufficient organized convection for satellite-based Dvorak intensity estimates to begin. Development continued, and it is Learn About Hurricanes estimated that a tropical depression formed at 0000 UTC 6 September, with Hurricane the depression becoming Tropical Storm Isabel six hours later. The "best Preparedness track' chart of Isabel is given in Figure 1, with the wind and pressure Frequently Asked histories shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3, respectively. The best track Questions F.A.Q. (French) positions and intensities are listed in Table 1. AOML Hurricane Research Div. Isabel turned west-northwestward on 7 September and intensified into a hurricane. Strengthening continued for the next two days while Isabel moved The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale between west-northwest and northwest. Isabel turned westward on 10 Forecasting Models September and maintained this motion until 13 September on the south side Inland Wind Model of the Azores- High. Isabel strengthened to a Category 5 hurricane

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Eyewall Wind on 11 September with maximum sustained winds estimated at 145 kt at 1800 Profiles UTC that day. After this peak, the maximum winds remained in the 130-140 NHC/TPC Glossary NWS Glossary kt range until 15 September. During this time, Isabel displayed a persistent NHCITPC Acronyms 35-45 n mi diameter eye. Storm Names Breakpoints Isabel approached a weakness in the western portion of the Azores- Hurricane History Bermuda High, which allowed the hurricane to turn west-northwestward on NHCITPC Archives Forecast 13 September, northwestward on 15, September, and north-northwestward Verification on 16 September. The latter motion would continue for the rest of Isabel's life Climatology as a tropical cyclone. Deadliest, Costliest and Most Intense 1492-1996 (Atlan) Increased vertical on 15 September caused Isabel to gradually 1900-2000 (USA) weaken. The system weakened below major hurricane status (96 kt or Most Expensive Category 3 on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale) on 16 September. It Most Intense maintained Category 2 status with 85-90 kt maximum winds for the next two US Strikes by Isabel made landfall Decade days while the overall size of the hurricane increased. US Strikes by near , North Carolina near 1700 UTC 18 September as a Category State 2 hurricane, then weakened as it moved across eastern North Carolina. It About Us weakened to a tropical storm over southern Virginia, then lost tropical About the NHCITPC characteristics as it moved across western Pennsylvania on 19 September. Mission/Vision Extratropical Isabel moved northward into and was absorbed into a Other NCEP Centers larger baroclinic system moving eastward across south central Canada early NHC/TPC Personnel the next day. NOAA Locator Visitor Information NHC Library b. Meteorological Statistics Joint Hurricane Testbed Observations in Isabel (Figure 2 and Figure 3) include satellite-based Dvorak WX4NHC Amateur Radio Station technique intensity estimates from the Tropical Analysis and Forecast NHC/TPC Branch (TAFB), the Satellite Analysis Branch (SAB) and the U. S. Air Force Anonymous Weather Agency (AFWA). Also included are flight-level and dropwindsonde FTP Server observations from flights by the 53r Weather Reconnaissance Squadron of Contact Us the U. S. Air Force Reserve Command, the NOAA Aircraft Operations Center, and a Canadian research aircraft. Observations from ships (Table 2), land stations, and data buoys (Table 3) are included where appropriate. Microwave satellite imagery from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), the NASA Quikscat, and the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites were also useful in tracking Isabel.

The Air Force Reserve Hurricane Hunters made 39 center fixes during Isabel. The NOAA Hurricane Hunters made two formal center fixes and flew seven research missions into the storm. The highest winds measured by the aircraft were 158 kt (Air Force at 700 mb) and 157 kt (NOAA at 8400 ft) between 1700-1730 UTC 13 September. A 156-kt flight-level wind (700 mb) was also observed at 1719 UTC 12 September. Stronger winds were observed on eyewall dropsondes, with a maximum of 203 kt reported at 806 mb (4500 ft) at 1753 UTC 13 September. This is the strongest wind ever observed in an , although it likely does not represent a 1- min average.

Comparison of the aircraft and satellite data makes the peak intensity of Isabel somewhat speculative. Aircraft data on 12 September indicate that Isabel had winds near 140 kt. However, the maximum intensity based on satellite imagery was reached on 11 September before the first

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reconnaissance mission, and the satellite signatur6 was weaker at the time of the first mission. The maximum intensity estimate of 145 kt on 11 September is based on the aircraft data of 12 September and the stronger satellite signature on the previous day. The minimum central pressure of 915 mb on 11 September has a similar basis.

Isabel's intensity is also somewhat uncertain during 16-18 September. During this time, a large outer eyewall formed, which disrupted the inner core wind structure. Dropsonde data indicated that the usual 90% reduction for 700 mb winds to the surface in the eyewall was not valid, with the actual reductions being closer to 70-75%. Both Air Force and NOAA aircraft measured 11 8-kt flight-level winds in the northeast eyewall just as Isabel was making landfall, which using the 90% reduction would support 105 kt sustained surface winds. However, using a 75% reduction gives a sustained surface wind of near 90 kt, which is in better agreement with maximum surface winds estimated by a dropsonde (83 kt) and the Stepped Frequency Microwave Radiometer on the NOAA aircraft (90 kt) near the same time. Based on this, the best estimate of the landfall intensity is 90 kt.

Isabel brought hurricane conditions to portions of eastern North Carolina and southeastern Virginia. The highest observed wind on land (Table 3) was sustained at 69 kt with a gust to 85 kt at an instrumented tower near Cape Hatteras, North Carolina at 1622 UTC 18 September. Another tower in Elizabeth City, North Carolina reported 64-kt sustained winds with a gust to 84 kt at 1853 UTC that day. The National Ocean Service (NOS) station at Cape Hatteras reported 68-kt sustained winds with a gust to 83 kt before contact was lost. The Coastal Marine Automated Stations (C-MAN) at Chesapeake Light, Virginia and Duck, North Carolina reported similar winds. Elsewhere in Virginia, Gloucester Point reported 60-kt sustained winds with a gust to 79 kt at 2200 UTC 18 September, while the Norfolk Naval Air Station reported 50-kt sustained winds with a gust to 72 kt at 2100 UTC that day. Unofficial reports from the affected area include a gist of 102 kt at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, a gust of 93 kt from Gwynns Island, Virginia, a gust of 91 kt at Ocracoke, North Carolina, and a gust of 88 kt at New Bern, North Carolina. The wind record from the most seriously affected areas is incomplete, as several observing stations were either destroyed or lost power as Isabel passed.

Isabel brought tropical-storm conditions to a large area from eastern North Carolina northward to the eastern Great Lakes and western New England. The C-MAN station at Thomas Point, Maryland reported 42 kt sustained winds with a gust to 58 kt at 0850 UTC 19 September. Reagan National Airport in Washington, DC reported 39-kt sustained winds with a gust to 50 kt at 0139 UTC that day. Sustained tropical storm-force winds were reported at Kennedy and LaGuardia Airports in , while a gust of 52 kt was reported in Middletown, Pennsylvania. Extratropical Isabel brought gale-force winds to portions of the eastern Great Lakes and southeastern Canada.

Shipping for the most part avoided Isabel. The most significant ship report was from the ZIPR7 (name unknown), which reported 52-kt winds at 1200 UTC 17 September (Table 2). Additionally, NOAA buoy 41002 reported a 10- min average wind of 52 kt with a gust to 70 kt at 0540 UTC 18 September. Two NOAA data buoys broke loose as the storm passed and had to be replaced.

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The lowest pressure observed by reconnaissance aircraft was 920 mb at 1712 and 1901 UTC 12 September. The lowest pressures observed on land were unofficial reports of 957 mb at Arrowhead Beach, North Carolina, and 958 mb from a storm chaser in Hobucken, North Carolina. The lowest pressures from official observation sites were 962.8 mb from an instrumented tower in Atlantic Beach, North Carolina at 1645 UTC 18 September, and 963.5 mb at Washington, North Carolina at 1944 UTC that day.

Isabel produced storm surges of 6-8 ft above normal tide levels near the point of landfall along the Atlantic coast of North Carolina. Farther north, values ranged from 4-6 ft along the Virginia coast, 2-4 ft along the Maryland, Delaware and New Jersey shorelines, and 1-2 ft along the coast of Long Island and in the Long Island sound.

In the North Carolina estuaries, storm surge values were generally 4-6 ft above normal tide levels over the eastern portions of the Pamlico Sound and most of the . Values of 6-10 ft above normal tide levels were observed in the western end of the Pamlico Sound with a maximum value of 10.5 ft reported on the in Craven County (Table 3).

Storm surges of 3-5 ft above normal tide levels were observed over the central portions of the Chesapeake Bay and 5-6 ft over the southern portion of the Bay in the vicinity of Hampton Roads, Virginia. Surge values of 6-8 ft above normal levels were observed in the upper reaches of the Chesapeake Bay near Annapolis and Baltimore, Maryland and in most of the main stem rivers draining into the Chesapeake Bay. Even higher surges occurred at the heads of the rivers, with values of 8.5 ft above normal levels at the Richmond City locks along the in Virginia and nearly 8 ft along the in Washington, D.C. Water levels exceeded previous record levels established in the Chesapeake-Potomac Hurricane of 1933 in Washington, D.C., Baltimore and Annapolis.

Storm surges in Delaware Bay were generally 3-4 ft at the mouth of the bay and 5-6.5 ft at the head of the bay and along the in the vicinity of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Rainfall from Hurricane Isabel averaged 4-7 in over large portions of eastern North Carolina, east-central Virginia and Maryland. Rainfall totals of 8-12 in with locally higher amounts occurred in the Shenandoah valley in northern Virginia. Upper Sherando, Virginia, reported a storm total of 20.20 in (Table 4). Lesser amounts in the 2-4 in range occurred elsewhere over eastern Virginia and the Delmarva Peninsula.

One tornado occurred in association with Hurricane Isabel. It touched down in the Ocean View section of Norfolk, Virginia at approximately 2200 UTC 18 September and was verified only by visual confirmation from law enforcement officials. No Fujita scale rating has been assigned to the tornado since its damage could not be distinguished from the extensive hurricane-related wind damage in the area. c. Casualty and Damage Statistics

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Isabel is directly responsible for 16 deaths: 10 in Virginia, and 1 each in North Carolina, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, and Florida. The deaths in Florida and Rhode Island were drownings in high surf generated by Isabel. Isabel was indirectly responsible for 34 deaths: 22 in Virginia, 6 in Maryland, 2 in North Carolina and Pennsylvania, and 1 each in New Jersey and the District of Columbia.

Isabel caused widespread wind and storm surge damage in coastal eastern North Carolina and southeastern Virginia. Storm surge damage also occurred along Chesapeake Bay and the associated river estuaries, while wind damage occurred over portions of the remaining area from southern Virginia northward to New York. The current estimate for insured property damage is $1.685 billion - $925 million in Virginia, $410 million in Maryland, $170 million in North Carolina, $80 million in Pennsylvania, $45 million in New York, $25 million in New Jersey, $20 million in Delaware, and $10 million in West Virginia. The total damage for Isabel is estimated to be about twice that of the insured damage, or $3.37 billion. d. Forecast and Warning Critique

The track of Isabel was in general well forecast. Average official track errors (with the number of cases in parentheses) for Hurricane Isabel were 22 (51), 39 (49), 52 (47), 60 (45), 80 (41), 104 (37), and 146 (33) n mi for the 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h forecasts, respectively'. These errors are much lower than the average official track errors for the 10-yr period 1993-20022 (45, 81,116,150, 225, 282, and 374 n mi, respectively) (Table 5) - 50-65 % smaller than the average forecast errors at all times. The track forecasts also showed tremendous skill when compared to the errors of the Climatology- Persistence (CLP5) model (32, 68, 109, 148, 231, 350, and 537 n mi for the 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h forecasts, respectively) - including an almost 75% improvement at 120 h. Overall, the official track forecasts had smaller errors than the dynamical models. However, three ensemble methods that combine the forecasts of the dynamical models (GUNS, GUNA, and FSSE) had smaller errors than the official forecasts.

There appear to be three primary reasons for the excellent track forecasts. First, Isabel was a large and strong hurricane, and this type of tropical cyclone is generally easier to forecast.

Second, Isabel moved slowly through the central and eastern Atlantic in a relatively predictable steering pattern. While an initial northwestward motion was not as well forecast as other parts of the track, the forecasts did correctly anticipate that Isabel would turn westward and maintain that course for several days.

Third, when Isabel reached the western Atlantic, synoptic surveillance missions began using both the NOAA Gulfstream-IV jet and Air Force Reserve aircraft. These mission helped resolve a complex steering flow pattern around Isabel. Preliminary estimates from the Hurricane Research Division indicate that the synoptic surveillance data improved the track forecasts of the NWS Global Forecast System model (AVNO in Table 5) by as much as 40% at 120 h. Qualitative examination of forecasts from the NOGAPS (NGPS) and UKMET models (UKM) also suggest forecast track improvement due to the data.

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The landfall forecasts were exceptionally accurate. The track forecast errors verifying at 1800 UTC 18 September (1 h after landfall) had errors of 6,12, 6,16, 31, 86, and 118 n mi for the 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h forecasts, respectively.

The intensity forecasts were less accurate than the track forecasts. Average official intensity errors were 7, 11, 14, 17, 22, 25, and 27 kt for the 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h forecasts, respectively, which are larger than the average official intensity errors over the 10-yr period 1993-2002 (6, 10, 13, 15, 19, 21, and 22 kt, respectively). However, the intensity forecasts showed skill when compared to intensity climatology and persistence, which had errors of 8,13, 18, 23, 29, 32, and 35 kt for the 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h forecasts, respectively. The greatest contributors to the intensity forecast errors included 1) underforecasting how quickly Isabel would intensify over the eastern Atlantic, and 2) overforecasting how strong Isabel would remain as it reached a less favorable environment in the western Atlantic.

Table 6 lists the watches and warnings associated with Hurricane Isabel. The accurate track forecasts and the large size of Isabel led to longer than normal watch and warning lead times. A hurricane watch was issued for the landfall area 50 h before the center made landfall. A hurricane warning was issued 38 h before landfall. Acknowledgements

Much of the data from the affected areas were provided by the NWS Weather Forecast Offices at Wilmington, Morehead City, and Raleigh, North Carolina, Wakefield, Sterling, and Blacksburg, Virginia, Mount Holly, New Jersey, Upton, New York, and Pittsburgh and State College, Pennsylvania. NOAA buoy and C-MAN data were provided by the National Data Buoy Center. NOS data were provided by the NOAA National Ocean Service. Remote Automated Weather Stations (RAWS) data were provided by the National Interagency Fire Center. USGS data were provided by the NWISWeb web site. Other data were provided by the Weather Underground web site.

'All forecast verifications in this report include the depression stage of the cyclone. National Hurricane Center verifications presented in these reports prior to 2003 did not include the depression stage.

2Errors given for the 96 and 120 h periods are averages over the two-year period 2001-2002.

Table 1: Best track for Hurricane Isabel, 6-19 September 2003. Position Date/Time Lat IonPressure Wind Speed Stage (UTC) (LOaNtLon. (mb) (kt)

06 /0000 13.8 31.4 1009 30 tropical depression 06/ 0600 13.9 32.7 1005 35 tropical storm 06 /1200 13.6 33.9 1003 40 1

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06 /1800 13.41 34.91 1000 45 . 07/0000 13.5 35.8 994 55 l

07 /0600 13.9 36.5 991 60 N 07/1200 14.4 37.3 987 65 hurricane 07/1800 15.2 38.5 984 70 08 /0000 15.8 39.7 976 80 08 /0600 16.5 40.9 966 95 08/1200 17.1 42.0 952 110 08 /1800 17.6 43.1 952 110 09 /0000 18.2 44.1 948 115 09/0600 18.9 45.2 948 115 09 /1200 19.4 46.3 948 115 09 /1800 20.0 47.3 948 115

10/0000 20.5 48.3 952 110 N 10/0600 20.9 49.4 952 110 . 10/1200 21.1 50.4 948 115 10/1800 21.1 51.4 942 120 11 /0000 21.2 52.3 935 125 11 / 0600 21.3 53.2 935 125 XX 11/1200 21.4 54.0 925 135 11 /1800 21.5 54.8 915 145 12/ 0000 21.6 55.7 920 140 12 / 0600 21.7 56.6 920 140 12/1200 21.6 57.4 920 140 12/1800 21.7 58.2 920 140 13 /0000 21.8 59.1 925 135 13/0600 21.9 60.1 935 130 13/1200 22.1 61.0 935 135 13 / 1800 22.5 62.1 932 140 14 /0000 22.9 63.3 935 135 14/0600 23.2 64.6 939 135 14/1200 23.5 65.8 935 135 14/1800 23.9 67.0 933 140 15/0000 24.3 67.9 937 130 15/0600 24.5 68.8 940 125 15/1200 24.8 69.4 946 120 15/1800 25.3 69.8 949 115 16/0000 25.7 70.2 952 105 16/0600 26.3 70.5 955 100 16/1200 26.8 70.9 959 95 16/1800 27.4 71.2 959 95 17 /0000 28.1 71.5 957 95 17/0600 28.9 71.9 957 95 17/1200 29.7 72.5 957 90 17/1800 30.6 73.0 955 90 18 /0000 31.5 73.5 953 90

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18/0600 32.51 74.3 956 90 18 /1200 33.7 75.2 956 90 18/1800 35.1 76.4 958 85 19/0000 36.7 77.7 969 65 19 /0600 38.6 78.9 988 50 tropical storm 19/1200 40.9 80.3 997 35 extratropical

19 / 1800 43.9 80.9 1000 30 a

20/0000 48.0 81.0 1000 25 _ 20/0600 absorbed by extratropical low 11/1800 21.5 54.8 915 145 minimum pressure 18 / 1700 34.9 76.2 957 90 landfall at Drum Inlet, North Carolina

Table 2: Selected ship reports with winds of at least 34 kt for Hurricane Isabel, 6-19 September 2003. Ship Name or Call Date/Time Lat. Lon. Wind dir/speed Pressure Sign (UTC) (°N) (0W) (deg/kt) (mb) Duncan Island 17/0300 27.4 68.7 160/42 1007.5 Duncan Island 17/ 0900 29.1 67.9 160/45 1010.0 ZIPR7 17/0900 32.0 68.3 110/45 1010.7 ZIPR7 17/ 1200 30.2 67.4 150/52 1011.6 Sealand Hawaii 17/1800 31.0 68.5 130/40 1010.2 Galveston Bay 17/1800 33.4 76.7 020/37 1010.8 Oriental Bay 19/ 0000 35.5 73.1 140/37. 1010.6 P&O Ned Lloyd 19/0300 34.7 74.8 190/37 1010.5 Pegasus ______P&ONed Lloyd 19/0600 38.9 72.9 160/45 1015.3 Piraeus III James R. Barker 1 19/1200 42.2 81.1 060/42 1001.0

Table 3: Selected surface observations for Hurricane Isabel, 6-19 September 2003. Minimum Maximum Surface Sea-level Wind Speed Pressure (kt) Date!/ res Date! Sust. Peak Storm }Storm Rain Location Time Press. Dieate/ W b Gust Surgec Tided (storm Loain Tm (mb) TiefWnb1 G.. total) (UTC) (UTC) (kts) (kts) | (It) (in)

South Carolina

Springmaid Pier _ 1|18/1545 1 24 I 39 | l | North Carolina Alligator River 18/1900 50 3.75 NWR RAWS ______Atlantic Beach (Clemson/UF 18/1645 962.8 18/1558 55 67 Tower) | | | __|__ Back Island RAWS 18/1813 53 1.65 Beaufort RAWS 18/1815 64 5.64 Beaufort (NOS) l ___ l 5.8 2.5 T

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Burlington (KBUY) 48 Cape Hatteras (ClemsonvUF 18/1644 968.2 18/1622 69 85 Tower) Cape Hatteras Pier 18/1518 974.0 18/1518 68 83 7.7 5.6 NOSf Caswell18214619 Gamelands RAWS W18/2017 46 1.95 Cherry Point 18/1840 9682 18/1818 62 5.24 (KNKT) ______Clinton (KCTZ) 40 Craven Co. (Neuse 10.5 river)______Duke Forest RAWS 18/1907 53 1.70 Duck Corps of EngineersPier 18/1918 984.0 18/2100 55 72 7.8 4.7 4.72

Elizabeth City 18/1543 510 64e 2.72 (KECG) ___ Elizabeth City (Clemson/UF 18/1940 981.9 18/1852 64 84 Tower) . Elizabethtown 18/2320 22 43 2.26 Erwin-Dunn (KHRJ) 38 Fayetteville (KFAY) 35 50 Fort Bragg (KFBG) 52 Fort Bragg RAWS 18/2007 48 1.33 Franklinton (KLHZ) 39 Goldsboro (KGSB) 35 51 Greensboro 40

(KGSO) ___ Greens Cross RAWS 18/1708 50e 6.29 Greenville (KPGV) 18/1855 34 44 5.75 Henderson (KHNZ) 39 Hoffman Forest 18/1509 50 2.35 RAWS Laurinburg (KMEB) 35 Lumberton (KLBT) 18/1921 32 45 3.39 Manteo (KMQI) 18/1743 982.4 18/1843 44 68 Nature Conservancy 18/1658 54 1.91 RAWS ___ New Bern (KEWN) 18/1608 50e New River (KNCA) 18/1756 981.7 18/1556 39 56 2.02 Newport (KMHX) 18/1730 968.9 18/1800 46 5.87 Oregon Inlet 5.4 4.7 Marina NOS Pocosin Lake NWR 18/1823 64 5.94 RAWS (KDU_3 Raleigh (KRDU) 39 Rocky Mount

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(KRWI) 35 54 Rocky Mount 18/2113 528 4.20 RAWS I I I__ Roanoke Rapids 18/2147 38 55 (KRZZ) ___ Sanford (KTTA) 43 Smithfield (KJNX) 1 1I I 34 T Sunny Point RAWS 18/2158 51 2.09 Turnbull Creek 18/2313 41 = 2.19 RAWS ___ Washington 18/1944 963.5 18/1803 37 49 (KOCW) ______Wilmington (KILM) 18/1843 990.5 18/2143 39 51 1.98 Wilmington (Clemson/UF 18/1730 990.8 18/1315 43 Tower)

______Virginia Back Bay NWR 18/1935 38 53 4.12 RAWS I___ Blacksburg (WFO) 19/0120 34 T_7 Chesapeake Bay 18/2154 992.4 18/2048 52 64 7.5 Bridge Tunnel NOS 4.8 Colonial Beach 54 3.7 NOSe (6.5)h Culpeper (KCJR) 19/0303 995.0 Danville (KDAN) 18/1922 45 Dulles Airport 19/0359 997.6 19/0122 32 42 1.96 (KIAD) Fort Belvoir (KDAA) 2.32 Fredericksburg 2.79 (KEZF) _-= =2. Gloucester Point 8.3 6.4 NOSe__ _ Gloucester Point 18/2200 60 79 (VIMS) ___ Great Dismal 18/1945 39 Swamp RAWS 1/953 Kingsmill NOSE 6.6 4.3

Kiptopeake NOS 18/2342 39 60 6.5 _ Langley AFB (KLFI) 18/2348 991.9 18/1808 46 66 2.67 Leesburg (KJYO) 19/0444 42 Lewisetta NOSe 19/0012 997.3 19/0100 46 59 3.7 3.0 Manassas (KHEF) 19/0335 997.0 Melfa (KMFV) 18/2102 1000.0 Money Point NOS 18/2318 38 52 8.3 5.7 Newport Newse 18/2237 990.2 18/1756 38 57 3.16 (KPHF) ___

Norfolk Airporte 18/2151 990.2 18/2049 41 64 2.50 (KORF) 18/211 507I42 Norfolk N.A.S. 18/2110 50 72 4.21 (KNGU) J___I

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Oceana N.A.S. 18/2056 48 60 (KNTU) 18/2056 1990.9 Portsmouth 18/2225 987.2 = = = Quantico (KNYG) 19/0355 996.8 19/0322 47 67 Roanoke (KRNK) 18/2143 38 Rappahannock 18/2354 995.4 18/2318 60 Light NOS __ I______Richmond (KRIC) 19/0013 33 63 4.32 Scotland NOSe 6.8 4.8 Sewells Point NOS 18/2130 991.4 18/1642 50 64 7.9 5.6 Wakefield (KAKQ) 5.76

(KWAL) 19/0012 1003.1 18/1747 43 54 0.80 Wachapreague 18/2300 1001.8 5.5 2.5 NOSe Wakefield WFO 5.66 Washington Reagan Airport 19/0359 999.3 19/0139 39 50 2.31 (KDCA) Windmill Point NOS 3.8 District of Columbia National Academy 19/ 62 of Science (DCNet) [N/A I Washington NOS 1 17.9 West Virginia Martinsburg 119/0654 r 997.3 119/0318 [ 26 1 40 T 1 I Petersburg (W99) 119/0537 1 995.0 1 T 7 T I I Maryland Andrews AFB 18/2051 33 60 (KADW) Annapolis NOS 7.2 6.3 Baltimore NOS 8.2 7.3 | Baltimore (KBWI) 19/0358 1001.4 19/0211 38 48 3.21 Black NWR RAWS 18/2227 40 1.42 Cambridge NOSe 19/0154 1003.0 18/2054 37 49 6.2 5.2 2.20 Chesapeake City 5.7 4.9 NOS__ _ Frederick 19/0543 43 Hagerstown 19/0548 998.6 18/2328 34 45 (KHGR) ___ Maryland Science CenerKDH) 19/0301 1002.4 Ocean City (KOXB) 18/2257 1006.1 |18/2252 36 46 |6.5 1.97 Patuxent River 19/0355 999.0 19/0355 48 60 (KNHK) Salisbury (KSBY) 19/0331 1005.1 18/2009 32 44 2.08 Silver Springs 19/ N/A 72 (DCNet) |19001 |0 ______|5 6 NolooSeIln 19/0018 1000.7 19/0106 45 56 N ose ______-L

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TolchesterBeach |19/0354 1003.2 19/0124 38 7.9 6.9 Delaware Brandywine Shoal 19/0424 1007.3 19/0742 54 NOS I____I_ Delaware City NOS 19/0630 1005.6 19/0606 34 47 8.62 5.42 Dover AFB (KDOV) 19/0419 53 Georgetown 19/0613 52 1.74 (KGED) Lewes NOS 19/0336 1006.6 18/2024 46 54 6.51 3.07 Prime Hook NWR 18/2127 44 1.06 RAWS ______Reedy Point NOS 8.66 5.00

Wilmington (KILG) _ 19/0720 46 1.46 New Jersey Atlantic City 19/0034 42 (KACY) ___ Atlantic City USGS 19/0300 1011.9 19/0100 46 Bamegat Ught 19/0500 1014.6 19/1930 39 USGS I___ Burlington NOS 19/0706 1010.4 10.6 6.5 Cape May NOS 19/0500 1008.1 18/2124 47 6.5 3.1 Cape May USGS 19/0100 1005.2 18/2100 34 53 Forsythe NWR 19/0827 34 0.31 RAWS _19087_4__3 Keansburg USGS 19/0600 1014.6 19/0100 45 MilIville (KMIV) 19/0046 48 Newark (KEWR) 19/0757 1013.9 19/0619 28 38 0.66 Point Pleasant 19/0500 1014.6 19/0100 40 USGS I___ __ Sandy Hook NOS 19/0736 1014.2 19/0142 39 Ship John Shoal 19/0518 1007.1 19/0206 47 62 8.0 4.7 NOS______Tacony-Palmyra 9.9 5.8 Bridge NOS ___ __ Trenton (KTNT) 19/0304 38 Wildwood (KWWD) 19/0835 41 1.30 Wrightstown 19/0337 47 Pennsylvania Allentown (KABE) T 19/0907 41 Altoona (KAOO) 19/0804 998.7 19/0429 37 | Capital City 19/0513 1003.0 19/0530 50 |_|__ Clearfield (KFIG) 19/0926 1000.3 19/0604 35 Hazelton (KFET) I Lancaster (KLNS) 19/0634 1004.4 19/0637 46 Middletown 19/0509 1003.0 19/0517 52 Mt Pocono (KMPO) |_|_40 Philadelphia 19/0747 43 1.14 (KPHL) T191053 1 6 23 9 5 Philadelphia NOS 19/0530 1010.6 18/2312 37 9.5 5.4

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Reading (KRDG) 19/0735 43 Scranton Wilkes- 35 Barre (KAVP)

Sherbume RAWS 19/1808 41 _ Williamsport (KIPT) 19/0843 1003.0 19/0841 45

York (KTHV) 19/0603 1002.7 19/0601 38 _8______New York _ Binghamton 39 (KBGM) T| 13|_ Buffalo (KBUF) 7___|_19/2012 35 _____ Farmingdale 19/0902 1016.3 19/0725 28 36 0.00 (KFMG) ___ Monticello (KMSV) 38 New York Kennedy 19/0815 1015.2 19/0802 35 43 0.16 Airport_(KJ FK) ______New York LaGuardia Airport 19/0827 1014.9 19/0736 35 44 0.26 (KLGA) Saranac Lake 19/1827 38 (KS LK) ___ Shinnecock Inlet 18/2330 30 45 Syracuse (KSYR) 35 Utica (KUCA) 37

Watertown (KART) _ 19/1605 35 _____ Wellsville (KELZ) 19/0958 35 Vermont Burlington (KBTV) T1I__19/1940 T | 40 1 Rutland (KRUT) ___ 119/1535 1 | 35 1 I Canada

Burlington ______| 39 |

Hamilton TI___| 36 _ _ _

Long Point | ____ 37 42 | | _ Point Petre 43 | Port Colbume | 35 44 |___ Toronto Island T 43 Toronto Pearson 19/1350 39 Airport (CYYZ) ______Buoy/CMAN

NOAA Buoy 41001 18/0900 997.7 18/0150 4 0 9 51 _____

NOAA Buoy 41002 18/0800 978.8 18/0540 5 2g 70 _ _

NOAA Buoy 44004 18/2331 35 ___ NOAA Buoy 44009 19/0000 1006.6 19/2200 38 51 |

NOAA Buoy 44014 18/1900 995.5 18/1250 43 9 60 _ _ NOAABuoy44017 19/0900 1018.5 18/2300 29 36

NOAA Buoy 44025 19/0800 1015.0 19/0100 30 3830| ___ NOAABuoy45005 19/1300 1002.6 19/2100 279 35 |___= NOAA Buoy 45008 19/1700 1002.6 120/0030 | 28 | 34 |

NOAABuoy45012 19/1700 1004.2 19/1220 | 32g | 41 |____

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Canadian Buoy 34 42 45135 Canadian Buoy 32 40 45139 ___ Canadian Buoy 32 40 45160 ___ Ambrose Tower 19/0700 1014.1 19/2350 44 52 (ALSN7) ______Chesapeake Light 18/2100 990.6 18/2140 659 83 (CHLV2) ______Cape Lookout 18/1600 964.9 18/1530 609 79 (CKLN7) ___ Dunkirk (DBLN6) 19/1500 1000.3 19/11900 31 39 Diamond Shoals 18/1600 970.5 Uight_(DSLN7) 18_100__70_ Duck (DUCN7) 18/1900 984.4 18/1930 66>3 82 Frying Pan Shoals 18/1700 993.4 18/1610 639 77 (FPSN7)____ Lake St Clair 19/1400 1004.1 19/2100 31 36

South Bass Island 19/1400 1003.8 19/2050 329 36 (SBI301) ___

(TPLM2) 19/0500 1001.1 19/0850 429 58 Unofficial Observations: South Carolina

Little River 18/1723 36 _ Loris EMS 18/1742 37 1.34 Myrtle Beach 18/1638 3 Pavilion = = 1/6834 =

Pawleys Island 18/1624 35 _ North Carolina Arrowhead Beach 18/2030 957.0 _ T I T

(Sudduth) 18/1644 967.5 18/1531 48 59 Battleship 43 Cape Lookout" 18/1415 71 Carolina Beach 18/1405 45 Cary (Weather 18/2209 988.0 18/2149 43 1.22

Cedar Island 18/1440 75 Clayton (Weather 19/0102 990.4 18/1752 40 Underground) Edenton 7.0 Elizabeth City 5.0 Harkers Island 18/1430 85 Bridge Hobucken 18/1750 958.0 (Leonard) Holly Shelter 118/2020 53____

Isabelle Homes 18/1330 50 Bridge (Cape Fear

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River) Kitty Hawk 18/1925 984.5 18/ N/A 102 | Kure Beach Pier 18/1605 41 Kyre Beach La Que 18/1300 48 Center Lillington (Weather 18/1 808 37 Underground) ||88 T3 TT New Bern (Weather 18/1912 970.1 18/1327 80 88 Underground) ______Ocean Isle 181600 50 |

Ocracoke ____|_18/1545 91 7 _ 1 Plymouth |18/1805 83 Southport NC State 18/2334 56 Pilot _ _ _ _ Southport 46 Elementary School Southport Brunswick County 18/1600 44 1.95 Airport Sunny Point Military Ocean 18/2020 45 Terminal Surf City (Weather Underground) 18/1846 991.8 18/1206 44 75 Topsail Beach 18/1430 50 Trenton 18/1912 70 Whiteville Chamber 43 4.51 of Commerce Wilmington (NC 18/1400 57 StatePort)____ Wilmington (Weather 18/1730 994.1 18/1800 36 Underground) Wilmington (WECT 46 2.24 TV)___ _ Wilson (Weather /10 965 1/954 Underground) 18/2110 976.5 18/1955 47 Wrightsville Beach 18/1500 39 Police B c _b2 - 2_ Wrightsville Beach 18/1230 52

Wrightsville Beach 18/2128 49 Oceanic Pier Virginia Boone 18/2241 40 Chase City 18/2010 46 Chesapeake Bay 18/2125 62 76 Bridge ____ Chincoteague 18/2315 41 Chincoteague CGS 62 Chincoteague (Weather 18/2311 1004.3 18/2231 36 40 Underground)

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Dublin 19/0220 49 Dunnsville 6.0 Five Forks 70 Gwynns Island 19/0042 93 Hampton 18/2130 58 80 Hillsville 19/0240 37 Hopewell 8.0 Hot Springs 19/0020 38 Jefferson 19/0220 35 Norfolk Fred Heutte 18/1944 61 4.88 Center Oak Hall 50 Onley 54 Parksley 57 Portsmouth (WRS) 18/1944 48 Reedville 87 Richmond (WWBT-

TV) ___ Richmond County 421 571 Smith Island 72 Smithfield 10.751 8.0J

Tappahannock _ _ 5.5 West Point = = 9.0J White Stone 1/NA5 (NNWS)e 18/ WA 55 Williamsburg (Weather 18/2247 993.5 18/1917 50 Underground) Yorktown (Weather 18/1820 41 Underground)9 18_1820_41

_Maryland Frederick (Weather 19/0705 1001.2 18/ N/A 42 Underground) ____ Hagerstown (Weather 19/0500 55 2.89 Underground) Hurlock 54 Millersville (Weather 19/ N/A 1001.3 18/ N/A 41 2.14 Underground) Montgomery Village (Weather 19/0344 1000.3 19/0300 43 2.30 Underground) Ocean Pines 52

Underground) 19/0430 1000.9 19/0350 37 0.68 Pocomoke 43 New Jersey Berlin (Weather 19/0525 1010.0 19/0540 142 | Underground) . I I Buena (Weather

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Underground) 19/0030 42 Oceanport (Weather 19/0649 1013.8 18/2209 39 Underground) Toms River (Weather 19/0700 1015.5 18/2200 37 Underground) Williamstown (Weather 19/0740 53 Underground) Pennsylvania Aston (Weather 19/0615 1010.0 19/0030 34 Underground) Elk Lake 40

Exeter ______37 _ Gettysburg 119/0701 50 Jermyn 40 : Kinzer (Weather 19/0600 39 Underground)" Lancaster (Weather 19/0800 40 Underground) . I Lancaster (WGAL) 19/0608 63 Millersville 19/0800 44 (University) Moscow 41 New Holland 19/0742 47 Perkasie (Weather 19/0845 35 Underground) Plymouth 34 Rock Spring 19/0723 40 Saylorsburg (Weather 19/0744 34 Underground) .

Shiremanstown 19/0645 59 _ New York Hornell 39 uverpool T ______38 _ _ _ Lowville (Weather 19/1916 1008.4 19/1847 37 Underground) ____ Madison 38 Marathan = 36

Rochester - (Weather 19/1602 1003.3 19/1446 34 Underground) _ Romulus 35 Vermont Cambridge | 19/1720 45 Uncoln (Weather 19/1231 44 Underground) I - I I - I -

Mt Mansfield 19/1805 72 | _ Pleasant Valley | 119/1728 | 48 |

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Salisbury I 1 119/1620 1 1 43 1 I I "Date/time is for sustained wind when both sustained and gust are listed. b Except as noted, sustained wind averaging periods for C-MAN and land-based ASOS reports are 2 min; buoy averaging periods are 8 min; NOS stations averaging periods are 6 min; RAWS stations report 10 min average sustained winds. cStorm surge is water height above normal astronomical tide level. d Storm tide is water height above National Geodetic Vertical Datum (1929 mean sea level). elncomplete record - more extreme values may have occurred 'Station destroyed - more extreme values may have occurred 010-min average hSubsequent Survey Storm Surge value 115-min average lEstimated

Table 4: Selected storm rainfalls (in) from Hurricane Isabel, 6-19 September 2003. Station Storm-total Rainfall (in) Virginia Amelia (Amelia) 5.50 Apple Orchard Mountain (Botetourt) 8.76 Ash RAWS 4.33 Ashland (Hanover) 5.20 Bent Gap (Nelson) 6.68 Big Meadows (Madison) 8.60 Big Meadows (Page) 11.10 Blackstone (Nottoway) 7.00 Bowling Green (Caroline) 4.22 Bumpass (Louisa) 5.45 Carson (Dinwiddie) 6.20 Cartersville (Goochland) 4.91 Charles City (Charles City) 4.90 Chester (Chesterfield) 5.50 Chesterfield (Chesterfield) 5.80 Craigsville (Augusta) 3.44 Crewe (Nottoway) 5.10 Dale Enterprise (Rockingham) 4.17 Devils Knob (Nelson) 10.70 Emporia (Greenville) 6.41 Farmville (Prince Edward) 5.00 Glen Allen (Henrico) 5.50 Green Bay (Prince Edward) 4.76 Grottoes (Rockingham) 6.25 Hogback Mountain (Warren) 7.55 Homeville (Sussex) 7.10 Hood (Madison) 4.00 Hopewell 6.00 Ida (Page) 8.59 Irish Gap (Rockbridge) 6.96 James River NWR RAWS 5.42

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Jordan's Point (Prince George) 5.67 Lewis Mountain (Page) 6.82 Unden (Warren) 4.23 Long Run (Rockingham) 7.08 Lynnwood (Rockingham) 5.48 Madison/Green Line (Madison) 4.36 Madison (Madison) 4.10 Mathews Arm (Page) 8.40 McDowell (Highland) 4.76 Mechanicsville (Hanover) 4.50 Mills Creek Dam (Augusta) 9.16 Montebello 1SSE (Nelson) 6.10 Monterey (Highland) 4.24 Montpelier 4.00 Mustoe (Highland) 3.20 Nethers (Madison) 4.23 Newland (Richmond) 3.50 New Market (Shenandoah) 4.50 Newport News 3.70 Orange (Orange) 3.42 Paineville (Amelia) 4.17 Petersberg 5.59 Portsmouth 4.04 Powhatan (Powhatan) 5.00 Prince George (Prince George) 6.00 Richmond (WBBT TV) 6.88 Richmond (WTVR-TV) 4.01 Robinson Hollow (Augusta) 7.24 Ruther Glen (Caroline) 4.22 Sandston (Henrico) 5.08 Sherando (Augusta) 8.32 Short Pump (Henrico) 3.78 Skyland (Page) 9.54 Somerset (Orange) 4.73 Sperryville (Rappahannock) 3.62 Stuarts Draft (Augusta) 6.50 Suffolk 4.79 Swift Run (Rockingham) 6.90 The Plains (Fauquier) 3.45 Toano (James City) 10.60 Toms Branch (Augusta) 7.12 Upper Sherando (Augusta) 20.20 Urbanna (Middlesex) 7.00 Watkins Landing (Powhatan) 4.00 Waynesboro (Augusta) 6.11 West Point (King William) 3.86

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I Williamsburg I 4.50 I Woodstock (Shenandoah) 1 3.50 i

Table 5: Preliminary forecast evaluation (heterogeneous sample) for Hurricane Isabel, 6-19 September 2003. Forecast errors (n mi) are followed by the number of forecasts in parentheses. Errors smaller than the NHC official forecast are shown in bold-face type. Verification includes the depression stage, but does not include the extratropical stage, if any. Forecast Period (hours) l Technique 12 24 36 48 72 96 120 CLP5 32 (52) 68(50) 109 (48) 148(46) 231(42) 350(38) 537(34) A9OE 29 (52) 60 (50) 93 (48) 144 (46) 235 (42) 373 (38) 503 (34) A98E 29 (52) 59 (50) 92 (48) 142 (46) 238 (42) 384 (38) 492 (34) A9UK 28 (24) 52 (23) 70 (22) 99 (21) 151 (19) LBAR 26 (51) 49 (49) 75 (47) 104 (45) 163 (41) 205 (37) 227 (33) BAMD 26 (52) 43 (50) 66 (48) 93 (46) 156 (42) 190 (38) 236 (34) BAMM 29 (52) 52 (50) 79 (48) 110 (46) 169 (42) 190 (38) 223 (34) BAMS 41 (52) 72 (50) 101 (48) 130 (46) 201 (42) 254 (38) 300 (34) COAI 20 (27) 35 (25) 50 (23) 65 (21) 100 (17) COAL* 31 (14) 38 (13) 52 (12) 60 (11) 95 (9) COEI 20 (14) 42 (14) 65 (14) 75 (12) COCE* 22 (8) 33 (8) 53 (7) 71 (6) AF11 31 (47) 51 (45) 78(43) 103 (41) 157(37) AFW1* 56(24) 75(23) 83 (22) 105 (21) 144 (19) GFNI 21 (44) 35 (42) 45 (40) 63 (38) 109 (34) GFDN' 24 (23) 36 (22) 46 (21) 52 (20) 97 (18) GFDI 26 (51) 45 (49) 60(47) 69 (43) 97 (39) 117 (35) 149 (31) GFDL* 22 (50) 39 (48) 54 (46) 67 (44) 95 (40) 111 (36) 143 (32) UKMI 23 (49) 41 (47) 57(45) 67 (43) 88 (39) 111 (35) 154 (31) UKM' 31 (25) 47(24) 60(23) 73 (22) 94 (20) 119 (18) 145 (16) NGPI 21 (52) 39 (50) 58 (48) 78 (46) 129 (42) 192 (37) 250 (33) NGPS* 25 (51) 36 (49) 50 (47) 63 (45) 105 (41) 159 (37) 215 (33) AVNI 25 (49) 41 (47) 58 (45) 79 (43) 123 (39) 155 (35) 204 (31) AVNO' 29 (50) 43 (48) 57 (46) 75 (44) 123 (40) 154 (36) 191 (32) AEMI 15 (8) 39 (8) 73 (7) 112 (6) 202 (3) AEMN' 16 (8) 32 (7) 49 (6) 84 (5) 160 (3) 205 (1) GUNS 18 (49) 32 (47) 45 (45) 52 (43) 72 (39) 86 (34) 93 (30) GUNA 19 (49) 32 (47) 43 (45) 53 (43) 75 (39) 97 (34) 114 (30) FSSE 18 (24) 32 (23) 44 (22) 51 (21) 72 (19) OFCI 24 (50) 42 (48) 54 (46) 64 (44) 85 (40) 108 (36) 157 (32) OFCL 22 (51) 39 (49) 52 (47) 60 (45) 80 (41) 104 (37) 146 (33) NHC Official 45 81 116 150 225 282 374 (1993-2002 (2985) (2726) (2481) (2230) (1819) (265) (216) mean)from these models was unaailbl atforecasttime.

-Output from these models was unavailable at forecast time.

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Table 6: Watch and warning summary for Hurricane Isabel, 6-19 September 2003. Date/Time Action Location Little River Inlet, S.C. Chincoteague Virginia including 16/1 500 HurricaneIssued Watch AlbemarleBay south ofand North Pamlico Beach Sounds, Maryland, the lowerand the Chesapeake tidal Potomac.

16/1500 TropicalIssued Storm Watch South Santee River SC to Little River Inlet, SC

16/2100 IssuedTropical Storm Watch includingNorth of Chincoteague, Delaware Bay. VA to Little Egg Inlet, NJ

17/0300 IssuedHurricane Warning borderCape Fear including North Albemarle Carolina to and the Pamlico North Carolina-Virginia sounds. 17/0300 Tropical Storm Little River Inlet, SC to Cape Fear, NC _____Warning Issued 17/0900 Hurricane Warning North Carolina-Virginia border to Chincoteague extended northward including the Chesapeake Bay south of Smith Point.

17/0900 extendedTropical Storm northward Watch Little Egg Inlet, NJ to Sandy Hook, NJ Hurricane Watch South Santee River, SC to Cape Fear, NC and 17/1500 changed to Tc Chincoteague, VA to Sandy Hook, NJ including Sm wan ropical Delaware Bay and Chesapeake Bay north of Smith Storm warnPoint including the tidal Potomac. Tropical Storm 18/0900 warning extended Sandy Hook, NJ to Moriches Inlet, NY eastward Hurricane Warning 18/2100 changed to Tropical Cape Fear, NC to Surf City, NC Storm warning

18/21 00 warningTropical discontinuedStorm South Santee River, SC to Cape Fear, NC Hurricane Warning Surf City, NC to Chincoteague, VA including Albemarle 19/0100 changed to Tropical and Pamlico sounds and Chesapeake Bay south of Storm warning Smith Point. 19/0300 Tropical Storm Surf City, NC to Currituck Beach Light, NC including the 19/0300 warning discontinued Albemarle and Pamlico sounds. 19/0900 Tropical Storm Currituck Beach warning discontinued including the ChesapeakeLight, NC Bayto Chincoteague, south of Smith VA Point 19/1500 All coastal warnings discontinued

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! ' ' , , . w

...... b. .

-87 8 7 4 0 .5 -0 -45 40 .35 .30

Figure 1: Best track positions for Hurricane Isabel, 6-19 September 2003.

I

917 919 911 9113 9115 912 Date (MlointDay)

Figure 2: Selected wind estimates/observations and best track maximum sustained surface wind speed curve for Hurricane Isabel, 6-19 September 2003. Aircraft observations have been adjusted for elevation using 90% and 80% reduction factors for observations from 700 mb and 850 mb respectively. Dropwindsonde observations include actual 10 m winds (sfc), as well as surface estimates derived from the mean wind over the lowest 150 m of the wind sounding (LLM), and from the sounding boundary layer mean (MBL).

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I21 Date(-MaDy)

Figure 3: Selected pressure estimates/observations and best track minimum central pressure curve for Hurricane Isabel, 6-19 September 2003.

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Search TPC I 1jo Tropical Cyclone Report Text-only version Tropical Cyclones Alex Bonnie Charley Danielle Hurricane Gaston Earl Frances Gaston 27 August - 1 September 2004 Hermine Ivan Ten James L. Franklin, Daniel P. Brown and Colin Jeanne Karl McAdie Lisa National Hurricane Center Matthew Nicole 19 November 2004 Otto Revised: 16 February 2005 Get Storm Info Satellite Imagery US Weather Radar Gaston was a category 1 hurricane that made landfall Aircraft Recon along the central South Carolina coast. After moving Advisory Archive Mobile Products inland, Gaston produced heavy rainfall across portions E-mail Advisories of the Carolinas and Virginia. Flooding in the RSS Feeds I Richmond, Virginia metropolitan area resulted in 8 About NHC Products deaths. Tropical Analysis and Forecasting a. Synoptic History Atlantic Products E Pac Products About TAFB The genesis of Gaston can be traced to a cold front that moved off the coast Products of the Carolinas into the Atlantic on 22 August, and drifted southward the Learn About following day before stalling on 24 August. Surface observations indicate that Hurricanes a broad low formed along the weakening front on 25 August. Thunderstorm Hurricane activity associated with the low remained sporadic and disorganized until late Preparedness on 26 August, when the convective activity began to increase and acquire a Frequently Asked more banded structure. Early morning visible and microwave satellite imagery Questions F.A.O. (French) on 27 August suggest that the low had developed into the seventh tropical AOML Hurricane depression of the season by 1200 UTC that day, about 115 n mi east- Research Div. southeast of Charleston, South Carolina. It is of note that the frontal zone Hurricane Hunters from which Gaston formed also initiated the development of Tropical Storm The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale Hermine two days later. Forecasting Models Inland Wind Model The "best track" chart of Gaston's path is given in Figure 1, with the wind and Eyewall Wind pressure histories shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3, respectively. The best Profiles NHCITPC Glossary track positions and intensities are listed in Table 1. Steering currents were NWS Glossary very weak initially and the depression drifted slowly southward. Convective NHCITPC Acronyms banding continued to increase on 27 August and the depression slowly

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Storm Names strengthened, becoming a tropical storm early the next day as it drifted Breakpoints westward about 130 n mi southeast of Charleston. Strengthening continued Hurricane History on 28 August, and the first reconnaissance aircraft to reach the cyclone found NHCiTPC Archives Forecast maximum flight level winds of 59 kt shortly after 1800 UTC. Verification Climatology Early on 29 August steering currents became better defined, with the Deadliest, Costliest development of a mid- to upper-level ridge northeast of Gaston and the and Most Intense 1492-1996 (Atlan) approach of a mid-latitude trough into the Appalachians. This steering pattern 1900-2000 (USA) allowed the tropical cyclone to begin moving northwestward toward the South Most Expensive Carolina coast, and the forward motion of the cyclone increased from about 3 Most Intense kt to 7 kt between 0000 UTC and 1200 UTC 29 August. Radar and satellite US Strikes by Decade imagery showed that Gaston continued to get better organized as it US Strikes by approached the coast. Doppler radar observations indicate that Gaston State reached hurricane strength just before it made landfall near Awendaw, South About Us Carolina, between Charleston and McClellanville, around 1400 UTC 29 About the NHCrrPC August, with maximum sustained winds estimated near 65 kt. The tropical MissionNision cyclone then steadily weakened while moving northward across northeastern Other NCEP Centers South Carolina. NHCITPC Personnel NOAA Locator At 0000 UTC 30 August Gaston weakened to a tropical depression over Visitor Information northeastern South Carolina. Gaston then turned north-northeastward ahead NHC Library Joint Hurricane of the trough moving into the eastern United States and the cyclone crossed Testbed eastern North Carolina and southeastern Virginia during the day. Data from WX4NHC Amateur the Chesapeake Light C-MAN site and a ship near the mouth of Chesapeake Radio Station Bay indicated that Gaston had regained tropical storm strength by 0000 UTC NHC/TPC Anonymous 31 August, while the center was still inland near Yorktown, Virginia. Tropical FTP Server storm force winds at this time were confined to a small area over water Contact Us southeast of the center; however, the primary impact of Gaston in Virginia was flooding produced by 6-12 in rains that occurred over about an 8 h period.

Gaston moved across the southern portion of Chesapeake Bay and crossed the Delmarva Peninsula shortly before 0600 UTC 31 August. The tropical cyclone then accelerated northeastward, passing about 60 n mi south of Nantucket Island, Massachusetts later that day. Gaston strengthened slightly as it continued to accelerate to the east-northeast, before becoming extratropical south of the Canadian Maritimes at 1200 UTC 1 September. The extratropical remnants of Gaston were finally absorbed by a larger extratropical system on 3 September about 750 n mi south-southeast of Reykjavik, Iceland. b. Meteorological Statistics

Observations in Gaston (Figure 2 and Figure 3) include satellite-based intensity estimates from the Tropical Analysis and Forecast Branch (TAFB), the Satellite Analysis Branch (SAB) and the U. S. Air Force Weather Agency (AFWA), as well as flight-level and dropwindsonde observations from flights of the 53, Weather Reconnaissance Squadron of the U. S. Air Force Reserve Command. Microwave satellite imagery from NOAA polar-orbiting satellites, the NASA Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), the NASA QuikSCAT, and Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites were also useful in tracking Gaston. Ship reports of tropical storm force winds associated with Gaston are given in Table 2, and selected surface observations from land stations and data buoys are given in

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Table 3.

Gaston was strengthening up until landfall, and was operationally assessed to be a strong tropical storm when it crossed the coast. Unfortunately, no reconnaissance data were available in these last hours. However, a post analysis of Doppler velocity data from the Charleston and Wilmington NWS radars shows that Gaston had winds aloft that support a reclassification to a hurricane. The Wilmington radar observed a roughly 3 n mi wide patch of average winds of 71 kt or more in the southeast quadrant between 1130 and 1200 UTC on 29 August. These winds were observed at an altitude of about 11000 ft, and would correspond to roughly 64 kt at the surface using standard adjustment factors. The Charleston radar observed a similarly-sized area in the northwest quadrant that also supports 64 kt surface winds. Neither radar had a good look at the northeast quadrant, where the strongest winds would have been expected. Based on these observations, Gaston has been posthumously upgraded to a hurricane.

No land-based observations support hurricane force surface winds, although the area was not particularly well-sampled. A gust to 71 kt was recorded by a Carolinas Coastal Ocean Observing and Prediction System station just south of Capers Island, South Carolina, with minimum pressure of 985.1 mb. A gust to 70 kt was recorded by a storm chaser on the Isle of Palms. The highest surge report was over 4 ft inside of Bulls Bay.

In South Carolina, rainfall was heaviest in a swath from Berkeley and western Williamsburg counties through Florence and Darlington counties. Kingstree reported 10.5 in of rainfall, which produced urban flooding of up to 5 ft. Radar data suggest that up to 15 in may have fallen in some areas. Flash floods occurred in Lake City. One F1 tornado was reported in Marlboro county South Carolina. Rains tapered off somewhat as Gaston moved through North Carolina, with accumulations there being generally less than 6 in. Two were confirmed in North Carolina on 29 August: an F0 in Scotland County and an unrated tornado in Hoke County.

Gaston produced very heavy rains and flash floods as it moved through southeastern Virginia on 30 August, with the most severe conditions in the Richmond metropolitan area. Two locations in Richmond reported over 12 in of rain (Table 3). Most of this rain occurred during an eight hour period late on 30 August. The cyclone also produced a dozen F0 tornadoes in eastern Virginia. c. Casualty and Damage Statistics

Flash floods in the Richmond area directly resulted in 8 fatalities. Five of these were from motorists attempting to drive through flooded roadways, including one who drove around a barricade to do so. Three individuals were killed during rescue attempts. One indirect death was also reported.

Major fresh-water flooding occurred in South Carolina. In Berkeley County, 20 structures were severely damaged or destroyed, and dozens of other structures suffered minor flooding damage. Winds associated with Gaston caused minor damage to roughly 3000 structures in Charleston, Berkeley, and Dorchester counties. Downed tree limbs resulted in scattered power outages.

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In Virginia, Gaston washed out roads and bridges. Damage was concentrated in Chesterfield, Dinwiddie, Hanover, Henrico, and Prince George counties. About 350 homes and 230 businesses were either damaged or destroyed. Tornadoes mostly downed trees, but several roofs were also damaged.

The American Insurance Services Group reports $65 million in insured losses associated with Gaston in South Carolina ($20M), North Carolina ($15M), and Virginia ($30M). Total damage is estimated to be near $130 million. d. Forecast and Warning Critique

Average official track errors for Gaston are given in Table 4. These errors were generally smaller than the long-term averages. The official errors were also generally lower than the errors of the best dynamical guidance models and very close to the errors of the GUNA, CONU, and FSSE consensus models.

Average official intensity errors were 8,13,12, 7, 5, and 10 kt for the 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 h forecasts, respectively. For comparison, the average official intensity errors over the 10-yr period 1994-2003E1J are 6,10, 12, 15, 19, and 20 kt, respectively. Although the errors are not particularly large, early forecasts did not anticipate that Gaston would become a hurricane, and as a result a hurricane warning was issued only about 14 h prior to landfall. A tropical storm warning was first issued at 1500 UTC 28 August; Gaston made landfall roughly in the center of the warning area 23 h later. The complete set of watches and warnings associated with Gaston are listed in Table 5. No coastal warnings were issued when Gaston re-strengthened to a tropical storm over Virginia because the tropical storm force winds were expected to remain exclusively over water. Acknowledgements

Landfall observations, as well as damage and casualty information, were compiled and provided by the NWS/Weather Forecast Offices in Charleston, SC, Wilmington, NC, Jacksonville, FL, and Wakefield, VA.

[M]Errors given for the 96 and 120 h periods are averages over the three years 2001-2003.

Table 1: Best track for Hurricane Gaston, 27 Aug. - 1 Sept. 2004. Position Date/Time t ionPressure Wind Speed (UTC) at. (LoWn (mb) (kt)

27 /1200 31.8 78.1 1015 25 tropical depression 27 /1800 31.6 78.0 1014 25 28 /0000 31.4 78.0 1011 30 28 /0600 31.3 78.2 1005 35 tropical storm 28/1200 31.3 78.5 1000 45 _ 28/1800 31.3 78.8 997 50

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29/0000 31.5 79.1 994 55 29/0600 32.1 79.4 991 60 29 /1200 32.8 79.5 986 65 hurricane 29/1800 33.5 79.6 992 45 tropical storm 30/0000 34.2 79.4 995 30 tropical depression 30/0600 34.9 79.1 998 30 30 /1200 35.6 78.7 1000 25 30/1800 36.4 77.8 1002 30 31 /0000 37.2 76.6 1001 35 tropical storm 31 /0600 38.1 74.8 1001 35 31/1200 39.1 72.9 1001 35 31 /1800 40.2 70.5 999 35 01 /0000 41.0 67.5 999 40 01 /0600 41.7 63.5 999 45 01 / 1200 43.0 59.6 999 45 extratropical

01 / 1800 45.0 55.0 998 45 _ 02 / 0000 47.0 50.0 997 45 02 / 0600 48.5 44.0 996 45 02 /1200 50.0 38.0 994 45 02/ 1800 51.1 32.0 994 40

03/0000 52.0 28.9 998 35 N 03/0600 absorbed by extratropical low 29 /1400 33.0 79.6 985 65 landfall near Awendaw, S.C. 29/ 1400 33.0 79.6 985 65 minimum pressure

Table 2: Selected ship reports with winds of at least 34 kt for Hurricane Gaston, 27 Aug. - I Sept. 2004. Ship Name or Call Date/Time Lat. Lon. Wind dir/speed Pressure Sign (UTC) (ON) (°W) (deg/kt) (mb) A8DO7 29 / 0300 31.5 79.8 310/41 1006.0 KRHX 29 /0900 31.9 79.6 270/38 1003.0 VRCV - 29 /1800 32.8 79.0 210 / 36 1006.7 OXKO2 30 /1200 33.9 76.6 200/35 1016.3 H9YY 31/0000 36.5 75.1 170/36 1010.0 H9YY 31/0000 36.5 75.1 170/36 1010.0 HZZD 31 / 1900 40.6 68.9 130/37 1006.8 WRYG 01 / 0600 40.6 63.2 240/ 44 1006.8 DGTX 01 /0600 46.1 54.4 210/41 1010.3 HP6038 01/1200 46.4 48.4 210/43 1011.6 VEP717 01 /1200 46.7 48.7 210/43 1009.9 YJUF7 01 /1200 46.8 48.0 210/38 1010.5 HP6038 01 /1500 46.4 48.4 210/41 1010.1 VEP717 01 /1500 46.7 48.7 210/41 1008.0 YJUF7 01/1500 46.8 48.0 210/40 1008.9 HP6038 01 /1800 46.4 48.4 210/41. 1008.2 VEP717 01 /1800 46.7 48.7 230/ 36 1007.3

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YJUF7 01 /1800 46.8148.0 220/36 1007.4 SBFC 01 /1800 47.3 41.8 220 /45 1007.0 VEP717 02/ 0000 46.7 48.7 170 / 38 1000.0 YJUF7 02/0000 46.8 48.0 180/35 1000.9 SBFC 02 / 0600 46.3 45.6 230/45 998.6 LANT5 02/ 0600 48.6 31.3 220/ 36 1006.0 LANT5 02 / 1200 48.1 33.0 200 / 35 1005.0 LANTS 02 / 1800 48.2 34.6 220 / 38 1000.0

Table 3: Selected surface observations for Hurricane Gaston, 27 August - 1 September. Minimum Maximum Surface Wind Sea-level Speed Pressure (kt) -__ Loain Date/ Pres. tie/ 1utPak StrmStorml Rain meaWindb Gust Surgec Tidedi (storm Locaion(UTC)Tim Pres. (U'C) j (kb)(ft) total) TC (m UCb)ks (kts) (if) (in)

South Carolina Charleston (CHS) 29/1330 999 29/1457 37 48 4.05 Florence (FLO) 30/0058 998.6 29/2300 30 41 4.36 North Myrtle Beach 29/2234 1004.7 30/0040 31 39 1.69 (ORE) Myrtle Beach (MYR) 29/1945 35 45 _ 0.47

S.C. (Unofficial)

South Capers Island 29/1254 985.1 29/1124 46e 71 2 | _

Charleston 29/0818 289 42 4.63 Pineville 29/1820 379 51 5.01 Isle of Palms 29/1350 987 129/1239 70 Myrtle Beach Springrmaid Pier 29/2124 1002.6 29/2200 39t 50 Georgetown 29/1820 43 Jamestown 7.05 Fort Moultrie 5.05

Charleston Harbor 1 7.0 3 h | Bulls Bay Charleston -4.5 County Loris 2.87 Outland Georgetown 3.91 County LakeCity 6.45 Hartsville 2.81 Darlington Airport 6.00 Darlington 5.55 McColl 5.84 Mullins 2.24 Pee Dee 3.41

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Dillon ,,r 4.46 Cades 9.83 Kingstree _ T 10.50 Georgetown ]_ - _ | 3.80 Andrews - 7|5.30- T

North Carolina Lumberton (LBT) 30/0641 1001.4 30/0326 27 35 3.37 Wrightsville Beach NOS Jonnie Mercer 29/2300 1008.8 30/0412 33' 38 Pier ______Sunset Beach Pier 29/2200 1005.8 29/2100 36 NOS _

N.C. (Unofficial) Carolina Beach 30/0250 39 Lumberton 3SE 3.36 Longwood 2.68 Fair Bluff 3.01 Red Springs 6.10 Virginia (Official) Richmond (RIC) | 6.68 Wakefield (NWS 25 Office) i TTT|2.51 Chesapeake Bay3104 37 5 BridgeTunnel NOS 31/0142 37 45 Kiptopeke NOS 31 /0236 38 48 RappahannockLight 31/0224 1000.9 31/0506 34 39 NOS______Sewells Point NOS 31/0118 35 43 Yorktown NOS 30/2342 1001.4 30/1900 32 42

____ _ Virginia (Unofficial) Ashland 10.61 Richmond (Math & 12.30 Science Center) Richmond (West 12.60 End) ______Richmond (Science 6.56 Museum) 6.5 Richmond (St. 6.40 Christopher's School) Mechanicsville 10.70 Chester 6.20 Winterpock 5.69 Sandston 8.10 Buoys and CMAN sites TYBG1 (NavyTower [29/0532 11004.3 29/0432 139 | 47 |

SPAG1 (Navy Tower

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1R2) 29/0800 1 1003 DUCN7 (Duck Pier) 30/2100 1009.7 31/0100 29 40 FBIS1 (Folly Beach) 29/1200 998 29/1200 329 44

CHLV2 (Chesapeake 31/0200 1006 31/0150 449 51 Lt.)__ _ _ 41004 29/0850 996 44004 31/1500 1012.2 31/1700 339 43 44008 31/2000 1000.4 31/2200 31 42 44009 31/0700 1003.3 31/0940 279 34 44011 01/0200 1001.4 01/0310 289 38 44014 30/2300 1009.7 31/0500 28 36 44137 01/0820 1000.4 01/0920 30 43 aDate/time is for sustained wind when both sustained and gust are listed. bExcept as noted, sustained wind averaging periods for C-MAN and land-based ASOS reports are 2 min; buoy averaging periods are 8 min. cStorm surge is water height above normal astronomical tide level. d Storm tide Is water height above National Geodetic Vertical Datum (1929 mean sea level). e2 min average. f6 min average. 910 min average. hWater height above mean lower low water.

Table 4: Preliminary forecast evaluation (heterogeneous sample) for Hurricane Gaston, 27 Aug. - 1 Sept. 2004. Forecast errors (n mi) are followed by the number of forecasts in parentheses. Errors smaller than the NHC official forecast are shown in bold-face type. Verification includes the depression stage, but does not include the extratropical stage. Forecast Period (hours) Technique. 12 24 36 48 72 96 120 CLP5 35 (15) 80 (13) 128 (11) 167 (10) 315 (8) 306 (4) GFNI 33 (9) 30 (7) 70 (7) 141 (7) 364 (5) 1000 (1) GFDI 30 (11) 55 (9) 82 (8) 141 (8) 301 (6) 418 (2) GFDN 36 (10) 56 (9) 62 (8) 111 (8) 277(5) 799(2) GFSI 20 (11) 42 (9) 60 (8) 84 (8) 176 (6) 379(2) AEMI 21 (13) 42(11) 51 (9) 81 (9) 168(7) 206(3) NGPI 24 (11) 46 (9) 74 (8) 130 (8) 305 (6) 801 (2) UKMI 26 (7) 41 (6) 77 (6) 150 (6) 375 (4) A98E 32(15) 51 (13) 71 (11) 108(10) 221 (8) 410(4)

A9UK 30 (7) 52 (6) 85 (5) 155 (5) 239 (4) _

BAMD 27 (15) 56 (13) 96 (11) 129 (10) 152 (8) 315 (4) _ - l BAMM 31 (15) 54(13) 79(11) 97(10) 200(8) 308(4) BAMS 44 (15) 82 (13) 114 (11) 153 (10) 315 (8) 376(4) CONU 21 (11) 31 (9) 44 (8) 72 (8) 185 (6) 519 (2) GUNA 17 (7) 26 (6) 46 (6) 75 (6) 175 (4) FSSE 18 (8) 32 (6) 46 (6) 65 (6) 153 (4) l l OFCL 19 (13) 36 (11) 54 (9) 66 (9) 159 (7) 258 (3) | l NHC Official 112 146 217 2 (1994-2003 44 (3172) 78 (2894) (2636) (2368) (1929) 248 (421) m e a n ) ______

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Table 5: Watch and warning summary for Hurricane Gaston 27, August - 1 September, 2004. Date/Time Action Location 27 /2100 Tropical Storm Watch issued Surf City to Fernandina Beach 28/1500 Tropical Storm Watch modified to Little River Inlet to SurfCity

28 /1500 Tropical Storm Warning Issued RiverSavannah Inlet River to Little 28 /2100 Hurricane Watch issued Savannahettle River to

29 / 0000 toTropical Hurricane Storm Warning Warning/Hurricane Watch changed RiverSavannah Inlet River to Little 29/0300 Tropical Storm Watch changed to Tropical Storm Uttle River Inlet to SurfCity _____Warning 29 /1200 Tropical Storm Watch discontinued All 29 /1500 Tropical Storm Warning modified to Edistotttle Beach to River 29 / 1500 Hurricane Warning discontinued All 29 /2100 Tropical Storm Warning modified to South Santee River to Little 30/0000 Tropical Storm Warning discontinued All

* . 27Aug -1Sep 2004

40 Hurricanee - -- Tropical Dorm ...... - Tropical Dep. . - Extratropical Subtr. Storm ...... - Subtr. Dep. s .Low/Wave .2g28 00*WUTC Posvate 30 _ 0 12 UTC Poition PPP Mn. press(mb)

2 75 I- 6 -80 -75 -70 *65 -60 -55 -50 -45 .40 -35 -30 -2

Figure 1: Best track positions for Hurricane Gaston, 27 Aug. - 1 Sept. 2004. Track during the extratropical stage is based, in part, on analyses from the NOAA Ocean Prediction Center.

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, ...... 80 .= . . .=,.= . , I I I I.r... I . ... . !I -Bl EST TRACK Hurricane Gaston E1sat (TAFB) Augusj-Septemrer 2004 Os at (SAB) 70 cs at (AFWA)iat (FWA) ...... - E O0bj T-Num t VA C (sifc) A AC(fit>sfc) 60 o AC(DVK P>W) -V X Surface * Drop (sfc) G , a. V Drop (LLM xtrp) coC,, 50 * Drop (MBL xtrp) Z r- , J b.. 40 ...... * ./ ....,. ..------...... 30 _.. , ~D- -. ''' ......

20 1 . . . . L ...... 8126 8/27 8/28 8/29 8130 8/31 9/1 9/2 9/3 Date (Month/Day)

Figure 2: Selected wind observations and best track maximum sustained surface wind speed curve for Hurricane Gaston, 27 Aug. - 1 Sept. 2004. Aircraft observations have been adjusted for elevation using 90%, 80%, and 80% reduction factors for observations from 700 mb, 850 mb, and 1500 ft, respectively. Estimates during the extratropical stage are based, in part, on analyses from the NOAA Ocean Prediction Center. Thin vertical line denotes landfall.

http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2004gaston.shtml? 08/02/2005 NHCITPC Tropical Cyclone Report Fage 1 l ot l l

I1--- 1 -.- . . I , I . . . .,-- I ULUWin. F***-* T*-- . . l - *.. * ----- . . . . .

I

10101

...... ! .\ ...... !...... i 3 a C 4 0

I.. , .\' En 1000 ...... I...... L- BEST TRACK Sat (TAFBJ a O...... o Sat (SAB) 9901 _ Sat (AFWA) E Obj T-Num 03 V AC (sfc) Hurricane Gaston X Surface Augudt-September 2004 I. . i . . I . . . non I ...... Vou 8/26 8/27 8/28 8129 8130 8/31 9/1 9/2 9/3 Date (Month/Day)

Figure 3: Selected pressure observations and best track minimum central pressure curve for Hurricane Gaston, 27 Aug. - 1 Sept. 2004. Estimates during the extratropical stage are based, in part, on analyses from the NOAA Ocean Prediction Center. Thin vertical line denotes landfall.

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NOAA! National Weather Service Disclaimer Privacy Policy National Centers for Environmental Prediction Comments/Feedback National Hurricane Center Tropical Prediction Center 11691 SW 17th Street Miami, Florida, 33165-2149 USA Page last modified: Tuesday, 15-Mar-2005 16:06:16 EST

http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2004gaston.shtml? 08/02/2005 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Luther H. Hodges, Secretary WEATHER BUREAU P. W. ReScleldeorer, Chief

STORM DATA

AUGUST 1962 Volume 4 No. 8

ASH ILLE: 1962 STORM DATA AND UNUSUAL WEATHER PHENOMENA

50002 1962

ICM CF ESTIMATECI1 o1O No.OF ES P5- M DAAG OA&AoCOER GIARCto PLACE CFPLACE 0 IRCC _ __OF______C 0 .0 _ of~ -T rrW SC 11O

DILAVWRE I o. rad I tElsctricol pareconI ored Issue )lI.12.ift 114th oo. 5.00 p. Corot: 7 It b) I lIM' 11ol Co. 5 Wrid, electrical we" .d tnf 07 4gh VI ,d.t4 er11hor "x~oo w.7 mccttorod II 2 I. Cr0. owth 5%of dowo. Pt. aocces blood 1 ,f1t,- 7orth UaCIozo aSbSW *. ,io pioptoty D.-I Co. nd 2S to 11 Ew 6 C410go 41*t.toCMi. EItoctricl CocoaNech 2 3:00 p. .15 p~m. trammed Co. 4tnl d. .b t 0t 1. ololobh.ons0 p-~o k 2.4 0114- 05 Pt. wars 3 C..-tritol ooCao. clead Li, 11014 to amoryb 112drj. ACtorn Ecoloty flr' Stuart IM. 7.31peron 3 16 3 tlgctrtcol I rbIo Co, auL aoderlo* . 51 a County ho kill IVWr aids of 0 o olXh 0 0 it 0711?e1d.0 lam 'Orr 7 Mari". Co. £40 I dogt cA 211hcr- In. otob of imm' NOKt laudt L9 L.ISPs.. I 3 6101 F.otPol Hoch Cal" 3mty 1. " 7 VL2 oN,out Mt. th 3 ANN*04. Polo BoschCo. CL-tA N* ropoi t re slodiby feinting ¢sdCw. 13 7.0.6o ATARlt CnodaC. noa..1 *ARl2Mb 7.13) Ia 1 Cor is XI 21. 1 1 O LIAMA I lIeborouglCo. 91tarepo.t. Chl. 1et 1244 P vicacho f1r 04 0 16 Ift.-0100 *h~ 1 3 | COrabolr Co. Uis killD *00 t-d. Lie 3120P. Srr~c 0rd a 07 0 rc& 04 of tend air- domong S1Glow kbe a 4 Soo dst : at tod III tat .. short IIOr~ood 01 I .ot I 009 OrangeaCo. .r hilled 0179 olood wonubl t oft fie Funn.l, reonCalifornia 74 0 a gain .-. 21gtning aid dtaCed cont ,Cl n OlrI LgtEntbi.0ooaod a Jaellmorill. Baowl 23 9.30a. thysl Co. 9.15 0. IC., Lier'oatig .1o PooTord. Taneoy li St. Augustine 23 SP... 1 i101 01.1 boil. Co. I, togcons 18.10 da-c d.,O tilt 3: St. J0ohn eplt 00110aol Itot. Tdr Sacho 23 I Cold l.Jt 20 4 0 00. Jotha Co. Urig 941001a3104 S odng.t. r ok Isrn ltnb1 I Uog3 otfr. I yIDoyttsBsch 23 !Emlgad 011 WW2W10) animals Co. L1e n0 UAmtdCounrty 0 0 b'Y rob ll1ht- Slog. Riod A boU ToroRoach ing- I bedingsflthod .1adian I Co. VIZ 14 C*nuty a aaotarad saro iaw a Isel 1 114 moth of MUoto 100 -.J gaol,. Shocd 0. 00?. 1. d'P- rhno. 20,O-oro ho".. rfd Rot' l.Ims, IM PaLoRoach Co. 1. otood I oydoooj to 20 boot. a, 1 sacI pi, . to 1.0 0,11-of 4 00 Syrlga L2 .1. 1n re I terms. homesSad SIat 3.5 p.. man trasopoo t" n lorlon Co. Ott .u. 1XI4 W t edI Lt.-I.o Counrty 4 Sell1 Oft.a- Atglrtnior tg Si.; 4.I O.dod trY. aou. martflesr hy1ab or ACOLItand Books I 0 O 3 3 I .o oil. 0 . -1themror.1 ,o.. Co-ti.. 6 .1111mo 0LU 14 Pmal. alodo. Iose .1174 Son.,rl I 1 Crol Mo, C IdtanXa B=og Pdraorool010.4 |.d 2 lI. tot aa.t of Lo-r to tig nd 1lose 4 Of 01.0 ~0 &ing Lie, it reco io JacksonCaoty 6 ed I 5 0 poold.. Co.Mloy 0 0t. Llgktalmg 0. AthensO o- on.s ?V*. baro dmr l11 Wmd mrm boo M4.4 A1h; d~.t-ku r P. rare W ,g aoaradfir.. do's1d. ai 11 pbF r " rool "l. pottod An07 aold Coomty 00 0 4 b-ll 0 748 ~ah5 Bell - 100 ijo Corn '0 ViAl~ty of I to' orth ld Cota l '00 004 Eatc I hrt Il.. 0010, do. 00 madyto ft.. M rd:s bit . 20.01 ho." ... tholad Ito 0 ,or. pnUw ath, 01.5 0"'4 Iota .4fam Iin forth Georgdia kroolh, FoIcflold a 0 0 LUghtclag IV0 Let d1*x o060i d-p. otarF 1M hIA .1.4 p, Cara I, h01 Ldy 'th hl CON' Ughlrtolg oUrlh.. TMa , Cob libh Wt oo. lo: doll td a tartly C-P4 17 0 b 6 Tadorgt~rmsO Mafoath. lb NeaI. 07 1 Cnt int Us I N rth.4 ctcalol 13 01.P l 0 lan.14 Coactyz ooy ylwhic eta * Ott and. I or limOWN,StaorllA coati AM cars .fo~.-I oames. sp101.011,I-looti T~ap 4acdLAocwinlpp loula bitbI wlad 4e, less rulontodcaouty ItP 1t0t 070h0 Oto ha A1l to. I.Nam 11ih "aootrikbs rtad I nao, oblo ada *to ObootI0,~00 n6*S ohmsro~f 0in ot-r Wi .d flood valleVIIJoIaaIi p.S. 0 hoits 01 Pt. rat 'loot Sbund.,. RootIII~oor lbob , %C~l * 4110 -10 I o WU h.ct0 to' menthabt. Ca-ty a di tar. o* 10 A. .. to. boil f..il irpotence 0 an4~a mucoomlyorIS J.10,4sd .1 h. 10*d crooor phodo dome *tobtoo, sdal atlk goutt Is0e 4 wtm d. Thu~ .00117 chm.

8" referSnce acsto *t 0nd of table. - 94 . STORM DATA AND UNUSUAL WEATHER PHENOMENA

AOllGCST1952

1C.F ESTIMATE~t MCOP IESTlATEDtI PER000 DAMAGA PEM AAC 0M46..ORAM S ;O CROAUCTEO STORSTOR

...... : : . Myna Cotmt7, near 26 Jllo *a. KAPS3A3CCont'4) 4 NuO I1,L 'a. par705 I- IAVAUI ted 3.0 lot 00 soe. stme :3)0 als otoh- repo] -.10 ii a, ; t, SI"' "a- 6 ;150 out 25 05to A 0 9 =I god WJ14 l130 p 61410P. 0.4. t4. Ioo OalS la aoLst 000t all0 B P. .tn.s IL.S. A meoOd fir Iat ,,0 I .0.., ::tmyxig~25% sor * 4 olOWorslo A1.1l mum1.. Lac-nd 4.I sl1s I I'tot "I, co Ibegana ort Co~ ~Jrnc A a,,sd across SrKo I P05±010to 1w I" LOY Coun0tiest Cloy. lg,,d o...C. nras or p as. 4 tormo IPo% daoS A.0 0IS h dli of dari In fro f*tr.i SaLUcoereds '"440 atI xk q1 gma- N to dsp 505I W.01morlnlo. a -regtul 1d I .risg suobeotht- crop ds. Alo" mty IS to .trogu ods.. fueseI rlog ur 4 17 Aut.art. 0 lees 4 Ball S ILof Sea ea t!: .*L7 iso cc Inty. The _.VD WA,. D"n I It 5 "t Y. 5, .000. doa laSluu04 .edIn or oBaId eh1 CMNn 0.00 inch of .4 0: rdL at 00a04 in 8a to? ill. 'I'5 olkI hit ben 1h. Castletord. ilde loll 21 6:45 P. 4 :to I county LigbtVILE4 me L. Goo I"X0404 Sau Ld rIn d .0 'troj d "It tenOs ofrsTd.5±e oul¶ o7C61,4 ts. I do Is noon meorutol 101 JW onlyr hen wan 0'0AS 001a-s Itaom. "Aorking~ M ba Q31 ITabehlg 81 .%k. ed 44. 604 Crgs. Ui *0WasIca *4 t3* g hoel. 111 mlor? Isjurlo, 001.c 1.041 Iru -I. rent .ill.g Son , rh M.54 lha. -*PI.t35 Oiler 003,01 cook County 2 61 I Pigeni A417 Bua.. County -4 itlo a 3u~ al-rS ro.pomt sugt*u.t gr v bel0 vre rt.d 10.. It el Os rout 287 ba! Liaou 5.. 3 Isco 3 hur.1 cloud. boil 2 0 Lis-1.6o Clisbnoco.c 01 A Li: tutou a' ts"I Aas like d W.4 nilen oust of Ile LIsoVIO! Lada )ft.wialy 0011 IC%* *.th si I , la4 die.. Jcsonr C0outy It 2 S.12.jnr4o 000.. 01S05 000.4 f~ fr5? .I=! raimp. Of2 v dos 12SE.Align 2:15 p Funnel Ball gtuo a Mail And d40d IS Orange City 3.10 p 2 os. 1 SWHardin County 3:19 p Futoel Ich It &aosoort!ill no1dSar WdayneCounty and 3 *:CO p Hailstorm Western Appasaige Use10Cuosty ~outity as. 1.4ml it ectelhail. S 0 Sar 51"5? SI 4'ot n.rsI Call Des Moines S 4:00 P Lightinig 7,00p loantegs Seats a HRailstor. county 4 V61,111. 1a.4tt 23 st:ol .- 05 .2-d 8:u5 P. sicoux City 9 3:00 a VW Artonub 54.. S Winds torm or .14 0061. lug. 93a o101 A Scott oU. .t tou I St Cily. 23 4 Hail. to,. Itt ~. sO 0 In a-li bet S..1 i4.. hoa. .U. 35 Uo. 4I 10 00001. C., 2j hcell 29 4:30 p I Lightaloc a 1.. ist .00 lotep. Eastern Hsodbury 30- 6 d Heavy gais 30 yo2OP. 01004 Pouipaross 9:00 p.: 012 raoda orh Ceutral $ioltc to Howard 1.0t~rifsi 00.. laonkall Cso07t. lest to n fl: hud4So,Vut rsly l a Wr ,"A, no4' t0 12 nebei .1 i soIn. S-t 00cr,,. 1. in.. - county saa iles wi: ely hem P 04it I sJtcent Con20 as A El: 1141 "Io tite SI ngfa 0. Pla h 1 it uji-of. sail 00.4:i ".01 son I 1l1d lted Re-c'C Ibst vatiunal 407 ralnfalls at .rjr~k tkstU S U" OskiN jtb. SWo Lug- ar Sono-in~.. Se.. Cal iso l1t1: 5. ohe 4 Slalt] ond 0.1a,.. 2+ 9.00 p.- Peona1 siouL &.A 10.90,P. one n1altt ry ef OwltnmS z.t.8b "t OU sf 2500beg.. .ttlo 10ET y sot t1 U Eta:UtS.d *., gle04ams to o. I Our itOot R., pu?. Z. I :1 'st a At. OI0t*t dO tD" IDt P .00 grooo. .. od| 20.. L,IA. I0 I 00.0040a.4400 I6 t frOC Worth Cantral &-t 4 [ 4 1Kau0101ued. COSS-'raa-ty fa i for~thosaS6'nati.. sod b011.severe 4.1 &adslect0ical 1Ronlrepo4ed

it' ,lag mot are :66555 Produced . 2 2:50 P. P.55.0lel"~ 0214 410 arlad, ba141a, AL -P~ :00an ir121 1 In 004.011 .1 .1. Aat I It0 .00" lin. aml hail Pit, Toynts: IFu4 &pp. red * S. back S el. A. .Sug I P toD if I a Blu bp2.d. South to fe r0.au 11to I a 01t7 aboua 7:30 P. LS PSno. 01: 0 2 Tm..d-a t... 1gnr.5 LA~ Paeg.h 35gb t M'.4 31. jactamijor.tu. t 6 3:00 , S 6 torodso-. Ab, Mesa redfp straying boono.. Daul1soam JoC&oon, 0:00 p Onogoleleads. Al5; to. 4s . 1.o, S sIg.. Fe 100 hai1. vied. arJisheaPamO teedIn 200alf.6othbl LtaXS.0 'Oitt red P Sl0, kbooI. .earatmaw asd ~ 00..7 ISol La- .. ?.I uOtS.SPute. fueaet stud lb. P. 15 ns,lb-o *1* re A .oef .- _ ID:0.30 potl wtonlo54 4 tlld .ol.l Upto 0.o antst loud1 *l Cal B la. zl 71.18 ch. la4 41.w.C. VIo 1.0 Si, I n a*, .t 104 1104 ISS-7 valme SI. .5.4 W.: I:10411Sod.: m-Id 11Ml 52 7.00 S. Ootur.puot nlu Ist. 2350 IStaeOt, ole. %esr.Cad eiatr). Uso refrenitc notes at end of table. - I5 - -

STORM DATA AND UNUSUAL WEATHER PHENOMENA

AUGOST1962

11OO0F ITIVIA100'l mm OF ESThaATEIt PERM DAIWE PERM~ IIaIIAS PL* t ILAC S O OIIATO1 . vPOAACf

LatIlSIlA (Cout'd p.0 nd th daata ld& 4: . Wd ?Cl 1 357P.00 1 V . i-."or, is an 4 30 0 4 4 flukdarstorm. wind t:fO P. 5115p.gAnd hall a.n.An Sla P.t I ltp, I Al port rGoaCta . ph. filpv as i n av Ialo o obi fIt. paS. a,I tIe " Itisa. first won. able precipitatotnvf-0a ISMI W i alPt nh .1.. .. 1I 2?; P.: I a. a1 1. di. ktrat, gad P *s. r and that rops. Iliad glat S a.tIlity Sne And thI a u r Si. Palegaportsh 23 3tC9P. fasga ClMAdta I 3 2 lsodri ril CDarP. e ae Im atH efs ,m sdb Colt of ManIa. 2 tOp Wcrpa llrae b ght: lna. IaJ. daw. ga adb W.. 239' S It. nag. tong. 93.l* vI MIASADMIrmT ttaioC-aty I latlaga 0 4 6 R.I. 28 9!33P3S.- ill 30-30a2 30 1 0 Tttdavottatl l d o lost f. ashaou CNra StruckSaint 13t0 P. eat Lna .1 a aeYm, e-4 a .. "Ona- AShaboacta" 0.4 ai vIf, Carnada :11 .. pit) 112 ii. by 30 y,44d saeifr tereod I0 al ee.da 0 it eg tII t 'dad A Imttaftald Awd 10,1 p..llZ p.. Ilb 1/1 hIy 0.10 Ia-d.. tong.: of frata. Crat SarrIA tCA. ta 51 a .. o fof floaode ranads Oaa dArleta, ha- .hip. pea blby a.. A, r I, agd.. vttn.o d. ta t a a s ig a.h o 1 .5a la Ott ta " f gaalh a 14.. I -44oLCPh bo " Agedlt WTvr abls "I "A pa s' tacast inIo t ttfas. cr01 gre Is ,t .2.1 pilots 1 St.do.pF. . tiod obag,,vad at Ior-a.. tad :haag frea t VA Su flt., agda tonitr tuA.1.a L? F.s.a0 * 5 a0 .. 1Ate. va..L. pA. 4. 1 11. Conraa Cal.agia. 28.T1 evera rain A a ada. at h Ca.Ign.- pFSC a at"n dattaj Iha Palhg29 aI'a.A - S , C i - gt To oil.1 at.nofoI loweon C.oi11 faintol. S ..riogt f- sitdrdOne at Letn fld I i ll th o valga.. ptoa lake Choarlan mo t@ It. CIA tela -, rapartad 22 ltnabas IAC. tan -A.d. 5- 1I t14. at tbaa at fiane And for 4 booar Adn 1.1:0aa. t91 Rab A, W local Wilidlifa pdfv gad 14M a. Sitr n ata bya tshtatat .1.. a SpSWeach 11. 1 nn Ichat. pgaa asttg fnd tts ad byaaMStae a lRn oiga f1 A, arafta , lags fh. foacad il~taglh lh alh h? ton I Iaae bwtaalrcaaae s ad b gh1 to ad dastoanan rt oftbagistar. 2.3 C. rC. an j aeata s Iag I City Ar ha. CIArto.lth. Is. Trg tic w~ e atckaf 4l ad aSY hI " cpldsest W" haa ana napro . hal * I .13 -ab.. fa,- on An23th t0 all thoa C tha talta Ata-23tll. la It great C a1.. , ad A.o Con. Ioog i..- fall f u, n: Ia{ 0 2%t ld1.4 t1 tan.4:)at- aa-tI op. A eV yeta weIrat and4 . a, tin. C Lha aa.I. laaflo d by 13-la tahl. 1ag igail v Pt atM. II 1. pelt of a WAstl It fl'a-g connat at.t. -6 It. lt -L,1 a litF at "I I lt 1.IIW

ta..ath 20 0t a. Newsnlataf ht atags Iad 10aAndd dra aH.., so rapyntob.a. oat ait trits vIre,alo aownnU, ait bcaind.

hbalboAMSodlot 29 8:21 A. tto ahang Contro Satbabta. 20 Latly 5 A 0 tlaaa StwwCI. - Cchmty stlngrta l.ad. A. oafnda, at 1 )0 faat eart FaAY.to to tAbc.Cb,la..a. np aa ta nwe chadCee Ai atnt chta .tnht t Poth. 3gis anda 11.4 rn v aa sh b I o abda 1. C-, t.at tly, vtra . Wedvi a th Coas lCut idaaprood 1.ttr.,Sa. I 1~*I 300 Ca 0 3 ett ntta ataplwa aaltat .an tog a.0. Iha -J-o Parlal.. xcht aft 3t33 P.Ia. taO Itria eith itona. 1.It all asa t7w briefly Pliofo. i1 PEloan oal t S. lS . at.C. ontol35 lppaattowb htatg f. tbbeisha tact, Aaa... a htl*t h as , fgsoaa d -I0vt" ala .ditanae ' baa , isa taS rt.a] fat ganlatad....fl at abvaaan t ligta IAethl ttb.. S A,. ft9h. sem.y C.I..t. t,.t~t r t. wasatt ftb t1"ao o ,pada steava aa Laba?a.Carabaargl I 11,10a. at.aaPaat costato*.oaa 20- 50C 3J 0 Tropical Ster x0I aa olart.. I anati -I tarl at. 30 AUMA WtasnI It-. skimn. ton aCUa t5 &.LbBaadAn S Cpahalth. n~tawAsa po0li.tletongad afa1 tac t I .aaUat fats tad a asahly oo"y~ga a-er p to are eta eas avtfa fr CCt - h ,baand ald. at *ata yenaa 111g.uteaa Y . .a11 beI fat Am a an than haed ttM~tp tead. Saftatt to OLtetrport 1 Osta.0 0 4 0 MeIltrical aft anita? wa rt sapp.t La IAs d aIlt stags. dsTttad Ln$-. nd a,4a I I 1 aperI1;.3Ksa r aa1a l at, a.I tan b LI, .tatga ta .d o da'n"a. atacigae a IOWTaar et i tol e b attan. Tides Amdtaot af isaa . Itan eadaofea. I. aYatotnsOfbsy. us,gsaasol It a.a hits at I as It aadthaa.na C--fa .0ta a. a aI a I th. ta.. iILgt.Lba g blon dadnap. d ast Tt heaMit A lai btep.adhatn oatCtbaaAd Itbe r esepiIa Ml' etd dl0 flataay. yatyva co CItCale ticas aLet fin wtidespradnata If01a Iha v.Ita~10Ipl n f.Av~ra Oafvd Cn,Y C. alghs00 5 to. tak torngaddIe aa.t. fra Ithet Aovatntao 2P"Aataqvto Coanty 1 1.1s. . n1 a I harw,,tS 31 al ot0Sat. sod h. Mt 4 vdepa..s oavehdU str nnl ~ ad SAWdOre a an Aan etaa aa n tataof mt Ia .rAlanpeortyb1 de"ahe nat I&tyva. -ta. aad a ref an tiag anfacb Ad oat ats a a a ran leI. N-01 at et -toa n tasre Ia at gadpin anfaa. htlv taa ant, ManalIe.to the R-tfa r Iat tPBanI Cl P., . In Loo.a.d. a rlotald P AF . .I- a4 eti.L vol *Sah.. by "asa ovg ta CAtIa.. nat lad gAndtoll dy.Swoop ddsaa ati'ad cts. Stick bitbham tat a dat p, b p kt at Aaasad eaetHa "ad peaor~ ttttM Wa h tntfo -va af, CtIL&annld-nta Y.rpotCaPCd a a . I 14 aa dt-S satllaitaond a .1.31 tof a. tald I a WL4atadesed ant ee L.a dalv A. IIAIIICH2W o, G AE t I0 S. Centrat, Lesar 4 00a .,A1 4 1ctrical ZatanhecAnd I? After.a0 0 P 3 fal niLeii&O aGO0S.

Ce. witd In Irani a~t 4I b p11 lad tag.- roo a? ecue y1 V It lye*trlYd

wr a d.tag 14 . . bow ft ., Aadtaaatlarab~aran atoleaCa o aPiad& It at .a elbrvapP I Iltajog sooi tithbylion patagaItalym sat ismof al vI a co orad Iy Mayfta.14o 20 l:10 P. 10 s 0 3 5 TornA4 lost byUsb Losing tad l a el Clan d mad tatb a .tw o telt ca s t , 31 c sr a ct witth b o teaa astbt ra 4 fIto r 1cA c d ra t o f ear tha jo..ad. tyn asacIPta 4 Atea ba I 1 alotaretalp Lcsr uitihipaa wits g nada. c itsCad vI an trtah man iaad s rtbcI. Iaefaeofg9At ralsa. han& aada hay lip"a sff ad tea a.eI a qecalat ure vat by M±g s atOf U Sotarteanad eostral 20 Aft:- 0 0 3 4 1letriaal. dad4. In the A t * ht ad tl .ealtan own bl nat. ga LiredsabyWA du4 to Lghblotns. a. thw rtab ,A b ad Cnann thaa aa . atbo 1t.. -g atI boacki aM n A .4 d Y 'ittaa Amnd-ced Ira.. tlang."In thae a. 1Aa sant p annd paoaa. fl da" ra a fL s to aaasmmtsLa US dasnio t- hegI.e ba nba. ts wriet laotaaams. Ovfta Sura. I. le k h naiva wind vand aLOlStre dea lbh-.6a hvaabow.. I wllnebby 1n 6-g0 C.gan.L.g tao. 1ltlae~Ca. hbI toI-tas b. Its ea. reptlad Las an.a . gTaet.. d ayhIlAd * alasd da- n gan~ aladel rveel tadaisd' as-ea1banS. anhekodadlatba, 960st5 lP. 1 ilayL a Baana ktnewnt 1 -t 1001 Wistha. ba vatoagant atatdtesICo a00aaa0. spaodic a* , ata enshowdlaca 4asa. vatn .M as tad t saLt-

II o kg.t.het tlA ag gd1 hlda. -H- See referance notas at *nd of table. STORM DATA AND UNUSUAL-WEATHER PHENOMENA

"lJGUs 2942

K0.OF tIT~IAY21' HO.OF ESTIMATED1, PER¶GG VAMAGE PERM owc;G

1. AACTI2 _ C R____ PLUC! Si e SThORMOF SPlACEo *. STORM

ReBICAR (Ceet mflUtm?i (Cost'Id) ) ut. central and .2,30 p. 2 5 rbundergtors | M. Cl 'A I. I Alan It"ldsentlel aease ,itb high vindo otl St. CIO IhM hit. At Lexanerimtizport outheastern .30 p. "acft&1 pLil, Lightning .1,ors -a." 'Alli 15. '$re dweliohad. LOwer pitichia I ,apd rved a end n96klo Iat St. Cloud I beary railn. '2 the or alv bar, bl .dmr t 70 1 YUit I amaroul trees. TV atyes *pd by mmfys hosee, h ,u a de tfallisa wass, di roof ato tin. IT Wmtsarmll'saoid1V1 Iitt Zen. Meat heFavy Ip ub sand . e it Po nId Ad ho] 60~ r and phone aervicr the m1redOt hat liml a1 a f la by trease.. *s to A er. ULskv I me Xt. Ind end iptdd I up sandsof I t1r lthe are. bthe+ oetr in Co owl "mu with Ea". fis~ 10 ern to Its AJ4. T ofthe Too&e reports crG to 1 lad Sad] Ithe 9 a a. tiuw o ace m llion Ild. Ilu lelop rderd lb dcmc Wut- lsa and Lch suffered rykatf. Fiflors, |Zd to0t remal a- lf rted to cover ground L&hall ha deus, C. ln rwl lut Calrsads *a lee p L t ape Init . ?I p parso.S 4 soo arid pareL P. DlP.n red .0. ad.ithe Lr cal bed Ad falled tree. I fire torebotar INW, 131 ted 4.'.1 zI3 a .tar barn Ueated County bot helI O.1 !0th bbti 1. iaduced fire. Omg .1; buil ,roy, damaged |I ng I thl frughoit tIdo ara. )HISiSISZSty an ad puff.: KtaG.ve wiXI Cue -s.lee.. I,. Ceiey Il sI. Ixhli ter., '4 5at 0ties Sa/4I b.sl Flat mock *eo0 p. Funnl Aloft. lioel I 1-dofmu 0 'ral per .dtos4.d unwi a*lft i I vicnity 'let Co 5. Iae.I.b.. Couot1. 1*112S. Vater valley r :3 p.. I I to100 It 1 31'I [ ariuhton .310 P. 1 lig0tning. 'Steen ar o d you b k IcR by lightning incas! '~sI-$ rafS. Nlsa, .11.5 1&6d atr 1.1V a: iseje I I I er a tree a a golk coure aatar Erighton. xCS2GE Mruette menng en 4 Ligh vimda. squa lXea, are .tly Cape. sad pailboat On Y~arsr, Patm.4 Adair 3 |1 Dlo-d L 5 witl i13uperij r me r Hter 'ot A d wol, al ~egaunee unan coer,Shathy Cortwlee Sup r .a. &.die. boa his 3 - re We1545yat Laoy.lolte ,f h. -. Le I eee,I * .o lowin, lbs lim od She LaeO It o1rparted. &terd In dm50te.? Ul r4 Si'1 beetCi iTa to 2 Svotheaster Tb'snders tore caresfre 4 by I .1. S MID in leW ILoIaer lichigan with high winds 70, ad Ido re ralta, Mle. sff p. Tbadetoralma 4.. | &I gtDi"Z. L ining ii duc fir da 551 tIr home gw-t- feet h. buiul4ol S th ougho 11igh ids failid Ceetral Missouri rout tr~as tb d age awelI uIlding. "@oI a~~at I10M r lias were cut d oin 'ice I bundred, of ldar | A I tel a, odb Mof1O etc kIle ainla t are thE tng to pred ie -o siad to early tl Sal L1,30 , tb I to teda Shelby Orly 4to C |thusdentorl.. tst -id I'tm 'fot."so " at. tllds afte, to adteb with b4avy let vS Ifem rMoe_| orted Aawandr Io Tod "S. rains. 01^ p hi IF : ijet Ila fall a.e h"n untsfro i .6- to 2- Uihle the Shelby hr"* 'a' ntry fEl husee_ rLe oded roads be d atl ate with t.louis k Peanl dAlft itant b sor ePal. dan ge.. St. lo-de cca~t rOO ObsIs- : Ibpl+ned sI4: caftr ai Tee Battle Creek 20 11110 a |Lightning LAI Cnlog9 duc, -1ire -iet lydI s.re] ad boc n Caleebto h. 3 I? on"1 AlantIhest. eatea ion lat* at at. arysI Reak Bat .iS C Oeek. ll,00. County i~anevo and mmn 20 Dlglet I " Carouseo 3noon Coafty withhigh wid Yelrrosd3.l i~~I IiaO ad;lioea Ijarbtw L |aMd lightning. 155 2,10 PR real Aleft I barns, holliingas and feted d damage. Sanlal rat St. 1"MiaCesot mumrs Om- ng ci *sad fires Bmottles and'detro p and ~ooet4Ut atlt e Central Meisour 12sO s sell oil we and a r : th. ir beel Lsao CeeparComnty the two onj Set 'nAd ter4ulyt de e, aises per has. f.;: wi at. Seles, S I. ThordrwtarM Collie 26 5 .25 4 I* Ornado Dent County Tor do% dha Isown Ie Of Colinl LIM ate to W r tIr 0,' ta bc, I. de. ing fai Iwes, i t ]h rade of eIcns. o iU lc red bto touch Csuaalfls. mt. Tnamo late 3 doo only 1 Guise, CeesallAMe Eveninf MI~ha TV PaeSe. - I liedS alI deak a. V froG Its Polk County 3-li BaL rings ee leek Xe bast Las a lan * tree tell 'Mher kms Wa Lalel. a CI oreniof harla 0.w P ar Hi. Term. l ic 5.tees S sr. sa pe1r eas I-nI *Me a pa t ofenty. us Id .00 1 dealk rIni read at T I* L lake. talfanta lntcratial ralls, cat TIe ~ledT af 2 Electrical bildes Yi25 ps ?CniAlofitt fochihxing Colty aM boy ondaeey of Johnson CQ.artg 5 20 A.2p Presatoe 1.30P. ftanal Alant Red L1keYells(naer), Crxel eloul lestcr Courty led lake CeV .1011 totII Meen ta qp. h hell Seet .0" sterwattol ralls. 5 3 Vtd Springfield lit Sh 21 am wilisork, lodSir set )toI to S Ophuieted ard oDoaeaCowety C County darn Idl baiti ev rse I tI 'S otoVA docs, nd repoted. hi. t' dosaeI. S re. -,d etlom lines. 31 1un lte Cnineeti 51 12,30 Me Id~ lf Ihaser0ty Centrl SWnd V Ceo- 6 Ica 5 ' Windai PAated by , wopeariee a ithe 4763aver teal murawot a. oell lnI lt 35 'eS0 u* v fae sar Im ph svdifr niI st ,emInto timomi. am test WWIndoal th ne -0*yhLeocoriau

Sea refereace totes at and of table, - 97 - STORM DATA AND UNUSUAL WEATHER PHENOMENA

AtiO'm 1962

CHARACTER .. tCASACTER

STOWV ____{j cw______

2992LASIA(Ccontd: yorha0.. t9sh .1. 4 7:02 P. 47 0 0 3 0 fost*0oot of bohai 00 913,P. 0 0Ozzo01 Good 12 M,0 Valley Co. 0 yIor 0 Pt1r00d I vI. 0In 30 2s~0 p. 1 O 8dl 910. 10 "'0 00.lost ldi ]I. cbs St Llb -01 .004194 ran 8 Ophol.. A peah "I.C ado, 0909900. A. 10. 0090 tod 4 01 Io I lttr a, toop Ma I ,12 3 Itop "aod *t. 70r04 00:9 10 eh 794m o:'co.. 9*0 52. 0 5e. dioooyo * l.t d to 400050&Ilo 19. 108 toosooly *40 0 M.4 ao,19.n. phlilpItIV (-.005 ;cc 3 I oh... oh: t.." -St to Vol l.y Couotioo 'tod 1 sos 'op, 0 17 S..oLo 11Oy00100."18 d9"i U1galy -!TY light 10 t10n 21 .1 0 $0V0 7 0 .. IL * Cl0ow4P. 0.1 t9:o00P. to. I op000lo 1. t Potrolout, County is. T L.too0 I100 000So 10j I" 1-0 0. to th 000 19 .81. II? 0-... 09 40 too * by the 119 6 0 Intt0 0 tOdsdo 09 111d2AIN= 20 2ooodos It0.10. '0 op 14 41 ito, .4 Pletolol&.1 8 doew 0.10, boel. 4:37 P. 200 0 0 05oso-l. 00.0or7 0V 00 heIoplool :.udl :90 fod I At100.Oh... 4091a . 9.904 00 oo.bho,. pooh.I~t. 081. I 4n .P to ,9. peak ;wt lb. 2110010101±fro, Spo *t0111.atnM 5I-. 3 had Ikoodo 9 .he1 '11001 "1ra. o'o-o Ta1ggeo.. .08gea Sooth". 94h.214. 1o00P. ?to £140, *0 f otodai 9-3 I ce0., 1:9 r.t£. torLo,0* 0. 0 'U t ofI St0 mee the 7 3:004 0.49 hum 1000? 0 atf. 3 , rolt500l aim g!t1? road S moorsboll Olm IIAIA *07 I* ml00 2 411I- gooth at 94 2 auo 405e 004.91loV.5 gofeat0.5 with Thre 0 .3 or1 4 ,t. 0W tod at I to for ""o Varelydgageol £ 30 1*00a I m L St. I 1. :1101 h mt0. Lotto 04 du get.ro to 2A.1 No VW^ Bolost.. mt to ~ N152 wa

coetral 10bri0k. 6 h100 S. &.3 10 0 0 Or mt.4 0*0*-4 mod l 'cl *41. 940 .tho Ban told 60. 19148 al o F~4O.e4e nu 2PH to 1001 so8 17 "*etandia 9 40477to Ord o 80 0 4 Comtloo Cmp .000 MII Oh.' 'oloodburetO 0 Ai 4t 7U ball .00P. i121.bto lof4 ,orfoooc wof r to. .Saok folodo ,1, 00,1* boan,1"a .1.., 009 Wind8. athe tool oIt-I us. iS 0 0 1600 ubgs0 i0o 008 1? 112:1501 Vost'an and Cletrlo 1:00ka., ,gldr.481-1. to Cootlogs 10 0 a 6 Ltg1boloa 9:2t2a. 10~r.vo41.,.i triorLI4 meric=ur=.to ir loyal, 54-e Itio at0 04d* de a0* 'a"4. alactotmI I a1014- tor. 2r~0 0.8d 91. len . f1i0e doe to wordop to 2. l0:g4 La0W, =10? I o 6000 Agutish (,1 pee.1 otn TV01 ad .t0 M1 to 5 mi !eat seat AMP9 mm au fin1e0 duato a",. 010 .1.1 at oil.a dos. .4 23 a a 00007 9014 201000dl N400 o 1:04* trisod 00l09 t 26

osd, 0 4d o ~-by41 Z ° 20.9 fotto end~l £00 8

logot Ifot 0 2 an8 08a liii I Ilatto Os s4~so~oot1S'd 1 09014 AMwgfl. ooly fro *res ime a01so 5.! V10(t lea ng9.400 Aoo.01.4h 71010.to Wipe. Spo Opotle* 0 0 logtt 'o12 254iio offulvollt of 4 it of I0. Tog"0 rV- ¶0t*0m Itte8 WrCtuo t o It 415s.. gods ~~end lp~n at rutb ty tfarpvood

Beo reforooc tote. at and of table.

- 98 - STORM DATA AND UNUSUAL WEATHER PHENOMENA

AIOMSM1962

NO.0OF 131U tI Z 00 370TD PER$=11 E441 I'30PERSON GAUMGE. OARACTER CHRATE PLACE A. CHOFPLACE I ofII _l _i _ ~_ i l ______STOW_ - - 800 OR V a ~ ' ______1 b u l 30010 CAlOL1IAC kt kcattarsd mu0. 80700 4o5, I 1 26u04wrstan.. 27- 0 e 3 Wnd4, Rob Lb. Slt.t 6,7 60.81001., high 23 4082 Tro C 1 .tod 11.. Ich 17 daa.. S08 re 00caul Id th .4.r010 184 t64 fct-day 20?! 0Ip~ tno,a nadie tyye voW. 082 f1r4.0 !SS 0o 0 M. 80t* Olloor, mard and 0 I. 1.l2ters Ofte 218voo II I 0.7. ly Snore0 LA 16 0 off fcLmw Coontlio 03 fort4 as t Led L.00 fall I: S Itborn to 90mous. wora, t.IttenL bre. flat "M2 I-,ai Man.. of S bob..s !rnat 20 Lada U..'; 1n3Mbrief psi .M,. is C I 6011.and 1igbt. Grafton Iria 0 0 108,2 S02 Ih. Loo 3 046 *00.n17 23mh V.terto-o To Id. 07 ft! Pod TUT am usI d82 maro.s.82007 sand a 0 7970 84z02 Cooster aty gr 0130 0 3t bal~ster, tot 101 ndi 7.10 I 1o .1-.; 6,p- U a lose. obetr e la.1 Its o08 02 a vie Co. star .011% Gordis Lake, 10 Toronado L1No do. an t6. 7th, a 607 0 31l -00 ,- cm i. 1.060 Tar Id de 013 .1 01, I1. Lug.8 1023rod, Ligh a caro. Bearot otcheator~o 'tat In1 0 111 _01 I 1000, 2 mao.t Moo,601 10.11., 0es1 of 10 two'oI Cland 100 SR2.. 17 Id 4 Iid.182,C-a hall Volvo 10 3 0 6 a 18*ay to' a22d y rain I to0Si 1220 120.22 lfw1.82, 611. no"7 4408 61,4 i 1r00 lag wI.d., Lightnings- flnedi 'S. W; 'or1 I- Tot0.00 me 1* S C gas tweso SNIP C ... , 1of., he .C korioEttl" 0. Iou 18. I-o SI toll., .6 .At. Ivn amg dtw fortIns 0 TOMoad Irw. Slo 3 17 23-300 So M882010181, badt 'S doc 20an8 "or0 A. Ir. Va.6.hb 21 0 3 .thwIfibbty Dii, 10604 .6ha 0 Ind do 8382 wood t9tt L?. Dlq . Tthr a2 dooI 'Id .s0 Is. MPH81. Io-tterod mao. Screw. rbmd~wsurq 6011 60oState 20 asot of 9sloorck 21 1836y we.0 22 0 o I o I 1IC9toolz 80000 0000.11.1, I~t1t. 25.12.. Str1700t IS L.i lb. N LanO, Saranin leks of Parr. 25 * 9.18 lia.?lotor

SawAyh 0 .C. e 6 I rto.. *10 P1 r WA C 1 Itr.. ed4 I. I 28W, 010. alor. 'IO ItZ[a.L.d to 1lectolcal. SlodI .41.64 .10 S0) 3 3 too01.Aftar Lis 7812 I I of T.. o ny. SW0 ralt 00 Cb-t I..t a i . "B0. ISeto. to. 6 5 7.. a 2 A 064 li1f31, 10 -1.4 Unodesatet. IS0. I woO1...... e aft C TO. 6136-. 183.) 67 11 .10 Is. 1000, .012il :d.f Droa 0 Itto *8 tron .d I 18g. LI"' 1. 0t1101.1 ar.. L- 1, I DS po0 a tar0 I.1 302IN a 1- d 0.00 ha11. lot local hoo..ob.. M..o. St..1 I dal * ndrt. 0,diaa. HoC- i. ..0 1.1.4. a 0 06 C 0da doad 0 I I... 18.... S-L.18 17 t-7ra0 la- rstore 16.o 0008tt WL6. C.-oo.8o to 10.18 th a So lIkhDCi. tt 18d... So hcrp .3 To pal 0104,trsWt end. It.. Sorry Co-toy Io Pooyohri ooetllJo. a10 o80 *63.0 to 2 1t K-Iol 3 4 to0. al S sit M. Sp 11:0 I. 0.003. G-y Ma.. 0h.8 mil t daa L., .6.4 14120L .4;. Ut% oe It 0.-a 07L t10.d.n.a 6 1tdoo',a 311 0010 I 008 Oloololol. 0.1 I 100 Isof 16. FE. 6.So6o Cor.-h 4 q.ft 16. aft. 1, C-ti.. .d.h 00 . 1. o to10 artlaor r, - A_ t. S6." 1820 Aet t. 06.tb rpoprt. 01 . bo la1ogo, 41-rop18 .01800 dod *70 *01 Vt. 8282 81.1180o I -do.. 88 I. Olco lal.n 28 .11 I. 800 0 | V CIe-o.1.. Iil 4 *.I ~-ta0.11a Anne1. Moreland. do- mosinkio. 0.1 08ft.8 1. 1..td.l.VS 20. -PI r the C evolooJ Uoco..2061.60S. r00. 2680 Aleda.. a y of X.001 0.. 18odolpb. 0.061.g60 oda.c I I. SU3 th1 La. 4.1. 2LI 2.86I, Sgad2 61.068 . Jo.4 l. o.1 e18* "aa _6 di,2 p4 614.4o,4. bloc! 08 It to0 Co. I"603 5.0 911f10.na ol 4 061 a 6 16. 3 hot. 4 la pandta.to 102.3 d fac iod.r, 2t.2. 2144 Lreot 4 fibers 1."._ Csot L0 10, I -1.2 .Ac6.1, 18) 8611U.".4 0120 bit .02 do V:10 6.48 Ant 'alecri lood. Sod C do01.lkodloiaIt or a ofA. v8 ro'".g8. -4 Colb,re.. 6t.81081 S 008 Bepotod$0 .1 088 Crrosli. 9,closthe. 0111 1.. O 18.oroodr 1*, Sora1y. Suaoy. Vst.c Pot1007 out2 d. 082 we0ve . I o.r.. 04146400 I6 t.of 11 r6 o 8 . l. 1'. 1 an1 14 X

See referetce mties at ood of table..- - 999- - - - -

STORM DATA AND UNUSUAL WEATHER PHENOMENA

IUCSr IN42 NO.0F ESTO3ATE1O ~.OF EsA0T730 ~ P1006 MAAC ~ 1000 04AA06 0"AnAtIR CHARACTER

KACE OF P.C ______S_ _ _

WA S2 1.00 P. 4 3.0.7 1`10. 1.00p!P.A1 0 o0jo1 0 ISream foesl $au. Cooot aloft 7w1V.0I 1X 0 * 01* tIn coo' t lotd t rpo" tug . Oa the pound .1 Mt hto Id. :r t0 1011 of l2If roportad, bedo 6r.7 eslshoentf P. Id4. -ce 4 r. 10d by Holl lerd I onnoatod !1% 09- doopia 1*. wFortvith Is. ano of a rwm use a a4b '3 der 1l111 lot MC ,at .1no2do loast Por 5111, I OsC0P. Iloot 0 0 0 -a. It ESOMIS160D repor ;ed astor. so, ow. a tool I I p do. Atioh Section, lr. P Oft.?- 0 0 0 173; Allied SosutyoCt holl zd A 11. |Aft., toeI IDOODW .go, it .49 alom beo. withDe aell so 00tz30. O . |et 01Dt0oftM. 1? 21.20a. ii 0 torr.do 12 l3J0p.. Ij 0 a I Coooty ' I 0 6340 p. 6010' 01- 1 1., Its 41iltroin. Then .04 bel 1a r, 0- CbatyUono to o- dlAitri ul~ 1'. F a to..4 nrV t. debtl I 1/ gtt ba M soft. Coastal South Ca-rv I'26. 0 0 Tboploal 0400. 27 a0et of 12 7:20 p. I 0 lt 0 I Bell the peool fro9 off bo"1A..,, sta n !ft So00d eao4Iait4"Ithos .rd

VaIol Cml.. I 5 TloeadoestoftJ 1.etlyP r OI t10 V t lovsatb 10 1.20,. I At ie dealut srr LmS destrrotog rd0 0004 14 lao 0 A " sel-nt..l so .s-IV.d asr Wmodl. wnl 2:00 p. 750nsrm 011 ft l ~tot1o. *:001. tbug *1 p9. 1,0 0 crIed I IJ' 1. tt140*00 St. too ContUss W4nd ar1W ot do br year laisrith. |Itt Tarxosset 004 sash. Is 6 5 VIMs,21414010 Pittboo & 3...., stk 01t 1 ,. tklil dST a d loll a- row be. ot I de Sight clios, v .aPity .4n.d 4. thand.rotores, Vto, 'I Strr 1m beve Zrfat -ds 1101 rgRet I5 ~9 Inlt *St i la.000 In AC Med. otIV 10rt0 Jet 000.104 1101 34Of dot el. iswr 3. to ta0 Pitt.I *el001rWas El 4 di aba 2 ac Deal er Y.LIA d. a. rbel aI e Ci dD am, I won a b Itre 71 ken toot rforad 03ttb. 7.A, 0-.r ; loce nI 2 p hor no' *thor or. VID1 *b end Souubabstern I. oeio I Ws, 1*11Vluse, altutos aI 0010. 10r0 o aetions,ofoU kd t ile I.ll asole 1aed. As etolartad *111 3.I .U 1.auot, Corner. port .dbl ot., .1" d ting,pIrn mgad tU~forwao,. 1.±. 11,T rortr a trslaar, I :t t, IcMt .. *af moul 3 K111301030. ala at Cltoaogo *t Id the tr tida*t I do .1.6 .4va 4, Vt. 1.ba.rt a bc.rt ark y. A 0s0 ottiag Idd froa tioo it*Ce t1* C rilge AIrport tb.W6 1t 70 t..12 t1.4 I dirplsse atored 01.I L. dab. to p0up irNp th. * F ,50,0 ).*cn* 1 or 0., ,tr3 laro eircu t;zer did Mt. ares, vaid in tS '.7 0.L.3 ADt utt "IaO VI I: .ed 6, r 0,-T-do *ede t~b, 007, VlOYDBn' ' to _nh wrn Island't L1,11,soi. "M. 80, a041Csps 00, 0 ao menished Yu cm 1entrml ad Sowtboost 7 ad000, I. II tie hoth pms ht I . A.115 ,ad 4 yaC- W. of .esral lr'.ld4, lenao.. VI od |i*~r ouch *rtit btard azd a fw dt rod 001 &0C0 s awlo ad 032* LI ao up to 1 to Zist t!r 031 00 'areb I 11± twu .roitll bad aroel 1 So miZ ,3 tr hd WA L"0 Of rgo of .to and 1A"I M"00 ,173rXisan 6s, ,ad ra 7 the 10,512.ait II iti s17 daegdein 003 001.100 I51 aM otr 0,090 lr Litt.. 9 A.M9. S asderstoru | wr, id. "to to M80±1.. pr boa, I n de. 5 0a. ala 19000 h 5s; 'oat. 04 +d o VtII doing I~~o .'4 10 A.a 80d r Ia IJU4toi08tIrd uO 4ti0s l eat ar di- 4to0I 411U W40tr 0nl op. v00

BSe relereoce notes at and DI ltble.

- 100 - - -

STORM DATA AND UNUSUAL WEATHER PHENOMENA

AUGUST1982

HD.Op ISTWATEO' NIC0! eSTIdANO'

?LCICARACTER CKTIOARACTER FAK or PLACE II I OF STORM a~g8II STOWM ______~. _ _ _ _ _

tts (etod) mw (Cont'd) Late I le1tral amdSoutheat 7 4 5 Ytnilg Shn RA&AW ur- BRA? County I a mtall area "th- win tn Sd, 14bt oeml ard kilald re ti~ over .th W -,C indeel, dmg~b tig Atm. n" dzo Cost lairsford bAft ,P. nto Simoslo bailbell r bh. at S WA$ rodt uath County 5 alln$ WI ON .4 tm. usel hetme pal TWOdimoft 5, Cot= Les and 1e 004t 11. I.$In Oh.*nd Iftuormbail Iag VI In * tow a brp hdi go a. 1 K1 * rl dLa ,pe In Y. M. KrIh 1,sA Ma Lea at 3al as goztym as lemg .1A bidle_atter, .inthoeseatu and W.40.. IL t' at I Iom laS Silos rok. put tral all to pZta Ta-stem S0Pat Sm a1/S * etheran L:30- Ohs,3 i Wd, bai, ad aused 5:30 P. lishtnif 1. Ib0 Vtoress at] .4th rmttwordod at mr paIm d 6 re beary Owd, L.*5 per am id ,,and dUW ity Lime qrpu am oagf $acoo andether t SeLirn Aooo Lapel ttd. 0 IeVarspou . 0, 3 taoimdaso I *7InUs lnU L-0 a bea 'in , received a Ila--m as t .1 da, t ot Itore at ta104 at 01st. Iale Id seeu an Cs. stMac by Cal &,2X53p ,e b.odod dowm. n.m .1 00 .4 10 boot. Laagdind1/ed aMda.lab boat mgwidrd, ".P thwxlt trme21, tleii 1WO P^ I t I -, O & U!t L 0JM7 hem nlAw. nd It.. .C AL I At. - trall rm IuI I2dJ| te '0la ton :00 Tel-Ad. b=41., Stelby SD. Ptried. 0ttJ mar- i wis framd 10104, 4' Leg &I sm.Nrsj Fin a t., Abiljo rdato 050101 off at rtd*lr. r1"d b. oi`1 e~ n"!n strack 10 Robetow. Ir iSp N. tree broy 1,50pdl utear- I .4 n injwin 21 llwoss i~ "a Val odsd ema ord 'ecell .1raol iladp Woof , .t& nra Inlets Cooty Lnlng WU I 2bIndgo FoIN1leAloft loho. t4on ta LSlSp I TuroadD B"tl Co~qty I of dnargu Yumanitieawds Opmt7 - lortb * bom mad pwm1 Aloft Ped . orth. z ll. Coe Lag ti830 P1 Uthl ~r4Etil. gem rdr Fonu~lAleft brut mty lah Slnodcm electric omtc* *rathu. Iao. 31 I runelatns Aloft 1st nfL. 5ade sot PItoMa Omty .1 halof lda| Lsest. ,1 d Mt Wind,hail 20e31 neton w' . I-ta Lightning tral, r rd 2 X lann tring310P set 04r inooe-homs Did a a at Cotton wre zem -tv two lS IZ Ywrtm ['1/2a1 Codontetoty 3D0ocnos at 7 VdKoAdq mye a to, ?or-ado md J4 rosl cda - 09--ord with nadD in gi pootcralandP t41 nold Iptermo with ,othe.. of moo A 57.o Ideilotille thin sto Fdol 411., destroying Pm. S - zoon city 21do . I CiOty d'id CP. CGlowsChristi 010 35 res ,Coant all them S1l td d 13 other peram 12 koenfal 0 00 I oS s County O Si I by ligbtatzg t'-d - owing a to s, 7 b 14.tr ont elI too. I I IY and Uar toy i ni totsw ltsh flind -s1 I . tt. a ninters tea her tam the I Ito Vest Dsomont. iL.?r bow ever A gai" sgoW Taonl 00017 Atinew I kluov Ilar 2-b. Than. a by, 05 sam tin 10'rtw Saw Ton.. Ow Scwl Coat' I Iba Si - aftto~w kr Selo for 2Dashoot nti. %1tter| aa., 17 ill. .nradble u - s yk D IwVl dho, d 1r Mbig~ on a ha, or lix InLbI Rad 2w in plats t1wt Ioont7LI.e, bofI lS gaf Ia Km &m. an Ohbo dim by ar bi a. playing font- gasty el thol rain contrd at Otm 'Om es ad tbwnsd W53p l0rd. o.Asotaat PUSees. 1it services wa &3ri on imd Mot 2 L &VAlinl Lii0 P .dng at o4S 11bIIsa &4SLs _it of Javin.

Ba. reference fotes at and of table. - 101 - STORM DATA AND UNUSUAL WEATHER PHENOMENA A.t...... I__ . . . . TI 157I=AIZD1 tvDCF 241Um IM106 Ia PT101 _ 4£f C2OLACTE i oNArACM OF MJCI 4.ba9F 0Z STOW all 51110 F Et Ot r 1Ea FI C -,I I isQ r I . . _ _ . . I _ _ .

* TOSCOESIN Otoe Cety 0 2 1|2tcttiol. hat 0 ||oh angnao S. 4 Ot3Wp.. 1§S1 Od boil. uail, :Ott co a the toss t a Con .,4Moa1 t.ta.ofal barelol Ut'i /J hadl a tort aside 4 top ,ttd UI Is as :.h. LrI'sut hstas, rS-1 "MOa 14C1h ai Itt I te I "l A a' IdeaI.1 ot Sdl sola. 12* ortho "ease Ch. plae 4.4I P.m 1. 1 Stp.v deai, lUntIl 0 baron and Chtppoao 15 3.15 p.. £ lorsedo Cat 7 as. 0a 0 "ce ltd Ilahta.toe API12801 Tar *4 4..r t bekla and |',to e.tbh ~.t. LIthe 27 07ernoro, Lae ate torn a a *t say a ,I a.d* brldas. 'Is sdowr 4r:d %*0robs .r. )M atIros ", 'StT 230 lum e'l . 10 tt 12 .d. -to near the ate p.m.; a ettid a22 SI: .B.3 It100 1 S *. S.' =11 .tr o t C1 |-11&fr bitIt hi~dOct I AddttOtte *, noplteoW t.o h .d_ Cap It coy 2 ib flood., tomb toaT ti. eof a*_. L Uod lu C beeatd lan I2nalng PT4a bS. ,dd cont "A. tot.*tdo S.a taintt teed 21, 3rnie)' Bol soft 2. b' .&i Lia Iade, a aT a -lee oMlled nad 1 opod do 'Ca faet o|eerrod In tho lludl rwt¢d to a s oo |itolean 3s , 9.10 p.., * .U4.aha. 10 Aftane | tlcter . etled Cippovo Wd Dom heth Ise.. S I Cotunlsa (late) 01 ratI , hitl 21 a5 5000 2 S ft 0nt the. t .1 aartt 'a3 Verba Slat. o ta~ thin ,aot t. lbo hardet St totI 414t. Nail Too t' to r' L aater. St on d IWdn b, V r booan, oiaploc I a Cr! tO tba gal donodon a1s di L,.t 'Y h. 1. W : 4ad so.s tetalt e o*s toa. Onj para S1ow !ttato. uC. !tttls l Ft. by2 tll IA. Co ote toned ,ad tre# | toLg * lts froa to 29 S tfio, bol at, Iolt tLe atratsh Crosan County to fiMbtainail ha~ tr I florlnatte Ceunty I.. Cm~ Itf ada pklebod S*r, tst the rood 1 1e 0 tel it II a nearby dOteh. Cagr.a J airol... LaJe d. toC. -- .lbaro v^a ad *1-taedt *a Iok Sprtag I ad anda tIpped Ver. I! to .I lU r IdewatI Ina trb late.no 1tle I was oil. ab 0 0 0 'I leedt otre.t 00 n.Ih 1lflooda is the dtd Oaon.. ra Ia- an a?1 ata uAls to was 29 0 0 C dde too, =Ih~t. Is l~eas It4- Osi Ofa .. a to rIs.* lb. at. helr. ad a haI. *1 as roat pra astf to lb. oia a Ot P. rt Ifbll M441 the aa 'rtI aO tes. 71 "ex sta1 Ia 1I ht 1. to' * aettana at the ato ft na11 Cornt. 2theOltefdd , maedUprings fanai *tt vu ned *at0 to dll IstaiR CTa 4 tdespread d_*o aod leatse..e 4D|atO | I'hlt.and t.a- I I Attsn1,00 ~ o M Uoo 10 3 I.51 reortI C sontla 4 17h' nith loia Loot.., Ia a ma doll to I Dbla at o ro, oat?7,H-A 9 ide. 7 10 0 Stoob, send Sco.ter. Spotteian S S <gI and. PhuildLigs. 0d We*rr Carotllo O 00 Ile, Oooehoyor,tlola. *,do 0 O 0 Ce=ti. dftroaoo.1ncr.IS ert 3nd .Cp ola tad* entdes. 1'° usklIt Ligtningo ro t~w tha ICOuntyI I ol. to northfast ban.l gwt1o II iod ,4Partesw t oto : %t OOO-ra h-..e Pt,I oa ,.,* crr. SPo voP I s 3triped stod hbts Can.ty thr ton It .* CWoh . ere 6 v-ls froo L ian f. 1 bulddleg a1 ate nliter,1v I ICos-Y Youll r I 0 O 0 or Kto a taokm and heouse 011 It oatsr, Coarlina Co&ty. per aua .15:0 ,per st e dk lea bIt 4obi!l aWorking in -SW 'CAl Ctwty, Leanleyod~ fli *ed"'a I Sa 0 h. ?ai1.100 am.l JPz.eaoelloy I 4 0 ct. Ctseltf1.1d Conty 1fterno, 35.4 and 10h p.1 Poloaht Couoty han ilal tdo 1 datr ld L ?Ill tro, oLv .12. . cominbit nkt 0 IKt t$ "C oty aothird t'ot ltalmrpt e h, llNorthoC, * r11 L t flot a thtwder, IIC tteA I " raO ' iles Iastead of ards. a .ertt ttcludes crop d49ogo. Roaptoa Cosostd 0 | 1 tCload rd * netwe. C Crop daoogo. In Categories woryjazr fra I to 9 0s folle,, a f I1t14 Ftutog t atOr. lanocOS ore placed I Less tha. 550 a Valearly ri 4o*1df oloserrd 8-ort1y aft t at ?. AJ. ,,.ea;Ida net onion4arced 2 $50 to 8500 to 85,000 Oft roz7 C LA 'a I 3 $500 4 S5.000 to ;50.000 7 0 0 Vatervepeo 5 $50.000 to $500,000 alon e 1500.000 to S5.000,000 bet 'Jpoa hear. 7 $5.000.000 to 150.000.000 71 a * 50.000,000 to $500.000.000 * $500,000,000 to $5,000.000,000. Albenrs Coeonties Zl21Aftem.or Thosaderstoros, It0 INail. ahall assoi lnara Mesa frt t Sratitred Bee. th ders ea 'tars I Ato el at sad hdll Iu I otetlo Wl poubtictlon costalao Our bhst Inforoatioa on Stor.o but, I. and end thia type of data. Lta rwSo ,Tert1oot Ittn ktrgh. a CeWLY due to the ditflutiles lnhrlnt la colleetloa ot InO .Ott itt Makesis County. a*d corrections *i11 be car- toest it Is sot O0-Intluslve. Delayed date _, .,. roper lot .sod 1o the Jt_ and P ee.o.r la."s of this publicatlon. loa. 1 costs per copy; yearly subscrlptlono S1.50 MT VtlrAhu tod SlUlB4tPTlOtN MCI: repo. dooesatI, $2.00 for,1go. Checks Sad moaney rders Should bh made pay- tble to tb 3.uperlatendent of Docuoanti. Remittance sad Correspood- enca ragordiog subscriptions abould bo tont to Superltaendent of DocunasstC, Covernrant prlotlag OffIce. Iahblogton 25, P. C.-

tMCCM f.UAsheAhillet - 9/28/62 - 1150

- 102 - EPAOXQPS -- 8-THo-urGround-level Ozone Designations - Region 3: State Designations Page I ot 5

U.S. EnvironmentalProtection Agency

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8-Hour Ground-level Ozone Designations Region 3: State Designations Home Where You Live State Designations Tribal Designations Boundary Designations for 8-hour Ozone Standard - EPA Region 3 Reclassifications Ozone Conditions Air Quality Forecast Basic Information Regulatory Actions Ozone Trends Myths & Facts Ozone & Health Policy Guidance Ozone Docket Technical Data Early Action Compacts Timeline Frequent Questions Related Links Glossary

8-Hour Ozone Designations 8-Hour Ozone Designations April 15, 2004 ' :: UnclassifiablelAttainment 1 Nonattainment I] Nonattainment (part county) C Unclassifiable You will need Adobe Acrobat Reader, available as a free download, to view some of the files on this page. See EPA's PDF page to learn more about PDF, and for a link to the free Acrobat Reader.

This table identifies all counties EPA has designated as nonattainment. In some cases EPA designated partial counties. These are identified by a (P). Also, some counties are participating in an early action compact. These are identified as EAC. If a county is not listed below, EPA has designated it as unclassifiable/attainment. IState INonattainment ICounties IClassificationIMaximum I

http://www.epa.gov/ozonedesignations/regions/region3desig.htm 08/03/2005 EPA-OAQF9 -- 8iHour Ground-level Ozone Designations - Region 3: State Designations rage z ot D)

Area Name Attainment Date (from June 15, 2004) Delaware Philadelphia - Kent Moderate June 2010 Wilmington, New Castle Atlantic City, Sussex PA-DE-MD-NJ Map (PDF 1 p., 193 KB) District of Washington, District of Moderate June 2010 Columbia DC-MD-VA Columbia Mp (PDF 1 p., 178 KB) Maryland Baltimore, MD Anne Arundel Moderate June 2010 "a (PDF 1 p., Baltimore City 146 KB) Baltimore Carroll Harford Howard Kent and Queen Kent Marginalt June 2007 Anne's Cos, Queen Anne's MDt Map(PDF1 p., 86.5 KB) Philadelphia - Cecil Moderate June 2010 Wilmington, Atlantic City, PA-DE-MD-NJ "P (PDF 1 p., 193 KB) Washington, Calvert Moderate June 2010 DC-MD-VA Charles Map (PDF 1 p., Frederick 178 KB) Montgomery Prince George's Washington Co, Washington (EAC) Dec 2007 (Hagerstown), MD (EAC) Map (PDF 1 p., 174.6 KB) I I Pennsylvania York, PA Adams Basic June 2009 M"p (PDF 1 p., York 78.9 KB) Allentown- Carbon Basic June 2009 Bethlehem- Lehigh Easton, PA Northampton Mp (PDF 1 p., 76.5 KB) Altoona, PA Blair Basic June 2009 Ma (PDF 1 p., 36.7 KB) Erie, PA Erie Basic June 2009 Map (PDF 1 p., 33.9 KB) Franklin Co, PA Franklin Basic June 2009

http://www.epa.gov/ozonedesignations/regions/region3desig.htm 08/03/2005 EPA-OAQPS -- 8-Hour Gr-ouind-1eve1 Ozone Designations - Region 3: State Designations Page ;5 ot -z

Map (PDF 1 p., 72.2 KB) Greene Co, PA Greene Basic June 2009 Map (PDF 1 p., 43.1 KB) Harrisburg- Cumberland Basic June 2009 Lebanon- Dauphin Carlisle, PA Lebanon Map (PDF 1 p., Perry 80.3 KB) Johnstown, PA Cambria Basic June 2009 Map (PDF 1 p., 42.7 KB) Lancaster, PAt Lancaster Marginalt June 2007 MaP (PDF 1 p., 82.9 KB) Philadelphia - Bucks Moderate June 2010 Wilmington, Chester Atlantic City, Delaware PA-DE-MD-NJ Montgomery Map (PDF 1 p., Philadelphia 193 KB) Pittsburgh- Allegheny Basic June 2009 Beaver Valley, Armstrong PA Beaver Map (PDF 1 p., Butler 138 KB) Fayette Washington Westmoreland Reading, PA Berks Basic June 2009 gap (PDF 1 p., 69.2 KB) Youngstown- Mercer Basic June 2009 Warren-Sharon, OH-PA Map (PDF 1 p., 79.5 KB) Scranton- Lackawanna Basic June 2009 Wilkes-Barre, Luzerne PA Monroe Map (PDF 1 p., Wyoming 74.1 KB) Clearfield and Clearfield Basic June 2009 Indiana, PA Indiana Map (PDF 1 p., 63.4 KB) State College, Centre Basic June 2009 PA Map (PDF 1 p., 50.2 KB) Tioga Co, PA Tioga Basic June 2009 Map (PDF 1 p., 30.7 KB) 9. 9. 9. .9 Virginia Norfolk-Virginia City of Marginal June 2007 Beach-Newport Chesapeake News (Hampton City of

http:lHwww.epa.gov/ozonedesignations/regions/region3desig.htm 08/03/2005 _ EPA-OAQPS -- 8-Hour Ground-level Ozone Designations - Region 3: State Designations Page 4 ot 5

Roads),VA Hampton M" (PDF 1 p., James City 111 KB) City of Newport News City of Norfolk City of Poquoson City of Portsmouth City of Suffolk City of Virginia Beach City of Williamsburg York Gloucester Isle of Wight

. _. . Richmond- Charles City Marginalt | June 2007 Petersburg, VAt Chesterfield Map (PDF 1 p., City of Colonial 129 KB) Heights Hanover Henrico City of Hopewell City of Richmond City of Petersburg Prince George Washington, Alexandria City Moderate June 2010 DC-MD-VA Map (PDF 1 p., Arlington 178 KB) Fairfax City Fairfax Falls Church City Loudoun Manassas City Manassas Park City Prince William Fredricksburg, Spotsylvania Moderate June 2010 VA Stafford Map (PDF 1 p., City of 72.4 KB) Fredericksburg Roanoke, VA Botetourt (EAC) Dec 2007 (EAC) Roanoke Map (PDF 1 p., City of 69.1 KB) Roanoke City of Salem Madison and Page (P) Basic June 2009 Page Cos Madison (P) (Shenandoah National Park),VA Map (PDF 1 p., 57.9 KB)

http://www.epa.gov/ozonedesignations/regions/region3desig.htm 08/03/2005 1EPA-0AQPST--?81Iour Ground-level Ozone Designations - Region 3: State Designations .Page:) ot -)

Frederick Co, Frederick (EAC) Dec 2007 VA (EAC) City of Map (PDF 1 p., Winchester 59.6 KB) West Virginia Charleston, WV Kanawha Basic June 2009 Ma (PDF 1 p., Putnam 84.8 KB) Huntington- Cabell Basic June 2009 Ashland- KY- Wayne WV "p (PDF 1 p., 102 KB) Parkersburg- Wood Basic June 2009 Marietta, OH- WV M"p (PDF 1 p., 61.4 KB) Steubenville- Brooke Basic June 2009 Weirton, OH-WV Hancock "p (PDF 1 p., 55.7 KB) Wheeling, OH- Marshall Basic June 2009 WV Ohio MNap (PDF 1 p., 51.3 KB) Berkeley & Berkeley (EAC) Dec 2007 Jefferson, WV Jefferson (EAC) Map (PDF 1 p., 60 KB) t This area has received a bump down in classification. See the reclassifications page for information.

Region 3 Recommendations and EPA Responses

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Last updated on Wednesday, July 27th, 2005 URL: http://www.epa.gov/ozonedesignations/regions/region3desig.htm

http://www.epa.gov/ozonedesignations/regions/region3desig.htm 08/03/2005 Richmond-Petersburg, VA 8-hour Ozone Nonattainment Area

Louisa

CharlesCity e ,MM Jam I Charles City Co Chesterfield Co Colonial Heights City Co Hanover Co Henrico Co Hopewell City Co Petersburg City Co Prince George Co Richmond City Co

Lunenburg

Boundaries and locations are for illustrative purposes only. This is not a regulatory document. EPA-OAQPS -- Fine Particle (PM 2.5) Designations - Region 3: State Designations Page 1 ot 3

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Fine Particle (PM 2.5) Designations % Recent Additions I Contact Us I Print Version Search: I|I | EFPAornAHfldome > Air -af lanning$ tandars > 5 > PM 25 Dgtign Region 3

PM 2.5 Designations Home Region 3: State Designations PM Home Basic Information Where You Live Boundary Designations for PM 2.5 Standard - EPA Region 3 State Designations Tribal Designations This table identifies all counties EPA has designated as nonattainment. In PM 2.5 Conditions some cases EPA designated partial counties. These are identified by a (P). Air Quality Forecast If a county is not listed below, EPA has designated it as unclassifiable/attainment. Frequent Questions State Area Name Counties PM 2.5 and Human Health Delaware Philadelphia-Wilmington, PA- New Castle NJ-DE Policy/Guidance District of Washington, DC-MD-VA District of Technical Data Columbia Columbia Related Links Maryland Baltimore, MD Anne Arundel Glossary Baltimore City

Baltimore

Carroll

Harford

Howard Hagerstown-Martinsburg, Washington MD-WV Washington, DC-MD-VA Charles

Frederick

Montgomery

Prince George's Pennsylvania Harrisburg-Lebanon-Carlisle, Cumberland PA Dauphin

Lebanon Johnstown, PA Cambria

Indiana (P) Lancaster, PA Lancaster

Philadelphia-Wilmington, PA- Bucks

http://epa.gov/pmdesignations/regions/region3desig.htm 08/03/2005 EPA-OAQPS -- Fine Prti cI e (PM 2.5) Designations - Region 3: State Designations Page :z ot :3

NJ-DE Chester

Delaware

Montgomery

Philadelphia 4-- Pittsburgh, PA Allegheny (P)

Armstrong (P)

Beaver

Butler

Greene (P)

Lawrence (P)

Washington

Westmoreland Pittsburgh-Liberty/Clairton, Allegheny (P) PA Reading, PA Berks York, PA York

4. 4- ft inia Washington, DC-MD-VA Alexandria

Arlington

Fairfax

Loudoun

Prince William

Falls Church

Manassas

Manassas Park

Fairfax City West Virginia Charleston, WV Kanawha

Putnam Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY- Cabell OH Wayne

_ Mason (P) Hagerstown- Martinsburg, Berkeley

http://epa.gov/pmdesignations/regions/region3desig.htm 08/03/2005 EPA-OAQPS -_-Fine Particle (PM 2.5) Designations - Region 3, State Designations Fage i ot j

MD-WV Parkersburg-Marietta, WV- Pleasants (P) OH Wood Steubenville-Weirton, OH- Brooke WV --- _ Hancock I Wheeling, WV-OH Marshall

Ohio See correspondence related to the April,2005 supplemental notice for information about changes to designations since the December, 2004 action.

Region 3 Recommendations and EPA Responses

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Last updated on Tuesday, July 19th, 2005 URL: httpJ/epa.gov/pmdesignations/regions/region3desig.htm

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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Fine Particle (PM 2.5) Designations %

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Virginia PM 2.5 Designations Map

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I=i Nonattainment County =ii AttainmentfUnclassifiable County Nonattainment County =lin Surrounding State i=i NonattainmentArea Boundary 1State Boundary

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