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24 November 2006 | $10 CONTENTS Volume 314, Issue 5803 COVER DEPARTMENTS A radar-derived model of Alpha, the larger half 1211 Science Online of the binary near-Earth asteroid (66391) 1213 This Week in Science 1999 KW4. Alpha is an unconsolidated 1218 Editors’ Choice aggregate 1.5 kilometers in diameter; its 1220 Contact Science effective slope ranges from zero (blue) to 1221 Random Samples 70° (red). Its rapid 2.8-hour rotation induces 1223 Newsmakers material to flow (arrowheads) from both the 1256 AAAS News & Notes 1315 northern and southern hemispheres toward Gordon Research Conferences 1317 the equator. See pages 1276 and 1280. New Products 1318 Science Careers Image: NASA/JPL EDITORIAL 1217 Carbon Trading by William H. Schlesinger NEWS OF THE WEEK LETTERS U.N. Conference Puts Spotlight on Reducing 1224 A Debate Over Iraqi Death Estimates G. Burnham and 1241 Impact of Climate Change L. Roberts Response J. Bohannon Teams Identify Cardiac ‘Stem Cell’ 1225 A Nonprotein Amino Acid and Neurodegeneration P. A. Cox and S. A. Banack Scientists Reap ITER’s First Dividends 1227 Plants, RNAi, and the Nobel Prize R. Jorgensen; SCIENCESCOPE 1227 M. Matzke and A. J. M. Matzke Sherwood Boehlert Q&A—Explaining Science 1228 to Power: Make It Simple, Make It Pay BOOKS ET AL. Patent Experts Hope High Court Will Clarify 1230 Why We Vote How Schools and Communities Shape 1244 What’s Obvious Our Civic Life D. E. Campbell, reviewed by A. Blais 1230 Government Questions Sequencing Patent Survival Skills for Scientists 1245 Resignations Rock Census Bureau 1231 F. Rosei and T. Johnston, reviewed by D. F. Perepichka NEWS FOCUS EDUCATION FORUM Splicing Out the West? 1232 Volunteers Bring Passion to Science Outreach 1246 Gendicine’s Efficacy: Hard to Translate M. R. Beck, E. A. Morgan, S. S. Strand, T. A. Woolsey Hervé This: The Joy of Evidence-Based Cooking 1235 PERSPECTIVES Italy’s Research Crunch: Election Promises Fade 1237 1244 Two Rapidly Evolving Genes Spell Trouble 1238 Superconductivity with a Twist 1248 M. Rice for Hybrids >> Report p. 1267 >> Report p. 1292 The Brain’s Dark Energy 1249 M. E. Raichle How Fast Are the Ice Sheets Melting? 1250 A. Cazenave >> Report p. 1286 Distributing Nutrition 1252 J. D. Gitlin >> Reports pp. 1295 and 1298 Global Change in the Upper Atmosphere 1253 J. La˘stovi˘cka et al. Life’s Complexity Cast in Stone 1254 W. Kiessling >> Report p. 1289 1232 CONTENTS continued >> www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 314 24 NOVEMBER 2006 1205 CONTENTS SCIENCE EXPRESS www.sciencexpress.org BIOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS Structural Basis for Ribosome Recruitment and Manipulation by a Viral A Seafloor Spreading Event Captured by Seismometers IRES RNA M. Tolstoy et al. J. S. Pfingsten, D. A. Costantino, J. S. Kieft Seismometers on the ocean floor revealed an increase in earthquakes for several The structure of a viral RNA containing an internal ribosomal entry site suggests months before an eruption of magma that formed new sea floor along the East how translation can begin in the middle of a messenger RNA. Pacific Rise. 10.1126/science.1133281 10.1126/science.1133950 PHYSICS MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Formation of a Nematic Fluid at High Fields in Sr3Ru2O7 Distinct Populations of Primary and Secondary Effectors During RNAi R. A. Borzi et al. in C. elegans A pronounced anisotropy in resistance associated with a quantum phase transition J. Pak and A. Fire in strontium ruthenate confirms predictions of a new state of matter—a nematic In RNA-directed gene silencing in worms, an unanticipated class of small antisense Fermi liquid. RNAs is synthesized by cellular RNA-directed RNA polymerase. 10.1126/science.1134796 10.1126/science.1132839 TECHNICAL COMMENT ABSTRACTS BREVIA MEDICINE ECOLOGY Comment on Papers by Chong et al., Nishio et al., 1243 Effective Enforcement in a Conservation Area 1266 and Suri et al. on Diabetes Reversal in NOD Mice R. Hilborn et al. D. L. Faustman et al. Antipoaching measures introduced in Serengeti National Park full text at www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/314/5803/1243a in Tanzania in the mid-1980s have allowed populations of buffalo, Response to Comment on Chong et al. on Diabetes elephants, and rhinoceros to recover. Reversal in NOD Mice RESEARCH ARTICLES A. S. Chong et al. full text at www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/314/5803/1243b PHYSICS 1267 Response to Comment on Nishio et al. on Diabetes Dynamical Superconducting Order Parameter Reversal in NOD Mice Domains in Sr2RuO4 J. Nishio et al. F. Kidwingira et al. full text at www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/314/5803/1243c Direct observations reveal that strontium ruthenate becomes superconducting through complex p-wave electron pairing, Response to Comment on Suri et al. on Diabetes as predicted by theory. Reversal in NOD Mice >> Perspective p. 1248 A. Suri and E. R. Unanue GEOPHYSICS full text at www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/314/5803/1243d A Post-Perovskite Lens and D” Heat Flux Beneath 1272 REVIEW the Central Pacific T. Lay, J. Hernlund, E. J. Garnero, M. S. Thorne ECOLOGY Seismic detection of an iron-rich province in the mantle just above What Is Natural? The Need for a Long-Term 1261 Earth’s core allows inference of temperatures at the base of the Perspective in Biodiversity Conservation mantle and the heat flux from the core. K. J. Willis and H. J. B. Birks REPORTS PLANETARY SCIENCE Radar Imaging of Binary Near-Earth 1276 Asteroid (66391) 1999 KW4 S. J. Ostro et al. Radar mapping shows that a large, Earth-approaching binary asteroid is composed of a 0.5-kilometer asteroid orbiting a larger, unconsolidated and rapidly spinning companion. 1248 & 1267 CONTENTS continued >> www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 314 24 NOVEMBER 2006 1207 CONTENTS REPORTS CONTINUED... PLANETARY SCIENCE PLANT SCIENCE Dynamical Configuration of Binary Near-Earth 1280 A NAC Gene Regulating Senescence Improves 1298 Asteroid (66391) 1999 KW4 Grain Protein, Zinc, and Iron Content in Wheat D. J. Scheeres et al. C. Uauy et al. A binary near-Earth asteroid’s shape, orbit, and rotation, which is A gene in wild wheat increases its protein, zinc, and iron content and almost rapid enough to break it apart, are the results of its recent could be inserted into domesticated wheat to increase its nutritional close passage to the Sun or Earth. value. >> Perspective p. 1252 CLIMATE CHANGE MICROBIOLOGY Ongoing Buildup of Refractory Organic Carbon in 1283 Evolutionary History of Salmonella Typhi 1301 Boreal Soils During the Holocene R. Roumagnac et al. R. H. Smittenberg et al. A large survey of the bacterial strain that causes human typhoid fever Accumulation of organic material in soils of the Pacific Northwest suggests that it spread globally during epidemics and persists in began after its glaciers receded and surprisingly continues, asymptomatic carriers. providing an ongoing carbon sink. PHYSIOLOGY CLIMATE CHANGE Dissecting the Functions of the Mammalian Clock 1304 Recent Greenland Ice Mass Loss by Drainage 1286 Protein BMAL1 by Tissue-Specific Rescue in Mice System from Satellite Gravity Observations E. L. McDearmon et al. S. B. Luthcke et al. A transcription factor required in the mouse brain for producing GRACE satellite analysis of regional changes in the gravity circadian rhythms also acts in muscle to control the animals’ activity of the Greenland Ice Sheet implies that the ice sheet lost and body weight. about 100 gigatons of ice each year from 2003 to 2005. MEDICINE >> Perspective p. 1250 A Bacterial Protein Enhances the Release and 1308 PALEOECOLOGY Efficacy of Liposomal Cancer Drugs Abundance Distributions Imply Elevated 1289 I. Cheong et al. Complexity of Post-Paleozoic Marine Ecosystems A lipid-cleaving enzyme from a bacterium that selectively infects P. J. Wagner, M. A. Kosnick, S. Lidgard tumors can cause the tumor-specific release of chemotherapeutic Analysis of the abundance of marine species since the Cambrian drugs carried by liposomes. indicate that ecological complexity, characterized by mobile taxa, NEUROSCIENCE increased greatly after the Permian extinction. Predictive Codes for Forthcoming Perception in the 1311 >> Perspective p. 1254 Frontal Cortex EVOLUTION C. Summerfield et al. Two Dobzhansky-Muller Genes Interact to Cause 1292 Functional brain imaging reveals that, as individuals visually identify Hybrid Lethality in Drosophila objects, neural activity in the frontal cortex influences activity in the N. J. Brideau et al. visual cortex. Sterility in the hybrid offspring of two fruit fly species is caused by a pair of interacting genes, one of which has been positively selected. >> News story p. 1238 PLANT SCIENCE Localization of Iron in Arabidopsis Seed Requires 1295 the Vacuolar Membrane Transporter VIT1 S. A. Kim et al. A transporter sequesters iron essential for plant growth in the vacuoles of embryonic vascular cells and may provide a way to enrich the iron content of grains. >> Perspective p. 1252 1252, 1295, & 1298 SCIENCE (ISSN 0036-8075) is published weekly on Friday, except the last week in December, by the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1200 New York Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20005. Periodicals Mail postage (publication No. 484460) paid at Washington, DC, and additional mailing offices. Copyright © 2006 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science. The title SCIENCE is a registered trademark of the AAAS. Domestic individual membership and subscription (51 issues): $139 ($74 allocated to subscription). Domestic institutional subscription (51 issues): $650; Foreign postage extra: Mexico, Caribbean (surface mail) $55; other countries (air assist delivery) $85. First class, airmail, student, and emeritus rates on request. Canadian rates with GST available upon request, GST #1254 88122. Publications Mail Agreement Number 1069624. Printed in the U.S.A. Change of address: Allow 4 weeks, giving old and new addresses and 8-digit account number. Postmaster: Send change of address to AAAS, P.O.
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  • The Physics of Negative Refraction and Transformation Optics

    The Physics of Negative Refraction and Transformation Optics

    The Physics of Negative Refraction and Transformation Optics by Wei Hsiung Wee Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Condensed Matter Theory Group Department of Physics Imperial College London June 2011 Declaration of Originality This thesis is a result of the author’s own work. All other work contained within are appropriately referenced to the best of the author’s knowledge. Abstract Whilst optics is one of the oldest field in science, there are still aspects of electromag- netism that we are only beginning to uncover. For instance, it was demonstrated that materials with simultaneously negative permittivity and permeability exhibit certain exotic behavior; where familiar physical phenomena, such as refraction, are reversed. As such, these materials came to be known as negative refractive index materials (NRIM) and their collective properties as negative refraction. One of the most important and remarkable property of NRIM is perfect lensing - the ability to transport both supra and sub-wavelength optical information from one surface (ob- ject plane) to another (image plane), forming images with unprecedented resolution, beyond the diffraction limit. Perfect lensing itself is a consequence of deeper sym- metries in electromagnetism, encapsulated in the language of transformation optics - with which we have both a descriptive tool to unify diverse electromagnetic con- figuarations, as well as a prescriptive tool to design media which bends light at will. While, such transformation medium and NRIM have been demonstrably realised using metamaterials, several challenges remain, of which loss is the major challenge. It is therefore under this trinity of concepts: metamaterials, negative refraction and transformation optics that this thesis is presented.