PART-II

Future Management

Discusse And Prescribed

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CHAPTER-VIII Basis Of Proposal

8.1. General Objectectives of Management

8.1.1. The management priorities for forests of Ramban Forest Division significantly shift from sustained timber yield as a primary objective to that of sustainable timber yield during the current revision of the plan. The management objectives are in line with the objectives envisaged in Jammu and Kashmir Forest Policy 2010. The forests are desired to be managed with a view to achieve the following objectives:-

1. To protect the ecosystem to maintain ecological balance and environmental stability for the larger benefit of the public. 2. To conserve biodiversity through planned and scientific management of forests. 3. To preserve forests in the higher reaches to maintain sustained quality water yield. 4. To improve the vegetation cover by establishing plantations on the denuded and bare hill slopes with indigenous plants as far as possible. 5. To secure regeneration of conifer species in previously worked forest areas through assisted natural regeneration and artificial regeneration. 6. To conserve soil and water to improve the productivity of forests by way of reducing soil erosion and bringing healthy soil moisture regime. 7. To achieve a balanced, normal structure of forests through management of forests as per silvicultural requirements of the crop. 8. To increase the productivity, qualitatively as well as quantitatively of the forests so as to obtain sustained yield of the forest produce both for local use and export. 9. To meet the bona fide requirements of local population in respect of fodder, firewood, agricultural implements, constructional timber etc. to the extent possible within the carrying capacity of these forests without harming the crop. 10. To Conserve the Medicinal Plants/Non Timber Forest produces by applying scientific principles and development of the same for sustainable utilization for the benefit of public. 11. To maintain congenial environment for wildlife through habitat management and to reduce man-animal conflict through training of staff and creation of awareness among masses 12. To adopt principles and practises of sustainable grazing through participatory management. 13. To utilize natural resources to encourage responsive, low carbon foot print eco- tourism to improve the economy of local populations. 14. Regulation of resin tapping in such a manner that ensures sustainability of future yields without having adverse impact on the chir crop.

15. Reducing pressure on forests through appropriate interventions including development of forest fringe belt into high production tree strips and extending

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tree cover outside forests to reduce pressure on natural forests for supply of forest produce. 16. Poverty alleviation by meeting livelihood needs of forest dependent communities through sustainable supply of forest produce by improving productivity of existing forests, and through forestry activities, schemes and programmes. 17. To maintain congenial environment for wildlife through habitat management and to reduce man- animal conflict through training of staff and creation of awareness among masses.

8.2. Method of treatment to be adopted

8.2.1. The following treatments are proposed to meet the objectives listed above:

1. Areas that have previously been worked, and in which regeneration has failed to establish propery, shall be re-stocked by artificial regeneration and natural regeneration. 2. Forest areas close to habitation that have degraded due to heavy biotic pressure and habitat degradation shall be given complete rest from commercial exploitation and these forests shall be rejevunated and rehabilitated by way of effective closure to be followed by sowing and planting of indigenous species preferred by local inhabitants to meet their requirements. 3. Only better stocked forests on gentle slopes, with adequate advance growth shall be treated suitably as per the silvicultural requirements of the crop to liberate the advance growth. 4. Forests on steep and precipitous slopes shall be protected and improved upon. 5. The forests along the National Highways and other roads passing through this division shall be protected and improved upon through vegetative and mechanical methods. 6. The regeneration has failed and decreased below expectation and to restock it by artificial regeneration, the chain link fencing be preferred to avoid biotic interference in such areas. 7. Over exploited and mal- treated forests shall be given complete rests and concrete efforts shall be made to restore them to their normal condition of growth and stocking. 8. Degraded areas covered with uncommercial bushes and shrubs shall be planted up with grasses and fodder species to meet the demand of fodder and high level pastures shall be brought under special development regulations. 9. In order to ensure sustained yield of resin, over worked areas shall be given rest health of chir forest shall be priorty rather than revenue from resin. Chir areas shall be treated so as to secure the regeneration of Chir. 10. Forests around the areas having importance from eco-tourism point of view shall not only be preserved for aesthetic purposes, but shall also be protected against degradation and encroachments owing to the ever-increasing tourist business. 11. Degraded areas covered with uneconomical bushes and shrubs shall be planted up with grasses to meet the demand for fodder

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12. Scientific survey on the availability of the NTFP will be done to assess their population in different compartments and to develop Good Extraction and Collection Practices by taking the help of institutions specialized in such aspects.

8.3. Constitution of Working Circles, their areas and distribution

8.3.1. In order to achieve the objectives of management on the basis of enumerated methods of treatment, the following working circle are constituted.

1. Mixed Conifer Selection Working Circle (MCWC). 2. Fir Selection Working Circle (FSWC). 3. Reboisement Working Circle (RWC). 4. Conservation Working Circle (PWC). 8.3.2. These working circles are territorially segregated by allocation of different compartments to different working circles. Allocation of compartments to different working circles is as per the assessment of crop stand and there is slight variation from the previous Working plan. The compartment wise allocation of the above working circles is shown in Map-9.1 and the summary of area included in different working circles is as under. Table No. 9.1: Commercial area under various Working Circles. Working Cropped Area Uncropp G. Total Circle ed Area Area( Ha) Dense Forest Open Total Blank (Commercial) Ha Forest(Ha) (Ha) (Ha) MCSWC 6121.83 2734.48 8856.31 2233.62 11089.93 FSWC 5876.00 2602.27 8478.27 3478.24 11956.51 RWC 5090.45 3891.93 8982.38 6722.34 15704.72 CWC 2382.29 1717 4099.29 5508.13 9607.42 Total 19470.57 10945.68 30416.25 17942.3 48358.58

8.3.3 The number of compartments included in each Working Circle in the individual ranges is given below.

Table No. 9.2. Number of Compartments Allotted to Each Working Circles.

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Working Circle Range No. of Compartments MCSWC Ramban 22 Banihal 25 Total 47 FSWC Ramban 18 Banihal 16 Total 34 RWC Ramban 32 Banihal 16 Total 48 CWC Ramban 10 Banihal 14 Total 24 Grand Total 153

8.3.4. In accordance with the National Working Plan Code the following functional overlapping working circles have been constituted. 1. Protection (Overlapping) Working Circle 2. Eco-Tourism (overlapping) Working Circle. 3. Wildlife Protection (Overlapping) working circle. 4. Grass land Development (overlapping) Working Circle. 5. JFM (Overlapping) Working Circle. 6. Plantation Working Circle (Overlapping) 7. NTFP (Overlapping) Working Circle. 8.4. Reasons for constitution of working circles

8.4.1. The allotment of compartment to various working circles in the previous plan by Shri Sh. Pritam Chand IFS has been changed to certain extent in this plan because of two reasons. Firstly, there has not been any significant improvement in the status of regeneration so Deodar Kail (R) Working Circle has not been proposed in this working. Secondly in view of the increasing importance of the these forests as catchment areas of Chanab river and construction of Baghliar and other Hydro Electric Projects the concentrated felling in this area may be harmful from the soil and water conservation point of view. The newly created Eco-Toursim Working Circle has been introduced in view of importance this area regarding environment and tourism potential. Protection working circle, NTFP, Grassland and JFM working Circles have been constituted to achieve management objectives and are mandatory as per National Working Plan Code 2014.

8.4.2. Mixed Conifers Selection Working Circle: This working circle shall include all valuable easily accessible forests of Deodar and Kail, with varying proportion of Fir and sprinklings of Spruce on higher reaches, and Chir on the lower reaches, occupying comparatively gentle slopes and rugged grounds. These forests are considered unsuitable for management under the system of concentrated regeneration felling. The compartments are ascertained on parameters of adequate growing stock, uniform distribution of dia classes, good crop health and

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feasibility of exploitable volume. Total of 47 compartments having an area of 11089.93 Ha have been included in this working circle.

8.4.3. Fir Selection Working Circle:This working circle shall include all the commercial Fir forests, considered suitable for commercial exploitation under Selection System. These forests consist of pure Fir, or mixture of Fir with a sprinkling of Spruce, Deodar and Kail. The crop consists of predominantly mature to over mature trees with a fair proportion of middle-aged trees. Regeneration is either absent or inadequate either lack of shade or heavy biotic pressure. A total of 34 compartments having an area of 11956.51 Ha have been included in this working circle.

8.4.4. Reboisement Working Circle: This working circle includes areas that have been degraded either due to biotic interference, or those that failed to regenerate after despite proper treatment in the past. Obviously, no yield can be taken out from these forests and therefore, complete rest and rehabilitation is prescribed for this Working Circle. However, dry and decaying trees must be exploited to generate revenue instead of living them to deteriorate subjected to the verification by the DCF/ACF. A total of 48 compartments having an area of 15704.72 Ha have been included in this working circle. 8.4.5. Conservation Working Circle: All those demarcated Forests of Ramban Forest Division that are not covered under any of the working circle described above, shall be placed under this working circle. These forests are highly degraded, occupy very steep slopes and need complete protection from all kinds of interference. These areas shall facilitate maintenance of ecological integrity of the region and safeguard ecological services like regulation of hydrological cycle, soil and water conservation, carbon sequestration, fresh air and climate stabilization. A total of 24 Compartments having an area of 9607.42 Ha have been included in this working circle. 8.4.6. Eco-Tourism Working Circle (Overlapping): This working circle covers whole areas of Ramban Forest Division with emphasis on the areas having immense tourism potential. This circle is being proposed to enhance wilderness protection and wildlife conservation, while providing livelihood opportunities for the local inhabitants. There would be deliberate efforts to identify camping sites, trekking routes, view points, cafeteria picnic pavilions etc. The forest department shall facilitate and inolve local communities in creation of ecotourism facilities and ensure the conservation of natural resource in a sustainable way. 8.4.7. Grassland Development (Overlapping) Working Circle:This working circle includes the area under pasture land in the alpine and the sub-alpine zone. In addition, the prescription of this working circle shall be operative in those areas of the sub-tropical zone especially degraded sites and landslides areas that support, or have the potential to support suitable gross species. Pressure on such lands is beyond their capacities which have resulted heavy erosion. Soil Conservation treatments, are strongly recommended in these areas.

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8.4.8. Joint Forest Management (JFM/CAMPA Overlapping) Working Circle: This working circle includes the areas taken up/to be taken up for treatment under Forest Development Agency (FDA) with the active participation of the local peoples (VFC’s) for regeneration and Eco-development of degraded forests and other adjoining areas. 8.4.9. Plantation (Overlapping) working circle: In this working circle, all the areas which are needed to be treated either by plantation or by assisted natural regeneration are included. The forest compartments which would be marked for timber extraction as per the plan recommendations would also be treated under this working circle. The compartments under Reboisement Working Circle are part of this Overlapping Working Circle.The areas to be treated under Joint Forest Management are also included under the working circle. 8.4.10. Non- Timber Forest Produce (Overlapping) Working Circle. This working circle is constituted to give special impetus to the conservation and development of medicinal plants and other NTFPs of Ramban division endowed with rich variety of NTFPs. Large numbers of medicinal plants are growing naturally in this division and there is immense scope for cultivation of medicinal plants. The scientific management for its conservation and development can help in boosting the rural economy. 8.4.11. Protection Working (Overlapping) Working: The forests are prone to damage by fire, illicit felling, encroachment, over grazing, mining etc. The major priority is giving proper protection and to keep these compartments under tight vigil. 8.4.12. Wild Life Management (Overlapping) Working Circle: Since wildLife has no territorial jurisdiction, overlapping working circle is formed to improve the habitat of wildlife and also the compartments were wildlife activity is witnessed and where man-animal conflict is happening at a regular interval 8.5. Blocks and compartments

8.5.1. This plan does not involve any change in the compartment boundary over the previous plan. The same is true of beats and blocks. Appendix -II provides the estate area statement giving the list of compartments, Range wise, along with their respective areas and allotment. The range wise break up of territorial blocks and beats along with their constituent compartments is provided under Appendix-II. The blocks and beats have been named after prominent village, drainage or place in the vicinity.

As usual, sub-compartments are denoted by small alphabets a,b,c, after the compartment number in chronological order, usually marked by natural topographical features such as nallah, spurs, ridges, rivers etc. or even artificial features as roads, path, canal etc. A single coal tar ring of 10 cm width, in the centre of 30 cm wide dry ring, on the trunks of suitable trees, preferably middle- aged, at breast height, inter-visible from two consecutive points, denotes compartment/sub-compartment boundary. Similarly, double coal tar rings indicate the Range boundary and three coal tar rings indicate division boundary. These rings, along ridges and spurs follow the slope linearly, whereas, Nallas,

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paths and roads, they have been put alternatively on the both sides in a staggered way, being mutually inter-visible. Compartment number and usual symbols for boundary features have been carved and painted with coal tar at breast height on suitable tree trunks at the base, middle and top of the compartments, as well as, at important location, such as, roads, paths, saddle crossing etc. Sufficient numbers of boards depicting demarcation have been carved and painted with coal tar at short interval. Due care has been exercised in depicting the symbols for compartment boundary and compartment number with reference to the actual position of board on the trunks. The meticulous lay out carried out at the time of previous revision of the plan was of considerable assistance in the present revision.

8.6. Period of the Plan and necessity for Intermediate Revision

8.6.1. This plan shall remain in force for a period of 10 years beginning from April 2018 till March 2028. The plans under revision shall be deemed to have been extended from April 1994 to March 2018, the period, between the expiry of the last plans under revision and the beginning of this plan. Intermediate revision is not required.

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Compartment Map of Ramban Forest Division.

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Ramban Forest Division Allotment of Working Circles

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Map Showing Compartments under Mix Conifer Selection Working Circle

Map Showing Compartments under Mix Conifer Selection Working Circle

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Map Showing Compartments under Fir Selection Working Circle

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Map Showing Compartments under Reboisement Working Circle

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Map Showing Compartments under Conservation Working Circ

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CHAPTER-IX Working Plan For The Mixed Conifers (Selection) Working Circle

9.1. General Constitution of the Working Circle

9.1.1. This working circle contains easily accessible, relatively well-stocked commercial forests of Deodar and Kail with sprinklings of Fir and Spruce here and there in the higher reaches and a few straight trees of Chir in the lower areas, occupying comparatively steep slopes and rugged grounds. These forests are considered unfit to be managed under the system of concentrated regeneration felling because of comparatively low status of stocking and for the consideration of protection of soil site. This working circle shall by and large includes those areas of the present Ramban Forest Division which formed part of the Deodar Kail (Regular) working Circle in the previous working plan of Shri.Pritam Chand IFS and areas under conifer selection working circle. A few compartments that needed rehabilitation have been transferred from this working circle of the past plan to the Rebiosement Working Cirle. Total area of this circle is 11089.93 Ha which constitute 22.93% of the total geographical area of the division. About 6121.83 ha (55.20%) area of this circle is commercial forest area out of which 2442.44 Ha lies in Banihal range and remaining 3679.39 Ha areas is in Ramban range. The forests included in this working circle is characterised by good productive capacity and proximity to villages. The crop in this circle would be managed in a manner that ensure sustainable flow of direct as well as indirect benefits to the local people at the same time conserve the productivity of the forests.

9.2. General Character of the vegetation

9.2.1. The forests constituting this working circle consist mostly of Deodar and Kail forests with sprinklings of Fir and Spruce. A few rare stray trees of Chir and Taxus baccata (Yew) are encountered here and there in this zone. The crop is largely middle-aged to mature with a fair proportion of mature and over mature stock. The overall condition of the regeneration is satisfactory in this working circle except in the periphery of large human settlements. 9.2.2. A detailed description of the forests has already been given in Chapter-II of part I of this Plan. The forests allotted to this working circle conform to Champion and Seth’s forests types12/C1c, 12/C1d, 12/C1f, 12/DS2, 12/DS3, 12/IS1 and 11/2s1. The distribution of stems over various diameter classes is not quite balanced as can be observed from the perusal of the following table.

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Table No. 9.1. Normal and Actual distribution of Stems over Diameter Classes- Conifer Selection Working Circle. Diameter Class-> 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 >70 Normal distribution 41.00 25.00 15.00 9.00 5.00 3.00 2.00 in percentage. % % % % % % % Actual distribution in percentage. 21.55 13.00 10.30 12.92 14.66 9.90 17.67

9.2.3. The crop, over vast stretches, is more or less evenlooking and young to middle aged. Mature and over-mature trees are above normal distribution. There is a deficiency of stems in the lowermost diameter class.

9.2.4. The broad leaved miscellaneous species occupy sizeable area of the working Circle, occuring either mixed with conifer species or pure in patches, linear strips along the streams, moist depression and shelter slopes. Broad leaved species are mostly confined to the top most and the lower most areas of the hill slopes and banks of the streams. Among the broad leaved species Alnus nepalensis, Juglans regia, Aesculus indica, Quercus ilex, Quercus leucotrichophora and Quercus dilatata are quite frequent.

9.3. Area and Allotment

9.3.1. This working circle constitutes 22.93 percent of the total geographical area of the Division. Detailed statements of the compartments and sub-compartments allotted to this working circle and area of each compartment under various density classes are provided under Appendix-IV. However the range and block wise distribution of the total area and commercial area as drawn from the said appendix is summarized as under:-

Table No. 9.2. Summary of Range wise area under Mixed Conifer selection Working Circle. S.No Range Block Compartments Total area Commercial 1 Banihal Sarbagni 3a,3b,5a,5b,7a,8,9b,10b, 2137.57 1093.38 12a,13b,15,19b 2 Banihal Mohu 20a,20b,25,26b,28a,29b, 2000.45 791.61 34,35,37b,40 3 Banihal Banihal 52,53,54,55 854.34 557.45 S.Total 4992.36 2442.44 4 Ramban Neel 8,17a,18 776.17 604.09 5 Ramban Bhangara 25b,28,30 1010.95 577.49 6 Ramban Ramban 36,37,38,43,49,50,51,57 2226.06 1351.60 7 Ramban Rahgarh 58,59,60,63,66,68,70 2084.39 1146.21 S.Total 6097.57 3679.39 Total 11089.93 6121.83

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9.4. Description of Silvicultural System Adopted

9.4.1. The forests allotted to this working circle are located on comparatively easy slopes. As a result, they play a key role in the soil, water and moisture conservation, and ecological stability of the area. Keeping in view the composition and condition of the crop, and the environmental function that these forests perform, these forests shall be managed under Selection System. The objective behind the application of this system is to distribute the regeneration evenly over the entire working circle. Secondly, because of the continuous presence of over wood, the regeneration of shade bearers like Fir and Spruce can be secured thereby maintaining the mixed composition of these forests. In this system, the fellings are directed towards silvicultutrally available trees above the exploitable diameter over a given felling cycle. Normally it is expected that regeneration will come up in the gaps created by the trees removed. However, since the establishment of regeneration in this area is not assured, the removals will be restricted only to those areas where established regeneration is already present. In area deficient or lacking regeneration only a conservative cut avoiding creation of large gaps in the canopy is envisaged. These forests are also subjected to very high grazing pressure from migratory graziers as well as from the cattle of local inhabitants so only small gaps need to be created to minimise management risk and to ensure that there is no loss to the forests in the long run. Hence considering all issues selection system is adopted.

9.5. Exploitable Size and Rotation

9.5.1. In order to achieve the objects of management and to fulfill the requirement of the area with regard to productive function of forests, an exploitable d.b.h. for Deodar and Kail is 70 cm d.b.h. and 80 cm d.b.h. for Fir shall be adopted to reduce the intensity of the cut avoiding the creation of large gaps. Even though fixing of rotation age is of academic interest in case of Selection System the rotation of 150 years for Deodar, 150 for Kail and 225 years for Fir corresponding to exploitable diameters of 70 cm d.b.h. for Deodar and Kail and 80 cm for Fir respectively is adopted.

9.6. Felling Cycle

9.6.1. Felling cycle is fixed and adopted at 30 years. It is considered adequate to regulate the desired intensity of the cut/ felling. Consequently, there shall be 30 annual coupes in this working circle. The period of 30 years is sufficient time for atleast 8 seed years in case of deodar and 6 seed years in case of Fir. Since crop is mixed the period is apt to provide sufficent time for all the three species to regenerate. The time period is also sufficient to conveniently take review of the management practices and regeneration status in the mid course during the review of working plan after 10 years and make necessary alterations and adjustments.

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9.7. Felling Series

9.7.1. All the commercial area of the working circle was pooled and the annual yield was calculated. The annual yield was distributed among the ranges based on their proportion of commercial area. The annual coupe of the ranges was constituted accordingly. Hence there will be one felling series identical to constitution of working circle.

9.8. Analysis and valuation of the Crop

9.8.1. The assimilation of data for analysis of crop and its characteristics has been described in the Chapter-VIII. The method of stratified random sampling has been employed for estimation of crop stand. Stratification of the forest crop was done based on land use and then forests were classified on the basis of crop density, into two classes of dense and open forests. The classification and stratification of the stand was done by employing interactive supervised classification of Satellite imagery on ArcGIS 10. It was further cross verified with Google earth image for ascertaining accuracy. Satellite imagery from Landsat-V and LISS-IV were used for classification.

9.8.2. The method used for enumeration of crop stand is partial sampling by sample plots of 0.1 ha. A total of 46 sample plots were laid across the Working Circle area. The individual sample plots were transferred on the map in GIS platform and later the sample plots were then traced on the ground using GPS. The sample plots were laid on forest patch in the high density strata. Status of regeneration was ascertained by laying of transects in the sample plots. The sampled data was then statistically analyzed and the resultant values are tabulated below.

Table No. 9.3. Results of Statistical analysis for Mixed Conifers Selection Working Circle.

S.No Attribute Stem Volume 1 No.of sample plots (n) 46 46 2 Mean (X) 274.35 537.47 3 Variance (S2) 5602.90 30726.50 4 Standard Deviation (S) 74.85 175.29 5 Standard Error (S.E) 11.04 25.85 6 Coeff of Variation % 27.28 32.61 7 95% Confidence Lower Limit 252.11 485.41 8 95% Confidence Upper Limit 296.59 589.53 9 Confidence Interval (CI) 44.48 104.12 10 Lower Limit as % of Mean 91.89 90.31 Column 5 : S.E = S/ √ n Column 6 : COV % = (S/X) x 100 Column 7 : Lower limit = X- (Student t test value for n-1 degrees of freedom * SE) Column 8: Upper limit = X + (Student t test value for n-1 degrees of freedom * SE) Column 9 : C.I = Upper limit – Lower limit

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9.8.3. The field data collected was tabulated and analyzed in computer using Windows Microsoft Excel software. From the field sample data, the average dia-class wise stem and volume distribution was ascertained and is reproduced below in table- 9.4 and table 9.5. The average number of stem and average volume per hectare was calculated that was further extrapolated for the entire working circle. 9.8.4. The averge number of stems and growing stock per hectare for the entire working circle area are 274 and 537.47 cum respectively.

9.9. Calculation of the yield

9.9.1. The yield has been calculated in terms of number of trees and volume, which in turn shall be subject to area check by working out the size of the annual coupe. Modified Brandis Diameter-class Method and Von Mantel’s formula have been applied for calculation of the yield. The following presumptions have been made in this regard. a. Only commercial area and its growing stock have been taken into account for the purpose of yield calculation. a. The growing stock over commercial area of this working circle is classified within 10 cm diameter classes indicated by symbols I, II, III, IV, V, VI and VII. Class I stands for tree above the exploitable diameter and the other successively below it to the youngest. b. The number of trees in all those classes being considered for the purpose of yield calculation has been computed at lower limits of confidence interval. c. It takes 135,115 and 194 years, on an average, for trees of Deodar, Kail and Fir respectively to attain exploitable diameter of 70cm d.b.h in case of Deodar and Kail respectively and 80 cm in case of Fir. d. It takes 15,13, and 25 years respectively for an average Deodar, Kail and Fir tree to pass from approach class (60-70 cm d,b,h) in case of deodar and Kail and 80 cm d.b.h in case of fir. e. It takes 25, 24 years respectively for an average Deodar, Kail tree to pass from approach class ( 60-70 cm d.b.h) to class I diameter class of 70-80 cm d.b.h, where as it takes 25 years for Fir species to reach Class I diameter class of 80-90cm diameter class from approach class 70-80cm. f. The following survival coefficient percentage based on the All India Volume Table in respect of Deodar, Kail and Fir has been used.

Diameter class d.b.h (Cm) Survival Percentage of Species Deodar Kail Fir 30 30% 45% 20% 40 60% 60% 40% 50 80% 80% 50% 60 90% 90% 60% 70 95% 95% 85% 80 - - 95%

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g) In view of preponderance of mature and over-mature growing stock and their vulnerability to rot, the yield finally arrived at shall be reduced by 15%. h) Based on these assumptions, the number of total potentiality available trees, over the commercial area of this working circle, calculated at lower confidence limit of mean value after the deduction on account of mortality is tabulated above.

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Table No. 9.4.1. Summary of Species wise Stem Distribution in per Hectare of Commercial area of Mix Conifer Selection Working Circle. Species 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100-above Total Chir 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 Deodar 20 13 9 10 12 9 5 3 4 0 86 Fir/Spruce 3 5 6 4 6 5 4 2 2 1 38 Kail 32 15 13 19 20 13 12 7 5 0 137 Bl 2 2 0 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 9 Total 59 36 28 35 40 27 23 13 11 2 274 Table No.9.4.2. Summary of Species wise Stem Distribution in Commercial area of Mix Conifer Selection Working Circle. Area= 6121.83 Ha Species 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100- Total above Chir 7958 2632 1347 3979 3979 0 0 1347 0 0 21243 Deodar 125069 78543 55892 63851 70523 53260 31956 21304 26630 1347 528375 Fir/Spruce 21304 30609 34588 26630 37282 29262 23936 14631 11999 5326 235568 Kail 198286 94460 78543 117111 121090 79829 75849 41261 30609 2632 839670 Bl 9305 11999 2632 5326 13284 3979 7958 0 0 0 54484 Total 361923 218243 173003 216896 246159 166330 139700 78543 69238 9305 1679340

Table No. 9.4.3. Summary of Species wise Minimum available Stem Distribution in Commercial area of Mix Conifer Selection Working Circle, (Minimum Level 91.89 %). Species 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100-above Total Chir 7313 2419 1238 3656 3656 0 0 1238 0 0 19520 Deodar 114926 72173 51359 58672 64804 48941 29364 19576 24470 1238 485524 Fir/Spruce 19576 28127 31783 24470 34258 26889 21995 13445 11026 4894 216463 Kail 182205 86799 72173 107613 111269 73355 69698 37915 28127 2419 771573 Bl 8551 11026 2419 4894 12207 3656 7313 0 0 0 50066 Total 332571 200544 158972 199306 226195 152841 128370 72173 63623 8551 1543146

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Table No. 9.5.1. Summary of Species wise Volume Distribution per hectare of Mix Conifer Selection Working Circle Species 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100-above Total Chir 0.17 0.06 0.10 0.74 1.44 0.00 0.00 1.35 0.00 0.00 3.86 Deodar 2.66 1.67 6.94 13.88 24.20 27.30 22.90 19.69 29.78 1.64 150.66 Fir/Spruce 0.45 0.65 4.75 6.78 18.08 23.43 26.80 19.85 18.39 8.86 128.04 Kail 4.21 2.01 9.75 26.02 44.91 43.57 54.77 36.05 30.70 2.93 254.92 Total 7.49 4.39 21.54 47.42 88.63 94.30 104.47 76.94 78.87 13.43 537.48

Table No.9.5.2. Summary of Species wise Volume Distribution in the Commercial area of Mix Conifer Selection Working Circle. (Area 6121.83 Ha) Species 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100-above Total Chir 1040.71 367.31 612.18 4530.15 8815.44 0.00 0.00 8264.47 0.00 0.00 23630.26 Deodar 16284.07 10223.46 42485.50 84971.00 148148.29 167125.96 140189.91 120538.83 182308.10 10039.80 922314.92 Fir/Spruce 2754.82 3979.19 29078.69 41506.01 110682.69 143434.48 164065.04 121518.33 112580.45 54239.41 783839.11 Kail 25772.90 12304.88 59687.84 159290.02 274931.39 266728.13 335292.63 220691.97 187940.18 17936.96 1560576.90 Total 45852.50 26874.84 131864.21 290297.18 542577.81 577288.57 639547.58 471013.60 482828.73 82216.17 3290361.19

Table No.9.5.3. Summary of Species wise Minimuim Volume Distribution in the Commercial area of Mix Conifer Selection Working Circle,

(Minimum Level 90.31 %) Species 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100-bove Total Chir 939.87 331.72 552.86 4091.18 7961.22 0.00 0.00 7463.64 0.00 0.00 21340.49 Deodar 14706.14 9232.81 38368.66 76737.31 133792.72 150931.45 126605.51 108858.62 164642.45 9066.94 832942.61 Fir/Spruce 2487.88 3593.61 26260.96 37484.08 99957.54 129535.68 148167.14 109743.20 101671.40 48983.61 707885.10 Kail 23275.51 11112.54 53904.09 143854.82 248290.54 240882.17 302802.77 199306.92 169728.78 16198.87 1409357.01 Total 41409.40 24270.68 119086.57 262167.39 490002.02 521349.30 577575.42 425372.38 436042.63 74249.42 2971525.21

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9.10. Yield Regulation

9.10.1. Modified Brandis Diameter Class Method and Von Mantel,s formulas have been applied for calculating yield. The stepwise yield calculations for one felling cycle on the basis of Modified Brandis Diameter –class Method are tabulated under table 9.6. The yield calculated using Brandis Diameter class method is is as under.

Table No. 9.6. Species and diameter-class wise potential availability of trees from the commercial area of Mixed Conifer Selection Working Circle.

DEODAR Tree Class Class VI V IV III II I Total Diameter-class below30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 above 70 Total No. of trees 203612 55892 63851 70523 53260 81237 528375 assessed at mean value Total No. of trees 187099 51359 58672 64804 48941 74648 485524 Assessed at lower limit of confidence interval Age of entry in the 57 71 90 110 135 class Years in class 14 19 20 25 Transition period Survival Coefficient 0.3 0.6 0.8 0.9 0.95 of the class No. of potentially 15408 35203 51843 44046 70916 217416 available trees

KAIL Tree Class Class VI V IV III II I Total Diameter-class below30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 above70 Total No.Of 292746 78543 117111 121090 79829 150352 839670 trees assessed at mean value Total No. of 269004 72173 107613 111269 73355 138159 771572.96 Trees assessed At lower limit Of confidence interval Age of entry in the 42 55 72 91 115 class Years in class 13 17 19 24 transition period SurvivalCoefficient 0.45 0.6 0.8 0.9 0.95 of the class

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FIR Tree Class Class VI V IV III II I Total Diameter-class 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 Above80 Total No. of trees 34588 26630 37282 29262 23936 31956 183655 assessed at mean value Total No. of trees 31783 24470 34258 26889 21995 29364 168760 assessed at lower limit of confidence interval Age of entry in the 73 96 118 139 164 194 class Years in class 23 22 21 25 30 transition period Survival 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.85 0.95 Coefficient of the class No. of potentially 6357 9788 17129 16134 18696 27896 96000 available trees

9.10.2.The yield calculation has been made on the basis of average recruitment rate for the whole period during which trees above 30 cm d.b.h will reach class I. Alternativelly the yield may be calculated on the basis of average recruitment rate from the upper classes to class I during the first felling cycle period only. This is more realistic approach than the above. As in the first felling cycle only the trees of calss II and possibly some of class III actually will move in to the class I, the calculations are made as follows:-

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Table No. 9.7. Yield Calculation for Mixed Conifer Selection Working Circle Using Brandis Method.

Deodar Kail Fir & Spruce a) Total number of trees in class I 70916 131251 27896 b) Total number of trees likely to pass on to class I in the first felling cycle from Class II 44046 66019 18696 Class III = 12961 28110 0 c) Total recruitment in class I from class II and III during first felling cycle 57007 94129 18696 d) Annual recruitment from class II and III during the first felling cycle (c / 1900 3138 623 30) e) Stock required to be kept as reserve i.e. half of the total recruitment in 'c' 28504 47065 9348 above f) Surplus stock of class I ( a - e) 42412 84186 18548 g) Total possibility of yield in first felling cycle if all surplus stock in 'f' 99419 178315 37244 above is removed ( c + f) h) Annual yield ( g / 30) 3314 5944 1241 i) Total possibility of yield if all surplus stock in 'f' above is removed in 78213 136222 27970 two felling cycles ( c + f/2) (refer note below) j) Annual yield ( i / 30) 2607 4541 932 k) Weighted average volume of trees above exploitable diameter as per 5.481 4.980 8.868 Kullu Volume Tables in cubic metres l) Total annual volume yield ( m3) 14289 22614 8265 m) Deduct fifteen percent from 'l' above to account for mortality 12146 19222 7025 n) Rounded off to lower multiple of hundred 12100 19200 7000 Total Annual Yield From The Working Circle 38,300 Cum

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9.10.3. The Yield calculated by Brandis Method has been cross checked using Von Mantel’s formula on growing stock. The annual yield limits worked by application of Von Mantel’s Formula is as under.

Table No. 9.8. The yield calculated using Von Mantel’s formula is as under. Von Montel 2*GS/R (GS- Minimum yield Available GS Species RotationCycle Min GS Yield Corrected Yield Chir 150 21340.49 284.54 200 Deodar 150 832942.61 11105.9 11100 Fir 225 707885.10 6292.31 6200 Kail 150 1409357.01 18791.43 18700 Total 2971525.21 36474.18 36200

9.10.4. The Comparative statement of yield computed from the two methods is as under.

Table No. 9.9. Comparasion of Yield Calculated by two Methods. Method Deodar Kail Fir/Spruce Total Von Mantel yield 11100 18700 6200 36000 Brandis 12100 19200 7000 38300 Yield Recommended 11100 18700 6200 36000

The yield calculated by Brandis Diameter Class Method is more than the yield estimation by Von Mantel method. It is due to the fact that stocking is abnormal as proportion of volume above the exploitable dia class was found to be more than 50%.

The yield calculated by Von Mantel’s formula is recommended to be implemented in forests of Ramban and Banihal Ranges. The felling is proposed to be carried out on a large scale as there was ban on green felling in 1990s. Hence as precautionary measure only 70 percent of the Von Mantel Yield is recommended to be removed from the commercial forests of this working circle so that corrective measures can be taken up immediately in case there is an indication of any adverse impact. Accordingly, the annual yield estimation of this working circle is as 70 percent of recommended yield is as under.The yield calculated on the volume basis shall be controlled by an area check. Deodar = 7770 M3 Kail = 13090 M3 Fir and spruce = 4340 M3 Total = 25200 M3

The intensity of annual cut on the basis of volume (25200 M3) over the commercial area of 6121.83 Ha works out to be 4.12 CUM per hectare. The yield calculated on volume basis shall be subjected to area check.

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9.11. Size of the Annual Coupe

9.11.1. The yield calculated on the volume basis shall be controlled by an area check. The size of the annual coupe is calculated as under:

Annual Coupe (ha) = Total Commercial Area of Working Circle/= 6121.83/30=204.06ha

Felling Cycle = 30 years.

9.12. Allowable cut

9.12.1. On the basis of annual yield and the size of Annual coupe prescribed the annual intensity per hectare in the coupe works out as below. Total Growing Allowable cut as Annual Coupe Allowable cut annual Stock per ha. %age of minimum (hectares) per ha. (cum) yield(cum) (cum) Growingstock (Vol) 25200 204.06 123.49 485.4 25.44

9.13. Realization of the yield

9.13.1. The annual cut prescribed above should be removed for sure, as the stock is already estimated conservatively and hence the resultant removals too are a very conservative cut. No water tight sequence of felling is prescribed to lend sufficient flexibility at the hands of the D.F.O to decide on the area to be worked. The yield prescribed shall include the volume of all trees 30 cm d.b.h. and above marked for whatever purpose including concession marking, illicit damage etc. Felling in the next 10 years shall be subject to the limit of yield prescribed (2520 M3) and area check (204.06 ha), whichever is arrived at earlier. The annual yield prescribed should be strictly adhered to. Deviations in annual yield to the extent of 20 percent are permissible for certain administrative or technical reasons. Deviations beyond above limits shall require prior sanction of the Chief Conservator of Forests. However, cumulative deviation over the entire working plan period should not exceed the prescribed yield.

9.14. Sequence of Felling

9.14.1. In view of current ban on green felling, the sequence of felling has been left to the discretion of Divisional Forest Officer who shall exercises his judgment keeping in view the progress of regeneration. If the felling operation is to be taken up according to the felling series and schedule. One felling series is recommended. The commercial area to be taken up for treatment in each coupe, number of trees to be marked and volume to be marked in each coupe is clearly mentioned.

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9.15. Method of Executing Felling

9.15.1. Gradual removal of overwood standing above the advance growth and regeneration with view to relieve it from shade and suppression, and very light openings up of the crop where regeneration is inadequate will constitute the general guide lines in executing the fellings. All the mother trees and all such overwood standing over the regeneration must be graduly removed in order to avoid the invasion of the area by weeds which come up profusely in the gaps. The canopy needs to be manuplated with utmost care. Selection forests require elaborate management and great skill on the part of the executive staff who have to handle the crop properly.

9.16. Marking and felling rules

9.16.1. Accordingly, the following marking rules are laid down for guidance of marking officer. a. The marking officer, prior to conducting the marking, must acquaint himself thoroughly with the condition and composition of the crop in the compartment and its boundaries by traversing the area of the compartment. b. Marking should be done by the DCF in charge of the division and well trained and experienced ACF. The marking should never be conducted by anybody below the rank of a well trained and experienced Range Officer, in which case, they should check at least 25% of these marking. These guidelines have already been there in the previous Working Plans but do not seem to have been followed and almost all type of marking are left to Foresters without any check. c. No marking except the removal of dead and diseased trees shall be done in area near and around cultivation of behaks within a distance of 100 meter from their periphery. d. No marking, except removal of dead and diseased trees shall be done in area near and around cultivation and behaks with in a distance of 100 meters from their periphery. e. No healthy trees below the exploitable size may be marked. f. No attempt shall be made to disturb the process of the succession by giving preference to one species on the others. The selection character of the crop shall be preferred over the area of this working circle and should be maintained by retaining some healthy trees of exploitable size, which do not cause any suppression to the crop. g. No marking should be conducted in area lacking regeneration. h. No marking should be done on steep and precipitous slopes.The over mature trees should get preference over the relatively younger and healthier ones. i. Marking for improvement felling shall form an integral part of the major markings. Al dead and diseased trees shall be marked together with malformed and unfit trees. j. All trees of exploitable size 70 cm d.b.h in case of deodar and Kail, and 80 cm d.b.h in case of Fir), standing over adequate advance growth should be removed.

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Selection marking of light intensity shall be carried out in area having inadequate but established regeneration. k. In dense groups of trees, of and above exploitable size, the spacing between the stems to be retained will vary from 5 to 8 meters, depending upon the status and amount of regeneration present. Selection felling of moderate intensity shall be carried out in such groups. l. In the mixed crop, ecologically most suitable species to the locality should be favoured. m. The intensity of felling over a particular compartment will largely depend upon the degree of biotic interference to which it is subject to, the amount and status of regeneration, and its topography, slope and aspect. n. Extreme care has to be exercised at the time of felling so as not to damage the regeneration below. As the major marking (Green felling) has been banned the practices of supplementary markings has also been discontinued. Only dry and fallen trees are marked for SFC and departmental extractions under the norms fixed by the Q and Q Committee.

9.17. Supplementary Marking

9.17.1. All the dead and deceased trees are to be removed in the intervening period in the felling cycle. The trees that are also thought to be severely hampering the regeneration may be removed. The D.F.O may move a proposal in consultation with Conservator of Forests and sumit the same to Conservator of Forests (Working Plan) for approval of removal of such trees. However, such a practice should be very rare and purely on the basis of credible justification. The crop stand must be monitored for sufficiency of regeneration and comparison of cumulative n-d curve of ideal distribution to the existent distribution must be done for justifying such removals, if extremely necessary. As a matter of fact it should not be a rule but an exception.

9.18. Cultural Operations

9.18.1. Felling refuse not only builds the potential reserve of combustible material but is equally bad for the hygiene of the crop. The felling refuse in Deodar-Kail forests if generally taken away by the villagers for their domestic use as firewood. However, in remote areas, far away from human settlements the felling refuse left in the forests should be collected and safer places and burnt during the safe season. This will not clear the forests floor of felling debris but also reduce the chances of fires in the forests.

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9.19. Regeneration Programme

9.19.1. The success of any silvicultural system adopted, and the treatment given to the crop there under, depends largely on the efforts made to regeneration the forests in due course of time. It is not much of a problem to regenerate these forests naturally except in areas near and around huge human habitations. Deodar- Kail forests are relatively saved from the menace of excessive grazing. However, it is extending over to Deodar- Kail belt also, with the result, the extent of the area deficient in regeneration are expanding every passing day. The measures to induce regeneration needs to be applied over larger areas. However, it is neither practical nor feasible to close large areas to grazing because of socio-economic constraints. It is therefore suggested, that area requiring regeneration equal to the size of the annual coupe, evenly distributed over the total areas of the working circle, should be effectively closed to grazing every year. All efforts should be made to induce natural regeneration and assist the establishment of natural regeneration. This involves removal of weeds, racking humus and closure of such areas to grazing. In case the area is too refractory to respond to natural seeding, artificial regeneration by way of sowing and planting nursery-raised seedlings should be restored to.

9.20 Control of Grazing

9.20.1. Grazing in Deodar and Kail forests is not much of a problem except in the areas around the human inhabitation. However, unrestricted, uncontrolled and unregulated grazing does affect these forests adversely and is the main reason for failure of regeneration in areas subjected to heavy grazing. Large herds of migratory as well as local live stock graze these forests and trample the young seedlings and saplings. The areas highly subjected to grazing are prescribed to be effectively closed to the exclusion of grazing and taken up for artificial regeneration by patch sowing and planting.

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CHAPTER-X Working Plan For The Fir (Selection) Working Circle

10.1. General constitution of the Working circle

10.1.1. This working circle includes all well stocked, commercial and exploitable Fir Forests of Ramban Forest Division. This working Circle also contains some proportion of Deodar, Kail and Spruce. The forests constituting this Working Circle are by and large of better quality Fir. These are mostly confined to the hill slopes, varying from moderate to steep in gradient. These forests are considered unfit to be managed under system of concentrated felling because of steep slope and poor regeneration. Total area of this circle is 11956.51 Ha which constiture 24.72% of the total area of the division. About 5876.00 ha (49.14%) area of this circle is commercial forest area out of which 2551.88 Ha lies in Banihal range and remaining 3324.12 Ha area in Ramban Range. The constitution of this working circle is same as compared to previous working plan except for few changes.

10.2. General Character of the Vegetation

10.2.1. This working circle includes Fir forests occurring mostly as pure or mixed forests of Fir with some proportion of spruce. Doedar and kail forests are also found to some proportion. The crop consists of mature and over mature trees in relatively larger proportion. The condition of the regeneration is not satisfactory all over the working circle, especially in the areas surrounding the huge human settlements, burdoned with the heavey pressure of grazing and other demands. The common associates of Fir amoung the other conifers is Kail which occupies hotter slopes and pheripheries of the opening like those of pasture lands. Where ever typical fir eco-system has been disturbed, the kail has recovered such area as a pioneer speies. However, the condition being too moist for Kail to generate naturally, it is replaced by the Fir in due course of time. Deodar mostly confined to the cool- northern aspects occupying the lower belts intermixed with fir and or in pure patches.

10.2.2. The broad leaved species do occur and occupy a sizeable area over this working circle. Either mixed or in small patches, moist localities, sheltered slopes and banks of the streams. The proportion of the broad leaved is relatively higher along the basal or top most portion of this working circle. The undergrowth in this working circle varies from scanty to heavier in intensity. There is presence of species like Betula utilis on cooler aspects forming understory of Fir. Other species noticed in the terrain are Walnut, bird cherry, Ash, Popolus etc. in areas bordering the alpine zone are seen Rhododendron patches.

10.2.3. The distribution of stems over various diameter classes is not quite balanced as can be observed from the perusal of the following table. The crop, by and large, is middle aged to overmature. The regeneration is inadequate and the younger age

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classes are generally deficient primarily because of the absence of regeneration due to heavy grazing, trampling and high humus accumulation etc.

Table No. 10.1. Normal and actual distribution of stems over diameter –classes. Diameter Class >- 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 >70 Normal distribution 41.00% 25.00% 15.00% 9.00% 5.00% 3.00% 2.00% in percentage. Actual distribution in percentage. 9.53 13.05 16.00 17.59 13.62 10.10 20.09

10.3.4. A detailed description of these forests has been given in Chapter –II of part I of this plan. These forests conform to the Champion and Seth’s 12/C1a, 12/C1b, 12/C1c, 12/C2b, 12/DS3, 12/IS1, 14/C1a, 15/C1, and 15/C 3.

10.3. Area and Allotment

10.3.1. Detail statement of area of compartments/sub-compartments allotted to this working circle and area os each compartment under various classes is given in Appendix-V. However the summary of total area and commercial area range and block wise is reproduced as under.

Table No. 10.2. Summary of the Range wise abstract of the area allotted to FiSelection Working Circle. S. Range Block Compartments Total Commercial No. area 1 Banihal Sarbagni 6a,9a.10a,11,12b,13a,1 3360.92 1687.16 6,17,18 2 Banihal Mohu 23a,24,26a,27,29a,37a 1323.94 621.99 3 Banihal Banihal 51 377.30 242.73 Sub. Total 5062.16 2551.88 4 Ramban Neel 2a,2b,3,4,6,13a,13b,14, 3735.70 1509.56 15,16 5 Ramban Bhangara 21,22,24,29,33b,34b 2675.01 1457.78 6 Ramban Rajgarh 62,69 483.64 356.78 Sub.Sotal 6894.35 3324.12 Total 11956.51 5876.00

10.3.2. This working circle constitutes 24.72 percent of the total geographical area of the division. Out of the total area of the Working Circle, 49.15 percent is commercial forest area of varying stand and crown density whereas the rest is either blank or under scrub without any tree cover. A total of 34 compartments have been allotted to this working circle.

10.4. Silvicultural system adopted

10.4.1. The forests allotted to this working circle occupy the uppermost areas of the catchments and perform key role of ecological balance, hydrological cycle and site maintenance. In fact, these forests are mainly responsible for control and

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maintenance of water regime in the catchment. Keeping in view the composition and conditions of the crop, and the environmental functions of these forests, they shall be managed under selection system. This system envisages the removal of overwood silviculturally available above the exploitable size from above the area having adequate and stablished regeneration. The objectives behind the application of this system are to distribute the regeneration evenly over the entire Working Circle. Secondly, because of the continuous presence of over wood, the regeneration of shade bearing species like Fir and Spruce can be secured. In this system, the fellings are directed towards silvicultutrally available trees above the exploitable diameter over a given felling circle. Normally it is expected that regeneration will come up in the gaps created by the tree removed. However, since the establishment of regeneration in this area is not assured, the removals will be restricted only to that area where established regeneration is already present. In areas, deficient or lacking regeneration only a conservative cut, avoiding creation of large gaps in the canopy is envisaged. In case large gaps are already present, no felling shall be carried out.

10.5 Exploitable size

10.5.1. In order to achieve the objects of the management, and to fulfill the requirements of the area related to the protective function of these forests, and exploitable diameter of 70 cm d.b.h. for deodar and Kail and 80 cm d.b.h. for Fir shall be adopted to reduce the intensity of the cut and to avoid the creation of gaps.

10.6. Rotation

10.6.2. Although there is no relevance of rotation age in selection system, yet for academic pursuits, the rotation for Deodar, Kail and fir be adopted as 150, 120 and 225 years respectively corresponding to the exploitable diameter 70 cm d.b.h. in the case of Deodar and Kail and 80 cm d.b.h. in the case of Fir.

10.7 Felling Cycle

10.7.1. The felling cycle is fixed at 30 years. It is considered appropriate to regulate the desired intensity of the cut /felling.

10.8 Felling Series

10.8.1. There is only one felling Series fixed which is corresponding to the working circle area for administrative reasons.

10.9. Analysis and Valuation of the crop

10.9.1. For the assessment of the growing stock in this working circle, field data was collected from 35 sample points. Mean and other statics value of two variables viz number of stems per hectare and volume conifers 30 cm d.b.h. and above have

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been computed. The results on the basis of statistical data have been summarized in table 10.3. The diameter class and species wise distribution of the growing stock assessed on the basis of mean values in terms of total number of trees and volume of the conifer 30 dbh and above are summarized in table.

10.9.3. The method used for enumeration of crop stand is partial sampling by sample plots of 0.1 ha. A total of 35 sample plots were laid across the working circle area. The individual sample plots were transferred on the map in GIS platform and later the sample plots were then traced on the ground using GPS. Status of regeneration was ascertained by laying of transects in the sample plots. The sampled data was then statistically analyzed and the resultant values are tabulated below. Table No. 10.3. Results Obtained on the Basis of Statistical Analysis of Fir Selection Working Circle. S. Attribute Stem Volume No 1 No.of sample plots (n) 34 34 2 Mean (X) 259.12 639.54 3 Variance (S2) 4711.32 43389.70 4 Standard Deviation (S) 68.64 208.3 5 Standard Error (S.E) 11.77 35.72 6 Coeff of Variation % 26.49 32.57 7 95% Confidence Lower Limit 235.17 566.87 8 95% Confidence Upper Limit 283.07 712.21 9 Confidence Interval (CI) 47.9 145.34 10 Lower Limit as % of Mean 90.76 88.64

Column 5 : S.E = S/ √ n Column 6 : COV % = (S/X) x 100 Column 7 : Lower limit = X- (Student t test value for n-1 degrees of freedom * SE) Column 8: Upper limit = X + (Student t test value for n-1 degrees of freedom * SE) Column 9 : C.I = Upper limit – Lower limit 10.9.4. The field data collected was tabulated and analyzed in computer using Windows Microsoft Excel software. From the field sample data, the average dia-class wise stem and volume distribution was ascertained and is reproduced below in Table- 10.4 & 10.5. The average number of stem and average volume per hectare was calculated that was further extrapolated for the entire working circle.

10.9.5. The averge number of stems and growing stock per hectare for the entire working circle area are 259 and 639.54 cum respectively.

10.10. Calculation of the Yield

10.10.1. The yield will be calculated in terms of number of trees and volume, which in turn shall be controlled by ‘area check’ by working out the size of the annual coupe. Modified Brandis diameter class method and Von Mantel’s formula have

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been applied for calculation of the volume yield. The following presumptions have been made in this regard. a. Only commercial area and its growing stock have been taken into account for the purpose of yield calculation. b. The growing stock over commercial area of this working circle is fixed within 10 cm diameter classes indicated by symbols I, II, III, IV, V, VI and VII. Class I stands for trees above the exploitable diameter and the other successively below it to the youngest. d. The numbers of trees of all those classes being considered for the purpose of yield calculation have been reduced to the lower limits of confidence interval. e. It takes 135,115 and 194 years, for an average tree of Deodar, Kail and Fir respectively to attain exploitable diameter of 70 cm d.b.h in the case of Deodar and Kail and 80 cm in case of Fir. f. It takes 25, 24 and 30 years respectively for an average Deodar, Kail and Fir tree to pass from approach class 60-70 cm d.b.h. in case of deodar and Kail and 70-80 cm d.b.h in case of Fir to reach exploitable classes. a. In view of the preponderance of mature and over, mature growing stocks and their vulnerability to rot, the yield finally arrived at shall be reduced at 15 percent. b. The following survival coefficient percentage ( to class I) based on the All India Volume Table in Respect of Deodar, Kail and Fir have been used in yield calculation.

Diameter Survival Percentage of Species Class d.b.h Deodar Kail Fir (Cm) 30 35% 45% 20% 40 60% 60% 40% 50 80% 80% 50% 60 90% 90% 60% 70 95% 95% 85% 80 0 0 95%

Based on the assumptions, the number of total potentially available trees, over the commercial area of this working circle, calculated at lower confidence limit of the mean value after due deduction on account of mortality, is tabulated under Table No. 10.6.

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Table No. 10.6. Species and diameter-class wise Potential Availability of Trees from the commercial area of Fir Selection Working Circle. a) Deodar Dia Class Class VI V IV III II I Total Diameter-class Below 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 Above 30 70 Total No. of trees assessed at 51826 24209 24209 19038 12105 25913 157301 mean value Total No. of trees assessed at 47038 21972 21972 17279 10986 23519 142766 lower limit of confidence interval Age of entry in the class 57 71 90 110 135

Years in class transition period 14 19 20 25

Survival Coefficient of the 0.3 0.6 0.8 0.9 0.95 class No. of potentially available 6592 13183 13823 9887 22343 65828 trees b) Kail Dia Class

Class VI V IV III II I Total Diameter-class below 30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 above 70 Total No. of trees assessed 96778 67398 55293 46655 36314 69102 371539 at mean value Total No. of trees assessed 87835 61170 50184 42344 32958 62717 337209 at lower limit ofconfidence interval Age of entry in the class 42 55 72 91 115 Years in class transition 13 17 19 24 period Survival Coefficient of the 0.45 0.6 0.8 0.9 0.95 class No. of potentially available 27527 30110 33876 29662 59581 180756 trees

C) Fir /Spruce Dia Clas Class VI V IV III II I Total Diameter-class 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 above 80 Total No. of trees assessed at 143433 171109 127862 88140 84673 105415 720633 mean value Total No. of trees assessed at 130180 155299 116047 79996 76849 95675 654046 lower limit of confidence interval Age of entry in the class 73 96 118 139 164 194 Years in class transition 23 22 21 25 30 period Survival Coefficient of the class 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.85 0.95 No. of potentially available 26036 62119 58024 47998 65322 90891 350390 trees

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10.11. Yield Regulation

10.11.1. Modified Brandis Diameter Class Method and Von Mantel’s formula have been applied for calculating yield. The stepwise yield calculations for one felling cycle on the basis of modified Brandis Diameter –class Method are tabulated as under:-

10.11.2. The yield calculation has been made on the basis of average recruitment rate for the whole period during which trees above 30 cm d.b.h will reach class I. Alternativelly the yield may be calculated on the basis of average recruitment rate from the upper classes to class I during the first felling cycle period only. This is more realistic approach than the above. As in the first felling cycle only the trees of calss II and possibly some of class III actually will move in to the class I, the calculations are made as follows:

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Table No. 10.7. Yield Calculation for Fir Selection Working Circle using Brandis Diameter-Class Method. Deodar Kail Fir/spruce a) Total number of trees in class I 22343 59581 90891 b) Total number of trees likely to pass on to class I in the first felling cycle from Class II= 9887 29662 65322 Class III = 3456 10698 0 c) Total recruitment in class I from class II and III during first felling cycle 13343 40360 65322 d) Annual recruitment from class II and III during the first felling cycle (c / 445 1345 2177 30) e) Stock required to be kept as reserve i.e. half of the total recruitment in 'c' 6672 20180 32661 above f) Surplus stock of class I ( a - e) 15671 39401 58230 g) Total possibility of yield in first felling cycle if all surplus stock in 'f' 29014 79761 123552 above is removed ( c + f) h) Annual yield ( g / 30) 967 2659 4118 i) Total possibility of yield if all surplus stock in 'f' above is removed in 21179 60061 94437 two felling cycles ( c + f/2) (refer note below) j) Annual yield ( i / 30) 706 2002 3148 k) Weighted average volume of trees above exploitable diameter as per 5.344 5.068 8.840 Kullu Volume Tables in cubic metres l) Total annual volume yield ( m3) 3773 10145 27828 m) Deduct fifteen percent from 'l' above to account for mortality 3207 8623 23654 n) Rounded off to lower multiple of hundred 3200 8600 23600 Total Annual Yield From The Working Circle 35,400 cum

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10.8. The Yield calculated by Brandis Dia -Class Method has been cross checked using Von Mantel’s Formula on growing stock. The annual yield limits worked by application of Von Mantel’s Formula is as under.

Table No. 10.8. The Yield calculated using Von Mantel’s Formula is as under. Von Mantel 2*GS/R Minimum yield Available GS Species Rotation Cycle Min GS Yield Corrected Yield Deodar 150 245530.00 3273.73 3200 Fir/Spruce 225 2443145.00 21716.84 21700 Kail 150 642415.00 8565.53 8500 Total 3331090.00 33556.11 33400.00

10.9. The Comparative statement of yield computed from the two methods is as under.

Table No. 10.9.The Comparative statement of Yield computed from the two Methods is as under:- Method Deodar Kail Fir/Spruce Total (M3) Von Mantel yield 3200 8500 21700 33400 Brandis formula 3200 8600 23600 35400 Yield recommended 3200 8500 21700 33400

The yield calculated by Brandis Diameter Class Method is much more than the yield estimation by the Von Mantel’s formula. It is due to the fact that stocking is abnormal as the proportion of volume above the exploitable dia is much more than 50%. The forest soil is comparatively rich in nutrients and it facilitate good stocking of forests. The yield calculation by Von Mantel formula is recommended to be implemented. For the first time in 40 years history of management of the forests in Bahihal and Ramban ranges yield is calculated by Von mantel formula and accordingly felling operation will be carried for the first time at a large scale. Hence as a precautionary measure only 70% of the Von mantel yield is recommended to be removed from the commercial forests of the working circle, so that the corrective measures can be taken up immediately in case of any adverse impact. Accordingly the annual yield estimation of the working circle is as follows. Deodar = 2200 CUM Kail = 5900 CUM Fir = 15100 CUM Total = 23200 CUM The intensity of annual cut on the basis of volume (23200 M3) over the commercial area of 5876 Ha works out to be 3.95 CUM per hectare. The yield calculated on volume basis shall be subjected to area check.

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10.12. Size of the Annual Coupe

10.12.1.The yield calculated on the volume basis shall be controlled by an area check. The size of the annual coupe is calculated as under

Annual Coupe (ha) = Total Commercial Area of Working / Felling Cycle

=5876/30=195.86 Hact.

10.13. Allowable cut

10.13.1. On the basis of annual cut prescribed, size of annual coupe, the annual intensity of cut per hectare in the coupe works out as below.

Total Annual Coupe Allowable cut Growing Stock Allowable cut as annual (hectares) per ha. (cum) per ha. (cum) percentage of yield (cum) Growing stock 23200 195.87 118.45 566.90 20.89

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Table No.10.4.1. Summary of Species wise Stem Distribution per Hectare of Fir Selection Working Circle

Species 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100-above Total Deodar 4 5 4 4 3 2 2 1 1 0 27 Fir/Spruce 10 20 24 29 22 15 14 7 10 1 153 Kail 9 8 11 9 8 6 5 4 3 0 63 Bl 2 1 1 3 2 3 2 1 1 0 16 Total 25 34 41 46 35 26 23 13 14 2 259

Table No. 10.4.2. Summary of Species wise Stem Distribution in Commercial area of Fir Selection Working Circle(5876 Ha)

Species 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100- Total above Deodar 22446 29380 24209 24209 19038 12105 10342 8638 6934 0 157301 Fir/Spruce 60464 115816 143433 171109 127862 88140 84673 39722 57056 8638 896913 Kail 50122 46655 67398 55293 46655 36314 29380 20742 17275 1704 371539 Bl 12105 6934 8638 17275 13809 17275 12105 5171 3467 0 96778 Total 145137 198785 243678 267887 207364 153834 136499 74273 84732 10342 1522530

Table No. 10.4.3. Summary Species wise Minimum available Stem Distribution in Commercial area of Fir Selection Working Circle. (Min. Level 90.76) Species 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100-above Total Deodar 20372 26665 21972 21972 17279 10986 9386 7840 6293 0 142766 Fir/Spruce 54877 105115 130180 155299 116047 79996 76849 36051 51784 7840 814038 Kail 45491 42344 61170 50184 42344 32958 26665 18826 15679 1547 337209 Bl 10986 6293 7840 15679 12533 15679 10986 4693 3147 0 87835 Total 131727 180417 221162 243134 188204 139619 123887 67410 76903 9386 1381849

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Table No. 10.5.1. Summary of Species wise Volume Distribution per /Ha in the Fir Selection Working Circle

Species 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100-above Total Deodar 0.50 0.65 3.13 5.48 6.79 6.46 7.75 8.32 8.06 0.00 47.14 Fir/Spruce 1.34 2.56 20.51 45.42 64.64 73.50 98.72 56.15 91.24 14.99 469.07 Kail 1.11 1.03 8.72 12.80 18.03 20.63 22.10 18.88 18.06 1.98 123.34 Total 2.95 4.24 32.36 63.70 89.46 100.59 128.57 83.35 117.36 16.97 639.55

Table No. 10.5.2. Summary of Species wise Volume Distribution in the Commercial area of the Fir Selection Working Circle.

Species 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100-above Total Deodar 2938.00 3819.40 18391.88 32200.48 39898.04 37958.96 45539.00 48888.32 47360.56 0.00 276994.64 Fir/ 7873.84 15042.56 120516.76 266887.92 379824.64 431886.00 580078.72 329937.40 536126.24 88081.24 2756255.32 Spruce Kail 6522.36 6052.28 51238.72 75212.80 105944.28 121221.88 129859.60 110938.88 106120.56 11634.48 724745.84 Total 17334.20 24914.24 190147.36 374301.20 525666.96 591066.84 755477.32 489764.60 689607.36 99715.72 3757995.80

Table No. 10.5.3. Summary of Species wise Minimum available Volume in the Fir Selection Working Circle (5876 ha) Minimum Level 88.64%. Specie 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100- Total s above Deoda 2604.00 3386.00 16303.00 28543.00 35366.00 33647.00 40366.00 43335.00 41980.00 0.00 245530.00 r Fir/ 6979.00 13334.00 106826.00 236569.00 336677.00 382824.00 514182.00 292457.00 475222.00 78075.00 2443145.00 Spruce Kail 5781.00 5365.00 45418.00 66669.00 93909.00 107451.00 115108.00 98336.00 94065.00 10313.00 642415.00 Total 15364.00 22085.00 168547.00 331781.00 465952.00 523922.00 669656.00 434128.00 611267.00 88388.00 3331090.00

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10.14. Realization of the yield

10.14.1. Annual cut prescribed should be removed for sure, as the stock is estimated conservatively and hence the resultant removal too is a conservative cut. No specific sequence of felling has been prescribed in order to give flexibility to the DFO to decide the area to be worked out. The yield prescribed shall include the volume of all trees of 30 cm d.b.h. and above marked for whatever purpose including concessions marking, illicit damage etc. Out of the total commercial area 5876 hectares only one third i.e. 1957 Ha hectare shall be worked on during the plan period of 10 years. Felling shall be prescribed to be carried out to the limit of only 10 years yield in volume of 21200 cum in an area of 1957 Hactare whichever arrives 1st during the entire plan of ten years. The annual yield prescribed should be strictly adhered to. DFO should prepare a compartment wise plan of operation for entire felling series and submit it to the conservator of forests working plan for approval. Deviations in annual yield to the extent of 20% are permissible for certain administrative or technical reasons. Deviation behind the above limits shall require prior sanction of the Chief Conservator of Forests. However, cumulative deviations over the entire working plan period should not exceed prescribed yield.

10.15. Sequence of Felling

10.15.1. In view of current ban on green felling, the sequence of felling has been left to the discretion of Divisional Forest Officer who shall exercises his judgment keeping in view the progress of regeneration and keeping in view the Q and Q norms.

10.16. Method of Executing Felling

10.16.1.Gradual removal of over wood standing above the advance growth and regeneration, with the object of relieving it from shade and suppression, and very light opening up of the crop where regeneration is inadequate, will constitute the general guidelines in executing the fellings. All the mother trees and other such standing over wood above the regeneration must be gradually removed in order to avoid the invasion of the area by weeds which come up profusely in the gaps. The canopy needs to be manipulated with utmost care. Selection forests require elaborate management and great skill on the part of the executive staff that have to handle the crop. Accordingly, the following marking rules are laid down for guidance of marking officer.

10.17. Marking and felling rules 10.17.1. For excecuting the marking and felling of the forests following set of rules need to be followed. 01. The marking officer, prior to conducting the marking, must acquaint himself thoroughly with the condition and composition of the crop in the compartment and its boundaries by traversing over the area of the compartment at least once.

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02. Marking should be done by the DCF in charge of the division and well-trained and experienced ACF. The marking should never be conducted by anybody below the rank of a well trained and experienced Range Officer, in that case, the DFO/ACF should check at least 25% of these markings. These guide lines have already been there in the previous working plan but does not seems to have been followed and almost all the markings are left to Foresters without any check. 03. No marking except the removal of dead, dying and diseased trees, shall be done in area near and around cultivation of behaks within a distance of 100 meter from their periphery. 04. No marking, except the removal of actually dead, dying and diseased trees shall be done along nallah banks with in a distance of 100 meters on either side. 05. No healthy trees below the exploitable size should be marked. 06. No attempt shall be made to disturb the process of the succession by giving preference to one species over the others. The selection character of the crop shall be preferred over the area of this working circle and should be maintained by retaining some healthy trees of exploitable size which do not cause any suppression to the crop. 07. No marking should be conducted in the area lacking regeneration. 08. No marking should be done on steep and precipitous slopes. 09. The over mature trees should get preference over the relatively younger and healthier ones. 10. Improvement and hygienic marking in all age classes should be done. 11. Marking for improvement felling shall form an integral part of the major markings. All dead, dying, dry and diseased trees shall be marked together with malformed and unfit trees. 12. Nno marking shall be done in open forests. Use of GIS maps alongth with GPS can be used to ascertain the limits of the open forests in case of doubt. 13. All trees of exploitable size (70 cm.d.b.h in case of deodar and Kail, and 80 cm d.b.h in case of Fir), standing over adequate advance growth should be removed. Advance growth includes all the trees and poles up to exploitable size. Selection marking of light to very light intensity shall be done in areas having inadequate but established regeneration. 14. In dense groups of trees, of and above exploitable size, the spacing between the stems to be retained will vary from 5 to 8 meters, depending upon the status and amount of regeneration present. Selection felling of moderate intensity shall be carried out in such groups. 15. In the mixed crop, ecologically most suitable species to the locality should be favoured. 16. The intensity of felling over a particular compartment will largely depend upon the degree of biotic interference to which it is subject to, the amount and status of regeneration, and its topography, slope and aspect 17. Extreme care has to be exercised at the time of felling so as not to damage the crop. 18. Trees marked for felling should be lopped before execution of felling.

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10.18. Supplementary Markings

10.18.1. As soon as the felling is completed following major marking is over, supplementary marking of poles and trees damaged in felling, or those that have died, dried or fallen off subsequent to the major felling and trees that are incapable of recovering should be done. Due caution is required to be taken to avoid large scale supplementary markings which prove dangerous to the ultimate requirement of the crop and the site. Preferably, these markings should be conducted by the DFO himself. Judicious discretion of the marking officer is, therefore, needed to ensure that provision of supplementary marking is not misused and only such trees as are considered definitely unfit for retention, or are not likely to survive in the near future, are marked.

10.19. Cultural operations

10.19.1. The amount of felling debris left in Fir forests is considerably more compared to that in the Deodar Kail forests. Firstly, these forests are usually far away from habitation and debris lifted by the villager is negligible. Secondly, Fir forests have a much higher percentage of cull, usually in the form of rot, and considerable residue is left in the forests. This shall be disposed off during the safe season and at safer places as early as possible.

10.20. Regeneration Programme

10.20.1. The success of any silvicultural system adopted, and the treatment given to the crop there under, depends largely on the efforts made to the regeneration of the forests in due course of time. By exclusion of biotic interference from these forests, there is practically no difficulty in regeneration of these forests naturally. But unfortunately the extent of area deficient in regeneration is expanding continuously as a result of excessive biotic interference, especially grazing. The measures to induce regeneration needs to be applied over larger area. However, it is neither practical nor feasible to close large areas to grazing because of socio- economic constraints. It is therefore suggested, that total area requiring regeneration equal to the size of the annual coupe, evenly distributed over the total areas of the working circle, should be closed to grazing every year. All efforts should be made to induce natural regeneration and assist the establishment of natural regeneration. This involves removal of weeds, racking humus and closure of such areas to grazing. In case the area is too refractory to respond to natural seeding, artificial regeneration by way of sowing and planting nursery raised seedlings should be restored to. There is need to give special attention for improvement of nursery technique for production of Fir seedling in nursery and their subsequent plantation in field. Provision of a high-tech nursery with special focus on fir is required to meet the need of good quality plants for artificial regeneration.

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10.21. Control of grazing

10.22.1. The unrestricted, uncontrolled and unregulated grazing in Fir forests of this division is the chief reason for the failure of regeneration to establish. Large herd of the migratory as well as local livestock graze in these forests and nibble the young seedlings as soon as they emerge in the spring, or early summer, after the snow melts. Unfortunately, there is not much grass available during that time and therefore, the livestock specially the goats and sheep’s fall back upon the just sprouted seedlings. The ones those escape the spring worth are consumed by the retreating livestock in autumn, when again unfortunately, grass is scanty. This cycle has been going on unfelt and unnoticed for past so many years and is mainly responsible for the degradation of the forests. Under the prevailing set of circumstances and prevision of law in hand, it is difficult to control and restrict the severity of grazing in these forests. There is need for stable arrangements for the rehabilitation of migratory graziers and fodder for their animals to end this menace. It is therefore suggested that effective closures should be made with efforts to encourage rotational grazing, restricted only to alpine/sub-alpine pastures. Micro planning for the improvement of pasturelands needs to be conceived and executed effectively on the ground.

10.22. Nursery and Plantation Technique

Abies Pindrow

Found at an altitude of 2200 to 3400 mtrs but sometimes extending between 2000 mtrs to 3500 mtrs. It is slow growing species, which requires cool and moist climate. It is sensitive to drought and frost. It grows best in open sunlight.

Seed: Cones ripen in October- November; they should be collected in October before they break up. Should be sun/kiln dried to split open. Seed extraction shaking and winnowing be done. Should be stored in gunny bags or tins till sowing. Good seed year occurs normally in 06-07 years. About 25000 seeds weight a kilogram. Germination percent normally ranges from 40-65. It starts from 04-05 months and completes in about one and a half month. Plant percent is about 1500 per kilogram of seed.

Nursery technique: - Seeds

Sowing be done in November-December i.e. before snowfall, will start germination in April

Planting technique: - One or one and half year old seedling with naked roots are transplanted at the beginning of rains or in March April, when snow melts, spacing be kept 2x2 mtrs. Weeding and cleaning be done twice a year.

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Picea smithiana :-

Found at 2100 to 3300 mtrs height but sometimes as less as 1500 mtrs.

Seed: -

Female cones ripen in October- November. They should be collected from the trees, spread in the sun (or kiln) for drying and beaten to extract seeds. Seeds can be stored up to 1 year. They are small (50-55 thousands per kg). Germination is normally good (more than 50%) usually completes in 1-2 months. Good seed year is expected one in five years.

Nursery technique: -

Fresh seed be sown in October-November or more usually in February March. Germination will begin in May June., pricking out of seedling be done every form the second year.

Planting Technique- Planting out is done in 2nd, 3rd and 4th year. Seedling with naked root protected by being bundled in dump moss or plated in prepared pits 1.5x1.5 mtrs or 2x2 mtrs apart. Roots should not be injured during transplanting. Initial growth is slow and requires tending for 3-4 years; subsequently faster. Needs protection from the sun in early youth. It is fire tender, but not much browsed.

Quercus semecarpifolia:

It is found at 2400 to 3600 mtrs altitude, occasionally descending up to 2000 mtrs.

Seed:

Very large, only 125 per kg. Collected from June to August when fresh, 95-100 percent seeds are fertile.

Nursery technique: -

Dibbling is done in July- August as soon as acorns ripen. Spacing is kept at 1.5x1.5 mtrs to 2x2 mtrs in fairly open places. Sowing in drills during July- August may also be done. Seedling is kept in the Nursery for two years.

Planting technique:

Entire plants put out in prepared pits during the rains, when they are two years old, spacing should be 2x2 mtrs. Weeding and cleaning be done for several years.

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CHAPTER-XI Working Plan For The Reboisement Working Circle

11.1. General Constitution of the Working Circle

11.1.1. This working circle includes all such poorly stocked, potentially productive areas yet not fit for any systematic working on account of the degradation in crop condition and quality. These forests have either been degraded due to excessive biotic-interference, or failed to regenerate after drastic treatment in the past. The compartments of this circle are mostly located in close proximity of the habitations. This working circle was constituted by including areas of the Protection-cum-Improvement working circle and addition of some compartments from other working circle that were noticed to be degraded over period of time and needed to be treated for improvement of the crop. Some of the compartments were taken out form Deodar-Kail Regular/Uniform Working Circle, Mixed Coniferous Selection Working Circles, Fir Selection Working Circle and Chir Interim Working Circle of the earlier plans, when they failed to regenerate after the removal of over wood the past decades, and placed under this Working Circle. Total area of this circle is 15704.72 Ha which constiture 32.48% of the total geographical area of the division. About 5090.45 Ha area of this circle is commercial forest area out of which 1824.33 Ha lies in Banihal Range and remaining 3266.12 Ha area in Ramban Range. Total cropped area is 8982.38 Ha and remaining 6722.34 ha is blank area which may include highland pastures, rocky and stony area and degraded forest areas.

11.2. General Character of the Vegetation

11.2.1. To this working circle following categories of the forests areas are allotted.

1. Those of the potentially productive areas, which have now been rendered, degraded and under stocked because of maltreatment in the past including excessive lopping, encroachment, over exploitation and biotic interference. These areas are being treated as degraded forests. The crop either has low density or is in the form of isolated trees, small patches or even without tree cover. 2. The forest areas where regeneration could not keep pace with the removal of the over-wood after seeding felling/main felling. 3. Those potentially productive forest areas that have deteriorated due to natural physical calamities. 4. The productive forests, through adequately stocked, yet are considered unfit for commercial exploitation, because of their proximity to the large human settlement rendering them more vulnerable to the excessive pressure of over rising population and their demands for timber, firewood, grazing etc. 4. Their location along National Highway and have have become more susceptible to landslides and soil erosion.

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5. Erosion in the forest and their surrounding areas is high and working in these forests can’t be worked under any any silvicultural system. 8. The forest occurring in and around the places of tourist interest. 9. Forest area mainly under broad-leaved species, blanks, or bearing shrubby growth.

11.2.2.The types of vegetation encountered varies from sub-tropical pine forest in the low lying area to high level pasture lands at higher elevations. As such the forests of this working circle by and large conform to all the Champion and Seth’s forests types as discussed in detail in Chapter-II of Part-I of this plan.

11.2.3. The distribution of stem over various dia classes is given as under. Trees in the higher dia classes are comparatively high than in the lower dia classes.

Table No. 11.1. Normal and Actual distribution of stems over diameter –classes. Diameter class 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 >70 Normal distribution 41.00% 25.00% 15.00% 9.00% 5.00.00% 3.00% 2.00% in percentage. Actual distribution 10.07 16.40 17.02 17.29 13.37 8.91 16.93 in percentage.

11.3. Area and allotment

11.3.1. Detailed area statement covering compartments and sub-compartments allotted to this Working Circle and area of each compartment under various classes is given in Annexure-VI. However the following statement shows the range and block wise total and commercial area.

Table No. 11.2. Summary of Range wise Abstract of the area under ReboisemenWorking Circle. S.No Range Block Compartments Total Commercial . area (Ha) area (Ha) 1 Banihal Sarbagni 2,4a,6b,7b 1395.01 170.53 2 Banihal Mohu 28b, 30, 31, 36, 39 2344.30 573.21 3 Banihal Banihal 41,42,43,47,48,49,50 3399.94 1080.59 Sub.Total 7139.25 1824.33 4 Ramban Neel 7,9,10,11,12,19b 1056.15 510.80 5 Ramban Bhangara 23a,23b,25a,26,27a,27b 2402.18 1449.32 ,33a,34a,35 6 Ramban Ramban 39a,40a,41,42,44,45,46, 3232.51 920.62 52,53,54,56 7 Ramban Rajgarh 47,48,61,64,65,67 1874.63 385.38 Sub. Total 8565.47 3266.12 Total 15704.72 5090.45

11.3.2. Out of total area of 5090 hectare cropped area 3266.12 ha area lies in Ramban Range and rest 1824.3 ha area lies in Banihal Range.

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11.4. Special Objects of Management i. To rehabilitate, upgrade and improve the existing forests crop by adopting strict forest protection and improvement measures. ii. To develop and improve the forest upon the forest areas of tourist attraction without altering the natural ecological status of these forests. iii. To stabilize landslips and landslides along the National Highway. iv. In consonance with the objects above, to fulfill only genuine, petty demands of concessionist to the extent possible.

11.5. Analysis and Valuation of the Crop

11.5.1. For the assessment of the growing stock in this working circle, field data was collected from 47 sample plots. Mean and other statics value of two variables viz number of stems per hectare and volume conifers 30 cm d.b.h. and above have been computed. The results on the basis of statistical data have been summarized in table 11.3. The diameter class and species wise distribution of the growing stock assessed on the basis of mean values in terms of total number of trees and volume of the conifer 30 dbh and above are summarized in table-11.4 and 11.5.

11.5.3. The method used for enumeration of crop stand is partial sampling by sample plots of 0.1 ha. A total of 47 sample plots were laid across the Working Circle area. The individual sample plots were transferred on the map in GIS platform and later the sample plots were then traced on the ground using GPS. Status of regeneration was ascertained by laying of transects in the sample plots. The sampled data was then statistically analyzed and the resultant values are tabulated below.

Table No.11.3.Results of Statistical Analysis for Reboisement Working Circle. S.No Attribute Stem Volume 1 No.of sample plots (n) 47 47 2 Mean (X) 238.72 476.77 3 Variance (S2) 9320.07 43458.84 4 Standard Deviation (S) 96.54 208.47 5 Standard Error (S.E) 14.08 30.41 6 Coeff of Variation % 40.44 43.73 7 95% Confidence Lower Limit 210.38 415.56 8 95% Confidence Upper Limit 267.06 537.98 9 Confidence Interval (CI) 56.68 122.42 10 Lower Limit as % of Mean 88.13 87.16

Column 5 : S.E = S/ √ n Column 6 : COV % = (S/X) x 100 Column 7 : Lower limit = X- (Student t test value for n-1 degrees of freedom * SE) Column 8: Upper limit = X + (Student t test value for n-1 degrees of freedom * SE) Column 9 : C.I = Upper limit – Lower limit

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11.5.4. The field data collected was tabulated and analyzed in computer using Windows Microsoft Excel software. From the field sample data, the average dia-class wise stem and volume distribution was ascertained and is reproduced below in Table- 11.5a & 11.5b. The average number of stem and average volume per hectare was calculated that was further extrapolated for the entire working circle.

11.5.5. The averge number of stems and growing stock per hectare for the entire working circle area are 239 and 476.77 cum respectively.

11.6 Exploitable size

11.6.1. No regular felling is prescribed in areas assigned to this working circle. However, if and when the trees are to be marked for special reasons like meeting the petty demands of the concessionist, the exploitable diameter shall be adopted as 70 cm d.b.h of Deodar, Kail, Chir, and 80 cm d .b.h for Fir.

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Table No. 11.4.1. Summary of Species wise Stem Distribution per hectare of the Commercial area of Reboisement Working Circle Species 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100-above Total Chir 2 4 4 4 3 1 2 1 0 0 21 Deodar 5 7 5 6 3 3 4 2 0 0 34 Fir/Spruce 9 15 16 14 12 8 6 7 2 0 90 Kail 8 11 12 16 11 7 8 4 1 0 79 BL 1 3 3 1 2 2 1 1 0 0 14 Total 24 39 41 41 32 21 23 14 3 0 239

Table No.11.4.2. Summary of Species wise Stem Distribution in the Commercial area of Reboisement Working Circle. Species 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100-above Total Chir 9723 19496 21685 19496 16239 4327 10843 6516 1069 0 109394 Deodar 23823 35735 26012 28150 17308 12981 21685 8654 1069 0 175417 Fir/Spruce 44389 74728 82313 73659 61747 42251 32477 33597 9723 1069 455952 Kail 41182 55231 62816 81244 58489 36804 42251 19496 4327 1069 402909 Bl 3258 14101 14101 7585 8654 11912 7585 3258 1069 0 71521 Total 122374 199291 206927 210134 162436 108274 114841 71521 17257 2138 1215192 (Area 5090.45 Ha) Table No. 11.4.3. Summary of Species wise Minimum available stem Distribution in the Reboisement Working Circle. (Minimum Level- 88.13)

Species 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100-above Total Chir 8569 17182 19111 17182 14311 3813 9556 5742 942 0 96409 Deodar 20995 31493 22925 24809 15253 11440 19111 7627 942 0 154595 Fir/Spruce 39120 65858 72542 64916 54418 37236 28622 29609 8569 942 401830 Kail 36293 48675 55360 71600 51547 32435 37236 17182 3813 942 355084 Bl 2871 12427 12427 6684 7627 10498 6684 2871 942 0 63031 Total 107849 175635 182365 185191 143155 95422 101209 63031 15208 1884 1070949

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Table No.11.5.1. Summary of Species wise Volume Distribution per hectare of the Commercial area of Reboisement Working Circle.

Species 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100-above Total Chir 0.25 0.50 2.04 4.33 7.05 3.01 10.36 7.91 1.49 0.00 36.94 Deodar 0.61 0.91 3.88 7.36 7.15 8.02 18.68 9.63 1.46 0.00 57.70 Fir/Spruce 1.13 1.91 13.58 22.57 36.02 40.66 43.72 54.74 18.00 2.17 234.50 Kail 1.05 1.41 9.38 21.70 26.08 24.16 36.68 20.49 5.23 1.43 147.61 Total 3.04 4.73 28.88 55.96 76.30 75.85 109.44 92.77 26.18 3.60 476.75

Table No. 11.5.2. Summary of Species wise Volume Distribution in the Commercial area of Reboisement Working Circle.

Species 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100-above Total Chir 1272.61 2545.23 10384.52 22041.65 35887.67 15322.25 52737.06 40265.46 7584.77 0.00 188041.22 Deodar 3105.17 4632.31 19750.95 37465.71 36396.72 40825.41 95089.61 49021.03 7432.06 0.00 293718.97 Fir/ 5752.21 9722.76 69128.31 114891.46 183358.01 206977.70 222554.47 278651.23 91628.10 11046.28 1193710.53 Spruce Kail 5344.97 7177.53 47748.42 110462.77 132758.94 122985.27 186717.71 104303.32 26623.05 7279.34 751401.32 Total 15474.96 24077.83 147012.20 284861.59 388401.34 386110.63 557098.85 472241.04 133267.98 18325.62 2426872.04

Table No. 11.5.3. Summary of Species wise minimum Volume Distribution in the Commercial area of Reboisement Working Circle. (Minimum level 87.16)

10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100-above Total Chir 1109.21 2218.42 9051.15 19211.50 31279.69 13354.87 45965.62 35095.37 6610.89 0.00 163896.72 Deodar 2706.47 4037.52 17214.93 32655.11 31723.38 35583.43 82880.10 42726.73 6477.78 0.00 256005.45 Fir 5013.63 8474.36 60252.23 100139.40 159814.84 180401.76 193978.48 242872.41 79863.05 9627.94 1040438.10 /Spruce Kail 4658.68 6255.94 41617.52 96279.35 115712.69 107193.96 162743.16 90910.77 23204.65 6344.67 654921.39 Total 13487.99 20986.24 128135.83 248285.36 338530.60 336534.02 485567.36 411605.28 116156.37 15972.61 2115261.66

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11.7 Method of treatment prescribed

11.7.1. In view of the discussions above, and in order to achieve the special objects of management, these forests required complete rest and strict protection from biotic interference, the most important being grazing, fire, illicit damage, encroachments and lopping. The following treatment is prescribed to be given to these forests. a. There is an urgent and immediate need to rehabilitate these forests through such measures as strict closures (even with chain link fencing) to grazing, with yearly maintenance, assisted natural regeneration and artificial regeneration by planting and sowing of most suitable species among conifers. b. The selected localities, which are too difficult to be planted with conifers, shall be planted with suitable and desirable broad leaved species. c. The degraded forests near and around the huge human settlements, shall be planted with fruit, fodder and firewood yielding and soil enriching species with a view to lessen the pressure on the commercial forests. Besides, these species will help in improving the rural economy. d. Intensive Soil Conservation Measures, including closures, planting and engineering works are necessary in the areas under the grip of Soil Erosion in a phased manner. e. Highly degraded and dry sites may be planted with hardy and drought resistant species like Robinea pseudoacacia, Ailanthus spp., Prunus armeniaca and other broad leaved species. f. The Chir bearing compartments allotted to this working circle shall not be placed under Resin Tapping. g. The areas of tourist attraction shall be treated a suitable according to their requirements, in order to improve their sylvan beauty. h. Rehabilitation of these areas requires as ambitious, long-term plantation programme.out of total area 15704.72 ha of this circle 3891 ha is open forest that need slight protection for its rehabilitation but 6722.34 ha area is open forest that need high level of protection. Considering a treat period of 30 years for whole circle and assuming that 20 percent of open forests include meadows and rocky/stony area we need to treat 180 ha each year to ensure that whole working circle is treating in period of 30 years. Honest and sincre efforts are required to be put in it at all levels in achieving the objectives with success.

11.8. Regeneration Programme

11.8.1. The following guidelines are provided for the rehabilitation of these areas.

1. Attempt should not be made to afforest natural blanks and pastures. 2. Blanks created due to removal of trees in the past should be reforested with suitable conifer species. In case excessive degradation has occurred, only

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indigenous broad leaved species may be planted to arrest the process of degradation. 3. In area where the density of overhead canopy is sparse, only suitable conifers species should be planted. 4. Planting should be done in pits not less than 45x45 cm in size and large sized planting stock should be used. Transportation of wildings from congested patches of regeneration can also be experimented. 5. In areas, where density of deodar crop has fallen below 40 percent , compact areas should be fenced off with chain link fencing on angle iron posts with two stands of Barbed Wire and large sized planting stocks of Deodar should be planted in pits 60x60 cm in size. 6. In order to achieve the above target’s, well conceived schemes needs to be drawn at micro level, taking into consideration all the factors likely to affect this programme in due course of time. Honest and sincerely efforts are required to be put in all levels in achieving the objects with success. It is suggested that area be selected on yearly basis in order of priority, keeping in view the overall condition of the area out of the 180 hact of area prescribed for rehabilitation activities every year emphasis should be laid in the areas of tourist importance to ensure that aesthetic beauty of the forest area is maintained.

11.9. Nursery and Plantation Techniques

11.9.1. The Nursery and plantation technique has already been given in the previous working circles but nursery and plantation technique of few borad leaved tree species is given as under.

11.9.2. Aesculus indica

Found at 1200 to 2700 mtrs height in moist, shady ravines and northern aspects.

Seed: Ripen in September November, should be collected from the trees or ground. Can be stored in dry earth till springs. About 640 seeds weight a Kilogram. Germination capacity is fairly high (70-90 percent).

Nursery Technique:Seed sowing is done in autumn immediately after seed collection. Patches be kept at the spacing of 2x2 mtrs in shady, cool beds. Sowing be done 5 cm below the soil in drills, 15-30 cm apart. Some watering is required.

Planting Technique:Seedlings (6,12 and 18 months old) with naked roots are transplanted during winter, in prepared pits at 2x2 mtrs spacing. Weeding and cleaning be done for 1-2 years. Dry exposed situations be avoided for planting work.

11.9.3. Ailanthus excelsa

Seed:Fruits ripen in Oct.-Nov. They are winged and are disseminated by wind. They should be dried in sun, beated mildly and winnowed. Seeds loose the

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availability quickly, and cannot be stored for use in the next year even in sealed containers. Approximately 9000-10000 seeds weight a kilogram. Germination capacities vary from 60 to 80 percent.

. Nursery Technique: Seeds be sown raised seed beds in Fen.-March or in April. Germination commences in about 10-12 days and completes in approximately 30 days. Seedling be pricked out in polythene bags for use in next year.

Planting technique: One year old Poly bags seedlings are planted in the field in July at a spacing of 2x2 mtrs in pits of 30 cm size. Good fertile soil and above 5 kg farm yard manure be added to each pit. By the end of first growing season, seedling may reach and average height of 10 to 20 cm only. From the second season onward, the growth is more rapid i.e. 50-60 cm per season. Seedling area subjected to insect attack, particularly in their early stages of development. They are sensitive to frost. Protection against the above two calamities be applied in advance.

11.9.4. Alnus nepalensis:

Found between 800-2700 mtrs. It is susceptible to snow-break, frost, grazing and insect attack.

Seed:

Fruits ripen in February March. They should be collected by lopping the branches. Seeds be extracted after sun drying by beating the cones. Seeds are very minute, about 800000 per kg. They should be dried before storage. Germination about 70 percent 4-6 weeks after sowing.

Nursery Technique:

Direct or broadcast sowing be done in February- March in shady beds; should be covered by mulch. At low elevation i.e. 1500 mtrs transplanting in May, and higher elevation planting be done at following rains.

Planting Technique:

seedling 15 cm to 75 cm long, with or without the ball of earth around the roots be planted out in prepared pits, at the beginning of first or second rains. Autumn transplanting in September and winter transplanting be done in January. It is successful in moist and humid localities, requires no tending after the third year.

11.9.5. Bauhinia variegata

Seed: The pod are dehiscent and contains 10-15 seeds each. Pod mutual in May- June and extraction of seed is done by drying the pod in sun when they dehisce. The seeds, which are brown, circular and flat show semi-hypogeal type of

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germination. Sufficient light and moisture are necessary factors for germination. 2500 to 3500 seeds weight a kg. Germination may be as high as 70 percent. However, storage of seed for one month enhances the germination capacity.

Nursery Technique:

One year old seeds are sown in the nursery beds in April May. Depth of sowing is very little, almost at the soil surface but seed should not be exposed. Seeds be kept in rows 20-25 cm apart. If direct sowing is to be done individual seed be kept 3 mtr apart. Regular watering is very necessary for germination which may start after a week. Weeding should always be done to encourage seeding growth.

Planting Technique:

2-3 months old seedlings are good for transplanting in the field. 30 Cm is the appropriate size of pits for planting the seedling. Spacing of the pits be kept 2.5x2.5 mtrs or 3x3 mtrs. Plants be protected from grazing.

11.9.6. Juglans regia:

Found between 1200-3300 mtrs. It is somewhat sensitive to frost and drought. Browsed by deer and damaged by stem and shoots by borers. Grows beat in fairly moist localities and does not thrive in exposed windy situation. It avoids badly drained soils.

Seed:Fruit ripen in September-October can be collected by beating and shaking the branches. Outer flashy coats be removed or be rotten off and nuts be dried in the sun. Should be stored in well ventilated room, in tins or jars or in a pit in dry ground, filled with dry earth until required for sowing. Nuts 90-100 per kg. Germination capacity 70-80 percent. Gets competed in 5-7 weeks normally.

Nursery Technique:Nuts may be dibbled in pits 2x2 mtrs apart, during autumn, before snowfall or in January-February. Two seeds per patch 5 cm deep be sown, should covered with thorns. Seeds may also be sworn in 25 cm deep drills, in lines 10 cm apart.

Planting Technique:Seedling, without or with earth ball around the roots, be transplanted in the first winter. However, second winter transplanted is better for difficult sites. Transplanting during the rainy seasons is not so successful. Thorough weeding and soil working be done for the first/second year. It is sensitive to weed competition.

11.9.7. Robinia pseudoacacia

It is a native of North America, and can grow at a eleveation of 1500-2000 mtrs. It can grow on a variety of soils but not on very sandy, very acidic or wet soil. Drainage is an important factor affecting the growth of this species.

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Seeds: They are dried in the sun, thrashed and winnowed to obtain clean seeds. About 33 to 77 seeds weigh a gram. They can be stored in airtight containers for one year at room temperature without any appreciable loss in their viability. But, in a dry place and at low temperature (0 C to 4 C) seeds can be kept viable for five years in sealed containers. Seeds require pre sowing treatment (Sulphuric acid scarification of a short while, or immersion in hot water.)

Nursery Technique: Sowing be done in beds in lines twenty cm apart. Depth of the sowing should be 1.5 cm. sowing in irrigated nurseries be done in March- April, but in rain fed Nurseries, in June-July. Germination starts in a week and continues up to ten days about 85 percent germination can be obtained if the seeds are pretreated.

Planting Technique:

Eight nine month old seedlings can be planted in 30 cm pits at a spacing of 2.5x2.5 meteres. In poor sites, 2x2 meters spacing can also be used. Naked plants may also be used for planting. Plantation areas be closed for grazing.

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CHAPTER-XII Working Plan For The Conservation Working Circle

12.1. General Constitution of the Working Circle

12.1.1. This working circle has been constituted for conservation of biodiversity and to safeguard precious resource base of water and soil. Most of the compartments that were assigned to Protection Working Circle during the last revision are presently assigned to this working circle. All those demarcated forests of Ramban Forest Division that have not been covered under any other Working Circle described shall be allotted to this Working Circle. The working circle shall enable retention of the natural ecology of the tract dispersed along the whole length and breadth of the division for the ecological conservation and ecological integrity. It shall also act as refuge for the faunal population of the division, forming part of their niche habitat as well as corridor connecting forest patches. The crop in the circle would be managed in manner that there is minimum possible intervention and allow natural process to define the crop stand and diversity. These areas shall act as the repository of biodiversity of the region as well as tracts for study, education and research. The management prescriptions involve monitoring of growth and crop distribution, study of regeneration, study of floral and faunal diversity etc. The compartments included in the Working Circle are invariably distantly located with less population pressure. This working circle has slight change in the area as compared to area included in the working circle under revision. These include Kail deodar and Fir forests that are uncommercial poorly stocked and ecological fragile or inaccessible. These forests are unfit for systematic working. Total geographical area of this Working circle is 9607.42 ha out of which only 2382.29 ha area is well cropped and the rest of the area is open forest or blank area.

12.2. General Character of the vegetation

12.2.1. This working circle includes the following categories of the forest area, most of which formed the Unregulated Working Circle and the Protection-cum Improvement working circle of the earlier plan: i. All the rocky and stony forest area mostly consisting of the steep to precipitous hill slopes, which are devoid of vegetative covering. ii. All the forest area situated at high altitude on steep to precipitous terrain, non- viable for commercial exploitation because of their inaccessibility and poor stocking. iii. The forest area of any description, tough relatively better stocked, yet their protection and preservation is essential for soil and water conservation, preservation of wild life, and the maintenance of aesthetic of the tract. iv. All the forests area as are inherently unproductive and incapable of reboisement under the prevailing set of circumstance.

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12.2.2. As the area allotted to this working circle is spread almost all over this Division, the type of vegetation encountered varies from sub-tropical pine forests in the low-lying areas to high-level pasture land at higher elevation. By and large, all the forest types as discussed detail in the chapter-II of part –I of this Plan are met with in this working circle.

12.2.3. The distribution of stem over various dia classes is given as under in table 12.1. Trees in the higher dia classes are comparatively high than in the lower dia classes.

Table No. 12.1 Normal and actual distribution of stems over diameter –classes.

Diameter Class > 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 >70 Normal distribution 41.00% 25.00% 15.00 9.00% 5.00% 3.00% 2.00% in percentage. % Actual distribution 12.18 16.18 20.18 19.45 12.18 6.18 13.64 in percentage.

12.3. Area and allotment 12.3.1. The detailed statement of area of compartment and sub-compartment allotted to this working circle and area of each compartment under various classes has is provided under Annexure –VII.However the range and block wise abstract of total area and commercial area drawn from this statement is tabulated as under in table 12.2.

12.3.2. Total area of this circle is 9607.42 Ha which constiture 19.86% of the total geographical area of the Ddvision. About 2382.29 Ha (24.79%) area of this circle is well cropprd forest area out of which 1478.25 Ha lies in Banihal range and remaining 904.04 Ha area in Ramban range. Most incaccessible and ecologically fragile areas have been placed in this Circle. Out of total area of this circle 4099.02 ha area is cropped that include open and degraded forestsand remaining 5508.13 ha is blank area.

Table No. 12.2 Summary of Range wise area under Conservation working circle.

S.N Range Block Compartments Total Area Commercial o (Ha) Area (Ha) 1 Banihal Sarbangi 1,4b,14a,14b,19a 1604.31 221.91 2 Banihal Mohu 21,22,23b,32,33,38 4704.56 883.68 3 Banihal Banihal 44,45,46 923.37 372.66 Sub.Total 7232.24 1478.25 4 Ramban Neel 1,5,17b,19a 1288.64 367.08 5 Ramban Bhangara 20,31,32 513.87 347.20 6 Ramban Ramban 39b,40b,55 572.67 189.76 Sub.Total 2375.18 904.04 Total 9607.42 2382.29

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12.4 Special Object of Management a. To protect and preserve the vegetative covering of the area from further deterioration and degradation in the interest of Soil and Water Conservation, and the aesthetic value of the hill tops and slopes. b. To improve the conditions of the existing crop by the protecting these areas so that natural phenomenon is allowed free hand. c. To manage these areas as repository of Biodiversity and as part of wildlife habitat and critical corridor. d. To manage these tracts to safeguard the sustained flow of ecosystem services.

12.5. Analysis and Valuation of the Crop

12.5.1. For the assessment of the growing stock in this working circle, field data was collected from 24 sample plots. Mean and other statics value of two variables viz number of stems per hectare and volume conifers 30 cm d.b.h. and above have been computed. The results on the basis of statistical data have been summarized in table 12.3. The diameter class and species wise distribution of the growing stock assessed on the basis of mean values in terms of total number of trees and volume of the conifer 30 dbh and above are summarized in table.

12.5.2. The method used for enumeration of crop stand is partial sampling by sample plots of 0.1 ha. A total of 24 sample plots were laid across the working circle area. The individual sample plots were transferred on the map in GIS platform and later the sample plots were then traced on the ground using GPS. Status of regeneration was ascertained by laying of transects in the sample plots. The sampled data was then statistically analyzed and the resultant values are tabulated below.

Table No. 12.3.Results of Statistical Analysis for Conservation Working Circle. S.No Attribute Stem Volume 1 No.of sample plots (n) 24 24 2 Mean (X) 231.67 433.74 3 Variance (S2) 5031.88 23034.47 4 Standard Deviation (S) 70.94 151.77 5 Standard Error (S.E) 14.48 30.98 6 Coeff of Variation % 30.62 34.99 7 95% Confidence Lower Limit 201.72 369.65 8 95% Confidence Upper Limit 261.62 497.83 9 Confidence Interval (CI) 59.90 128.18 10 Lower limit as % of Mean 87.07 85.22 Column 5 : S.E = S/ √ n Column 6 : COV % = (S/X) x 100 Column 7 : Lower limit = X- (Student t test value for n-1 degrees of freedom * SE) Column 8: Upper limit = X + (Student t test value for n-1 degrees of freedom * SE) Column 9 : C.I = Upper limit – Lower limit

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12.5.3. The field data collected was tabulated and analyzed in computer using Windows Microsoft Excel software. From the field sample data, the average dia-class wise stem and volume distribution was ascertained and is reproduced below in Table- 12.4 & 12.5. The average number of stem and average volume per hectare was calculated that was further extrapolated for the entire working circle. 12.5.4. The averge number of stems and growing stock per hectare for the entire working circle area are 232and 433.74 cum respectively.

12.6. Methods of Treatment prescribed

12.6.1. No treatment, except complete rest is prescribed for these forests. At present the sole aim for the whole working circle is to preserve the forests and develop the forest cover. 1. Felling is strictly prohibited except concession marking to concessionists that too of dry and fallen trees. Concession marking should not be more than 0.1 % of the growing stock of particular species in the working circle. 2. There shall be strict control against fires illicit damages, encroachments and excessive grazing etc. 3. No resin tapping of any kind shall be allowed in the Chir crop of this working circle. 4. To impart silvicultural treatment of the young crop cultural operations like cutting of broad leaved trees wherever interfering in the growth of regeneration of conifer species. 5. The grazing is allowed in these areas except for areas closed by department or its sister wings. Departments shall regulate the grazing so that biotic pressure is reduced and regeneration can come up in these areas. 6. Soil and moisture conservation works shall be taken on in large scale in the erosion prone area particularly in low-lying area close to the rivers. 7. The Use of NTFP’s to the local population in this working circle is not prohibited and people are free to remove NTFP provided sustainability is factored in for removal from forest areas.

8. The Alpine/ sub-alpine pasture lands, a small area of which, lies within this working cirlcle need to be given special focus to ensure its proper management.

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Table No. 12.4.1.Summary of Species wise Stem Distribution per hectare of Commercial area for Conservation working Circle Species 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100-bove Total Chir 1 0 1 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 6 Deodar 4 5 5 6 2 2 1 1 0 0 26 Fir/Spruce 11 17 23 22 13 5 4 7 5 0 107 Kail 11 15 13 13 12 7 5 4 2 0 81 BL 1 1 4 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 12 Total 28 38 46 45 28 15 11 13 8 0 232

Table No. 12.4.2.Summary of Specieswise Stem distribution in Commercial area for Conservation working Circle. (2382.29 Ha). Table No. 12.4.3. Summary of Species wise Minimum available (87.03%) Stem Distribution of Commercial area for Species 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100-above Total Chir 1977 0 2978 3978 1977 0 1977 1001 1001 0 14889 Deodar 8934 11911 12912 14889 3978 3978 2978 1977 0 0 61558 Fir/spruce 25800 40690 53602 52601 29779 12912 8934 15890 12912 1001 254119 Kail 26801 35734 31756 30779 27801 15890 10911 8934 3978 0 192584 Bl 2978 1977 8934 4955 3978 1977 1977 1977 0 0 28754 Total 66490 90313 110181 107203 67514 34758 26777 29779 17891 1001 551905 Conservation Working Circle. (Area 2382.89 Ha).

Species 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100-above Total Chir 1722 0 2593 3464 1722 0 1722 871 871 0 12964 Deodar 7778 10371 11242 12964 3464 3464 2593 1722 0 0 53599 Fir/Spruce 22464 35428 46671 45800 25928 11242 7778 13835 11242 871 221261 Kail 23335 31114 27650 26799 24207 13835 9500 7778 3464 0 167683 Bl 2593 1722 7778 4314 3464 1722 1722 1722 0 0 25036 Total 57893 78635 95935 93342 58785 30263 23315 25928 15578 871 480544

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Table No. 12.5.1. Summary of Species wise volume Distribution per hectare of Commercial area for Conservation Working Circle. (Area 2382.29 Ha) Species 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100-above Total Chir 0.11 0.00 0.60 1.88 1.84 0.00 4.06 2.58 2.91 0.00 13.98 Deodar 0.49 0.65 4.12 8.31 3.50 5.23 5.49 4.72 0.00 0.00 32.51 Fir/Spruce 1.41 2.22 18.90 34.45 37.13 26.54 25.69 55.33 50.92 4.25 256.84 Kail 1.46 1.95 10.13 17.57 26.48 22.27 20.26 20.06 10.23 0.00 130.41 Total 3.47 4.82 33.75 62.21 68.95 54.04 55.50 82.69 64.06 4.25 433.74

Table No.12.5.2. Summary of Species wise Volume distribution in the Commercial area for Conservation working Circle.

Species 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100-above Total Chir 262.05 0.00 1429.37 4478.71 4383.41 0.00 9672.10 6146.31 6932.46 0.00 33304.41 Deodar 1167.32 1548.49 9815.03 19796.83 8338.02 12459.38 13078.77 11244.41 0.00 0.00 77448.25 Fir/Spruce 3359.03 5288.68 45025.28 82069.89 88454.43 63225.98 61201.03 131812.11 121306.21 10124.73 611867.37 Kail 3478.14 4645.47 24132.60 41856.84 63083.04 53053.60 48265.20 47788.74 24370.83 0.00 310674.46 Total 8266.54 11482.64 80402.28 148202.27 164258.90 128738.96 132217.10 196991.57 152609.50 10124.73 1033294.49

Table No.12.5.3. Summary of Species wise Minimum (level 85.22) available Volume in the Commercial area for Conservation Working Circle. Species 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100-above Total Chir 223.32 0.00 1218.11 3816.76 3735.54 0.00 8242.56 5237.89 5907.84 0.00 28382.02 Deodar 994.79 1319.62 8364.37 16870.86 7105.66 10617.88 11145.73 9582.49 0.00 0.00 66001.40 Fir/ 2862.57 4507.01 38370.54 69939.96 75380.87 53881.18 52155.52 112330.28 103377.15 8628.29 521433.37 Spruce Kail 2964.07 3958.87 20565.80 35670.40 53759.37 45212.28 41131.60 40725.56 20768.82 0.00 264756.77 Total 7044.75 9785.50 68518.82 126297.98 139981.44 109711.34 112675.41 167876.22 130053.81 8628.29 880573.56

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CHAPTER-XIII Working Plan For The Eco-Tourism (Overlapping) Working Circle

13.1 General Description of the Area

13.1.1. Ramban district is the gateway to Kashmir valley and large percentage of tourists reach Kashmir Valley by passing through Jawahar Tunnel at Banihal area of Ramban district. Ramban district has some of the most beautiful places to visit and Tourism Department is taking initiatives to develop these tourist sites. This area also has potential to emerge as the best destination for the Adventure tourism and Eco tourism activity. This division is very well connected to both Jammu and Kashmir by National Highway and has also rail connectivity with Kashmir region. The terrain and the locality of the area is the most favourable for the various kinds of Eco-tourism activities such as Mountaineering, Home stay, Trekking, Skiing, River Rafting, Angling and Bird Watching etc. Considering its location, the lofty Pirpanjal Mountain such Hansraj Hill, Tunnel top and view point from where whole Kashmir valley can be seen. The area presents an opportunity for various forms of Ecotourism activities. No of highland pastures at Neeltop, Sarvadhar, Suansiri, Mahu Magnit, glaciers and lofty mountain peaks increase its importance. The development of Ecotourism facilities in these areas can help in increasing the tourism and would generate employment opportunity to the local people and will definitely boost the economy of the area without any adverse impact on the forests and environment of the area.

13.2. Method of treatment Prescribed 13.2.1. First of all the tourist attraction facilities need to be created at the proposed sites but not at the cost of ecology & environment and after that the following measure are required to be taken as a precautionary measure in these areas. a. Proper tourist trails/footpaths shall be laid out in these compartments so that tourists do not stray over a large area. Excessive tourist movement all over the areas cause trampling and soil compaction which not only damage regeneration but also accelerates soil erosion. b. Places where tourists are allowed to sit/relax for recreational activities shall be clearly marked. They should not be allowed to move all over the area. c. Areas where tourists tend to concentrate should be equipped with adequate number of well placed dust bins for collection of litters. Also there should be a mechanism for regular disposal of litter by the way of making small Eco- Development Committees. d. Prominent trees of various species, along the paths regularly so visited by tourist, shall be labeled properly giving their botanical name and common names and use, beside this importance of local fauna of forests should also be displayed for proper acknowledgements by nature lovers. e. Display of small size boards, highlighting the importance of forests shall be created at places of tourist interest.

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f. Nailing or hanging of advertisement/sign boards on trees strictly prohibited. The territorial staff shall ensure that this provision is not violated and violators are penalized under relevant section of the Forest Act. g. A notice board listing activities which are prohibited/ permitted should be prominently displayed at public places like bus stand/parking lots etc. Tourists should be informed that activities like littering, scraping bark of trees, engraving names on trees, not only harms the forests but also give it a shabby look. h. The territorial DFO shall maintain constant liaison with development agencies like Public Works Department and other Development Agencies etc. so that the developmental plans are initially planned to minimize the damage to forests, and unnecessary complications at later stage is avoided. In addition comprehensive sewage disposal plan needs to be worked out to arrest the decline of forests, in these areas. i. The territorial staff shall exercise extra vigilance in these areas with respect to illegal diversion of forests land for non-forestry purposes, encroachments, and illicit felling. j. Establishment of small units in blank spaces enroute to these areas assist the natural regeneration. K. Soil and Moisture Conservation Works, construction of dressed stones Tree Guards to trees whose roots are exposed. l. Construction of stone paved foot paths and wooden bridges which benefit both tourist and local inhabitants. m. All types of markings shall be prohibited in all such areas excepting hygienic.

13.3. Important Activities Identified under Eco Tourism

13.3.1. Mountaineering. Mountaineering or mountain climbing is the sport or profession of Hiking and climbing mountains. While Mountaineering began as attempts to reach the highest point of unclimbed big mountains it has branched into specializations that address different aspects of the mountain and consists of three areas: rock-craft, snow-craft and skiing, depending on whether the route chosen is over rock, snow or ice. All require experience, athletic ability, and technical knowledge to maintain safety. The mountaineering enthusiasts used to visit Neel Top and Banihal Paas Hansraj Hill top and Saunsiri Top of Pogal – Paristan area, Sarvadhar Top, Deodar Gali top at Rajgarh, Dal Draman Top of Sarbagni block of Banihal Range etc. They also visited the other parts of erstwhile Doda district such as Kastigarh, Siraj for mountaineering purposes. Their visits were duly recorded in the visitors registers maintained in various guest houses located in the forest areas. Their visits were normally confined to summer months. The facilities required for mountaineers should be created to attract them. 13.3.2. Trekking.Trekking is a long, adventurous journey undertaken on foot in areas where common means of transport are generally not available. The most adventurous high altitude trekking routes are identified in this division. Local people some time uses these trekking routes to reach the destination for various

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purposes. These routes can be traversed only during fair weather conditions. These trekking routes must be placed in the tourist map of the State to attract people. The identified routes are as follows a) Banihal to Lowermunda (Kashmir).This trekking route was used since centuries by the valley people as a passage from areas of Ramban distt. There is the cart road passing through Banihal pass which can be used as heritage trekking route as it was main route during during the reign of Maharaja. b) Mahu-Mangat Trekking Route. The trekking route of Mahu magnit is very adventurous because passing through prisitine beauty of deaodar, Kail and Fir forests. This trekking route passes through Mangit and then reaches to Banihal via Sirachi Gali. The route can be traversed in two days with the night stay in the rock shelters. c) Ramsu to Dal Draman via Sarbagni. Mostly Nomadic graziers from Parts of Reasi Distric used this trekking route along with their livestock and reach Kashmir Valley. The route can be traversed in two days with the night stay in the rock shelters. d) Amateur Trekking Routes. There are many soft trekking routes for the normal trekkers. These are as follows.1.Sangal dan-trekking route.This trekking route is also adventurous to reach Gool Gulabgarh area of Ramban District. 2. Ukheral to Suansiri top via Alanbaas. This is again an important trekking route to reach the Suansuri top of Pogal Paristan mostly used by the local people for offering their prayer to local shrine at Suansuri. 13.3.3. Camping sites for tourists in summer season:- camping sites to be developed for nature lovers with minimum disturbance to the nature. Local people are to be encouraged for providing facilities to tourists. Forest Department can act as facilitator for encouraging people.

13.3.4. River Rafting. Rafting is the challenging recreational outdoor activity of using an inflatable raft to navigate a river or other bodies of water. River rafting is usually done on white water or different degrees of rough water, in order to thrill and excite the raft passengers. Major part of the Chenab river is graded “difficult” and assigned grade IV and above. Hence it is suitable only for professional rafters. 13.3.5. Angling. Angling means catching of fresh water fishes using fishing rods. It is widely followed as a recreational hobby in other countries. For angling activity the Mahu valley is the most suitable place. 13.3.6. Bird Watching and Nature photography. Compartment 47/Bnl of Ramban Forest Division is already under the control of Wildlife Department and is rich in avian diversity. Citing of Chakor, Monal and other important bird species is common at Tunnel top.

13.4. Development of Activities related to ecotourism

13.4.1 Huts .To launch the Eco tourism projects in a major way certain basic facilities are required to be provided in the area. The tourists require staying facilities and way side amenities in the form of huts and pitching ground tents. The huts play a major role in protection of forest as well. There were chains of forest huts located

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in various remote places in this division. During the period of insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir these huts were gutted. Also some wooden huts got rotten due to lack of maintenance. To improve the Eco tourism activity these huts can be rebuilt at strategic locations. Earlier one such hut was located at Senapati in compartment No. 24/R that needs to improve to facilitate the eco-tourism. Similarly at Lakgali there is also old Forest Hut it should e also repaired to boost Eco-tourism. Need of new Eco-Huts at place like Chamalwas, Sarvadhar, Mahu will attract Ecotourism in these areas.

13.4.2. Home stays. Home stays need to be developed in these areas by encouraging the local people by way of providing subsidies and providing timber at lower rates to the poor people so that they are able to cater to accommodation and other needs of tourists. The concept of home stay is very popular and successful in Ladakh region and people of rural areas of Ladakh have benefited from the tourism similar model is required to be replicated in Ramban division. For adventurous people and nature lovers who wants to enjoy the wilderness of the forests for them places like Khari, Mahu, Draman, Rajgarh, Neel ,Batroo, Sirchigali are best destinations for Homestay and to understand local culture and socio- economic conditions of the local people. The inbuilt aspect of eco-tourism is to understand the local culture, customs etc.

13.4.3. Other facilities. Also the bridle paths in the forest areas have to be improved so that trekking can be undertaken safely. Small bridges, Trangdees, solar light facilities etc. can be constructed as per the field requirements.

13.5. Training 13.5.1. Training and capacity building of forest staff as well as youths from rural area who will handle the tourists is essential. Language training needs to be imparted so that the operators can freely converse with the tourists. For Home-stay, the house hold members need to be trained in preparing various dishes and their presentations and also in housekeeping. The youths are to be trained in first aid and emergency handling also. The division office can act as a nodal point in co- ordinating all these activities.

13.6. Awareness Programme 13.6.1. Eco-tourism concept is picking up very well in India. People prefer new locations having less crowd and more physical activity. The trek routes mentioned in the above paras need to be listed in the government web-site. Forest Department has to act as a Nodal Agency and it has to host separate web-site for the benefit of tourists. The Tourism Department website should be provided with information and link to the eco-tourism web site. There is need to develop pamphlets, broachers, publicity on social media sites for the benefit of tourists.

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CHAPTER - XIV Working Plan For The Grassland Development (Overlapping) Working Circle

14.1. General description and Character of Vegetation

14.1.1 Grassland: land on which the vegetation is dominated by grasses, grassl like plants/herbs. Non forest land shall be classified as grassland if herbaceous vegetation provides atleast 80 percent of canopy cover excluding tress. Sizeable area under pasture land in the alpine and sub-alpine zones. Pastureland vegetation is dominated by grasses (Poaceae) however sedge (cyperaceae) and rush (Juncaceae) are also found in abundance. These pasture lands are mostly devoid of tree growth and also sustain a variety of medicinal herbs and shrubs, palatable and unpalatable grasses. It is pertinent here to define the difference between the alpine and sub-alpine blanks. The alpine blank is a tree less area occurring above the tree limit, generally beyond 3200 meters above the mean sea level. A small area of this category occurs in Banihal Range only. The sub-alpine blank is a treeless blank within the woodland limits of 2000 meters to 3200 meters altitude. All the area under these blanks is not pastureland, as some of it includes rocky, snow bound area, glacial moraines etc. Only the area having definite pastoral use at present can be classified as pasture land.

14.1.2. There is ever increasing pressure of grazing and pastureland is unable to meet the demand that leads to uncontrolled grazing of Chir and Fir forests for many years subsequently leads to depletion of palatable grass speces and has given way to unpalatable grass species and obnoxious weeds. This is responsible for poor regeneration of conifers and degradation of grasslands.

14.1.3. These grasslands are essential for producing grazing animals, Tourism, Ecotourism, ecosystems services such as clean water and air.

14.2. Classification

14.2.1. With reference to the classification of Grass land types of India by Dabadghao and Shankar Narayan (1973) grassland of Ramban Forest Division fall in the following categories.

1. Themeda- Arundinella Type. This type colonizes the sub-tropical regions of this Division. The predominant Perennial species characterizing the type are Arundinella nepalansis. Cynodon dactylon, Eulaliopsis binata, Botrhriochloa intermida, Heteropogon contortus and Chryopogon fulvus. Important annual grass species are Apluda mutica and Eragrostis unioloides.

2. Temperate alpine type. This type occurs in the higher reaches of this division. The principal perennial species are; Agropyron canaliculatum, Chrysopogon gryllus, Pheleum alpinum, Agrostis canning and Poa pratensis. The associated annual

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species includes Poa annua, Polypogon fugax, Oryzopsis lateralis and Poaswertiana.

14.3. Distribution of the area

14.3.1. The blank areas include different categories and the area of Highland Pasture as calculated in the previous and current working plan revision is as under in table 14.1.

Table No.14.1. Range wise Abstract of the area under the above Categories is reproduced as under.

Range Area of Higland Area of Higland Remarks pasture(HLP) as per pasture(HLP) in this previous WP revision (Ha) WP revision (Ha) Ramban 1264 2024 Other open areas Banihal 1870 1435 include degraded Total Area 3134 3459 forests, rocky and in Division stony wasteland.

14.3.2. There is increase is in area of Highland Pastures in this working plan revision as compared to previous revision this increase may due to adoption of different methodologies adopted for calculation of area. In previous revision area was calculated by dot grid method however in this revision the area calculation has been done by using the ArcGIS software and Google imagery of the division. The Highland pastures are the regions which are used as summer Behaks by the nomadic graziers. 14.3.3. The Range wise list of important summer pastures (Behak) of Ramban Forest Division is as under :

Table No.14.2. Some Important of Behaks of Ramban Forest Division. S.No. Ramban Range S.No. Banihal Range 1 Bajmandu 19 Nandi buzzla 2 Chatter Nag 20 Kakgihal 3 Devta 21 Bajar Nallah 4 Kachli 22 Hokhsar 5 Nandi Marg 23 Waw Maal 6 Malansar 24 Danaree 7 Gowal Zor 25 Haem Gali 8 Mali Marg 26 Marg 9 Moonal Goath 27 Neel Pathri 10 Sukrali 28 Bamen Bass 11 Dev Kot 29 Kharbass 12 Hamer Gali 30 Pader Gowth 13 Kotli Marg 31 Dubdalaw 14 Pash thathi 32 Lazendhar 15 Shargali 33 Gagar Mandu 16 Dugsaran 34 Nagi Mandoo 17 Bharthanti 35 Kolibass 18 Jawartha 36 Thandishah 37 Sawel Pathri

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14.4. Incidence of grazing

14.4.1. The incidence of grazing in the forest of this division is roughly estimated on the basis of total number of animal units grazing in these forests viz-a-viz the area of the forests including pasture lands.

For calculating the total number of animal units the following conversion factors have been applied: 1 cattle (cow-ox) = 1animal unit 1 Calf (less than a year old) = ½animal unit 1Horse/Pon = 1animal unit 1Buffal =2 animal unit 1 Sheep = ½ animal unit 1 Goat =½ animal unit 1 Other = 1 animal unit

Table No. 14.3. Cattle population within jurisdiction of Ramban Forest Division worked in terms of Animal Units. Category Number Animal unit Remarks Cattle 99497 94522 Considering10% Population Buffalo 13489 25629 below one year Sheep 104022 52011 Goat 45628 22814 Horses/mules/others 5493 5493 Total 200469

However, the Animal census figures above have been recorded in year 2012 and there are chances that number of livestock under different categories have increased over the period of time.

14.5. Migratory Graziers

14.5.1. In addition to 200469 Animal units’ livestock of migratory graziers also graze in these forests for about six months in a year. Thus at the time of peak incidence of grazing, there are more than above calculated Animal units of livestock grazing in the pasture and forest lands of Ramban Forest Division. This figure is far beyond the carrying capacity of the existing grass lands and pasture. Excessive grazing has aggravated the problem of soil erosion, which has further degraded the grass lands. To supplement the inadequate supply of grass, leaf fodder from a number of trees species is produced by the local population for feeding their livestock. As a result, fodder trees are being mercilessly lopped for the said purpose.

14.5.2. Routes of Migratory Graziers. The migratory graziers originate from the plain areas of the State namely Jammu, Kathua, Udhampur and Reasi districts during the month of April and reach the alpine pastures by end of May every year. All along the way, they come by walk along with their livestock and move in a group. Those who originate from plains of Jammu province and destined to reach

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Ramban and Banihal area, follows the regular route and cross Batote and Sanasar before they reach their respective destination. 14.5.3. Major Destinations. There are many famous major destinations of nomadic graziers. They are named after the local villages and nallahs, such as neel, Sarbagni, Chamalwas, Mahu Mangat etc. 14.5.4. Sharing of grazing lands. Traditionally the migratory graziers share the grazing lands among themselves. They treat the common property resources as their own traditional property and treat it accordingly. There are also reports that some graziers use to ‘sell’, ‘mortgage’ and ‘transfer to their wards’. As there are many disputes among the people in using the grazing lands. Always there are quarrels among the nomadic and locals and between the groups as well. 14.5.5. Collection of grazing fees. The Forest department collects the grazing fees only from the nomadic graziers. The Block Forest Officer and the Forest Guards used to reach the alpine pastures and collect the grazing fee from the migratory graziers as per the rates announced by the Government for this purpose. The grazing fees is also collected and verified at the Grazing Check Posts. 14.5.6. Duration of stay in the alpine pastures. The migratory graziers leave the plains on the onset of summer to avoid the scorching sun and reach the cool alpine meadows. Their stay in alpine pastures is determined by availability of forage in the alpine as well as in plains. During the good monsoon years in the plains, the graziers tend to scale down from the alpine pastures by early September and reach the plains by October. During drought years, they prolong their stay at alpine pastures upto mid October. 14.5.7. Grazing by Local People. The local people are also rearing livestocks sufficiently to meet the demands. They use the grazing lands located close to their hamlets. Mostly they restrict to sub alpine pastures. They used to cut the grasses from the blank areas of the forest during October and dump the grasses in their backyards to feed their animals during peak winter, as the entire area would be covered with thick blanket of snow. The grass cutting activity is causing the most deleterious effects to the regeneration of forest both directly as well as indirectly triggering soil erosion.

14.5.8. Excessive grazing. It has aggravated the problem of soil erosion, which has further degraded the grasslands. To supplement the inadequate supply of grass, leaf fodder from a number of tree species is procured by the local population for feeding their livestock. As a result, fodder trees are being mercilessly lopped for the said purpose leading to lack of flowering and fruiting. 14.6. Method of treatment

14.6.1. Over grazing is a major and very complicated problem, which is causing main hurdles in the successful regeneration of Chir and Fir forests. Being a socio- economic problem, it has to be tackled accordingly. It calls for the active considerations of all the agencies, government, Non-Government Organisation, people and politics connected directly or indirectly with this problem. Therefore, the following methods of treatment are suggested:-

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1. A detailed survey of all pastures lands should be carried out with respect to their Carrying Capacity and actual incidence of grazing. Grazing plan for the division be prepared in consistence with the grazing policy of the state. Grazing should, at the earliest be regulated and controlled on scientific lines under the proper plan required to be drawn up at micro levels. 2. All efforts should be made to scale down the population of unproductive cattle by encouraging the introduction of high yielding varieties of the cattle, and castration of unproductive cattle. The department concerned with improvement of livestock are required be actively involved in this stupendous task. 3. Till such time, a balance between the livestock population and carrying capacity of the grazing lands is achieved; the live stock should be stall-fed with forage and other concentrate from various sources. 4. The local population needs to be encouraged for raising grasses and fodder yielding tree species on their private lands, in order to ease the excessive grazing pressure on the forests. 5. The pasture land at present requires much intensive management on scientific lines for the overall betterment of the forests.

Table No. 14.4. Year wise details of herds of Migratory Graziers Recorded in Ramban Forest Division. S.No. Year Total No of Total No. Other Cattle/ Total Sheeps of Goats Hores/ Mules etc.

1 2006-2007 55624 1332 280 57236 2 2007-2008 52473 2254 199 54926

3 2008-2009 46173 1182 546 47901 4 2009-2010 47509 1117 195 48821 5 2010-2011 61957 2095 546 64598 6 2011-2012 55638 598 857 57093 7 2012-2013 48480 1338 32 49850 8 2013-2014 53218 1667 587 55472 9 2014-2015 42498 756 85 43339 10 2015-2016 40208 938 50 41196 Total 503778 13277 3377 520432

14.7. Erosion Control in Grass lands

14.7.1. Overgrazing reduce vegetative cover and also causes compaction of soil. Both these factor contribute towards accelerated soil erosion. In Ramban Forest Division, pastures are generally located in the uppermost reaches of the mountains. Thus, the phenomenon of erosion which is initiated in these pasture lands assumes enormous proportion in the downhill areas and has devastating effects on forests, agricultural fields and National Highways. Therefore, it is very important to initiate soil and water conservation measures in the high pasture lands. The following methods are hence prescribed.

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14.7.2. Contour Furrows. Contour furrows are small channels or excavations, constructed on contours to store water and allow it to be held inside the ground level. The excavated material is put on the downstream side. Sites with long uniform and gentle slopes are found to be more suitable for constructing contour furrows. It is not recommended on steep slopes. The furrows are normally 10 to 20 cm wide and 10 to 15 cm deep and spaced 100 cm to 200 cm apart. 14.7.3. Contour trenching. Contour trenching is also one of the mechanical measures for conservation of soil and moisture. This involves excavation of trenches along the contour, or across the slope of the land, generally in top portions of the catchment. Contour trenching on very steep slopes is not practicable. Land with slope more than 20 percent is generally not suidable contour trenched. The trenches are not more than 15 meter long and area usually staggered throughout the area. In cross sections, they are 30 cm deep and 30 cm or 60 cm wide. The trenches should run perfectly level so as not allow the trenches to be converted in gullies. The soil excavated in trenching is used to form a bund on the down streams sides leaving a berm equal to the depth of the trench.

14.7.4. Control of Gullies. Gullies are normally formed when the rill and sheet erosion continues unchecked. It usually begins in area with natural depressions, livestock trails etc. Overgrazing, intense rains and faulty and management practices are responsible for gully formation. The following measures are suggested for the control of gullies. 14.7.5. Construction of contour and peripheral bunds. To check the growth of gully formation and to control soil erosion, the first thing that needs to be done is to prevent the water from entering the gully. This can be done by retaining as much water in the catchment area as possible, and to safely dispose off the excess runoff. For this purpose contour and peripheral bunds may be constructed. Excess runoff can be disposed safely be digging diversion channel above the gully head.

14.7.6. Easing of the Head of the Gully. To prevent the water fall erosion and eating back of the gully, one of the measures is the easing of gully head. This can be done by partly cutting at the top and filling the base. The head can be sloped to the angle of repose required by the soil.

14.7.7. Gully plugging. Gully plugs are structures designed to halt the up streams progress of gullies by reducing the grade at the top of the slope which, when paved or protected, will allow the drainage to get from the upper to the lower level without further erosion. These are constructed to check the velocity of runoff, to increase percolation and to encourage sitting. Vegetation can be established on such silted areas. Various materials can be used for construction of gully plugs such as brush wood, live hedges, earth, sandbags and boulders.

14.8. Pasture Improvement

14.8.1. The best way to rehabilitate and develop the pastureland is to manage it on ecological principles. By mere closing of the area and adoption of controlled

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grazing, rangeland improvement is possible. Reseeding of range is restored to only when the grass regeneration is inadequate, native vegetation has disappeared and the range is required to be improved quickly. Some of the species suitable for different zones of Ramban Forest Division are listed below.

Sub-Tropical Cymbopogo coloratus Cymbopogon martini Sehima nervosu Themeda triandra Brachiaria mutica Cenchrus ciliaris Cholris Dichanthium annulatum Arundinella nepalensis arundinella bengalensis Eulaliopsis binate Paspalum dilatatum Themeda anathera Panicum anidoale Heteropogon contortus Chrysopogon fulvis Apluda mutica Pennisetum pedicellatum Temperate Cocks foot Phalaris tuberose Bromus inermis Poa pratensis Lolium multiflorum Festuca elatior

14.8.2. Method of seeding

1. Broadcast sowing. The most economical and quickest method of sowing the seed is by broadcasting. Broadcast sowing is suitable for light, fluffy soil especially those which have been loosened by frost action. The cracks in the soil act as gaps for receiving the seeds. Broadcast sowing has been found to be more effective if the soil is covered by brush drag or furrows after sowing.

2. Palletized seeds. Grass seeds are very small in size and light in weight. There is a risk of their being washed or blown away by the currents of water or wind. This can be avoided by sowing of palletized seeds. The seed is processed into small pellets which are easy to handle and are less vulnerable to be blown away by wind or water. A homogeneous thick paste is prepared by incorporating seeds in the mixture of sand, clay, cow-dung and fertilizer in the ratio of 3:1:1:1 and using sufficient quantity of water. Pellets, or small balls of convenient size, are prepared in such a way that each pellet contains 2 or 3 seeds. The pellets are meant to give the seedling a vigorous start. The pellets are dried and stored for 4-6 months before sowing. Sowing of pellets is normally carried out just before the first monsoon or just after the pre-monsoon showers.

3. Vegetative Propagation. The practice of propagation through vegetative material is restored when sufficient quantity of seeds is not available. The practice consists of transplanting grass seedlings raised in nursery or rooted slips of old tussocks on well prepared soils having optimum moisture condition. It ensures quick establishment of the grasses. It is more expensive than the direct seeding but has

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advantage of quick growth. In transplanting, it is easy to maintain the requisite plant population.

14.9. Carrying Capacity of grasslands-An overview

14.9.1. Carrying capacity is the maxium stocking rate possible that is consistent with maintaining or improving vegetation resource. It may vary from year to year for same area due to fluctuating forage factors of production. Sustainable carrying capacity of grassland need to be maintained and it should be ensured that adequate grassland productivity programme are implemented to ensure that groundcover should not fall below critical level. Ground cover is the amount of grass (dead or alive) which covers soil in percentage terms- 100 % means soil can’t be seen and 0 % means bare soil. Establishing the correct stocking rate of grassland is critical in optimising forage performance and maintaining animal performance while ensuring the sustained health and production of grassland resource. Factors that affect the stocking rate are animal species and class of livestock, rainfall, topography, soil/ecological sites, forage species composition, forage quality and palatability, forage productivity and management practices. Field based methods of calculation of carrying capacity are are more accurate than indirect methods. The prescription in this chapter have been prescribed to ensure that factors that affect stocking rate are manipulated in such a way that carrying capacity of grassland is optimally utilised and environment of the areas is not adversally affecting. Carrying capacity for grasslands in Ramban Forest Division is not calculated due to lack of data but we need to ensure that controlled grazing is done in these grasslands. Erosion control measures and ways to improve pastureland need to be followed to ensure that carrying capacity of grassland dosent decrease over period of time.

14.10. Role of fire in Grass land management

14.10.1. Traditionally the people belonging to this area used to fire the grass lands just before the onset of winter to burn the unpalatable weeds and the grasses from the grazing land. Though most of the grass species have adaptations to survive the fire but overall impact of fire in the grass land is not completely known to the department. Hence, it is recommended that the role of fire in grassland management may be studied by the State Forest Research Institute further for its applicability in this State.

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CHAPTER-XV Part-A, Joint Forest Management (Jfm Overlapping)

15.1. Introduction

15.1.1. The Joint Forest Management (JFM) is the partnership in forest movement involving Forest Departments and local communities. In India Joint Forest Management originated in West Bengal’s Arabari area where local communities were involved in management of forests by formation of Forest Protection Commitees and benefits arising out of forests were shared by Forest Department and local people. JFM schemes received national importance in the legislation of 1988 and thrust in the Guidelines of 1990. National Policy of 1988 envasiged a major shift in the way the forests were being managed in India. JFM was formally adopted in Jammu & Kashmir State by issuing a notification SRO 61 dated 19-03- 1992. Though the State of Jammu & Kashmir had already introduced the concept way back in 1982 in its World Bank aided Social Forestry Project. Institutionalisation of JFM was done in the state in a structured way after guidelines were issued by the Ministry of Environment and Forest under the National Afforestation Programme (NAP). National Afforestation Programme was started by Government of India in the 10th Five Year Plan by amalgamation of programmes and schemes of similar objectives. The National Afforestation and Eco-development Board was established at the centre to oversee the implementation of this programme.

15.1.2. The National Afforestation Programme envisaged creation of registered societies at Division level called Forest Development Agency (FDA) and at the State level the State Forest Development Agency (SFDA). Each FDA consists of many Village Forest Committees (VFCs). The FDA framework has two major bodies by name General Body and Executive Body. The Conservator of Forests (Territorial) is the Chairman of the FDA and the Divisional Forest Officer concerned is the the Member Secretary. The General Body consists of members from all village households. Due representation of women and SC/STs are ensured in these committees. Each VFC elects a President who becomes member of Executive Body of FDA. A bottom up approach is adopted in planning process. The Plan of FDA is evolved at the village level by the VFCs, later to be included in the overall FDA Plan. The Block Forest Officer is the Member Secretary of VFC. A joint account is opened in the bank to implement the programmes prepared through Micro Plan. They collectively operate the consensus plan made by the public. The Plan focus is predominantly on Afforestation with minor contribution to village/ community infrastructure in the form of Entry Point Activities. The underlying object of FDA model of Afforestation programme is to empower the local community in decision making process of selection of site, selection of species to be planted and to decide on the type of community infrastructure needed and to prioritize it. Creation of sufficient labour days for employment of locals is also a stated objective.

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15.1.3. The afforestation programme basically contains components such as advance work, creation and maintenance of closures for next three years. The degraded forests can be treated under any one of the modes such as Aided Natural Regeneration, Artificial Regeneration, regeneration of perennial herbs and shrubs, Silvi-pasture development and development of bamboos etc.

15.2. General constitution of working Circle

15.2.1 The working circle shall be constituted of all the forest compartments of the division and shall be overlapping working circle.

15.3. Objectives of Joint Forest Management

15.3.1. Short Terms Objectives 1. Regeneration and eco development of degraded forests areas and adjoining areas. 2. Augmentation of availability of fuel wood, fodder and grasses from the regenerated areas. 3. Securing people participation in planning and regeneration efforts to ensure sustainability and equitable distribution of forests products from the regenerated areas. 4. Promotion of Agro Forestry and development of common property resources. 5. Promotion of fuel saving devices to encourage efficient use of firewood and to reduce the drudgery of rural women involved in the collection of wood, as also improve the environment. 6. Development and extension of technologies for special problem of the area. 7. Employment generation for the most needy people especially those belonging to Scheduled Caste, scheduled Tribes, land less and marginal labourers inhabiting the project area. 8. To repose a sense of ownership and active participation in decision making on management of forests.

15.3.2. Long Terms Objectives

1. Protection, conservation of natural resources through the active involvement of the people. 2. Checking forest degradation, deforestation and loss of bio-diversity. 3. Ecological restoration, environmental conservation and eco-development. 4. Evolving village level people’s organization, which can manage the natural resources in and around villages in a sustainable manner. 5. Fulfillment of the broader objectives of productivity, equity and sustainability for the general good of the people. 6. Improve quality of the life and self -sustenance aspect of people living in around forest areas. 7. Capability endowment and skill enhancement for improving employability of the rural people.

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The main objectives of JFM are the protection and rehabilitation of degraded forests with the involvement of local people. The National Forest Policy, 1988 provided that the requirements of forest products of the tribes and other villagers living in and near the forests are to be treated as the first charge on forest produce. It implies that meeting the requirements of the local people consistent with the productive capacity of forests should be the main objective of JFM. Besides meeting the forests products requirements of the local people, additional income generation needs to be recognized as very important to sustain the interest in JFM of the local people who are generally very poor.

15.4. History of Forest Development Agency in Ramban Division

15.4.1. The JFM was introduced in this division during the year 2001-02 under Pilot Project of FDA in erstwhile Doda district where in VFC’s were formed in this division. Subsequently FDA Ramban was created during 2003-04 on five years Plan basis and few VFC’s were formed ,thereafter number was raised to 52 VFC’s in the year 2007-08 when the Plan was continued yearly basis. The management of the jointly managed forests is done through the provision of a micro plan prepared by the community on PRA basis and with the technical help of the official of the forest department. Since the micro plains prepared with the technical guidance of the forest department there is little chances of any conflict between the working plan and the Micro Plan prescriptions.The list of VFC that worked in in this division is enclosed as Annexure-X.

15.4.2. During the Project period, Villages/village clusters were taken up for development in the FDA Ramban Forest Division. The object of the intervention was primarily to re-habilitate the degraded forests with active cooperation of the locals. The object was achievable when providing them sufficient opportunities to uplift their economic status and at the same time people required to be educated about the importance of the forests. By involving people in the planning and developmental activities related to the forestry the project aimed to achieve the twin objects of providing employment and raising the level of awareness about environmental issues. In order to meet the objectives of the project the activities undertaken include raising nursery plants, creation of effective closures by plantation of tree species having, fodder, firewood, and timber and MFP value. Soil and moisture conservation work was also done as per need of the area to prevent soil erosion and improve the drainage. Under entry point activities various works were done as per need of the VFC these works include construction of wooden foot bridges, check dams, ponds, water tanks, bridal paths, public toilets etc.

15.5. Present functioning of VFCs and future proposal

15.5.1. The operation of FDA has resulted in successful afforestation of degraded forest land in many villages and there are some success stories but an analysis of the results suggests that the interest of the people in the scheme has waned over the

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period of a time since its inception. This can also be interpreted partly as reflection of the rising aspiration of the people and also attributable to other rewarding avenues available to people in other departments. The local people are more interested if there are adequate funds under entry point activities. Main drawback of this scheme is its inability to provide immediate benefit or returns to local people and uncertainity about timely release of adequate funds. The funds released under this scheme were merely sufficient to cater to needs of few VFCs and most of the VFC had to wait for years for their turn.

Table No.15.1. Year wise details of Targets and Achievements under Centrally Sponsored Schemes of Forest Development Agency (FDA) Ramban. Plan Year Physical & Financial Targets Physical & Financial Achievements

P Advance Creation Mainte Fin. Advance Creation Fin. e work r work Works nance Target Works Achieve

(Ha) (Ha) (Ha) (Lacs) (Ha) (Ha) enance ments T i (Ha) (Lacs) o d Main 10th 2002-03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 F2003-04 540 0 0 49.54 540 0 0 11.37 i2004-05 500 540 0 63.16 500 540 0 25.06 v2005-06 460 500 0 58.11 0 0 0 0.56 e2006-07 0 460 0 41.42 0 386 0 58.86 S.Total 1500 1500 0 212.23 1040 926 0 95.85 11th Y2007-08 705 0 926 71.06 705 0 926 54.13 Fe2008-09 555 705 386 95.99 555 705 386 75.12 ia2009-10 520 555 1091 136.96 520 555 1091 127.92 r v2010-11 515 520 1062 70.62 0 413 0 30.96

e2011-12 0 515 0 133.4 0 0 1062 19.57 P S.Totall 2295 2295 3465 508.03 1780 1673 3465 307.70 Y2012-13 100 100 1613 72.69 100 100 1613 53.35 ea n2013 -14 200 79 0 50.02 200 79 0 30.59 a2014-15 75 176 199 27.46 0 0 0 0 r 2015-16 0 0 0 0 75 176 199 18.35

2016-17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P S.total 375 355 1812 150.17 375 355 1812 102.29 l Granda Total 4170 4150 5277 870.43 3195 2954 5277 505.84 n 15.5.2 The existing structure of FDA model can be functionally reoriented to make for meaningful engagement since this circle is an over lapping circle and is spread over the whole division so there is need to create a VFC in each village as existing structure is not enough. Constitution of each VFC should be notified by concerned territorial DFO and functioning of VFC is required to be redefined properly so that multifarious role can be assigned to VFC for forest protection and forest management related issues.

15.5.3. All the plantation activities in forests adjoining villages should be executed after proper consultation with the VFC and choice of species should be as per need of

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locals and in conformity with the silviculture system adopted in the areas. Even plantations under CAMPA, State Sector, District Sector, IFM etc. should be executed in consultation with VFC.

15.5.4. The collection of MFP should be allowed free of cost to all VFC members with a provision of royalty for Govt. and each VFC should have role in granting concession trees to local people, priorty list should be received form each VFC and accordingly trees under concession should be sanctioned by DFO. Initially a beginning should be made with NTFP’s especially Guchhies with its established market and marketing chain should be taken up on pilot basis for familiarization of the trade and trade practices. VFC should also act as Protection Committee of the village and all its members play role in prevention of forest damage, controlling wild life crime and ensure that no persons are involved in encroachment of forest land. Each VFC need to prepare an annul progress report about its activities regarding forest protection and forest management efforts.

15.5.5. In VFC’s which are not located adjacent to productive forests and which lie along Reboisement and Conservation Working Circle, alternate productive functions like NTFPs and establishment of Solar Power Plants, Micro and Mini Hydroelectric Projects, Ecotourism, Adventure Tourism etc. should be explored.The allocations under the Green India Mission should also be planned and executed by the VFCs. Forest department need to give annual awards and recognition to best performing VFC and conservation award at division level for the persons contributing to conservation efforts.

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PART -B Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management And Planning Authority (Campa)

15.6. Introduction

15.6.1. Central Government while according approvals under the Forest Conservation Act 1980 stipulates Compensatory Afforestation (CA) from funds to be realised by the project proponents. Accordingly on basis of Supreme Court order dated 30th October 2002 a compensatory afforestation fund was created in which all the money received from user agency compensatory afforestation(CA) , addl. CA, penal CA, Net present value of forest land, catchment area treatment plan funds etc. shall be deposited. As per Supreme Court order all the money deposited shall be used execlusively for undertaking protection and conservation activities in protected areas of respective states and union terroteries. Ministery of Environment and Forests issued notification in year 2004 in compliance to directions of Supreme Court and later on adhoc CAMPA was constituted in year 2006. For further streamlining the use of CAMPA funds compensatory bill 2008 was introduced in lok Sabha by union Govt. but the bill could not be passed.

15.6.2. In order to manage these funds received on account of transfer of forest land for non forestery purpose under the provisions of Jammu and Kashmir Forest (Conservation) Act 1997, (FCA, 1997), the Govt. of Jammu and Kashmir has constituted State, Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority (CAMPA) under SRO-354. The amount received under CAMPA is used for undertaking protection and conservation activities in Jammu and Kashmir state.

15.6.3. Compensatory Afforestation Bill 2016 has been introduced in Lok Sabha by the Union Govt. and it aims to ensure establishment of non-lapsable, interest bearing fund under public account of India and constitution of national authority for its management and utilisation. Bill also aims to establish monitoring group to assist national authority in monitoring and evaluation. Funds available with the adhoc CAMPA shall be transferred to national fund and ninty percent of the funds would be transferred further to the respective states.

15.7. Aims and objectives of CAMPA (1) Conservation, protection, regeneration and management of existing natural forests. (2) Conservation, protection and management of wildlife and its habitat within and outside protected areas including the consolidation of the protected areas. (3) Compensatory afforestation. (4) Environmental services, which include:- (i) Provision of goods such as wood, non-timber forest products, fuel, fodder and water, and provision of services such as grazing, tourism, wildlife protection and life support.

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(ii) Regulating services such as climate regulation, disease control, flood moderation, detoxification, carbon sequestration and health of soils, air and water regimes. (iii) Non-material benefits obtained from ecosystems, spiritual, recreational, aesthetic, inspirational, educational and symbolic. (iv) Supporting such other services necessary for the production of ecosystem services, biodiversity, nutrient cycling and primary production. (5) Research, training and capacity building.

15.8. Strategies

The strategies inter-alia comprise:- a. The highly degraded/degraded areas shall form the priority areas for taking up afforestation and allied works. b. The areas prone to intense biotic pressure shall get preference. c. The areas near habitations and prone to encroachment shall also be given priority. d. As far as possible, larger areas shall be taken up for treatment for a five year period of continuous working to ensure judicious use of resources and manpower. e. Consolidation of treatment through effective project approach with proper choice of treatment measures will be ensured. f. Emphasis will be laid on sustainability of treatment measures. g. Focus will be to enhance development of wood, non-timber forest produce(NTFP), fodder, water, grazing, tourism, wildlife protection and life support measures. h. Services such as climate regulation, disease control, flood moderation, carbon sequestration shall be promoted along with health of soil, air and water. i. Due emphasis shall be laid on research, training and capacity building. j. All buildings constructed under CAMPA shall have the provision of rainwater harvesting and incorporation of other green building t[echnologies.

15.9. Implementation of CAMPA

15.9.1. Under CAMPA in Jammu and Kashmir Chief Secretary heads state steering committe of CAMPA that approves the APO of the Forest department and its allied deprtments. The executive committee headed PCCF of Jammu and Kashmir is responsible for execution of the plans approved by the steering committee. The scheme was implemented in state of Jammu and Kashmir in financial year 2009- 10. As large junks of Forest land has been diverted in the state of Jammu and Kashmir and large amount of funds have be submitted in lieu if forest land. Since Forest departments receive only meagre amount of funds under State Plan so in this case CAMPA funds is of great help to the department for protection and conservation activities. After implementation there is considerable improvement in nurseries of forest department across state and department has again focussed on the raising of conifer nursery.

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15.9.2. Under CAMPA scheme varity of forest protection and conservation work has been conducted in Ramban Forest Divsion. The detail of work executed in Ramban Forest Division under CAMPA since 2009-10 is given in Annexure-XII.

15.9.3 As per guidlines of CAMPA there should be at least one modern nursery in each division where the conifer and broadleaved plants are raised in controlled conditions of temperature and humidity. The treatment of the areas which are diverted and where the forest land is disturbed on account diversion of forest land for non-forestry purpose. Moreover there is need to review the standard rate of trees of different species as presently the rates approved in 1992 are being used to calculate the amount due to be paid be the User Agency.

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CHAPTER XVI Working Plan For Non-Timber Forest Produce (Ntfp Overlapping) Working Circle

16.1. Non – Timber Forest Produce

16.1.1. Non-Timber Forest Produce (NTFP) is considered as any commodity obtained from the forest that does not necessitate harvesting trees. It includes nuts and seeds, berries, mushrooms, oils, foliage, medicinal plants, fuel wood, forage, etc. Some definitions also include small animals and insects. A few examples of the many thousands of different kinds of NTFPs include mushrooms, huckleberries, ferns, tree barks, transplants, cones, Brazil nuts, moss, maple, and resin. Products are commonly grouped into categories such as floral greens, decorative, medicinal plants, foods, flavours and fragrances, fibers, saps and resins. Other terms synonymous with non-timber forest products include special forest product, non- wood forest products, minor forest products, alternative forest products and secondary forest products. These terms are useful because they help highlight forest product that are of value to local people and communities, but that have often been overlooked in the wake of forest management priority such as timber production and animal forage. In recent decades, interest has grown in using Non Timber Forest Produce (NTFPs) as an alternative or supplement to forest management practices such as clear cut logging. In some forest types forests could be managed to increase NTFP diversity, and consequently biodiversity and economic diversity. Nationally NTFP account for considerable part of in forestry sector.

16.2. Uses

16.2.1. Since pre-history, human around the world have relied heavily on products derived from forest species for their survival and well-being. NTFP harvesting remained widespread throughout the World. People from diverse income levels, age groups, and cultural backgrounds harvest NTFPs for household subsistence, maintaining cultural and family traditions, obtaining spiritual fulfilment, maintaining physical and emotional well being, scientific learning and earning income. NTFPs serve as raw materials for industries ranging from large scale floral green suppliers and pharmaceutical companies to micro-enterprises centred on basket-making, woodcarving, medicinal plants harvesting and processing, and a variety of other activities.

16.3. Distribution of the Area

16.3.1. Depending upon the altitudinal zonation, aspect, associated vegetation, the NTFP are naturally available, throughout the tract. Both Ramban and Banihal Ranges are rich in NTFP.

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Table No.16.1. NTFP/ MFP Extraction in Ramban Forest Division in last 10 Years.

S.No Year Name of M.F.P. Quantity (Qtls) Revenue 1 2007-08 Gucchhies (Morels) 34.06 1.46 Lacs 2 2008-09 Gucchhies (Morels) 4.50 1.46 Lacs 3 2009-10 Gucchhies (Morels) 5.39 1.815Lacs 4 2010-11 Gucchhies (Morels) NA 1.81 Lacs 5 2011-12 Gucchhies (Morels) 20.60 1.965Lacs 6 2012-13 Gucchhies (Morels) 12.00 2.12 Lacs 7 2013-14 Gucchhies (Morels) 7.00 3.11 Lacs 8 2014-15 Gucchhies (Morels) 3.00 3.25 Lacs 9 2015-16 Gucchhies (Morels) 3.00 3.30 Lacs Nagchatri 3.00 3.00 Lacs (Trillium govaniaum) 10 2016-17 Dhoop (Jurinea dolomiaea) 46.00 4.60 Lacs Banafsha (Viola odorata) 5.00 0.315Lacs Kour (Picrohiza kurrooa) 9.25 5.355Lacs Mushakbala 0.00 0.20 Lacs (Valeriana Wallichii)

16.4. Economic importance 16.4.1. Estimating the exact contribution of NTFPs to national or regional economies is difficult due to the lack of broad based systems for tracking the combined value of the hundred products to make up the various NTFP industries. While these high value species may grab the most attention, a diversity of NTFPs can be found in most forests of the World. In tropical forests, NTFPs can be important source of income that can supplement farming or other activities. Their economic, cultural, and ecological value when considered in aggregate makes managing for NTFPs an important component of sustainable forest management and the conservation of biological and cultural diversity. Its research helps Policy makers and development project managers make more decisions that are informed. The result is positive impact on rural livelihood by helping to identify potential successful NTFPs for trade and determining the most promising avenues for policy reforms. No special studies have been carried out in this division to assess the economic importance of NTFP extracted by locals or contracters but local people have been using a varities of NTFP historically to meet their needs.

16.5. Brief description of some medicinal plants found in Ramban Division is as under. a) Patis (Aconitum heterophyllum): It is considered an astringent stomachic and aphrodisiac. It is also a valuable febrifuge and used in place of quinine. It is an excellent tonic for combating ability after malarial and other fevers and diseases. In case of diarrohea / dysentery and chronic enteritis this has efficacious use. The active principle is Atisine, an amorphous alkaloid of intensely bitter taste, but non-poisonous. Drug is extracted from roots and underground parts. The propagation is done by root and seeds.

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b) Bankakri (Podophyllum hexandrum): This is a small herbaceous plant with a perennial rhizome, found in the higher reaches. The rhiyzome and roots are the source of Podophyllum resin which is used as Cholagogur purative. It has been found to be effective in controlling skin diseases and recently attracted attention for use in certain form of cancer. Propagation of the species is done through tuber. c) Banafsha (Viola): English name is sweet violet. It is herbaceous perennial herb, found mostly in the temperate pastures. Flowers are used in perfumery and are also used medicinally as demulcent and biliousness and lungs troubles. It is used for several other uses in Ayurveda and Unani system. d) Kuth (Saussurea lappa): This is an important name among the medicinal plants. It is perennial herb, the roots are commonly known as Kuth. Roots are collected in the month of September, October. Its uses are somewhat obscure. In the Indian medicine, kuth is described as an aromatic and stimulant. It is said to be useful in cough, asthma and fever. It is also used to keep insects out of cloths. The active principle in the drug is (1) and essential oil (2) a glucoside (3) and alkaoid. The oil possesses strong antiseptic properties; the glucoside causes a slight rise in blood pressure. The oil extracted from the roots is called costus oil, which is an essential oil. The powdered roots and alcohol extracts are beneficial in asthma, lessening severity of attacks and reducing their frequency. e) Kins (Dioscorea deltoidea): Local name is Kans. This is an extensive climber, distributed in north-western Himalayas. The tubers yield Diosgenin, which is used to synthesize sex hormones and Corisone, Cortisone is extensively used in rheumatism and allergic conditions. Propagation of the species is through rhizome. f) Dhoop (Jurinea Macrocdephala): A quite prostrate perennial. The extract of the root is used as incense. h) Guchhies (Morchella spp.): The guchhies are the costliest edible ‘mushroom’ in the Indian market. It is naturally available in the western Himalayas. No artificial cultivation of these macro fungi is reported from India. It is collected during the month of May to July in this division. . Price in the market varies from Rs. 6000/- to Rs. 10000/Per Kg. i) Sujanjado (Colchicum luteum): It is a perennial herb with underground corms, growing in the temperate forests. The corms are traded and used in the treatment of gout. It is used in treatment of arthritis and diseases of liver and spleen. 16.6. Other Non-timber Forest Produces a) Anardana (Punica Granatum): It is obtained from deciduous shrub, occasionally a small tree. It does fruiting in the month of July-September. Fruit is edible and

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contain juicy seeds of red or pink colour. The wild variety has sour taste. Seed are dried and sold in the market. b) Cedar Oil (Deodar Wood Oil): it is an essential oil obtained by steam distillation of the chips or saw-dust of Cedrus deodara stump and large-sized waste pieces are converted into chips and then used for steam distillation. This oil is used in perfumery and soap industries. c) Resin: it is a secretion from special cavities of Chir pine bark. It is brittle, amorphous and more or less transparent. Resin is found from many trees of Pinaceae family. However, the occurrence is more in Chir pine, from which it is extracted commercially. It is used for medicine and pharmacy, sizing paper, preparation of wax. Rosin and Turpentine are the major product of resin industry.

16.7. Method of collection and marketing

16.7.1. Present Method: Local people traditionally collect and use NTFP for their domestic needs however no one is authorized to sell to any body without proper permission from the forest department. The forest department awards contracts to registered contractors on the basis of auction and usually whole division area is treated as a single unit for auction. The auctions are either bulk auction for an area or on per kilo gram cost basis. The quantity of NTFP to be auctioned is on basis of report from the field staff which is usually based on the rough estimation rather than any scientific survey. The regulation is limited to transportation by issuance of permission with emphasis on control on the movement of the produce. However, the conservation and sustainable extraction of NTFP species remains unfocused. The process of NTFP extraction is largely driven by the desire of contractors for maximization of profit as there is no incentive for them to contribute for conservation of the resource. In this method the local communities are not considered as important stakeholders. The business chain becomes the exclusive domain of operators with ability to mobilize funds upfront and sometime people also resort to malpractices. Hence the village dwellers of the forest fringe are devoid of benefits and partnership which accentuated the indiscriminate extraction of resource without concern for sustainability. There is no value addition of NTFP by the stakeholders.

16.7.2. Proposed Model: To ensure active participation of both stakeholders (Local people and Forest department) with main focus on the sustainable utilization of NTFP there is urgent need to develop a self regulatory mechanism having inbuilt check and balance. This model aims to ensure benefit sharing to local people and forest department by sustainable utilization of NTFP and seeking active participation of local people in conservation of resource. The Jammu and Kashmir Forest policy 2010 approved in 2011 envisages the following in respect of NTFP. a) Package practices for cultivation of medicinal plants will be developed and farmers will be encouraged to undertake cultivation of such medicinal plants and tree species on non-forest lands and private lands. Simultaneously, handling,

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processing, transportation and marketing of medicinal plants and related products will be facilitated. b) Value addition and processing of non-timber forest produce within the State will be encouraged along with development of market linkages and trade related information so that these are not exported in raw form, and producers get remunerative price for their produce. c) To facilitate conservation and development of medicinal plants in natural forests, including high and low level pasturelands, local communities will be encouraged to form cooperatives at village level for non-destructive harvesting, processing and marketing of medicinal plants and other species having commercial value with a view to augmenting their income. d) Laws rules and regulations to be revisited, reviewed and rationalized to encourage the activities referred to in the subparagraphs above.

16.7.3. In this model the existing mechanism of VFC’s under the aegis of FDA shall be participating proactively in every aspect to NTFP utilization and marketing process. Provision for training and capacity building of field staff and selected members of the VFC for survey, assessment, sustainable utilization and conservation techniques. Research institutes /Universities with expertise in various aspects to NTFP shall be engaged as research partners for standardization of techniques and best practices for cultivation, extraction and value addition of NTFP within the state. Efforts shall be made for imparting the skills for cultivation of important species of NTFP to the farmers so that there is decrease in pressure on forests and farmers enhance their livelihood opportunities.

16.7.4. Each VFC’s may be allotted a certain forest area and then the VFC should act as the collection centers. The VFCs shall maintain an account of the quantity that was deposited by the individual member. From all the VFCs the FDA shall collect the produce, do some value addition, quality grade it and certify the product of sustainability and put them to auction. Forest department may help FDA in certification of the product and assist the FDAs in finding forward marketing linkages with the companies involved in medicinal plant products like Himalaya, Dabur etc. The profit earned is shared 20:80 by forest department & VFCs as per the quantity deposited.

16.7.5. The extraction of the NTFP by members should be linked to preservation of regenerative capacity of the wild stock. The forest department along with VFC’s shall also monitor the ecological impact by collection of plant information through field survey etc. The department staff shall check on the measures adopted for ensuring sustainability. If the resource depletion is found critical plantation of NTFP can be taken up to recoup the area. The funds from Centrally Sponsored Scheme under National Afforestation Programme can be used for initial capacity building and in course the FDAs should aim at promoting the

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cultivation of the NTFP on the private fields. The SFRI can associate with the operations to develop standardized package of practice for cultivation and enumerate the good collection practice for different species. Assuming that the collectors who deposit the NTFPs with the VFCs are poor and marginal, it is but natural for them to expect immediate pecuniary benefit from the produce deposited, than wait for the sale to happen and the profit to get redistributed. In this regard it would be desirable to maintain rotation fund of at least two crore on returnable basis from the Forest Department to the FDA.

16.8. This model of operation has following advantages 1. The benefit of the business directly impacts the forest communities without compromising on the ecological sustainability. 2. Ensure participation of locals in conservation of forests and infuse a sense of responsibility and ownership. 3. Reduces the options of malpractice and significantly reduces the operational costs and disincentives smuggling and optimize the use. 4. Sufficient quantity of marketing volume is ensured to make the operations economically viable. 5. The flow of NTFP would indirectly be suggestive of the stock and its sufficiency in the forest and hence act as a monitoring tool.

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CHAPTER –XVII Wildlife Management (Overlapping) Working Circle

17.1. General description of the Working circle

17.1.1. Because of considerable variation in the climatic conditions prevailing all over the area covered by this division, ranging from sub-tropical to alpine, a variety of wildlife is met with over this tract. Though no wildlife census has been conducted to assess diversity and density of wildlife species present in this tract. The important species of the wildlife found in this division have already been enlisted and described in detail in chapter II of part I of this plan. The Leopard, Brown bear, Himalayan Black Bear, Goral, Musk Deer and Snow Leopard are some of the prominent wildlife species present in Ramban division. The division is rich in bird species. Some pockets of Ramban and Banihal Range are rich in wildlife. Number of man- animal conflict cases are reported from this area resulting in the death or grevious injury to the human beings or the killing of the wild animals. The people in this tract have been granted firearms which they use for hunting wild animals for meat purpose. 17.1.2. Man-animal conflict is one of the most important aspect of wildlife management. As wildlife habitation and its corridors are fragmented by roads, railway tracks, human habitations etc. Man-animal conflict is on the rise particularly with respect to bear and leopard. Since wildlife has no boundaries, managing wildlife is also an important aspect wildlife management. It is also to mention that most of the man-animal conflict is mostly reported from forest areas outside protected areas as most of the area of this division is not covered by any protected area.

17.1.3. Protection and control of wildlife was given importance in Jammu and Kashmir State even before independence. The Jammu and Kashmir Game Preservation Act, 1998 (1942 AD), Act No. XXIV of 1998 is an example to that. Thereafter, Jammu and Kashmir Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1978, was passed by the State Legislature with elaborate provision for the conservation of wildlife. This act is amended from time to time incorporate changes that have been made in the wildlife related laws nationally and internationally, and to meet the challenges thrown up by the spurt in wildlife offences.

17.2 Wildlife Management Objectives 1. To preserve and protect the wildlife 2. To reduce the Man-Animal Conflict. 3. To create awareness among the masses about the importance of wildlife

17.3. Method of treatment

17.3.1. For proper protection and management of wildlife in the division, following suggestions should be considered.

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1. In order to manage and conserve the wildlife on scientific lines, it is essential to assess the number, and study the distribution, habits and habitat of various species of wildlife found in this tract. For this purpose, census of wildlife should be carried out in the area with the help of the latest technique. 2. Forest and Wildlife Protection Committees should be constituted at the divisional and range level and responsible citizens of the area, along with the officers of the related departments, should be made the members of such committees. The committees should review the progress of measures taken for the protection of wildlife, especially the rare species which are fast approaching the threshold of extinction. The administration of area should be persuaded to issue only the rare minimum number of firearm licenses to genuine persons and to take stern actions against those who misuse these firearms. 3. Increase the general awareness of the Wildlife Protection Act 1978 and rules among the common masses through much wider means communication and extension services. 4. The State as well the Central Governments issued policy guidelines for Human- Leopard Conflicts Management, circulated vide Chief Wildlife Warden J&K’s letter No: WLP/Plan\759-89/2011 Dated: 27.05.2011. These guidelines needs to be followed strictly and proper coordination between the Forest, Forest Protection force, Wild life and other departments is Key for proper management of the Man- Animal conflicts. 5. Provisions for water holes and salt licks should be made in the forests for the benefits of the wild animals. 6. Propogation of wild fruit bearing species in forests and areas around habitation to feed the Wild animals such as :-Vibernum (Teolda), Prunus armenica (Hardy), (kainth/Wild pear), Punica granatum (Pomegranate), Hazalnut (Corylus Jacquemontee ) Aconitum ( Akhay), Picorrhizia , Aeaclus Indica ( Bankhor), Ficus spp ( fagwara ), Moris spp (toot), Zizyphus ( Bere), and Melia ( Drank) etc. 7. Forest departments should act like proper law enforcing agency and should patrol the wildlife rich areas frequently to deter the poachers and should take cognizance of any crime related to wild life. 8. Department should keep laison with the police department and should maintain proper data related to wildlife crime and proper human intelligence about wildlife crime should be gathered by way of giving monetary and honorary awards to the informers. 9. In case of any Man-animal conflicts cases compensation should be paid immediately to the aggrieved persons and animals should be driven deep inside forests to prevent its killing.

17.4. Population Assessment

17.4.1.There is need to carryout census of wild animal population by scientific methods in forest areas of Ramban Forest Division by involving students, NGOs, villagers etc.

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17.5. Habitat Management

17.5.1. Habitat management is one of the important aspects of Wildlife Management. If the habitat is healthy wildlife can prosper without interfering in the human habitat. The primary requirement of habitat management is to study the habit and habitat of wildlife in a scientific manner. In case of Ramban division it is not possible to separate wildlife habitat from human interference because most of the population reside in the fringe areas of forests. The wildlife habitats are heavily utilized by the humans both nomadic graziers and villagers in the vicinity of the forest. The major source of fodder for the cattle is ground flora of forest only. Hence the management of wildlife in Ramban division involve management of forest areas in such a way that needs of local people and wildlife is met in a sustainable way. The following measures need to be taken to during the working plan period to keep the habitat healthy. 1. All the plantation programmes should include fruit and fodder species for wildlife to increase the food availability to herbivores so that they don’t venture in to the village areas. 2. There is need to create water-holes as during summer water availability in the forests except for streams is very limited. Creating waterholes can restrict wildlife movement to the forest area itself. 3. Salt licks: Whereever possible, salt licks need to be kept for wildlife as it is essential component of wildlife diet. 4. During breeding season of wild animals, minimum disturbance should be allowed. This is not possible without the support of general public. So creation of awareness is very essential. 5. For all these activities, there is need to take support of Wildlife (Protection) Department as they have expertise in this field.

17.6. Administrative setup for wildlife protection and management

17.6.1. Present setup 17.6.1.1. As on date the wildlife management and protection in areas of Ramban Forest Division is being carried out by Chenab Wildlife Warden, Kishtwar with Range Office at Batote. Wildlife Warden Kishtwar reports to Regional Wildlife Warden Jammu who in turn reports to Chief Wildlife Warden Jammu. It is pertinent to mention that besides having exclusive jurisdiction over High Altitude National Park, Kishtwar, Wildlife Warden Kishtwar has jurisdiction over huge landscape of Chenab catchment spread over territorial forest division of Kishtwar, Marwah, Doda, Batote, Ramban and some parts of Udhampur Forest Division. It is not humanly possible for Wildlife Warden Kishtwar to effectively deal with urgent wildlife issues like man-animal conflicts. In many cases of of man animal conflict response is delayed due to the terrain, distance and deficient staff as a result it leads to loss of precious human life and even law and order problems. Though territorial DFOs have been declared as wildlife wardens of their respective areas

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but due to lack of resource, equipments and trained field staff the man animal conflict are not handled in a professional manner.

17.6.1.2. Deficiency of present setup:-

1. Area is too large to be effectively managed by wildlife warden as a result the areas that are important from wildlife point of view but are outside PA don’t get any priority.

2. In case of man animal conflict the respose is not quick and precious lives are lost.

3. Responsibility and accountability is not very clear in territorial forest divisions many a times even territorial staff calls for wildlife staff to come and handle situation.

4. No training and capacity building of the staff of Forest department and department lacks basic equipments like cage, tranquilising gun, recovery van etc.

17.6.2. Proposed setup 17.6.2.1. In view of the above mentioned situation it is suggested that there should be clear cut responsibility and accountability related to protection and management to wildlife. The management of forest and wild life can’t be separated as separate entity within territorial jurisdiction of forest division. The wildlife department should have exclusive control over protected areas and the management and protection of wildlife outside protected area should be done by the concerned DFO without any overlapping jurisdiction of wildlife. As the Forest department has proper administrative setup up to the beat level so they can do better coordination with the locals and can effectively handle the wildlife issues provided proper training and capacity building of the staff is done. The territorial DFO should be provided with adequate funds and special programme for training and capacity building of field staff like Watchers, Forest Guards, Foresters and Range Officers should be conducted periodically. In case specialised staff is required then same shloud be posted in concerned territorial forest division under the control of concerned Divisional Forest Officer.

17.7. Training

17.7.1. There is a need for training and capacity building of territorial staff in all aspects of wildlife in general and management of man animal conflict in particular. Most of the time, the territorial staff gets the first hand information. Since their presence is there in every compartment, they can reach immediately as soon as man-animal conflict situation arises. Presently, the territorial staffs are neither trained nor well equipped. Considering the delay in response in man-animal conflict situation can lead to loss of precious human or wildlife life, the training and capacity building aspect need to be taken on priority.

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There are various committees already constituted to protect the wildlife by including the members of Panchayat Raj Institutions and general public. These committees also need to be empowered. They have to be trained and they should be provided with various equipments to handle the sudden crisis.

17.8. Awareness programme

17.8.1. There is need to create awareness among masses about the importance of wildlife. Massive awareness programmes are to be organized among general public, students, prominent citizens and others. The committees constituted for the protection of wildlife should be provided with funds for such activities. They also need to be provided with communication gadgets for real time response in case of conflict situations. 17.9. Management of Man-Animal conflict

17.9.1. As mentioned in previous paragraphs, it is very essential to given due importance for habitat management. There is a need to create massive awareness on this front.The compartments/areas in which man-animal conflict is noticed, people are to be trained to handle and live with wildlife without any loss to both human and wildlife. In most of the cases the animal involved is Himalayan Black bear or Leopard and it is daunting task to ensure peaceful coexistence of wild animals in areas with high population density. Many times these cases may go unreported. Local residents of the areas especially tribals suffer a lot economically when their sheep, goats, cattle or mules are killed by the wild animals. There is no policy of Jammu and Kashmir Govt. to compensate those whose livelihood is mainly dependent on sheep/goat rearing. The Govt. can look for system of insurance by involving some private players so that poor people don’t suffer if they are not at fault.

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Table No.17.1. The year wise Man animal conflict cases recorded in Territorial Jurisdiction of Ramaban Forest Division since 2007-2008. (Data Obtained from Wildlife Warden Kishtwar). S.No Year Number of No of person Wild animal Involved in Death cases injured injured Case 1 2007-2008 0 10 One case leopard,9 cases Himalayan Black bear 2 2008-2009 0 1 Himalayan Black bear 3 2009-2010 0 14 Himalayan Black bear 4 2010-2011 0 7 Himalayan Black bear 5 2011-2012 1 18 4 cases leopard,14cases Himalayan Black bear 6 2012-2013 1 6 3 cases leopard,3 cases Himalayan Black bear 7 2013-2014 1 9 Himalayan Black bear 8 2014-2015 0 3 Himalayan Black bear 9 2015-2016 0 20 3 cases leopard,17 cases Himalayan Black bear 10 2016-2017 0 6 Himalayan Black bear Total 3 94 Note: Himalayan Black bear involved in all cases of death

The following points/issues should be given emphasis when dealing with man animal conflicts. 1. Awareness and involvement of all stakeholders by focusing on the target population in human dominated landscapes and people living in forest dominated landscapes. Sensitization of media about the nuances of man animal conflict in general as media can play an important role in diffusing the tense situation in conflict area. 2. Efforts should be made to use all departments, wings and agencies of the Govt. especially police and revenue to maintain law and order and manage the crowd. People should move in group particularly in the early morning and late evening 3. The constitution of Primary Response (PR) team that may comprise of Sarpanch and Panch of the area and volunteers who are trained to respond immediately to the situation till Emergency Response (ER) team comprising of forest officers atleast Range Officer, a qualified veterinarian and trained support staff reach the area. All vulunerable areas should have PR teams and ER team should also be constituted in such a way that all areas are with in the reach of few hours. 4. Sarpanch and Panch of the area should be provided with mobile numbers of field staff of wildlife department as well as territorial staff. 5. The objective of the department should be to give enough space and opportunity to the animal to return to its habitat. The situation specific rescue measures depending upon open area, semi-confined or confined area should be followed.

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In the absence of attack on humans best strategy is to not intervene of minimum intervention. 6. Captured leopards should not be put to display after capture. Forced close contact with humans may alter the behaviour of the animals with highly adverse consequences after their release. Ideally such leopards should be kept in covered cage. Capture should be the last option and in case leopard has been captured and is to be released it should be released in immediate vicinity of capture i.e. with in animal’s home range. 7. No animals captured after deliberate attack on humans should be released in to the wild. It should be transported in stress free environment and should be properly monitored and guidlines of Central Zoo Authority (CZA) of India should be followed while wild animal is in rescue centre or in Zoo. 8. There is need to change crop composition. Suitable economic replacement need to be identified in co-operationwith Horticulture/Agriculture department. 9. Rural areas should be provided with proper sanitation facilities as many conflicts happen when people venture outside their hoses to ease themselves. Improvement of solid waste management and improvement in construction quality of cattle/ sheep or goat shed will help in reduction of man animal conflict cases. 10. Signage need to be placed on sensitive areas for the information to the general public. 11. Regular joint patrolling by the territorial field staff, Forest Protection Force and Wildlife (Protection) Department staff. 12. Regular co-ordination meeting between forest territorial staff, Wildlife (Protection) department and Police department and prompt response to distress call from public 13. Training of territorial staff and anti-poaching committees already created to handle man-animal conflict 14. Need to review the policy for giving relief to people in case their sheep, goat, cattle, mules are killed by wild animals outside the wildlife areas and in the forest areas. Prompt reporting and immediate response to to loss of life, livestock, and property will help calm people. This will prevent violent reaction toward animal in particular and wildlife in general.

17.10. Wildlife Research

17.10.1. This is an area where lot of work needs to be done. Since this is not possible for the territorial staff, Scientists from Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, experts from WWF (World Wildlife Fund) and other NGOs can be called and they can be given project to study the wildlife of particular interest and based on the data management interventions can be considered.

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17.11. Jawahar Tunnel Game Reserve

17.11.1. For wildlife preservation and development sanction was accorded to notify the game reserve by Govt. Order No: FST 20 of 1981 dated 4th Feb. 1981. This reserve lies near compartment 44/B to 47/B of Banihal Range of Ramban Forest Division near Jawahar tunnel and is also known as Chakore Reserve.

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CHAPTER-XVIII Plantation (Overlapping) Working Circle

18.1. General constitution and Character of Vegatation

18.1.1. This is an overlapping working circle and consists of forests near human settlement where the forests have been degraded due to intense biotic interference and are under stocked however this areas does not include the pastureland that are natural features of this tract. Most of the compartments having degraded areas have been included under the Reboisement Working Circle beside degraded areas of other working circle. The natural regeneration is almost absent in these areas and aim of treatment is to create conditions for natural regeneration. The areas that have lost the potential for Artificial Regeneration shall be treated by artificial plantation of naturally occurring species.

18.2. Objectives of Management

1. Restocking of degraded & open forests. 2. To meet local demand of fuel, fodder and small timber. 3. To improve site quality and soil conditions of the degraded area. 4. To increase green cover around the habitations. 5. Use of artificial regeneration technique in areas where natural regeneration is poor.

18.3. Distribution of Area

18.3.1. The area of treatment can be divided into two categories. 1. The areas included in Reboisement Working Circle. 2. Area that is under open forests in other Working Circle besides pastureland.

18.3.2. The range wise area detail is given below.

Table No.-18.1. Area Available for Plantation Working Circle.

Range Area in RWC (ha.) Open Forest area in other circles (ha.) Banihal 7139.25 3485.69 Ramban 8565.47 3568.06 Grand Total 15704.72 7053.75

18.4. Method of treatment proposed

18.4.1. The restocking of degraded areas can be broadly divided into two categories. 1st areas that are to be stocked after they have been worked and the other include areas that have been degraded and need external intervention for restocking. The restocking of the areas that are worked as per the prescriptions of the plan as a general rule is to be undertaken by naturally aided regeneration. But in areas that have good site quality and have been rendered degraded and under stocked either due to biotic factors like grazing and illegal felling or by abiotic factors like

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wind throw damage or land slide, need to be restocked artificially by minimising the biotic interference and planting artificially. The plantation work undertaken in Ramban Forest Division under various schemes is given in Annexure-XI.

18.4.2. Forest areas where timber extraction has been done should regenerate naturally. However, in failed regeneration coupes establishment of regeneration must be taken up by artificially augmented regeneration. Seed year in conifers as a rule are separated by at least 3 years. Augmentation of natural regeneration by patch sowing should be adopted in the intervening 5 years after the crop has been worked. Initially augmentation of natural regeneration by patch sowing of conifer seeds should be adopted along with naturally available seed fall. Either individual staggered patches or continuous contour patches must be adopted for reestablishment. Only conifer should be promoted in the coupe stands. In regions where even 5 years after conclusion of working, sufficient regeneration has not established shall be taken up for plantation operations. The site specific plan should be got approved from the Conservator of Forests by the Divisional Forest Officer after justifying the reasons for repeated failure of regeneration.

18.4.3. In case failure of regeneration is noticed even in the 3rd year ending of the working of forest in the coupes, then in anticipation of plantation operations plants must be raised in the nursery to enable planting out after 2 ½ years. The area replanted should be protected by effective fencing to reduce the biotic pressure on site.

18.4.4. To ensure success of natural regeneration, the following requirements should be kept in mind. 1. Viability of the seed should be tested before use. 2. Only local tree species should be planted. 3. Fencing and pit work should be done at least 5-6 months advance to ensure that site has become suitable for planting. 4. Creation of suitable microclimate especially availability of light. 5. Removal of vegetative competition from weeds. 6. Exclusion from browsing and grazing.

18.4.5. For restocking areas under the Reboisement Working Circle and degraded areas under other working circle, plantation work need to be undertaken only by closure of the areas. Fencing presently being done in division is usually by way of PPCC poles with four to five strands of barbed wire which is not sufficient in view of intense grazing pressure especially in fringe areas. Many times people just pullout few strands of barbed wire and facilitate the entry of their cattle inside the closure. For enhancing the effectiveness of closure fencing need to be made seven running strands and two cross strands with every fourth cement pole embedded in cement block of 1.5 X1.5x1.5 feet so that it can’t be easily tampered. The size of each closure should not be less than 50 hectares so that watch and ward can be done effectively. Whereever the plantation site is near the village fringes the local Village Forest Committee and PRI should be involved

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in planning and execution stage as the success of plantation shall depend on cooperation of the local people. The locals should be consulted and choice of species should be based on their need for Timber, fuel, fodder and NTFP. Beside plantation the extensive patch sowing and dibbling of seeds of local species has been found to be very successful. Daily wagers already engaged under CAMPA scheme should be used for watch and ward of at least one closure each and only those daily wagers should be continued who succeeded to establish their closure. The area treated should be opened up after 5 years as a rule, unless extended by the permission of Conservator of Forests.

18.4.6. In addition to the areas above, any other area as desired suitable for plantation by the Divisional Forest Officer with the approval of the Chief Conservator should be taken up for treatment.The areas to be restocked under the provisions of Compensatory Afforestation should also be taken up in the areas above. In case alternate land is provided by the District Administration in lieu of diversion of forest land they shall also be subject to the prescriptions of the current Chapter.

18.5. Nursery

18.5.1. Presence of productive nurseries is the basic requirement for planning of plantation and treatment of area. The list of nurseries presently being used maintained by this Ramban Forest Division is enclosed as Annexure-XVII. In areas that have high pressure due to biotic interference, the seedlings should be vibrant to outgrow the height of browsing animal in the closure period. It is therefore essential to have sufficient stock of quality planting material. The division should have at least 2 central nurseries ideally located in each range, with productive capacity of 1 lac. Polybags each, on a business as usual pattern. And in case of planned plantation works additional equivalent quantity can be raised. The nursery should be established in location where at least 2 hectare land is available. Provision of water for irrigation and the accessibility of road are a must. If the seedlings raised are not utilized then they should be put to sale. Regular annual sale of seedlings should be encouraged to enable people’s interest in planting the trees in their private lands. The environment related days like World Forestry Day, World Environment Day, World Ozone Day etc should be used to take up mass plantation in areas outside forest. The local population, schools and educational institutions and NGO’s should be involved for creation of awareness regarding forests and environment.

18.5.2. Poly bags are the most prevalent container used in this division. The plants raised in poly bags suffer from root coiling and then the rate of growth in the initial years is a casualty. The raising of plants in root trainers using vermiculite as the medium, shall reduce the damage in transportation of seedling, as well as shall be easy to carry. It will however be as well appropriate to endeavour for naked rooted planting in coniferous in good sites as is predominant in conifers across the world. Naked Root plants shall be more feasible for transportation to site and work out to be economical.

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18.6. Nursery Plantation Techniques

(1) Conifer Trees a) Deodar (Cedrus deodara): Found between 2000 to 2600 meters. Young plants suffer severely from browsing and insect attack specially cockchafer grubs and cutworms. It is also susceptible to fungal attack. Seed: Cones ripen in October – November, should be collected by hand and dried. Seeds are threshed out and can be stored until sowing. Since the seeds are oily they do not retain viability for more than a few months. An average sample of one kilogram contains 7,000 to 8,000 seeds. Germination percent is very high, around 90 percent. Germination starts in spring but may take four to five months to complete. Nursery Technique: Direct sowing is successful in good situations. Sowing be done in November before snowfall, and if necessary re-sowing be done in April. Sowing may be done by broadcast also, in contour lines, elongated patches across the contour or dibbled in lines 3 m apart. Individual seed may be sown in drills 10- 15 cm apart, and covered with thorns. Germination begins after 2-3 months, in poly bags at least 2-3 seeds are sown in each poly bag. Raising of Seedlings in Polybags: The polybags of 6”X9” is being used for raising of conifer seedlings. The potting mixture is prepared by mixing sieved soil, river sand, decomposed farmyard manure and forest soil in the ratio of 7:1:1:1. The farmyard manure is added to improve the fertility of soil. The forest soil is added to improve the micro-flora of the rooting medium. The pH of the rooting medium must be tested with litmus paper; if found acidic, lime can be added @ 15g per kg of rooting medium. The Calcium ions improve the soil structure also. The potting mixture is filled in the polybags and seeds are sown. In the open areas, it is always recommended to create overhead thatching to allow diffused sunlight as the tender plants cannot withstand the scorching sunlight in the first year. Pests in nurseries: Sometimes, the insect larvae are found to attack the tender conifer seedlings. The insect larvae are found to feed the tender leaves and shoots in the early morning hours and in the late evenings. The careful observation of the plants can reveal the pest damage. Toward off all the kind of insect larvae, it is recommended to spray 25 ml of Malathion dissolved in 25 liters of water and sprayed in one kanal area of nursery. Planting Technique: Seedlings be pricked out in July when 10-15 cm long, or in next July when 15 to 20 cm tall and planted out in the third year when 30 to 45 cm long. Less vigorous seedlings may be pricked out and kept in the nursery for one more year. Long (20cm) seedlings may be planted out directly from the nursery beds without pricking out. Seedlings with or without earth around the roots are put out in holes on a cloudy day. Usual spacing of 2 x 2 meters or in contour lines 3 x 3 meters be used. Thorough weeding and cleaning is required for 2-3 years, early and frequent thinning also needed. b) Kail (Pinus wallichiana): It is found in temperate Himalayas at 2000 to 3000 meters height, but sometimes between 1000 to 4000 meters also. It is a strong

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light demander but grows well on cool aspects. On hot aspects and shallow soils, shading is necessary. Seed: Cones ripen during September to November. They should be collected from the trees, dried in the sun or kiln and seeds be extracted by shaking or beating the cones. Seeds can be stored after air drying for 12 to 18 months. A kilogram contains about 16,000 seeds. Germination capacity of the fresh seeds is about 90 percent, which completes in one to four months. Nursery Technique: Seed may be sown or broadcast in prepared contour lines or patches from November to June. Spacing of patches should be 2 x 2 meters. Germination occurs in rains and the seedlings be pricked out in the following rains. Raising of Seedlings in Polybags: The poly bags of 6”X9” is being used for raising of conifer seedlings. The potting mixture is prepared by mixing sieved soil, river sand, decomposed farmyard manure and forest soil in the ratio of 7:1:1:1. The farmyard manure is added to improve the fertility of soil. The forest soil is added to improve the microflora of the rooting medium. The pH of the rooting medium must be tested with litmus paper; if found acidic, lime can be added @ 15g per kg of rooting medium. The Calcium ions improve the soil structure also. The potting mixture is filled in the poly bags and seeds are sown. In the open areas, it is always recommended to create overhead thatching to allow diffused sunlight as the tender plants cannot withstand the scorching sunlight in the first year. Pests in nurseries: Sometimes, the insect larvae are found to attack the tender conifer seedlings. The insect larvae are found to feed the tender leaves and shoots in the early morning hours and in the late evenings. The careful observation of the plants can reveal the pest damage. For ward off all the kind of insect larvae, it is recommended to spray 25 ml of Malathion dissolved in 25 liters of water and sprayed in one kanal area of nursery. Planting Technique: Two or three year old seedlings are lifted with balls of earth and are transplanted during rains. They should be 20 to 35 cm in height. Usual spacing is of 1.5 x 1.5 meters or 2 x 2 meters. Weeding and cleaning is required for 2-3 years. Early, frequent and light thinning is necessary to prevent snow damage.

2. Broad leaved species a) Oak (Quercus leucotrichophora). Seed: Found between 1200 to 2400 meters they are normally attacked by insects but seed years are frequent. Seeds are large (on an average 550 per kg). They are collected in December- February and can be stored for a year in cool and dry place. Germination capacity is high, up to 95 percent but takes a month to complete germination.

Pre sown treatment of seeds: The hard impermeable seed coat must be made soft to accelerate germination. Also, the stratification treatment is required for uniform germination of seeds. The treatment is imparted to seeds in the month of January. For imparting the treatment to the seeds, a poythene sheet of size

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about 4’ X 5’ is laid down in the open area and all the sides are raised to 6” height to make it as a trough. The seeds are spread as a layer of about 1” height uniformly over the sheet and water column of about 3” is maintained over the seeds. The water will be bit warm during the day time due to exposure to direct sun light but it will be very cold during the night hours. The seeds must be kept in the same arrangement for about 20 days. If water evaporates, water must be added to maintain the level. The alternate cold and warm treatment will soften the seed coat and the seeds will imbibe water and start sprouting in 15-20 days. The imbibed, sprouted seed shall be sown in the raised beds for further germination. Raised beds for germination of seeds: The raised beds are created and the partly sprouted seeds are sown with the care that the sprouted end is not damaged. The uniform germination of seeds is observed in next 20 days. Within three months the seedlings will attain a height of about 4” height. Then the seeds can be carefully pricked out and transplanted in the polythene bags for further growth. The seedlings can be planted out in the forest on the third year. Nursery Technique: Dibbling is done in winter at a spacing of 1.5 x 1.5 meters or 2 x 2 meters. Sowing drills 1-2 cm below the soil and 20-30 cm apart, can also be done during February- March. Pricking out of seedlings is not necessary but may be done in the second rains. Roots should be slightly trimmed. Seedlings be kept in the nursery for 3-4 years. Planting Technique: Seedlings 30-40 cm tall be transplanted when 2-4 years old, in prepared pits at a spacing of 1.5 x 1.5 meters or 2 x 2 meters. Winter planting is not very successful. Weeding and cleaning is required for several years, however, thinning is not needed for a long time. It should also be protected against browsing. It is a slow growing species.

(b) Horse Chest Nut (Aesculus indica)

Seed: Ripe during September-November, should be collected from the trees or ground can be stored in dry earth till spring. About 60-80 seeds weight a kilogram. Germination capacity is fairly high (70-90 percent).

Nursery Technique: Seed sowing is done in autumn immediately after seed collection. Patches be kept at a spacing of 2 x 2 meters in shady, cool beds. Sowing has to be done 5 cm below the soil in drills, 15-30 cm apart. Some watering is required.

Planting Technique: Seedlings (6, 12 and 18 months old) with naked roots are transplanted during winter, in prepared pits at 2 x 2 meters spacing. Weeding and cleaning has to be done for 1-2 years. Dry exposed situations shall be avoided for planting work. c) Alnus nepalensis: Found between 800 to 2700 meters. It is susceptible to snow- break, frost, grazing and insect attack. It is a fast growing species. Fruits ripen in February-March. They should be collected by lopping the branches. Seeds be

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extracted after sun drying by beating the cones. Seeds are very minute, about 8 lakhs per kg. They should be dried before storage. Germination is about 70 percent, 4 to 6 weeks after sowing.

Nursery Technique: Direct or broadcast sowing be done in February-March in shaded beds; should be covered by mulch. At low elevations i.e. below 1500 meter, transplanting in May and at higher elevation planting be done in the following rains.

Planting Technique: Seedlings 15 cm to 75 cm long, with or without the ball of earth around the roots be planted out in prepared pits, at the beginning of first or second rains. Autumn transplanting in September and winter transplanting be done in January. It is successful in moist and humid localities, requires no tending after the third year. d) Walnut (Juglans regia): Found between 1200 to 3300 meters. Fruits ripe during September-October can be collected by beating and shaking the branches. Outer fleshy coats be removed or be rotten off and nuts be dried in the sun. It should be stored in a well ventilated room, in tins or jars or in a pit in dry ground, filled with dry earth until required for sowing. Nuts 90-100 per kg. Germination capacity is 70 to 80 percent. Germination gets completed in 5-7 weeks normally.

Nursery Technique: Nuts may be dibbled in pits 2 x2 meters apart, during autumn, before snowfall or in January-February. Two seeds per patch 5 cm deep be sown, should be covered with thorns. Seeds may also be sown in 25 cm deep drills, in lines 10 cm apart.

Planting Technique: Seedlings, without or with earth ball around the roots, be transplanted in the first winter. However, second winter transplants are better for difficult sites. Transplanting during the rainy season is not so successful. Thorough weeding and soil work is required for the first/second year.

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CHAPTER-XIV Forest Protection (Overlapping) Working Circle

19.1. General Constitution of working circle

19.1.1. The terrain of Ramban Forest Division is mountainous and most of the population resides in villages distributed all over the area. The forests of this division are vulnerable to various factors which are inimical for the development and maintenance of productive forests. Large percentage of population in this tract is engaged in agricultural activiries and is dependent of forests directly meeting their requirements of construction timber, firewood, fodder etc. Though Forest department caters to needs of local people by providing timber and firewood directly from forests on basis of concessions but there is huge difference in the demand and supply so people resort to illicit felling. Encroachment of forest area is also a major threat in this division and huge forest areas have been encroached and people have constructed pucca houses inside forest land at many places. It is the prime duty of Forest department and local people that the forests of this division are protected and manages in way that the local people are met in a sustainable manner.

19.2. Major challenges of forest protection 1. Illegal felling of trees for timber and firewood 2. Encroachment of forest land. 3. Fire incidents. 4. Pest and diseases.

19.3. Illicit felling.

19.3.1. Most of the villages in this division are located near the forest areas and are largely dependent on forests for timber is required for construction purposes. The houses are mostly kucha one storey house or pucca one two or three storey houses with underlying truss structure made of wood and tin roof are constructed in this area. The list of damage cases recorded in division office on year basis is given in the Table 2.4. Though there is no organised smuggling of timber outside the division area but large number of cases of illicit felling go un-noticed or unreported only fraction of cases is actually booked by the department. The construction of a house may require 200 to 500 cft of timber depending upon the size of house. The trees are sanctioned from the forests directly to the concessionists on a very nominal cost and accordingly people extract timber for their bonafide needs. In most of the cases one or rarely two dry trees is sanctioned to the concessionists but due to poor supervision and occasional connivance of field staff green felling is done and timber in excess to that sanctioned by the people is extracted. At present there is no mechanism to assess the requirement of timber by the applicant and the mechanism granting trees from the forests is opaque, depends on the discretion of forest officials and

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influence of applicants and many times the more deserving applicant fails to get the the timber.

19.4. Mechanism of damage control

19.4.1. The occurrence of yearwise damage as given in the Table 2.4. Suggest that there is damage of 152 trees in ten years which apparently seems to be negligible but even small proportion of damage can be detrimental to the crop owing to its unscientific nature. There is considerable underreporting of forest damage by field staff and local peple probably due to mutual benefits. Traditional mechanism of damage control has mostly been through diligent policing and strict action on detection of offence. The officials of Forest department and Forest Protection Force keep constant vigil and book any forest offence if noticed. Petty offences commited by the local zamindars to meet their bonafide needs are compounded under Section 38 of Jammu and Kashmir Forest Act 1987 and forest offences of grave nature are challaned in the court of law. Most of the forest offences are commited by the locals to meet the bonafide needs of timber or firewood in the absence of any other viable alternative source available to them. The involvement of local people in protection of forest offence is almost negligible as they are not being actively engaged in forest protection activities. The reduction of gap between demand and supply of timber in this division and active involvement of Village Forest Committes will definitely help in containing the forest offences. Forest department lack professional prosecutors and as a result most of the cases are not challaned professionally in the court of law conviction rate of forest offences is very low. There is urgent need to review this obsolete process of granting concession directly from the forests and make it more responsive and transparent so that their is no loss of revenue to the Govt. and bonafide needs of local people are met and at the same time forest protection is also achieved with active involvement of local people. We need to have two pronged strategy by doing policy changes in involvement of locals and strengething the policing capabilities of forest department.

19.5. Role of Forest protection Force in Protection activities

19.5.1. Jammu and Kashmir Forest protection force has been created by Jammu and Kashmir Forest (Protection) Force Act, 2001 for better protection and and security of forest property and for matters connected herewith or incidental thereto. Gamma Unit Batote has been given the responsibility for forest protection activities in the territorial limits of Ramban Forest Division. The sanction strength and staff in position of the Gamma unit Batote is given as under in the table no 19.1. The same protection unit is responsible for forest protection activities in Batote Forest Division as well as Gool Range of Mahore Forest Division. There is one reporting centre of FPF at Banihal from where it operates in Banihal Range and parts of Ramban Range.

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Table No. 19.1. Sanctioned and Working Strength of FPF Gamma Unit Batote.

S.No. Designation Sanction strength Staff in Position 01 Dy. Director 1 1 02 Assistant Director 2 1 03 Inspector 5 0 04 Guards 50 25 05 Computer Operator 1 1 06 Sr. Assistant 1 1 07 Jr. Assistant 3 2 08 Driver 4 1 09 Orderly 3 2 10 Chowkidar 1 2 11 Safaiwala 1 2 12 Watcher 0 4 Total = 72 42

19.5.2. Forest Protection Force is involved in all the protection related activities and works in coordination with the Forest department however it also takes cognizance of offence on its own. Forest protection force works for prevention, detection, reporting , taking cognizance and prosecution of offenders involved in commision of forest crime. FPF frequently conduct seizure of timber, firewood, NTFP and other products extracted illegally from the forest areas. In case of eviction of encroachers forest protection is involved actively.

19.5.3. There is need to fill the vacant posts of staff in the Gamma Unit as its area of responsibility is very high and adequate staff strength is required for effective functioning. Moreover the infrastructural needs of FPF especially improvement in accommodation facility and patrolling vehicles to field staff is need of the hour as most of the areas are motrable and frequent patrolling is must.

19.6. Drawbacks of the existing practice

1. Alienates people from forest department. 2. Incentivizes illegal operation. 3. Corpt practices are encouraged. 4. Loss of unaccounted revenue to forest department. 5. Un-scieruntific removal of trees. 19.7. Proposed Mechanism

19.7.1. The main objective of forest protection is to ensure that needs of local people are met without any compromise with the health of forests. About 10 percent of the silviculturally available trees assessed as per the working plan prescription need to be earmarked for concession marking. While process of granting concession direct from the forests need to be continued but only families belonging to Below Poverty Line (BPL) need to be granted trees on concessional rate and people

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belonging to Above Poverty Line (APL) need to be sanctioned trees from forests on standard rates only so that there is no loss of revenue from the forests at the same time poor and marginalised don’t suffer to meet their basic needs.

19.7.2. A survey need to be conducted in this division to arrive at the quantity of timber being used for different category of houses such as kucha house, pucha house of one storey, two storey or three storey etc. Based on the survey a matrix need to be adopted for use of quantity of timber per square feet for different category of house proposed to be constructed be the applicant. In case of pucca house applicant should submit the plan of house and accordingly the quantity of timber should be sanctioned.

19.7.3. For involvement of local people VFCs need to be constructed in each village where they do not exist presently. VFCs should be given authority for processing the application for concessional marking and cases recommended by VFC should be sanctioned by DFO keeping in view the annual limit. Range Officers and Foresters need to closely supervise the extraction process to ensure that there is no illicit felling under the garb of sanctioned trees. The post utilisation verification should also be conducted by Forest department and chairmain VFC to ensure more accountability of applicant and VFC. VFC should also ensure that for felling of one tree under concession marking at least five trees of same species are planted by the applicant. Forest should provide the technical inputs and VFC should ensure proper maintenance of trees planted in lieu of trees felled under concessional marking.

19.7.4. All cases of forest offence if dectected should be taken seriously and need to be challaned in the court of law to ensure that offenders are deterred. Communication and mobility facilities of the Forest department need to be improved and proper training of law enforcement agencies like Forest department, Forest Protection Force, Police, intelligence gathering, seizure, prosecution of the forest offence cases so that capacity building is done and this valuable resource is protected efficiently.

19.7.5. In cases where the Forest damage by illicit felling , forest fire is observed and found to be done deliberately by local people then the concessions of people living in such village need to be suspended for a period of atleast three years.

19.8. Encroachment

19.8.1. Encroachment is the most serious threat to the forests of this division. Forest areas are encroached for cultivation and grazing purposes and encroachment is more visible in habitation near forests. Due to increase in population pressure coupled with apathy on part of forest department encouraged local people to encroach and settle in forest land. Huge chunks of forest land have been encroached in Ramban and Bahihal Ranges. Table No.2.3 shows the abstract of encroached forest land.

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19.8.2. One prime reason for encroachment is the poor status of demarcation as most of the Boundry Pillars are in dilapidated condition or missing from their position. Due to increase in pressure of development and increase in population pressure the cost of forest land has also increases so local people try their best to somehow encroach upon the forest land. In the early 60’s demarcation was conducted and the Boundary pillars consisted of loosely packed boulders with wooden posts fixed in the centre. The former Working Plan Officer has recorded that most of the Boundary Pillars have collapsed and many of them along the revenue land and chaks either missing or shifted the condition continued to be same till now. Though insurgency in state since 1989 has also discouraged forest department from continuously monitoring the forest boundaries in interior areas but there is a general apathy and lack of urgency in forest department to this most important forest protection activity. There is need for utilisation of CAMPA funds for demarcation of forests immediately on basis of vulunerability of forests to encroachment.

19.8.3. Department has taken the intiative of preservation of demarcation record by keeping it in Muhafiz khana and adopting highiest standard of protection to this important record. All demarcation record has been digitalised and stored on internet portal with access to demarcation department and concerned territorial DFO but the actual demarcation on ground is very poor and need to be taken up on priority basis. 19.8.4. Measures to be adopted/fine tuned 1. Consolidation of demarcation records and reconciliation of records between forest territorial divisions, Demarcation division and Revenue department 2. Immediate replacing of damaged boundary pillars near habitation. 3. Immediate demarcation of forests near to towns and habitation etc. 4. Regular patrolling of forest areas by field staff particularly fores guard and foresters. 5. Beat guard should have beat map pasted in his guard book and entry of all exixting encroachments should be made in guard book so that he is aware and makes efforts for removal continuously. DFO should ensure that in monthly meeting the status of boundary pillars is discussed and directions are issued to field staff for continuous monitoring of forest boundaries. 6. Eviction of encroachers and prosecution of offenders.

19.9. Fire incidents

19.9.1. Forest fire incidents in chir crop bearing areas of this division occur in summer months however in temperate areas of this division forest fire occurs predominantly during the months of October to December. The fire is caused mainly due to the graziers firing the old shoots to ensure new flush after the receipt of rainfall, burning of crop residues near forest land and by any accidental torchwood or cigarette butt remains on the forest floor. October to December months are characterized by acute dry period. Forest fire is mostly ground fire.

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The most apt method to control forest fire is by timely action and immediate creation of fire line outside the zone of fire to stop the spread of fire and then extinguish it. In extreme windy conditions counter fire should be adopted inside the fire line. A constant look out should be maintained to notice any tinder roll down and such spread should be immediately doused. The data of forest fire incidents in past 10 years is given as under.

Table No. 19.2. Number forest fire cases in Ramban Forest Division in last 10 Years. S.No Year No. of Fire Cases Area affected (Ha) 19.9. 1 2007-08 30 73.60 2 2008-09 4 2.60 2 3 2009-10 26 35.20 . 4 2010-11 0 0 5 2011-12 4 4.80 M 6 2012-13 7 6.40 7 2013-14 26 31.60 e 8 2014-15 18 24.80 a 9 2015-16 6 6.00 s 10 2016-17 26 39.86 ures to be adopted to control forest fire 1. There is need to create and maintain fire lines. The practice is now almost given up. Thrust must be given in creation of fire lines near habitations, in all vulunerable forests etc. 2. The department has created VFCs by involving Panchayat Raj Institutions. These committees need to be trained, provided with funds to take up fire fighting activities. 3. Regular and frequent patrolling is must in fire prone forests. During the dry seasons, patrolling need to intensified. Report of patrolling should be submitted at every level to the next hierarchy so that information is available with DFO to analyse the report and take appropriate action. 4. Fire fighting tools are to be readily available at every Block Headquarters. The division has previously purchased fire fighting equipments and kept few sets in every block. The numbers need to be increased. 5. Control room need to be established at every Range Headquarters for realtime communication, real time action and for pooling of resources to douse the fire at the earliest. Funds available under Intensification of Forest Management (IFM) scheme and CAMPA should be utilized for the purpose. 6. Creation of communication facilities is one of the important measures for real time response. At present except at division level, no vehicle is provided for the mobility of staff even during the time fire season. It has to be resolved and vehicles should be provided at range level for quick response. The funds available under various Centrally Sponsored Schemes shall be utilized for the purpose.

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7. Creation of awareness among local people, forest living and fringe living communities. Taking them along through JFM activities will help in confidence building measures and taking their help during crisis. 19.10. Pests

19.10.1. Insect attack is not significant in the forests of the division. Eventhough, in few patches deodar defoliator is seen, it is not very significant. Similarly kail stem borers are noticed in few pockets but not widely prevalent.

19.11. Diseases

21.11.1. In case of Kail and Deodar, Fomespini the destructive fungi which can cause heart rot disease was prevalent in some pockets of the division. Similarly, other diseases like Armillarea root rot caused by Armillarea mellea,root and butt rot in conifers by Heterobasidium annosum is also very rare and uncommon.

19.12. Management Measures for pests and diseases

19.12.1. Since the pest, disease and parasitic attack has never attained economic threshold level and the attacks were seen only in pockets, there is no need for drastic measures to be taken. However, the following steps can be taken: 1. Felling refuses should not be allowed accumulate in order to avoid pest build up and locals should be encouraged to take the refuse free of cost for their fuelwood or other requirement. 2. In subsidiary felling, trees which are damaged by the fall of other trees are to be marked and removed as the open wounds are the places from where fungal infection starts. 3. Diseased trees shall be marked as additional marking and it should be removed to avoid spreading of the same to other trees 4. Field staff and officers should remain vigiliant to ensure that any onset of insect attack is brought to notice of superior officers for purpose of intiating corrective measures.

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CHAPTER-XX Financial Forecast And Cost Of The Plan

In order to give effect to the proposed prescriptions in the working plan it is essential that the entire gamut of activities weigh up economically. As such, the allocation of funds to various activities mentioned in the working plan as well the financial viability of the operations is worked out in this chapter.

20.1. Anticipated expenditure

20.1.1. The expenditure anticipated to be incurred giving effect to the prescriptions of the Working Plan under various Working Circle is enumerated below and eventually summated to arrive at an estimate of total expenditure expected to be incurred during the working plan period. It is pertinent to mention that forest department has revised the rates for execution of various forestry related works and accordingly the cost has escalated to almost double so the same has been incorporated in this plan for calculated of expenditure under plan head.

Plan expenditures

A. Mixed Conifer Selection Working Circle a) For Mixed Conifer Selection Working Circle (60% of the total area of 11089.93 ha. to be treated in 20 years). Component Area in Average expenditure Amount hectares per hectare (in Lacs) (in Lacs) Artificial Regeneration (AR) @ 2218 2.00 4436 20% of the working circle’s area Aided Natural Regeneration 2218 0.9 1996.2 (ANR) @ 20% of the working circle’s area Silvicultural Operation @ 20% 2218 0.5 1109 of the working circle’s area Total (60% of the total area) 6654 7541.2 The anticipated annual expenditure would be Rs. 377.06 lakh.

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B. Fir Selection Working Circle

b) For Fir Working Circle (60% of the total area of 11956.51 ha. to be treated in 20 years). Component Area in Average Amount hectares expenditure per required hectare (in Lacs) (in Lacs) Artificial Regeneration (AR) @ 2391 2.00 4782 20% of the working circle’s area Aided Natural Regeneration 2391 0.9 2151.9 (ANR) @ 20% of the working circle’s area Silvicultural Operation @ 20%of 2391 0.5 1195.5 the working circle’s area Total (60% of the total area) 7173 8129.4 The anticipated annual expenditure would be Rs. 406.47 lakh. c. Reboisement Working Circle c. For Reboisement Working Circle (60% of the total area of 15704.72 ha. to be treated in 20 years). Component Area in Average expenditure Amount hectares per hectare (in Lacs) (in Lacs) Artificial Regeneration (AR) @ 3141 2.00 6282 20% of the working circle’s area Aided Natural Regeneration 3141 0.9 2826.9 (ANR) @ 20% of the working circle’s area Silvicultural Operation @ 20% 3141 0.5 1570.5 of the working circle’s area Total (60% of the total area) 9423 10679.4 The anticipated annual expenditure would be Rs. 533.9 lakh. c. Conservation Working Circle d. For Conservation Working Circle (60% of the total area of 9607.42 ha. to be treated in 20 years). Component Area in Average expenditure Amount hectares per hectare (in Lacs) (in Lacs) Artificial Regeneration (AR) @ 1922 2.00 3844 20% of the working circle’s area Aided Natural Regeneration 1922 0.9 1729.8 (ANR) @ 20% of the working circle’s area Silvicultural Operation @ 20% 1922 0.5 961 of the working circle’s area Total (60% of the total area) 5766 6534.8 The anticipated annual expenditure would be Rs.326.74 lakh.

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D. Protection Working Circle (Overlapping) e) The protection works would involve the following activities.

S. No. Activity Annual funds required (in Lacs.) 01. Construction and maintenance of Check Posts, 15.00 engagement of fire watchers, purchase of fire fighting tools and gathering of intelligence. 02. Erection of B.Ps. for B.Ps. in mainline and B.Ps. in 30.00 Chaks have to be erected in next 10 years. Annually 500 Boundary Pillars have to be erected at an average cost of Rs. 6000 per Boundary Pillar. 03. Construction of infrastructures for housing of field 60.00 staff. Total: 105.00 E. NTFP Working Circle To give effect to the prescriptions of this Working Circle upfront payment by the FDA to the VFC’s and the beneficiaries might be required. Also some funds would be needed for capacity building and training of VFC members. Revolving funds of 1 Crore would need to be allocated as credit the FDA on returnable basis.

F. JFM Working Circle An amount of Rs. 10 lacs.is to be allocated for training and capacity building of JFM members annually. Based on the availability of funds credit can be extended to the VFCs for establishment of revenue generating enterprises. G. Wildlife Working Circle For Wildlife Protection Working Circle an annual expenditure of Rs.30 lakh for purchase of equipments and provision for work for habitat improvement. Funds are required to meet the urgent exegencies arising out of man animal conflit in the division. Hence annual fund requirement for executing the plan works would be Rs.1889.17 lacs.

20.2. Non-Plan expenditures H. Staff

The annual salary to staff of all the three wings i.e; Forest Department, SFC & F.P.F together would account for about 6 crore per annum.

I. Over head The over head cost is kept as Rs. 0.5 Crore lump sum per annum.

Hence the annual fund requirement for meeting the non-plan expenditure would be Rs. 650.00 lacs.

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Based on the above proposed expenditure, the annual total expenditure works out to be 2539.17 lacs. and for the next 10 years it would be Rs. 253917.00 lacs.

(Rs. 253.91 Crores).

20.3. Revenue A) Timber

The revenue realizable in terms of royalty by handingover of the prescribed volume is worked out as below. The calculation of revenue involved only 90 percent of the annual yield as 10 percent has been presumed as the volume to be issued to locals as concessions.

Estimated revenue for Plan Period as per existing royalty rates however as the Standard Rates of Tree species have been increased 5-6 times and royalty rates if increased accordingly the revenue estimated below may also increase 5-6 times.

Species MCSWC FSWC Total Royalty (as per Revenue in Annual 1991 tentative Rs. Lac Yield rates) Rs/Cum Deodar 7770 2200 9970 3327.70 298.59 Kail 13090 5900 18990 1581.04 270.22 Fir 4340 15100 19440 1236.72 216.38 Total 25200 23200 48400 785.19

B) NTFP i) Revenue of NTFP including Guchhies (at 2016-17 level) = 19.00 lacs. ii) Miscellaneous: (Grazing, Timber, concessions, firewood and compensation) = 370.00 lac. (If concessions are issued as proposed in working plan)

Grand total of Non-plan Rs. 1174.19 lacs (Approximately Rs. 11.74 Crores Annually)

20.4. Cost of the Plan The expenditure incurred on the revision of the working plan for Ramban Forest Division is as under: Unit of Appropriation Amount (Rs.) Plan XIII FC Award 20.65 Total 20.65

The plan covers an area of 48358.58 Ha. The average expenditure for one hectare area would be Rs.42.70.

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CHAPTER-XXI Miscellaneouas Regulations

21.1. Buildings

The various buildings include office buildings, Rest Houses, Inspection Huts etc. and Ramban Forest Division being one of the oldest division, has lot of buildings. Some of these are new constructed under CAMPA secheme, Thirteen Finance Commission, IFM etc. and few have been renovated however many of these buildings are in poor condition and need to be renovated immediately. The building infrastructure of this division suffered badly during the militancy period, the buildings have been destroyed or they suffered neglect as officers and field staff stopped the practice of night halt in most of these building due to fear of militancy as a result they were no timely maintenance or rennovation. The detail of buildings existing in Ramban Forest Division alongwith their present status is given in Appendix –VIII.

There is urgent need to ensure that field staff especially Foresters and Forest guards are residing and continuously inspecting their areas of responsibilities. For increasing their effecitvity it is recommended that the headquarters of Block Officers need to be fixed and an office cum residence need to be constructed for each Block officer so that there is proper maintenance of record and immediate delivery of services. Guard huts are also required to be constructed in the blocks which are large and more vulnerable. Over the period of time there is increase in workload especially increase in pressure of encroachment and forest damage. Proper building infrastrcture will help in improving the working of forest department. Beside B.O. office cum residence and guard huts in each block the following new buildings are proposed to be constructed in Ramban Forest Division.

Table No. 21.1. Buildings Proposed for Construction in Ramban Forest Division during Plan Period.

S.No. Range Name of building Location Comptt. 1 Banihal B.O. Hut Mohu Mangit 35/Bnl 2 F.R.H Mohu 34/Bnl 3 Guard hut Mangit 35/Bnl 4 F.R.H. Banihal Town 5 Ramban F.R.H. Neeltop 55/Bnl 6 F.R.H. Larkheti 8/Bnl 7 B.O Hut Ramban Chanja 51/Rbn 8 F.R.H. Senabati 30/Rbn 9 F.R.H. Ukhral 34/Rbn 10 ACF Quarter Ramban Ramban 45/Rbn

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21.2. Roads and Paths

21.2.1. Forest Roads are essential infrastructure required for the efficient management of natural resources. A good road system facilitates managing the forests on scientific lines for the improvement of growing stock. Roads open up the forests for implementation of the harvesting programme and also ensure their adequate inspection and supervision. The division, at present, is well served with a good number of metalled and fair weather roads. Most of the roads have been constructed by PWD, PMGSY and Rural Development Department by diversion of forest land under Forest Conservation Act. The interior parts have been connected by means of a network of forest logging paths, bridle paths and inspection paths. The forest roads, especially those being maintained by the State Forest Corporation, are generally in good condition yet some others have fallen in disrepairs due to neglect. The inspection paths warrant a special attention for their improvements. Their repair should be done periodically to prevent them from getting obliterated by the weed infestation and by erosion caused by railfall. As the working season is very limited, creation of new road facility and maintaining the existing one can speed up the process and by which not only the department can meet its social obligation but also in realizing revenue. Proper maintenance of all roads can ensure that working plan prescription are implemented uniformaly and all areas get proper attention from management point of view. The roads present in the Ramban forest division for which the forest land has been diverted are given in the Annexure VIX.

21.3. Bridges

21.3.1. Ramban Forest Division is characterised by Hilly terrain and accessibility has remained as major challenge. There are numerous perennial and seasonal nallas. Though road connectivity has improved in this terrain over period of time but commuting by foot is widely prevalent in most of the interior areas. Many times there is loss of human life and loss of livestock in rainy season due to lack of foot bridges on nallas. Important bridges on the metalled roads are being properly maintained the PWD and Border Road Organization. However, some of the bridges and culverts on fair weather roads need further repair and strengthening. There are many interior areas where road connectivity is lacking and it is challenge for PWD department to construct bridges given the constraint of transportation. Forest department is in better place to provide connectivity due to avaibility of raw material. So it is recommended that there should be interdepartmental cooperation for providing the much needed connectivity to the local people and also for Forest department to ensure better management of forest areas. The detail of bridges and culverts constructed by Forest department under various schemes over period of 10 years is given in the following table.

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Table No. 21.2. Bridges Constructed by Ramban Forest Division under Various Schemes in 10 Years. S.No. Year Schemes Total number of Bridges 1 2007-2008 - - 2 2008-2009 - - 3 2009-2010 BRGF 1 4 2010-2011 - - 5 2011-2012 BRGF 4 6 2012-2013 - - 7 2013-2014 - - 8 2014-2015 BRGF/SDRF 10 9 2015-2016 - - 10 2016-2017 - - Total 0 15

21.4. Forest Demarcation and Consolidation

21.4.1. The topic has been covered in Chapter for Forest Protection of this plan, demarcation boundaries are almost non-existent, except in the areas where renovation of boundary pillars was carried out in the past. This is coupled with the fact that little attention is being paid towards this very important aspect that makes forest extremely vulnerable to encroachments. Large areas have already been encroached upon and the condition in the field at many places is so bad that it is virtually impossible to locate and identify the boundary lines in these forests. The list of forests where the work of renovation of boundary pillars was carried out in the past is provided in Table No.1.6.

21.4.2. For effective control of encroachments, it is essential that the Beat Guards should be thoroughly aware of the boundaries of the forests in their respective beats. Each Guard should be in the possession of a beat map, which also indicates the location of boundary pillars. The demarcation record should be consolidated and authenticated in collaboration with Revenue Authorities in a time bond manner. In many cases of encroachment it has been found that there are dicrepencies in record of Forest department and Revenue department. Many times it has been found that lower officials of Revenue department issues revenue papers like Nakal to encroachers by mentioning their name and giving remark as QABZA NAZIZ. Though these entries don’t give any ownership rights to encroachers but sometime they are able to delay or stop the eviction proceeding by approaching the court of law. Forest department need to sort out such issues and all those forests that are vulunerable and whose record is not maintained properly must be taken on priority basis and proper boundary pillars must be installed. Records should be maintained in a manner that their validity is not doubted in the court of law.

21.4.3. The department has completed the digitalisation of all all demarcation files and even its verification has also been completed by concerned territorial division and demarcation department. This is extremely important step in preservation of

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demarcation record and will definitely increase the utility of these files as it is even possible to view the record on internet. The system of demarcation is being mordernised in the field and location of new boundary pillars is recorded by using GPS and other technologies to avoid their re-location by the encroachers. Though this is welcome step but as the demarcation record is in Urdu language and all field staff is not well versed with the Urdu language so during training period basis urdu need to be taught to the forest guards and foresters so that they can read understand the record in field. It would be more appropriate if one patwari and one girdawar are brought on deputation to forest department from revenue department in each division.

21.5.Management of Berune Line Forests and Uncultivated Wasteland

21.5.1. In addition to the blank scrub area, pasture, and stony wastelands of this division there is a sizeable area available outside the demarcated forests which is neither cultivated nor properly managed. Practically no investment is being made on these resources as compared to the intensity of use to which they are put. There are the compelling reasons to formulate policies for this category of land to realize its productive potential to best possible extent. A multi-disciplinary approach is needed for its proper and comprehensive management.In order to arrest their further deterioration, the Berun line forests, as ordered by the Government of Jammu and Kashmir, are to be taken over from the charge of the Revenue Department immediately and managed on scientific lines.

21.6. Social Forestry

21.6.1. Social forestry is the management and protection of forests and afforestation of barren and deforested land with the purpose of helping environment social and rural development. Huge percentage of population in this division resides in rural areas is dependent directly of forests for timber, fuelwood, fodder and other needs. Proper implementation of social forestry schemes by the social forestry department would help in reducing the pressure on forests. Areas allotted to Reboisement Working Circle need to be replanted by the Social Forestry Division as they are generally located near the villages. Under social forestry the choice of pecies should be as per needs of locals and each plantation should preferable be of 50 hectare or more. Local conifers and broad leaved species having multiple uses need to be planted. Social forestry division need to raise village forests on village common land, revenue land, private land and even in forest land located near in the vicinity of villages. The community participation needs to be encouraged by involving the village forest committees in management of forest resources. Department should provide good quality seedlings to local people and encourage them to plant timber and forewood species in their private land.

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21.7. Forest Nurseries

21.7.1. Forest nurseries are of paramount importance in any artificial regeneration programme. Unfortunately, for the want of adequate funds and planning, little attention has been paid towards the creation and maintenance of the Forest Nurseries in this division. No modern nursery as envisaged in CAMPA guidlines has been prepared in this division and seedling is raised as naked roots in poly bags. The detail of existing nurseries in the Division has been listed in table 21.3.

Table No. 21.3 List of Nurseries in the Ramban Forest Division. S.No. Range Nursery Effective Area Total Area 1 Ramban Karol 1.50 2.00 2 Banihal Arandar 0.75 0.75 3 -do- Chamalwas 1.50 1.50 4 SC Banihal Krawah 1.50 2.00 5 -do- Tanjiwar 1.50 2.00 6 -do- Zaban 1.50 2.00 Total 12.25 15.25

21.7.2. In order to make concerted efforts towards the reforestation of conifers species, comprehensive, long term efforts are required. Adoption of modern techniques like root trainers, sprinklers, glass houses with controlled conditions of humidity and temperature, adoption of modern cutting techniques with hormone treatment etc. will go a long way in providing the necessary planting stock required for meeting the plantation target as per need of this division. Good quality seedlings raised in nurseries should also be given to the local people on nominal costs to increase awareness among genral public and also to increase the trees outside forests.

21.8. Beats and Blocks

A statement showing compartment wise break up of Beats, Blocks and Ranges is provided under Appendix-II. A summary of the same is tabulated as under:-

Range Compartments Ramban 1 to 70 Banihal 1 to 55

The Headquarter of Ramban and Banihal Ranges are located at Ramban and Banihal respectively.

21.9. Diversion of forest land for non forestery purpose under FCA 1997.

21.9.1. Forest land is diverted to non-forestery purpose under Forest Conservation Act.1997. In Ramban Forest Division considerable amount of forest land has been diverted to various agencies since implementation of this act. The list of forest

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land diversion cases is enclosed as Annexure-IX. Important indenting agenies are NHAI, Indian Railways, PMGSY, PWD, PDD etc. though over the period of time there is improvement in the implementation of Forest Conservation Act but many times there are serious violations on part of agencies and considerable damage is caused to the crop on downhill and uphill the roads under construction. Since most of the terrain is mountainous with steep slope the construction of line project like road or railways in these young mountain destabilise the areas and make is prone to landslides. The indenting agencies are asked to prepare KMZ files of the proposal and submit the DPR with adequate provision for breast walls and retaining walls in the forest areas. It is recommended that there is need to ensure that construction agencies adhere to the terms and conditions mentioned in the diversion orders. The blasting and other traditional methods should be stopped to ensure geo disaster mitigation and environment protection.

21.9.2. The list of damage cases registered against various indenting agency on account of damage caused to forests while execution of work in forest land diverted under FCA 1997 is given in Table No. 24.4.

21.10. Trees outside the forest (TOF)

21.10.1. TOF are all trees excluded from the definition of forests and other woodlands. A large number of trees are planted or domesticated in agroforestry systems, orchards and small woodlots. A large percentage of population in Jammu and Kashmir is dependent on Agriculture and Forestry sector directly or indirectly. Though field study was not conducted in Ramban Forest Division during the revision of this working plan but it is well known fact that trees outside forests play an important role in rural economy of this district. Various species of trees are raised as TOF by local people to meet their urgent needs of timber, firewood, fodder, agriculture implements, and source of NTPF etc. Orchards play an important role in economy of Jammu and Kashmir and it gives employment and livelihood to people. Estimation of trees outside forest has been conducted in state in year 2011 by Forest Survey of India in collaboration with Jammu and Kashmir Forest Department. Estimation of species wise and diameter class wise number and volume of TOF was conducted for erstwhile Doda district which includes areas of Ramban Forest Division as well.

21.10.2. For assessment in rural areas remote sensing based methodology is used whereas for urban area the methodology of National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) UFS Block approach was used. The satellite data LISS-IV MX of IRS P6 was used by FSI. A cluster of trees having area more than 0.1 ha was treated as block plantation. The optimum size of block and linear stratum was 0.1 ha and 10m X 125 m strip. For hilly areas the size of plot was taken 0.5 ha. The number of sample was calculated based of pilot study conducted by FSI.

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21.10.3. Some important trees species recorded in the doda district are as under:

S.No Species S.No Species 1 Ailanthus excels 9 Pinus species 2 Alnus nitida 10 Populus species 3 Juglans regia 11 Prunus species 4 Melia azadirachta 12 Pyrus species 5 Quercus species 13 Salix species 6 Robina pseudoacacia 14 Ulmus species 7 Cedrus deodara 15 Olea cuspidate 8 Celtis australis 16 Ficus species

21.11. Maps

21.11.1. The Maps prepared in the previous working plan exercise were untraceable, and chances are that the maps prepared have not reached the division. The only map that was available was Administrative maps prepared by Working Plan Circle office at a later date. However Demarcation Maps of the Forests in the division were mostly available. Also there appeared slight mismatch between the forest boundaries and the compartment boundaries as well as details of compartments in certain forests as per Form I. Photo interpretation assisted working plan Division for preparation for preparation of various types of maps. The following maps have been prepared and are being submitted along with the draft plan. 1. Administrative Maps  Range map of the division (1:50,000).  Block map of the division (1:50,000).  Beat map of the division (1:50,000).  Compartment map of the division (1:50,000). 2. Management map  Management map for the entire division (1:50,000).  Management maps for individual ranges (1:50,000). 3. Stock maps  Stock Map for the entire division (1:50,000).  Beat maps with G.T Sheet overlay.

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Table No. 21.4. Detail of Damage Cases Booked under FCA 1997 since last 10 Years in Ramban Forest Division. S. Title of the case Sanction Detail of damage Reference of damage No order& date caused by the user bill issued and status . agency of payment 1 Karol-Kundi 19-FC of 2005 BL Trees/Poles = 172 Bill No. 11 of 2008-09 Kumait road Dt. 14.12.2005 Nos.PCC Posts = 300 Dt. 02.09.2008 PMGSY Nos.B/Wire = 5.30 Qtls. Rs. 4.86660 Lacs Damage of 2.50 Ha area Payment awaited with natural regeneration 2 Khari 402-FST of Deodar/Kail,Trees/Poles Bill No. 01 of 2009-10 Mandakbass to 2005 = 47 Nos. Dt. 14.11.2009 Admarg (Khari Dt. 04.10.2005 Rs. 36.01600 Lacs Trigam) road Payment awaited Km 8th to 17th PMGSY 3 Ardmarg to 80-FST of 2012 Deodar/Kail, Trees = 39 Bill No. 01 of 2015-16 Mohu Dt. 24.02.2012 Nos. Dt. 24.03.2015 (Km 18th to 22nd) Rs. 11.419 Lacs PMGSY Payment awaited 4 UkhralBhangara 212-FST of Deodar/Kail, Trees = 38 Bill No. 04 of 2015-16 road from Km 1 2013 Nos. Dt. 07.01.2015 to Km 10 Dt. 17.05.2013 Rs. 12.744 Lacs PMGSY Payment awaited

5 Access Road 552-FST of Chir Trees = 04 Nos. Bill No. 08 of 2007-08 Digdoul to 2006 Dt. 22.10.2007 Urnihal under Dt. 17.10.2006 Rs. 0.47050 Lacs USBRL Project Payment awaited Railway

6 Access Road 552-FST of Kail/Chir Trees = 13 Bill No. 09 of 2008-09 Digdoul to 2006 Nos. Dt. 11.06.2008 Urnihal under Dt. 17.10.2006 Rs. 0.86 Lacs USBRL Project Payment awaited Railway

7 Nachillana 50-FST of 2006 Kail Trees/Poles = 315 Bill No. 10 of 2008-09 bhatta Dt. 02.02.2006 Nos. Dt. 30.06.2008 Access road Km 1 Rs. 13.47 Lacs to RD 8375 Payment awaited Railway 8 132 Kv D/C 13-FST of 2010 Chir Trees = 01 No. Bill No. 01 of 2011-12 Ramban Khillani Dt. 11.01.2010 Dt. 29.07.2011 Kishtwar T/L by Rs. 0.626 Lacs PDD Payment awaited

9 Widening of 264-FSt of 2009 BL Poles = 150 Nos. Bill No. 01 of 2016-17 NH1A Dt. 19.06.2009 Fencing = 810 Rft. Sq. Dt. 04.07.2016 PCC and barbed wire Rs. 3.09069 Lacs Payment awaited

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CHAPTER-XXII Control Forms

22.1. Control Forms

As per the standard procedure, the following control forms are prescribed to be maintained however it is pertinent to mention that no such form are being maintained in this division since many years.

22.1.1. Control Form A

It shall be maintained at the standard format in use, for recording the major markings (fellings) and other subsidiary markings (fellings) carried out in Deodar- Kail irregular working circle (Conversion block), Mixed Conifers Selection Working Circle, Fir Selection Working Circle, and Chir Irregular Working Circle, separately for each of the four working circles . As usual, a deviation statement indicating specie wise plus and minus account of the actual removal ( fellings) vis-à-vis the prescribed yield , will be compiled at the close of every year and the same brought forward in the subsequent year and summed up (plus or minus) with the prescribed yield for the year. Control shall be exercised on the volume extracted with an area check.

22.1.2. Control Form B

This control form shall be maintained on the standard forms in use for recording the yield realized from the converted and unallotted blocks of Deodar Kail Irregular Working Circle. It shall be maintained in the same way as Control Form – A, except that the excess removals, if any, during the year are to be adjusted in the subsequent year but the deficit shall lapse to the forests.

22.1.3. Control Form C

It will be maintained to record and monitor the progress of the generation work in the areas taken up for artificial regeneration. Such areas are to be written off from this form only after they carry adequate and established regeneration.

22.1. 4. Control Form D

This control form shall indicate the proposals of the territorial DFOs for marking of coupes during the next three years. It is required to be submitted well in time, to the Conservator of Forests, Working Plan Circle , through the concerned territorial Conservator of Forests, who will convey his approval after due scrutiny of the proposals in consultation with the Chief Conservator of Forests. The arrears in respects of Control Forms need to be completed at once and their future maintenance ensured and made purposeful.

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22.1.5. Coupe Control Form

For the control of all silvicultural operations such as felling, subsidiary cultural operations, cleanings, thinning, burning, etc which may be prescribed or suggested to be carried out in given coupe for the duration of the working plan should be maintained in the following proforma and submitted to the Conservator of Forests Working Plan Circle and Territorial Conservator of Forests annually:-

Working Circle Felling-eries Localities Coupe Control Form Periodic Block Cutting-Section prescribed Localities suggested As carried out Coupe No Page Prescript W,P. Year Excess (+) or Remarks on in brief p d Deficit (-) and a u sanction Year Block/C Area Vol Area Vol r e mpartment a 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

22.1.6. Felling Control Form

For controlling and maintaining, a record of all trees marked for felling and trees retained as seed bearers are to safe guard future yield. The felling control form should be maintained as under.

Working Felling Localities Circle Series Prescribed Periodic Cutting Localities Coupe Control Form

Block Section suggests

Coupe No Page

%age trees Remarks

Class

- Spp

Area retained

Trees Trees

Comptt marked marked

Volume retained

Block&

Dia Unit factor Unit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

22.1.7. Deviation Statement Statement showing deviations from Working Plan.

Serial No. of Control Book Reference to Working the Deviation name, form no. & Plan Page Paragraph Nature of Nature of deviation prescriptions requiring PCCF’s Sanction

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The DFO will forward through the Territorial Conservator of Forests typed copies of this Form in triplicate yearly with his copies of control forms. One copy of the statement will be returned to the DFO and another to the territorial Conservator of forests after the deviations have been sanctioned by the PCCF. If sanction from the PCCF or the Working Plan Conservator has been obtained in advance, the sanction number and date should be quoted in the last columns. All deviations, which permanently alter the basis of management laid down in the Working Plan, will require prior sanction of the PCCF. All deviations, which do not permanently alter the basis of management and with the necessity of which he agrees, may be approved and sanction by the Working Plan Conservator on behalf of PCCF. In case where there is difference of opinion between the Working Plan Conservator and territorial Conservator, the former will refer to them to the PCCF for instructions. The PCCF/CFWP as the case may be, will countersign the deviation statement.

Minor deviations can be sanctioned at the level of the Working Plan Conservator or the PCCF as the case may be; but the PCCF before sanctioning the major deviation of following nature, will necessarily take prior approval of the Regional CCF of the Ministry of Environment and Forests:

(i). Change in Silvicultural System

(ii) Clear felling of natural forests

(iii) Formation of new felling series; and

(iv) Large scale felling due to natural calamities, which cannot be adjusted against future yield.

22.2. Compartment Histories

This is in fact the most important record of happening in the forests but has not been maintained. They must be objectively maintained and updated, both at range as well as Divisional level. Entries regarding marking, extraction, resin extraction and development works, fire, encroachments, land transfer any other significant event that happened in a compartment must be made in the compartment history file at the earliest possible dispatch. In addition, the touring officer should note their observations and instructions on compartment history files, for the purpose of control and record. It shall be maintained as traditionally done in compartment history files.

22.3. Divisional Journals

This document, though very important, has not been maintained in the division. It is of immense use to the DFO and must be maintained and updated regularly. It should contain detail information on subject, like regeneration, plantation, soil conservation works, seed years, disease/ insects attacks, statistics, outturn of

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timber and fuel wood, abstract of information on past/current leases, contracts, road, buildings and meteorological data etc. On the analogy of the Divisional Journal, record must be maintained at Range and Block level. Since computerisation of offices is already under process so proper divisional journal need to be maintained in computer at at divisional and range level with proper backup of hard drives or in cloud storage.

22.4. Guard Books

Guard books form the basic record of beat wise information but by and large, the maintenance of Guard books has remained neglected. In certain cases the Guard books have been found lacking even the elementary data regarding description of boundaries of the beat, number and name of the compartments, beat maps, number of boundary Pillars and Chaks. The guard books must be maintained properly and checked frequently by the Range Officers at least once in a month and by the DFO at least once in six months.

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CHAPTER-XXVI Summary Of Prescriptions S. Attributes Unit MCSWC FSWC RWC CWC Remarks/ No. Total 1 Total Area Ha. 11089.93 11956.51 15704.72 9607.42 48358.58 2 Commercial area Ha. 6121.83 5876.00 5090.45 2382.29 19470.57 3 Open Forest area Ha. 2734.48 2602.27 3891.93 1717 10945.68 4 Blank area Ha. 2233.62 3478.24 6722.34 5508.13 17942.3 5 Total Stem (Minimum) No. 1543146 1381449 1070949 480544

6 Average number of Stem No. Per Ha 274 259 239 232 (Dense Forest) 7 Total Growing Stock Cum 2971525.21 3331090.00 2115261.66 880573.56 (minimum availavle) 8 Average Growing Stock (Dense Cum Per Ha 537.47 639.54 476.77 433.74 Forest) 9 Silviculture system Selection system Selection system -- -- - 10 Exploitable dia Cm 70D.H. for 70D.H. for Deodar -- -- - Deodar and kail and kail 80 cm 80 cm D.B.H for D.B.H for Fir Fir 11 Felling cycle Year 30 30 -- -- - 12 Felling series No. Single Single -- -- - 13 No. Of Compartments No. 47 34 48 24 153 14 Annual cut Deodar Cum 7770 2200 -- -- 9970 Kail Cum 13090 5900 -- -- 18990 Fir Cum 4340 15100 -- -- 19440 Total Cum 25200 23200 -- -- 48400 15 Annual coupe Ha. 204.06 195.86 -- -- - 16 Annual Intensity of cut Cum/ ha. 123.49 188.45 -- -- -

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Annexure -I Details of Demarcated Forests of Ramban Forest Division.

Year Length of Boundary line Date of Area Total No. Area of Chak No. of S. of D Name of Boundaries of Chaks Entry No of Of B.p. of No emarc Forest Acres Area in Ac. KL.

Range B.P Miles KM Chak Hectares Chaks Miles KM ation Ac-Kl-Mr Hact. Mr. Ganote 1 15-06-71 1970 6141 2485.200 305 23-880 38.624 51 512-6-4 207.500 596 24-212 38.974 Dandrath Balhote 2 15-06-71 1970 4261 1724.380 229 21-016 33.796 38 N/A N/A 422 18-772 29.758 ation. Damoot Kanthi 3 15-06-71 1970 1994 806.950 89 15-0 24.14 12 26-5-1 10.770 103 5-368 8.571 Sencha 4 15-06-71 1970 Kundi 754 305.130 71 7.-0 11.265 6 271-0-16 109.310 98 5-745 9.254 5 15-06-71 1970 Gajpat 618 250.100 46 6-817 11.064 1 0-3-9 0.200 5 0-146 0.244 6 11-09-93. 1993 Kahubagh 15 6.070 17 0-887 1.609 1 1,-5-6 0.607 11 0-282 0.474 7 15-06-71 1967 Saryala 589 238.350 41 6-492 10.456 2 10,-4-12 4.249 14 1-063 1.609

8 15-06-71 1967 Beula 315 127.477 11 1-182 1.910 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 9 15-06-71 1970 Balhote 985 398.618 81 9.-0 14.484 6 122-4-11 49.574 84 3-777 6.128

10 15-06-71 1968 Digdool 4781 1934.810 62 16-286 29.436 26 113-0-4 45.730 214 9-660 15.694 Ramban Bangara 11 15-06-71 1969 14069 5693.580 71 37-227 59.745 30 541-6-18 219.377 1050 43-652 70.283 Paristan 12 15-06-71 1968 Charhalan 24 9.712 25 1-264 2.051 1 1,-2-3 0.505 3 0-159 0.265 Pogal 13 15-06-71 1968 12718 5146.85 30 26-330 42.547 21 34-7-2 14.110 127 4-949 8.025 Paristan 14 15-06-71 1968 Neel 5681 2299.03 47 19-287 31.029 4 11,-3-16 4.642 33 1-390 2.263 Neel 15 15-06-71 1968 1130 457.200 100 68-89 11-137 5 21-7-9 8.840 54 1-689 2.715 Dhanmasta Dhak 16 15-06-71 1970 40 16.190 22 1.522 2.474 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 Dhanmasta 17 15-06-71 1968 Dalpant 203 82.150 9 4-333 6.989 0 0 0.000 0 0 0

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18 20-09-56 1973 Jhalliban 101.6.9 41.190 13 1-596 2.615 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 19 20-09-56 1972 Jhat Forest 55.6.16 22.662 18 1-463 2.363 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 Chaka 20 20-09-56 1972 249.7.19 101.162 50 003-40 4.995 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 Kundi 21 20-09-56 1972 Bibrotha 758.0.18 306.754 81 8-526 13.740 1 10,-7-17 4.440 21 0-626 1.006 Ghari 22 20-09-56 1972 4989 2018.990 161 18-679 230.074 9 52-0-11 21.043 86 3-949 5.795 Kumate 23 20-09-56 1972 Chachatar 714 298.955 51 7-594 12.253 2 1,-3-3 0.607 10 0-653 1.093 Total Ramban Range 24771.510 1630 701.504 2931

24 09-01-1981 1971 Bhajmasta 1279 517.611 29 10-800 17.426 4 3,-1-0 1.207 24 2-151 1.419

25 09-01-1981 1970 Shagan 2365 957.890 150 15-012 24.140 15 170-3-11 68.950 171 7-489 12.070

26 09-01-1981 1970 Sarbagni 7340.4.18 3170.670 7 17-606 28.967 34 258-2-12 104.510 294 15-895 25.749 Mahu 27 09-01-1981 1970 53763 11153.46 165 41-164 66.261 50 N/A N/A 757 37.005 59.515 Tarigam Gagar 28 09-01-1981 1970 41 16.570 14 01-303 2.110 0 0 0.000 0 0 0

Tarigam

29 09-01-1981 1970 Mangit 3737 1512.320 53 21-915 35.309 19 482-5-4 195.300 205 12-175 19.611

30 09-01-1981 1970 Jamalone 421 170.360 75 6-415 10-358 6 31-5-18 12.820 55 1-806 2.964 Banihal 31 09-01-1981 1970 Sarachi 404 163.490 68 5-170 8.328 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 32 09-01-1981 1970 Mahu 4010 1622.810 50 17-0 27.358 0 0 0.000 0 0 0 Khairkote 33 09-01-1981 1970 4466 1807.340 27 21-130 33.996 2 1,-2-3 0.506 10 0-336 0.368 Krawah 34 09-01-1981 1969 Bankote 324 131.120 23 4-305 6.939 2 7,-6-12 3.150 17 0-671 1.131 35 09-01-1981 1969 Amkote 147.1.15 59.580 41 3-171 5.112 3 11,-5-2 4.700 35 0-805 1.347 36 09-01-1981 1969 Chamalwas 2275.5.13 920.920 88 14-133 22.751 24 95-0-14 38.440 244 9-242 14.886 Doligam 37 09-01-1981 1969 7888 3192.190 45 26-539 42.748 2 7,-1-4 2.880 14 0-643 1.081 Chanjloo Total Banihal Range 25396.331 835 432.463 1826

Grand Total Ramban Division 50167.841 2465.0 1133.967 4757.000

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Annexure-II. Estate Area Statement and Working Circles of Ramban Forest Division. Comp DenseForest S.No Ra t Open /Commercial area Grand Division Block Beat Working Circle Blank . nge artmet Forest Moderately Very Total No. Dense Dense 1 Ramban Sarbagni-A Conservation Working Circle 01/B 114.58 29.19 9.08 0.00 152.85 2 Ramban Sarbagni-A Reboisement Working Circle 02/B 271.60 72.68 56.54 8.01 408.83 3 Ramban Sarbagni-A Mixed Conifer (Selection) WC 03a/B 26.17 41.94 56.96 4.52 129.59 4 Ramban Sarbagni-A Mixed Conifer (Selection) WC 03b/B 34.51 66.18 35.83 4.88 141.40

5 Ramban Sarbagni-A Reboisement Working Circle 04a/B 195.00 56.25 25.72 4.73 281.70

6 Ramban Sarbagni-A Conservation Working Circle 04b/B 628.48 68.35 30.26 3.32 730.41 7 Ramban Sarbagni-A Mixed Conifer (Selection) WC 05a/B 7.30 18.23 70.82 7.65 104.00 8 Ramban Sarbagni-A Mixed Conifer (Selection) WC 05b/B 17.74 25.11 154.72 90.65 288.22 9 Ramban Sarbagni-B Fir Selection Working Circle 06a/B 245.45 176.46 145.27 18.96 586.14 10 Ramban Sarbagni-B Reboisement Working Circle 06b/B 390.33 85.83 57.96 1.60 535.72

11 Ramban Sarbagni-B Mixed Conifer (Selection) WC 07a/B 67.10 69.18 162.51 30.91 329.70

12 Ramban Sarbagni-B Reboisement Working Circle 07b/B 115.64 37.15 13.91 2.06 168.76 13 Ramban Sarbagni-B Mixed Conifer (Selection) WC 08/B 139.38 60.42 64.70 8.37 272.87 14 Ramban Tregam-A Fir Selection Working Circle 09a/B 21.65 14.48 45.72 13.93 95.78 15 Ramban Tregam-A Mixed Conifer (Selection) WC 09b/B 57.43 48.90 58.74 2.98 168.05 16 Ramban Tregam-A Fir Selection Working Circle 10a/B 2.48 21.50 42.36 13.88 80.22 17 Ramban Tregam-A Mixed Conifer (Selection) WC 10b/B 24.38 13.88 25.20 3.74 67.20 18 Ramban Tregam-A Fir Selection Working Circle 11/B 16.24 21.01 48.24 59.28 144.77

19 Ramban Tregam-A Mixed Conifer (Selection) WC 12a/B 2.70 52.79 58.60 21.16 135.25 Totalarea 244026.01 = 20 Ramban Tregam-A Fir Selection Working Circle 12b/B 14.99 13.69 60.06 1.20 89.94 21 Ramban Tregam-A Fir Selection Working Circle 13a/B 38.37 20.14 114.66 192.37 365.54 22 Ramban Tregam-A Mixed Conifer (Selection) WC 13b/B 17.31 13.56 56.49 20.05 107.41 23 Ramban Tregam-A Conservation Working Circle 14a/B 52.10 73.79 51.28 33.18 210.35

24 Ramban Tregam-A Conservation Working Circle 14b/B 76.70 31.42 21.32 3.50 132.94 SarbagniCom. Area 3172.98 Total Area 8497.81

25 Ramban Banihal CommercialArea for Banihal(Ha) 8296.90= Tregam-B Mixed Conifer (Selection) WC 15/B 42.93 36.55 65.20 9.70 154.38 26 Ramban Tregam-B Fir Selection Working Circle 16/B 17.67 26.31 70.08 65.62 179.68 27 Ramban Tregam-B Fir Selection Working Circle 17/B 217.71 147.86 229.80 159.90 755.27 28 Ramban Tregam-B Fir Selection Working Circle 18/B 399.47 258.28 307.68 98.15 1063.58 29 Ramban Tregam-B Conservation Working Circle 19a/B 238.28 69.51 65.15 4.82 377.76 30 Ramban Tregam-B Mixed Conifer (Selection) WC 19b/B 98.05 62.45 67.72 11.28 239.50

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31 Ramban Buzzala-A Mixed Conifer (Selection) WC 20a/B 39.31 59.16 115.05 76.72 290.24 32 Ramban Buzzala-A Mixed Conifer (Selection) WC 20b/B 46.53 20.93 26.36 15.63 109.45 33 Ramban Buzzala-A Conservation Working Circle 21/B 792.14 205.64 268.06 68.63 1334.47 34 Ramban Buzzala-A Conservation Working Circle 22/B 488.46 119.82 52.83 6.08 667.19 35 Ramban Buzzala-A Fir Selection Working Circle 23a/B 24.85 8.95 8.25 3.45 45.50

36 Ramban Buzzala-A Conservation Working Circle 23b/B 167.61 65.68 63.20 15.80 312.29 37 Ramban Buzzala-A Fir Selection Working Circle 24/B 198.39 172.60 170.70 86.99 628.68 38 Ramban Buzzala-B Mixed Conifer (Selection) WC 25/B 143.42 48.19 47.52 16.72 255.85 39 Ramban Buzzala-B Fir Selection Working Circle 26a/B 19.48 5.58 11.73 5.98 42.77 40 Ramban Buzzala-B Mixed Conifer (Selection) WC 26b/B 5.80 13.67 33.73 36.04 89.24 41 Ramban Buzzala-B Fir Selection Working Circle 27/B 41.69 46.82 61.41 52.77 202.69 42 Ramban Buzzala-B Mixed Conifer (Selection) WC 28a/B 49.80 69.80 81.05 17.40 218.05 43 Ramban Buzzala-B Reboisement Working Circle 28b/B 131.16 45.01 38.31 4.50 218.98 44 Ramban Mahu-A Fir Selection Working Circle 29a/B 90.49 47.10 75.92 21.62 235.13 45 Ramban Mahu-A Mixed Conifer (Selection) WC 29b/B 253.49 13.78 9.52 0.00 276.79 46 Ramban Mahu-A Reboisement Working Circle 30/B 174.57 120.27 148.81 24.15 467.80 47 Ramban Mahu-A Reboisement Working Circle 31/B 577.30 165.73 162.22 2.62 907.87 48 Ramban Mahu-B Conservation Working Circle 32/B 1015.90 122.70 127.88 2.30 1268.78 49 Ramban Mahu-B Conservation Working Circle 33/B 379.16 108.25 178.56 5.66 671.63 50 Ramban Mahu-B Mixed Conifer (Selection) WC 34/B 108.80 88.26 121.18 35.31 353.55 51 Ramban Mangit-A Mixed Conifer (Selection) WC 35/B 73.42 25.29 38.57 8.86 146.14 52 Ramban Mohu Com. Area 2870.49 Total Area 10373.25 Mangit-A Reboisement Working Circle 36/B 232.11 104.63 64.46 13.62 414.82 53 Ramban Mangit-A Fir Selection Working Circle 37a/B 12.64 33.36 92.54 30.63 169.17 54 Ramban Mangit-A Mixed Conifer (Selection) WC 37b/B 14.67 16.80 21.98 28.12 81.57 55 Ramban Mangit-A Conservation Working Circle 38/B 228.48 127.04 91.52 3.16 450.20 56 Ramban Mangit-B Reboisement Working Circle 39/B 169.03 51.28 96.81 17.71 334.83

57 Ramban Mangit-B Mixed Conifer (Selection) WC 40/B 55.70 62.02 41.29 20.56 179.57

58 Kaskot-A Reboisement Working Circle 41/B 18.52 14.82 6.49 0.00 39.83

3

59 amban 4 Kaskot-A Reboisement Working Circle 42/B 331.43 140.14 185.24 58.39 715.20

Area

rea

60 Ramban A Kaskot-A Reboisement Working Circle 43/B 150.26 111.45 104.83 14.57 381.11 5554.95

61 Ramban 2253. Kaskot-B Conservation Working Circle 44/B 159.26 70.22 86.03 21.61 337.12

Total

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62 Ramban Kaskot-B Conservation Working Circle 45/B 96.12 91.18 118.10 64.32 369.72 63 Ramban Kaskot-B Conservation Working Circle 46/B 76.06 57.87 70.11 12.49 216.53 64 Ramban Duligam-A Reboisement Working Circle 47/B 402.25 151.77 95.90 14.76 664.68 65 Ramban Duligam-A Reboisement Working Circle 48/B 591.92 249.19 178.61 6.42 1026.14 66 Ramban Duligam-A Reboisement Working Circle 49/B 38.68 77.16 140.14 67.90 323.88 67 Ramban Duligam-B Reboisement Working Circle 50/B 11.17 30.59 108.39 98.95 249.10 68 Ramban Duligam-B Fir Selection Working Circle 51/B 23.34 111.23 192.97 49.76 377.30 69 Ramban Chamalwas-A Mixed Conifer (Selection) WC 52/B 14.01 14.75 32.73 19.01 80.50 70 Ramban Chamalwas-A Mixed Conifer (Selection) WC 53/B 18.64 80.39 77.30 70.63 246.96 71 Ramban Chamalwas-B Mixed Conifer (Selection) WC 54/B 54.17 66.28 87.82 54.55 262.82 72 Ramban Chamalwas-B Mixed Conifer (Selection) WC 55/B 17.50 31.15 131.95 83.46 264.06 Total of Banihal Range 11129.47 4999.64 6138.65 2158.25 24426.01

73 Ramban Neel-A Conservation Working Circle 01/R 262.77 60.40 82.11 1.67 406.95

74 Ramban Neel-A Fir Selection Working Circle 02a/R 113.90 54.69 58.40 1.14 228.13

75 Ramban Neel-A Fir Selection Working Circle 02b/R 70.76 25.56 28.50 0.33 125.15 76 Ramban Neel-A Fir Selection Working Circle 03/R 88.08 108.39 106.54 2.64 305.65 77 Ramban Neel-A Fir Selection Working Circle 04/R 23.63 73.46 192.06 63.92 353.07 78 Ramban Neel-A Conservation Working Circle 05/R 433.39 68.75 114.29 34.17 650.60 79 Ramban Neel-B Fir Selection Working Circle 06/R 33.80 73.23 141.92 51.59 300.54 80 Ramban Neel-B Reboisement Working Circle 07/R 14.62 52.44 94.53 23.08 184.67

81 Ramban Neel-B Mixed Conifer (Selection) WC 08/R 18.21 17.40 75.80 55.40 166.81

82 Ramban Neel-B Reboisement Working Circle 09/R 56.84 122.27 83.93 9.52 272.56 83 Ramban Neel-C Reboisement Working Circle 10/R 34.22 65.90 41.61 45.20 186.93 84 Ramban Neel-C Reboisement Working Circle 11/R 27.97 15.84 8.01 0.00 51.82 85 Ramban Neel-C Reboisement Working Circle 12/R 7.28 40.06 66.98 37.51 151.83

86 Ramban 11173.67 23932.57= area Total Poghal-A Fir Selection Working Circle 13a/R 107.34 70.66 48.37 2.08 228.45 87 Ramban Poghal-A Fir Selection Working Circle 13b/R 291.06 80.86 63.76 15.27 450.95

88 Ramban mbanCommercial Area for Ramban Poghal-A Fir Selection Working Circle 14/R 281.86 99.54 142.49 13.24 537.13 (Ha) = 89 Ramban Ra Poghal-A Fir Selection Working Circle 15/R 326.79 120.10 215.43 30.79 693.11

90 Ramban NeelCom. Area 2991.53Total Area 6856.66 Poghal-A Fir Selection Working Circle 16/R 102.98 79.45 248.97 82.12 513.52 91 Ramban Poghal-B Mixed Conifer (Selection) WC 17a/R 33.92 45.33 173.24 53.91 306.40 92 Ramban Poghal-B Conservation Working Circle 17b/R 19.45 13.81 78.28 2.15 113.69 93 Ramban Poghal-B Mixed Conifer (Selection) WC 18/R 32.50 24.72 132.40 113.34 302.96

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94 Ramban Poghal-B Conservation Working Circle 19a/R 45.82 17.17 48.98 5.43 117.40 95 Ramban Poghal-B Reboisement Working Circle 19b/R 61.71 46.20 85.07 15.36 208.34 96 Ramban Paristhan-A Conservation Working Circle 20/R 24.22 33.01 80.61 3.84 141.68

97 Ramban Paristhan-A Fir Selection Working Circle 21/R 291.28 167.65 321.68 17.99 798.60 98 Ramban Paristhan-A Fir Selection Working Circle 22/R 195.24 115.44 237.04 71.37 619.09 99 Ramban Paristhan-A Reboisement Working Circle 23a/R 0.54 40.53 110.97 31.11 183.15 100 Ramban Paristhan-A Reboisement Working Circle 23b/R 38.74 109.89 153.66 41.58 343.87 101 Ramban Paristhan-B Fir Selection Working Circle 24/R 20.51 163.13 382.36 100.79 666.79 102 Ramban Paristhan-B Reboisement Working Circle 25a/R 1.82 49.16 143.37 36.12 230.47 103 Ramban Paristhan-B Mixed Conifer (Selection) WC 25b/R 41.44 92.10 156.98 17.55 308.07 104 Ramban Paristhan-B Reboisement Working Circle 26/R 39.11 156.96 317.10 84.99 598.16 105 Ramban Paristhan-B Reboisement Working Circle 27a/R 62.55 29.59 28.53 2.84 123.51 106 Ramban Paristhan-B Reboisement Working Circle 27b/R 16.27 17.98 75.84 79.82 189.91 107 Ramban Bhangara-A Mixed Conifer (Selection) WC 28/R 37.19 104.99 198.01 96.38 436.57 108 Ramban Bhangara-A Fir Selection Working Circle 29/R 14.51 49.36 123.79 70.65 258.31 109 Ramban Bhangara-A Mixed Conifer (Selection) WC 30/R 76.94 80.80 99.42 9.15 266.31 110 Ramban Bhangara-A Conservation Working Circle 31/R 25.38 13.43 39.93 12.72 91.46 111 Ramban Bhangara-B Conservation Working Circle 32/R 18.59 52.04 134.96 75.14 280.73 112 Ramban Bhangara-B Reboisement Working Circle 33a/R 21.52 15.20 46.04 28.58 111.34 113 Ramban Bhangara-B Fir Selection Working Circle 33b/R 67.81 53.63 29.19 5.65 156.28 114 Ramban Bhangara-B Reboisement Working Circle 34a/R 70.95 84.60 104.37 29.63 289.55 115 Ramban Bhangara Com. Area 3831.79 Area Total 6602.01 Bhangara-B Fir Selection Working Circle 34b/R 54.24 24.43 66.39 30.88 175.94

116 Ramban Bhangara-B Reboisement Working Circle 35/R 133.51 63.94 108.27 26.50 332.22

117 Ramban Digdola-A Mixed Conifer (Selection) WC 36/R 83.66 57.98 141.60 64.34 347.58 118 Ramban Digdola-A Mixed Conifer (Selection) WC 37/R 44.19 55.18 102.62 25.25 227.24

119 Ramban Digdola-A Mixed Conifer (Selection) WC 38/R 85.04 79.39 170.30 59.97 394.70 2461.98 120 Ramban Digdola-A Reboisement Working Circle 39a 235.10 126.57 132.45 12.43 506.55 121 Ramban Digdola-A Conservation Working Circle 39b 65.56 45.30 49.20 4.98 165.04

122 Ramban TotalArea 6031.24 Digdola-B Reboisement Working Circle 40a/R 103.02 63.50 59.48 12.50 238.5 RambanCom. Area 123 Ramban Digdola-B Conservation Working Circle 40b/R 49.46 34.52 39.82 2.44 126.24

124 Ramban Digdola-B Reboisement Working Circle 41/R 42.37 47.71 40.80 5.86 136.74 125 Ramban Digdola-B Reboisement Working Circle 42/R 280.05 120.17 96.72 6.45 503.39

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126 Ramban Digdola-B Mixed Conifer (Selection) WC 43/R 9.33 71.24 163.87 42.60 287.04 127 Ramban Ramaban-A Reboisement Working Circle 44/R 26.77 40.84 45.24 16.70 129.55

128 Ramban Ramaban-A Reboisement Working Circle 45/R 282.36 60.28 61.39 6.02 410.05

129 Ramban h Ramaban-A Reboisement Working Circle 46/R 183.40 58.00 13.63 1.18 256.21 130 Ramban Dhandrat-A Reboisement Working Circle 47/R 209.80 89.01 23.99 0.00 322.80

131 Ramban Dhandrat-A Reboisement Working Circle 48/R 220.37 73.78 22.14 0.20 316.49 Rajgar 132 Ramban Ramban-B Mixed Conifer (Selection) WC 49/R 32.93 104.00 64.84 1.92 203.69 133 Ramban Ramban-B Mixed Conifer (Selection) WC 50/R 17.93 72.43 114.55 3.94 208.85

134 Ramban Ramban-B Mixed Conifer (Selection) WC 51/R 35.92 69.85 127.41 27.89 261.07 135 Ramban Ganot Reboisement Working Circle 52/R 77.89 85.34 80.20 7.41 250.84 136 Ramban Ganot Reboisement Working Circle 53/R 93.13 57.94 31.81 1.74 184.62

137 Ramban Ramban Ganot Reboisement Working Circle 54/R 60.05 127.26 106.67 9.38 303.36 138 Ramban Ganot Conservation Working Circle 55/R 50.16 137.91 82.53 10.79 281.39 139 Ramban Ganot Reboisement Working Circle 56/R 3.94 136.20 145.40 27.16 312.70 140 Ramban Ganot Mixed Conifer (Selection) WC 57/R 13.81 41.58 199.29 41.21 295.89 141 Ramban Dhandrat-B Mixed Conifer (Selection) WC 58/R 17.97 23.43 85.72 24.03 151.15

142 Ramban Dhandrat-B Mixed Conifer (Selection) WC 59/R 34.82 116.24 76.78 1.89 229.73 143 Ramban Dhandrat-B Mixed Conifer (Selection) WC 60/R 38.17 27.08 31.26 2.59 99.10

144 Ramban Dhandrat-B Reboisement Working Circle 61/R 59.37 106.07 58.86 1.13 225.43 145 Ramban Dhandrat-B Fir Selection Working Circle 62/R 0.83 66.30 93.14 22.05 182.32 146 Ramban Dhandrat-A Mixed Conifer (Selection) WC 63/R 21.49 90.44 148.17 27.36 287.46 147 Ramban Dhandrat-A Reboisement Working Circle 64/R 13.33 22.69 41.34 4.91 82.27 148 Ramban Rajgarh Reboisement Working Circle 65/R 349.12 69.15 56.42 0.00 474.69 149 Ramban Rajgarh Mixed Conifer (Selection) WC 66/R 13.51 78.08 98.49 7.74 197.82 150 Ramban Rajgarh Reboisement Working Circle 67/R 93.65 182.91 163.19 13.20 452.95 151 Ramban TotalArea 4442.66 Rajgarh Mixed Conifer (Selection) WC 68/R 28.69 177.86 312.91 52.00 571.46

152 Ramban Rajgarh Com. 1888.37Area Rajgarh Fir Selection Working Circle 69/R 8.71 51.02 196.00 45.59 301.32 153 Ramban Rajgarh Mixed Conifer (Selection) WC 70/R 85.70 184.70 228.08 49.19 547.67 Total Ramban Range 6812.86 5946.04 8996.49 2177.18 23932.57 Grand Total for Ramban Division 17942.33 10945.68 15135.14 4335.43 48358.58

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Annexure –III. Estate Area of Ramaban Forest Division Compared as per Previous Working plan Revision and Current Revision. Com Commercial Area Uncommercial Area Non-Wooded Area Gran Working Workin Moder Very p D Circle as g Open a Grand Block Beat t TO RS LS total Blank HP OB Tot per last Circle Forest te dence Total Range D t K F C B.L D K F C B.L T /L W L A al WP Alloted Dense Dense . TOT AL L S Total A Sarbagni Sarbagni-A 01/B 0 N 0 0 160 40 200 0 L 0 0 0 15 15 0 77 35 15 127 342 RWC CWC 114.58 29.19 9.08 0.00 152.85 o Sarbagni Sarbagni-A 02/B 0 40 0 185 15 240 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 85 50 25 160 400 RWC RWC 271.60 72.68 56.54 8.01 408.83 . 5 MCSW Sarbagni Sarbagni-A 03a/B 7 20 0 3 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 0 0 22 102 MCSWC 26.17 41.94 56.96 4.52 129.59 0 C 1 MCSW Sarbagni Sarbagni-A 03b/B 80 5 7 5 112 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 16 128 MCSWC 34.51 66.18 35.83 4.88 141.40 5 C 1 Sarbagni Sarbagni-A 04a/B 100 5 0 30 145 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 55 50 0 105 250 RWC RWC 195.00 56.25 25.72 4.73 281.70 0 Sarbagni Sarbagni-A 04b/B 0 35 0 205 40 280 0 0 0 0 20 20 0 210 130 150 490 790 PWC CWC 628.48 68.35 30.26 3.32 730.41 1 MCSW Sarbagni Sarbagni-A 05a/B 4 41 0 23 85 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 10 95 FSWC 7.30 18.23 70.82 7.65 104.00 7 C 1 MCSW Sarbagni Sarbagni-A 05b/B 132 10 7 57 221 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 9 230 MCSWC 17.74 25.11 154.72 90.65 288.22 5 C 8 Sarbagni Sarbagni-B 06a/B 2 20 250 0 34 306 0 0 0 24 104 50 110 20 0 180 590 FSWC FSWC 245.45 176.46 145.27 18.96 586.14 0 Sarbagni Sarbagni-B 06b/B 0 120 0 0 40 160 0 0 0 0 20 20 220 120 45 0 385 565 RWC RWC 390.33 85.83 57.96 1.60 535.72 MCSW Sarbagni Sarbagni-B 07a/B 0 150 8 12 5 175 0 15 0 0 15 30 0 115 15 0 130 335 RWC 67.10 69.18 162.51 30.91 329.70 C 1 Sarbagni Sarbagni-B 07b/B 0 14 56 0 15 85 0 0 0 0 15 40 15 0 0 55 155 FSWC RWC 115.64 37.15 13.91 2.06 168.76 5 4 MCSW Sarbagni Sarbagni-B 08/B 60 0 0 45 145 7 15 0 0 0 22 0 40 0 0 40 207 MCSWC 139.38 60.42 64.70 8.37 272.87 0 C

Banihal 1 Sarbagni Tregam-A 09a/B 5 8 37 0 10 60 0 0 0 0 10 0 10 0 0 10 80 FSWC FSWC 21.65 14.48 45.72 13.93 95.78 0 2 MCSW Sarbagni Tregam-A 09b/B 45 0 0 12 82 0 43 0 0 0 43 0 25 5 0 30 155 MCSWC 57.43 48.90 58.74 2.98 168.05 5 C 1 Sarbagni Tregam-A 10a/B 10 44 0 6 70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 8 78 FSWC FSWC 2.48 21.50 42.36 13.88 80.22 0 1 MCSW Sarbagni Tregam-A 10b/B 30 15 0 0 64 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 64 MCSWC 24.38 13.88 25.20 3.74 67.20 9 C 1 Sarbagni Tregam-A 11/B 0 1 0 0 20 135 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 7 0 0 17 152 FSWC FSWC 16.24 21.01 48.24 59.28 144.77 5 4 MCSW Sarbagni Tregam-A 12a/B 35 5 0 0 85 0 0 0 0 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 90 MCSWC 2.70 52.79 58.60 21.16 135.25 5 C 2 Sarbagni Tregam-A 12b/B 4 104 0 2 130 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 5 135 FSWC FSWC 14.99 13.69 60.06 1.20 89.94 0 1 4 Sarbagni Tregam-A 13a/B 30 130 0 0 170 0 0 0 45 85 40 43 4 0 87 342 FSWC FSWC 38.37 20.14 114.66 192.37 365.54 0 0 3 MCSW Sarbagni Tregam-A 13b/B 20 7 0 0 65 0 0 0 0 8 8 0 22 0 0 22 95 MCSWC 17.31 13.56 56.49 20.05 107.41 8 C Sarbagni Tregam-A 14a/B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 127 0 4 135 0 45 10 0 55 190 PWC CWC 52.10 73.79 51.28 33.18 210.35 Sarbagni Tregam-A 14b/B 6 8 5 0 0 75 0 0 2 0 4 24 0 25 10 0 35 134 MCSWC CWC 76.70 31.42 21.32 3.50 132.94

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2 0 9 MCSW Sarbagni Tregam-B 15/B 15 8 0 12 125 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 2 0 12 137 MCSWC 42.93 36.55 65.20 9.70 154.38 0 C 4 Sarbagni Tregam-B 16/B 0 101 0 15 156 0 0 0 0 15 15 0 11 0 0 11 182 FSWC FSWC 17.67 26.31 70.08 65.62 179.68 0 Sarbagni Tregam-B 17/B 7 48 232 0 0 287 0 0 143 0 40 183 250 15 0 0 265 735 PWC FSWC 217.71 147.86 229.80 159.90 755.27 Sarbagni Tregam-B 18/B 0 6 370 0 31 407 0 0 0 0 0 0 452 0 181 0 633 1040 FSWC FSWC 399.47 258.28 307.68 98.15 1063.58 Sarbagni Tregam-B 19a/B 7 21 57 0 0 85 0 0 5 0 20 25 75 40 40 0 155 265 PWC CWC 238.28 69.51 65.15 4.82 377.76 7 MCSW Sarbagni Tregam-B 19b/B 56 20 0 10 160 5 0 0 0 30 35 0 33 10 0 43 238 MCSWC 98.05 62.45 67.72 11.28 239.50 4 C MCSW Mohu Buzzala-A 20a/B 4 18 52 0 0 74 0 0 6 0 18 24 0 18 0 0 18 116 PWC 39.31 59.16 115.05 76.72 290.24 C 1 MCSW Mohu Buzzala-A 20b/B 81 10 0 8 117 0 0 0 0 8 8 0 25 0 0 25 150 D-K(R) Cn 46.53 20.93 26.36 15.63 109.45 8 C 3 2 Mohu Buzzala-A 21/B 10 110 0 0 154 0 0 0 18 40 0 10 0 0 10 204 FSWC CWC 792.14 205.64 268.06 68.63 1334.47 4 2 3 Mohu Buzzala-A 22/B 0 0 320 0 30 350 0 0 0 80 110 510 210 95 0 815 1275 PWC CWC 488.46 119.82 52.83 6.08 667.19 0 1 Mohu Buzzala-A 23a 5 8 25 0 2 40 4 4 0 0 18 5 0 0 0 5 63 FSWC FSWC 24.85 8.95 8.25 3.45 45.50 0 4 Mohu Buzzala-A 23b 60 0 0 0 100 41 0 0 61 184 0 0 704 0 704 988 PWC CWC 167.61 65.68 63.20 15.80 312.29 0 1 Mohu Buzzala-A 24/B 10 150 0 0 170 8 27 169 0 32 236 0 48 185 0 233 639 FSWC FSWC 198.39 172.60 170.7 86.99 628.68 0 2 2 MCSW Mohu Buzzala-B 25/B 30 0 0 0 55 29 0 0 0 56 0 7 0 0 7 118 MCSWC 143.42 48.19 47.52 16.72 255.85 5 7 C 2 Mohu Buzzala-B 26a/B 0 0 30 0 0 30 5 0 0 0 34 0 0 7 0 7 71 FSWC FSWC 19.48 5.58 11.73 5.98 42.77 9 1 MCSW Mohu Buzzala-B 26b/B 12 13 0 2 37 0 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 11 0 11 54 MCSWC 5.80 13.67 33.73 36.04 89.24 0 C 3 Mohu Buzzala-B 27/B 0 0 41 0 0 41 0 0 0 0 30 0 10 41 0 51 122 PWC FSWC 41.69 46.82 61.41 52.77 202.69 0 1 1 1 MCSW Mohu Buzzala-B 28a/B 50 0 0 0 62 44 0 2 71 5 0 40 0 45 178 MCSWC 49.80 69.80 81.05 17.40 218.05 2 1 4 C 1 1 5 Mohu Buzzala-B 28b/B 6 60 0 0 84 3 0 5 74 0 14 157 0 171 329 FSWC RWC 131.16 45.01 38.31 4.50 218.98 8 0 6 2 Mohu Mahu-A 29a/B 25 31 0 0 76 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 17 93 FSWC FSWC 90.49 47.10 75.92 21.62 235.13 0 4 1 2 MCSW Mohu Mahu-A 29b/B 40 40 0 0 120 13 0 0 55 13 40 220 0 273 448 MCSWC 253.49 13.78 9.52 0.00 276.79 0 4 8 C 4 Mohu Mahu-A 30/B 0 0 150 0 0 150 0 0 0 0 41 0 44 210 0 254 445 FSWC RWC 174.57 120.27 148.81 24.15 467.80 1 1 1 Mohu Mahu-A 31/B 0 0 200 0 0 200 0 0 094 209 0 90 697 0 787 1196 FSWC RWC 577.30 165.73 162.22 2.62 907.87 5 0 1 1015.9 Mohu Mahu-B 32/B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 95 0 154 264 0 171 500 0 671 935 PWC CWC 122.70 127.88 2.30 1268.78 0 5 1 Mohu Mahu-B 33/B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 127 0 2110 365 0 90 233 0 323 688 PWC CWC 379.16 108.25 178.56 5.66 671.63 8

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1 2 MCSW Mohu Mahu-B 34/B 0 64 0 0 80 0 58 0 13 97 0 139 52 0 191 368 RWC 108.80 88.26 121.18 35.31 353.55 6 6 C 1 1 MCSW Mohu Mangit-A 35/B 12 0 0 0 0 114 0 0 0 0 16 0 14 0 0 14 144 D-K(R) Cn 73.42 25.29 38.57 8.86 146.14 6 C 2 2 Mohu Mangit-A 36/B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 70 0 43 318 0 11 149 0 160 478 PWC RWC 232.11 104.63 64.46 13.62 414.82 5 2 Mohu Mangit-A 37a/B 0 10 40 0 0 50 0 5 0 2 28 4 0 2 0 6 84 FSWC FSWC 12.64 33.36 92.54 30.63 169.17 1 1 1 MCSW Mohu Mangit-A 37b/B 15 30 0 2 62 8 6 0 0 27 18 0 0 0 18 107 MCSWC 14.67 16.80 21.98 28.12 81.57 5 3 C 2 2 Mohu Mangit-A 38/B 20 0 0 0 40 20 7 0 6 59 0 13 0 25 38 137 RWC CWC 228.48 127.04 91.52 3.16 450.20 0 6 2 2 6 Mohu Mangit-B 39/B 40 50 0 0 110 82 0 28 200 20 200 0 62 282 592 RWC RWC 169.03 51.28 96.81 17.71 334.83 0 5 5 2 1 MCSW Mohu Mangit-B 40/B 45 10 0 0 75 40 3 0 10 67 0 25 0 10 35 177 RWC 55.70 62.02 41.29 20.56 179.57 0 4 C Banihal Kaskot-A 41/B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 0 0 19 48 0 83 0 0 83 131 RWC RWC 18.52 14.82 6.49 0.00 39.83 3 Banihal Kaskot-A 42/B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 200 0 14 247 0 203 60 0 263 510 RWC RWC 331.43 140.14 185.24 58.39 715.20 3 5 Banihal Kaskot-A 43/B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 87 0 0 141 0 69 170 0 239 380 RWC RWC 150.26 111.45 104.83 14.57 381.11 4 4 Banihal Kaskot-B 44/B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 48 0 0 94 0 100 86 0 186 280 RWC CWC 159.26 70.22 86.03 21.61 337.12 6 1 Banihal Kaskot-B 45/B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 79 0 0 95 0 271 50 0 321 416 PWC CWC 96.12 91.18 118.10 64.32 369.72 6 8 Banihal Kaskot-B 46/B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 4 89 0 66 60 0 126 215 PWC CWC 76.06 57.87 70.11 12.49 216.53 1 4 1 Banihal Duligam-A 47/B 0 0 0 0 5 5 71 0 0 138 0 582 200 0 782 925 RWC RWC 402.25 151.77 95.90 14.76 664.68 8 9 9 Banihal Duligam-A 48/B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 98 0 0 191 0 484 300 0 784 975 RWC RWC 591.92 249.19 178.61 6.42 1026.14 3 1 9 Banihal Duligam-A 49/B 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 23 151 0 56 150 0 206 357 RWC RWC 38.68 77.16 140.14 67.90 323.88 2 7 7 Banihal Duligam-B 50/B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 8 86 0 100 70 0 170 256 RWC RWC 11.17 30.59 108.39 98.95 249.10 4 4 Banihal Duligam-B 51/B 0 0 60 0 0 60 0 40 0 10 91 50 172 0 0 222 373 RWC FSWC 23.34 111.23 192.97 49.76 377.30 1 MCSW Banihal Chamalwas-A 52/B 0 30 0 0 0 30 0 8 0 0 0 8 10 32 0 0 42 80 D-K(R) UB 14.01 14.75 32.73 19.01 80.50 C MCSW Banihal Chamalwas-A 53/B 0 150 15 0 0 165 0 28 6 0 0 34 30 16 0 0 46 245 D-K(R) UB 18.64 80.39 77.30 70.63 246.96 C MCSW Banihal Chamalwas-B 54/B 0 100 0 0 0 100 0 52 0 3 0 55 30 66 0 0 96 251 D-K(R) UB 54.17 66.28 87.82 54.55 262.82 C MCSW Banihal Chamalwas-B 55/B 5 60 0 0 0 65 0 61 0 0 15 76 16 25 60 0 101 242 MCSWC 17.50 31.15 131.95 83.46 264.06 C

Neel Neel-A 1/R 0 4 115 0 30 149 0 0 0 0 0 0 45 232 0 0 277 426 FSWC CWC 262.77 60.40 82.11 1.67 406.95 3 Neel Neel-A 2a/R 0 0 42 0 0 42 0 11 0 31 78 34 78 0 0 112 232 RWC FSWC 113.90 54.69 58.40 1.14 228.13 6

Ramban Neel Neel-A 2b/R 0 0 50 0 0 50 0 0 8 0 30 38 0 0 0 40 40 128 FSWC FSWC 70.76 25.56 28.50 0.33 125.15

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3 Neel Neel-A 3/R 0 0 125 0 0 125 0 0 0 106 141 0 24 0 61 85 351 FSWC FSWC 88.08 108.39 106.54 2.64 305.65 5 Neel Neel-A 4/R 0 0 175 0 90 265 0 0 0 0 0 0 45 25 0 0 70 335 FSWC FSWC 23.63 73.46 192.06 63.92 353.07 Neel Neel-A 5/R 0 64 31 0 14 109 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 286 25 0 371 480 PWC CWC 433.39 68.75 114.29 34.17 650.60 8 Neel Neel-B 6/R 0 0 200 0 10 210 0 0 0 10 90 50 95 25 0 170 470 FSWC FSWC 33.80 73.23 141.92 51.59 300.54 0 1 Neel Neel-B 7/R 0 0 130 0 20 150 0 0 0 0 15 0 33 0 0 33 198 FSWC RWC 14.62 52.44 94.53 23.08 184.67 5 1 4 MCSW Neel Neel-B 8/R 8 24 22 0 0 54 62 0 0 127 0 61 12 0 73 254 RWC 18.21 17.40 75.80 55.40 166.81 6 9 C Neel Neel-B 9/R 0 75 180 0 10 265 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 20 0 0 40 305 MCSWC RWC 56.84 122.27 83.93 9.52 272.56 Neel Neel-C 10/R 8 162 0 0 0 170 3 28 0 0 0 31 0 0 0 0 0 201 D-K(R)Ctd RWC 34.22 65.90 41.61 45.20 186.93 Neel Neel-C 11/R 4 42 0 0 0 46 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 0 19 65 D-K(R)Ctd RWC 27.97 15.84 8.01 0.00 51.82 Neel Neel-C 12/R 0 95 0 0 0 95 0 22 0 0 0 22 0 16 0 0 16 133 D-K(R) UB RWC 7.28 40.06 66.98 37.51 151.83 Neel Poghal-A 13a/R 0 40 50 0 150 240 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 50 0 0 55 295 PWC FSWC 107.34 70.66 48.37 2.08 228.45 Neel Poghal-A 13b/R 0 0 140 0 55 195 0 0 0 0 0 0 45 180 50 0 275 470 FSWC FSWC 291.06 80.86 63.76 15.27 450.95 5 Neel Poghal-A 14/R 0 18 105 0 45 168 0 0 0 0 50 32 132 10 0 174 392 FSWC FSWC 281.86 99.54 142.49 13.24 537.13 0 6 Neel Poghal-A 15/R 0 0 204 0 0 204 0 24 0 99 187 0 86 0 240 326 717 FSWC FSWC 326.79 120.10 215.43 30.79 693.11 4 6 Neel Poghal-A 16/R 0 0 270 0 75 345 0 0 0 0 60 0 100 2 0 102 507 FSWC FSWC 102.98 79.45 248.97 82.12 513.52 0 3 MCSW Neel Poghal-B 17a/R 0 20 7 2 0 0 92 0 12 0 0 42 0 42 0 0 42 176 MCSWC 33.92 45.33 173.24 53.91 306.40 0 C 3 Neel Poghal-B 17b/R 0 0 162 0 0 162 0 0 0 0 34 10 0 0 0 10 206 FSWC CWC 19.45 13.81 78.28 2.15 113.69 4 1 1 MCSW Neel Poghal-B 18/R 0 155 0 0 0 155 30 0 24 88 0 58 0 12 70 313 MCSWC 32.50 24.72 132.40 113.34 302.96 6 8 C 1 Neel Poghal-B 19a/R 0 42 2 4 0 0 66 0 12 0 8 30 12 16 0 0 28 124 MCSWC CWC 45.82 17.17 48.98 5.43 117.40 0 1 Neel Poghal-B 19b/R 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 15 0 2 0 0 2 17 RWC RWC 61.71 46.20 85.07 15.36 208.34 2 1 Bhangara Paristhan-A 20/R 0 80 4 0 0 40 160 0 125 0 35 174 11 0 0 0 11 345 PWC CWC 24.22 33.01 80.61 3.84 141.68 4 6 Bhangara Paristhan-A 21/R 0 0 340 0 120 460 0 0 0 60 120 100 60 2 0 162 742 FSWC FSWC 291.28 167.65 321.68 17.99 798.60 0 4 Bhangara Paristhan-A 22/R 0 0 210 0 0 210 0 0 0 143 183 0 17 210 0 227 620 FSWC FSWC 195.24 115.44 237.04 71.37 619.09 0 2 Bhangara Paristhan-A 23a/R 0 0 130 0 15 145 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 165 FSWC RWC 0.54 40.53 110.97 31.11 183.15 0 2 Bhangara Paristhan-A 23b/R 0 0 148 0 0 148 0 41 0 443 332 0 30 40 0 70 550 PWC RWC 38.74 109.89 153.66 41.58 343.87 8 2 Bhangara Paristhan-B 24/R 9 75 300 0 12 396 2 8 0 0 36 90 124 0 10 224 656 FSWC FSWC 20.51 163.13 382.36 100.79 666.79 6 1 Bhangara Paristhan-B 25a/R 2 25 120 0 20 167 0 4 0 5 24 11 20 0 0 31 222 FSWC RWC 1.82 49.16 143.37 36.12 230.47 5 1 MCSW Bhangara Paristhan-B 25b/R 4 70 9 8 0 10 182 0 20 0 4 34 20 64 0 0 84 300 MCSWC 41.44 92.10 156.98 17.55 308.07 0 C

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1 Bhangara Paristhan-B 26/R 2 115 350 0 2 469 0 10 0 0 26 60 35 0 0 95 590 FSWC RWC 39.11 156.96 317.10 84.99 598.16 6 Bhangara Paristhan-B 27a/R 3 100 1 8 0 5 126 0 9 0 0 0 9 0 43 1 6 50 185 RWC RWC 62.55 29.59 28.53 2.84 123.51 3 1 5 Bhangara Paristhan-B 27b/R 64 106 0 0 200 10 0 1 73 15 0 0 2 17 290 FSWC RWC 16.27 17.98 75.84 79.82 189.91 0 2 0 5 3 MCSW Bhangara Bhangara-A 28/R 90 50 0 10 200 26 7 0 10 73 5 2 0 0 7 280 MCSWC 37.19 104.99 198.01 96.38 436.57 0 0 C Bhangara Bhangara-A 29/R 0 39 130 0 8 177 0 0 6 0 2 8 15 5 0 0 20 205 FSWC FSWC 14.51 49.36 123.79 70.65 258.31 4 MCSW Bhangara Bhangara-A 30/R 130 13 0 8 196 2 9 0 0 3 14 4 6 0 0 10 220 D-K(R) Cn 76.94 80.80 99.42 9.15 266.31 5 C 1 Bhangara Bhangara-A 31/R 8 60 21 0 10 99 0 9 0 0 19 2 10 0 0 12 130 MCSWC CWC 25.38 13.43 39.93 12.72 91.46 0 3 1 5 Bhangara Bhangara-B 32/R 50 10 0 2 92 37 0 8 110 5 25 20 0 50 252 PWC CWC 18.59 52.04 134.96 75.14 280.73 0 5 0 Bhangara Bhangara-B 33a/R 2 60 18 0 30 110 0 7 2 0 5 14 0 25 2 3 30 154 MCSWC RWC 21.52 15.20 46.04 28.58 111.34 Bhangara Bhangara-B 33b/R 0 20 65 0 5 90 0 2 6 0 0 8 12 0 0 0 12 110 FSWC FSWC 67.81 53.63 29.19 5.65 156.28 2 Bhangara Bhangara-B 34a/R 185 60 0 10 280 5 10 0 0 5 20 10 60 10 0 80 380 MCSWC RWC 70.95 84.60 104.37 29.63 289.55 5 Bhangara Bhangara-B 34b/R 1 11 60 0 0 72 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 75 FSWC FSWC 54.24 24.43 66.39 30.88 175.94 2 1 Bhangara Bhangara-B 35/R 8 20 5 0 3 36 73 0 1 104 10 150 50 0 210 350 RWC RWC 133.51 63.94 108.27 26.50 332.22 0 0 3 1 MCSW Ramban Digdola-A 36/R 105 95 0 10 244 0 40 0 6 56 15 35 0 0 50 350 MCSWC 83.66 57.98 141.60 64.34 347.58 4 0 C 2 MCSW Ramban Digdola-A 37/R 100 22 0 25 173 0 5 4 0 5 14 2 15 0 0 17 204 MCSWC 44.19 55.18 102.62 25.25 227.24 6 C 3 1 MCSW Ramban Digdola-A 38/R 62 25 0 10 132 7 50 2 26 95 4 85 50 6 145 372 MCSWC 85.04 79.39 170.30 59.97 394.70 5 0 C 5 Ramban Digdola-A 39a 3 10 0 80 30 123 2 5 0 16 77 0 160 100 0 260 460 RWC RWC 235.10 126.57 132.45 12.43 506.55 4 1 1 Ramban Digdola-A 39b 20 0 4 7 43 9 5 0 8 32 2 60 13 0 75 150 PWC CWC 65.56 45.30 49.20 4.98 165.04 2 0 1 Ramban Digdola-B 40a/R 0 0 0 140 0 140 0 0 0 0 10 0 55 20 0 75 225 RWC RWC 103.02 63.50 59.48 12.50 238.5 0 Ramban Digdola-B 40b/R 3 88 0 1 5 97 1 10 0 0 3 14 0 10 15 0 25 136 PWC CWC 49.46 34.52 39.82 2.44 126.24 1 3 Ramban Digdola-B 41/R 85 0 90 0 187 0 5 0 10 45 2 55 0 6 63 295 RWC RWC 42.37 47.71 40.80 5.86 136.74 2 0 1 Ramban Digdola-B 42/R 116 0 0 0 128 0 0 0 0 0 0 200 74 0 0 274 402 RWC RWC 280.05 120.17 96.72 6.45 503.39 2 MCSW Ramban Digdola-B 43/R 0 151 30 0 20 201 0 20 6 0 5 31 38 18 2 1 58 290 RWC 9.33 71.24 163.87 42.60 287.04 C Ramban Ramaban-A 44/R 3 64 0 0 12 79 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 2 82 RWC RWC 26.77 40.84 45.24 16.70 129.55 1 Ramban Ramaban-A 45/R 0 2 0 250 20 272 0 0 0 10 25 0 80 50 50 180 477 RWC RWC 282.36 60.28 61.39 6.02 410.05 5 2 Ramban Ramaban-A 46/R 0 0 0 130 30 160 0 0 0 5 25 0 140 50 0 190 375 RWC RWC 183.40 58.00 13.63 1.18 256.21 0 Rajgarh Dhandrat-A 47/R 0 0 0 70 0 70 0 0 0 110 132 242 0 20 0 0 20 332 RWC RWC 209.80 89.01 23.99 0.00 322.80 Rajgarh Dhandrat-A 48/R 0 0 0 55 0 55 0 0 0 165 74 239 0 0 0 0 0 294 RWC RWC 220.37 73.78 22.14 0.20 316.49 MCSW Ramban Ramban-B 49/R 0 134 8 0 0 142 0 30 0 0 6 36 0 26 0 0 26 204 D-K(R) Cn 32.93 104.00 64.84 1.92 203.69 C

243

MCSW Ramban Ramban-B 50/R 0 152 10 0 0 162 0 25 0 0 5 30 16 0 0 0 16 208 MCSWC 17.93 72.43 114.55 3.94 208.85 C 4 1 MCSW Ramban Ramban-B 51/R 104 28 0 18 197 0 34 0 8 56 8 0 0 0 8 261 D-K(R) Cn 35.92 69.85 127.41 27.89 261.07 7 4 C 2 Ramban Ganot 52/R 64 0 0 0 86 7 18 0 0 0 25 22 15 0 0 37 148 D-K(R) Cn RWC 77.89 85.34 80.20 7.41 250.84 2 Ramban Ganot 53/R 5 110 22 0 0 137 0 105 8 0 22 135 82 36 0 0 118 390 RWC RWC 93.13 57.94 31.81 1.74 184.62 2 Ramban Ganot 54/R 95 2 0 0 124 0 45 0 0 0 45 15 0 0 0 15 184 MCSWC RWC 60.05 127.26 106.67 9.38 303.36 7 Ramban Ganot 55/R 0 84 14 0 24 122 0 62 4 0 26 92 48 0 26 0 74 288 PWC CWC 50.16 137.91 82.53 10.79 281.39 1

Ramban Ganot 56/R 0 14 115 0 32 161 0 0 2 0 13 135 30 0 54 0 84 380 RWC 3.94 136.20 145.40 27.16 312.70 RWC 2 2 MCSW Ramban Ganot 57/R 0 42 68 0 13 123 0 0 0 8 32 0 0 0 0 0 155 MCSWC 13.81 41.58 199.29 41.21 295.89 4 C 2 MCSW Rajgarh Dhandrat-B 58/R 105 18 0 0 151 0 0 0 0 12 12 0 0 0 0 0 163 D-K(R)Ctd 17.97 23.43 85.72 24.03 151.15 8 C 4 MCSW Rajgarh Dhandrat-B 59/R 90 0 0 40 170 8 43 0 0 21 72 0 6 14 0 20 262 MCSWC 34.82 116.24 76.78 1.89 229.73 0 C 4 MCSW Rajgarh Dhandrat-B 60/R 66 0 0 0 110 0 18 0 0 12 30 0 0 6 0 6 146 D-K(R) UB 38.17 27.08 31.26 2.59 99.10 4 C Rajgarh Dhandrat-B 61/R 0 104 0 0 0 104 0 48 0 0 8 56 0 16 0 0 16 176 RWC RWC 59.37 106.07 58.86 1.13 225.43 1 Rajgarh Dhandrat-B 62/R 0 68 97 0 23 188 0 44 0 0 60 0 10 0 0 10 258 FSWC FSWC 0.83 66.30 93.14 22.05 182.32 6 6 MCSW Rajgarh Dhandrat-A 63/R 80 7 0 0 153 9 14 0 0 37 60 0 0 12 0 12 225 MCSWC 21.49 90.44 148.17 27.36 287.46 6 C Rajgarh Dhandrat-A 64/R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 54 70 0 22 0 0 22 92 RWC RWC 13.33 22.69 41.34 4.91 82.27 4 Rajgarh Rajgarh 65/R 0 0 0 68 0 68 0 8 0 152 200 0 78 71 32 181 449 RWC RWC 349.12 69.15 56.42 0.00 474.69 0 1 MCSW Rajgarh Rajgarh 66/R 141 22 0 0 179 0 0 0 0 5 5 0 0 8 0 8 192 MCSWC 13.51 78.08 98.49 7.74 197.82 6 C 4 Rajgarh Rajgarh 67/R 0 140 120 0 32 292 0 72 0 8 124 0 35 10 0 45 461 MCSWC RWC 93.65 182.91 163.19 13.20 452.95 4 2 MCSW Rajgarh Rajgarh 68/R 0 208 111 0 93 412 0 52 0 30 104 22 0 14 0 36 552 MCSWC 28.69 177.86 312.91 52.00 571.46 2 C 1 2 Rajgarh Rajgarh 69/R 30 164 0 42 253 0 17 0 18 61 0 0 0 15 15 329 FSWC FSWC 8.71 51.02 196.00 45.59 301.32 7 6 5 MCSW Rajgarh Rajgarh 70/R 0 190 201 0 32 423 0 40 0 8 102 27 0 8 0 35 560 RWC 85.70 184.70 228.08 49.19 547.67 4 C Total 48279 17942.33 10945.68 15135.14 4335.43 48358.58

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Annexure -IV. Area Statement of the Compartment under Mix Conifer (Selection) Working Circle. S.No Range Comptt Blank Open Commercial area Total Total Area Forest Moderate Very Cropped area of (Ha) (Ha) Dense Dense Area(Ha) (Ha) (Ha) (Ha) 1 03a/B 26.17 41.94 56.96 4.52 103.42 129.59 2 03b/B 34.51 66.18 35.83 4.88 106.89 141.40 3 05a/B 7.30 18.23 70.82 7.65 96.70 104.00 4 05b/B 17.74 25.11 154.72 90.65 270.48 288.22 5 07a/B 67.10 69.18 162.51 30.91 262.60 329.70 6 08/B 139.38 60.42 64.70 8.37 133.49 272.87 7 09b/B 57.43 48.90 58.74 2.98 110.62 168.05 8 10b/B 24.38 13.88 25.20 3.74 42.82 67.20 9 12a/B 2.70 52.79 58.60 21.16 132.55 135.25 10 13b/B 17.31 13.56 56.49 20.05 90.10 107.41 11 15/B 42.93 36.55 65.20 9.70 111.45 154.38

12 19b/B 98.05 62.45 67.72 11.28 141.45 239.50 13 20a/B 39.31 59.16 115.05 76.72 250.93 290.24 14 20b/B 46.53 20.93 26.36 15.63 62.92 109.45 15 Banihal 25/B 143.42 48.19 47.52 16.72 112.43 255.85 16 26b/B 5.80 13.67 33.73 36.04 83.44 89.24 17 28a/B 49.80 69.80 81.05 17.40 168.25 218.05 18 29b/B 253.49 13.78 9.52 0.00 23.30 276.79 19 34/B 108.80 88.26 121.18 35.31 244.75 353.55 20 35/B 73.42 25.29 38.57 8.86 72.72 146.14 21 37b/B 14.67 16.80 21.98 28.12 66.90 81.57 22 40/B 55.70 62.02 41.29 20.56 123.87 179.57 23 52/B 14.01 14.75 32.73 19.01 66.49 80.50 24 53/B 18.64 80.39 77.30 70.63 228.32 246.96 25 54/B 54.17 66.28 87.82 54.55 208.65 262.82 26 55/B 17.50 31.15 131.95 83.46 246.56 264.06 Banihal Range Total 1430.26 1119.66 1743.54 698.90 3562.10 4992.36 27 08/R 18.21 17.40 75.80 55.40 148.60 166.81 28 17a/R 33.92 45.33 173.24 53.91 272.48 306.40 29 18/R 32.50 24.72 132.40 113.34 270.46 302.96

30 25b/R 41.44 92.10 156.98 17.55 266.63 308.07 31 28/R 37.19 104.99 198.01 96.38 399.38 436.57 32 30/R 76.94 80.80 99.42 9.15 189.37 266.31 33 Ramban 36/R 83.66 57.98 141.60 64.34 263.92 347.58 34 37/R 44.19 55.18 102.62 25.25 183.05 227.24 35 38/R 85.04 79.39 170.30 59.97 309.66 394.70 36 43/R 9.33 71.24 163.87 42.60 277.71 287.04

245

37 49/R 32.93 104.00 64.84 1.92 170.76 203.69 38 50/R 17.93 72.43 114.55 3.94 190.92 208.85 39 51/R 35.92 69.85 127.41 27.89 225.15 261.07 40 57/R 13.81 41.58 199.29 41.21 282.08 295.89 41 58/R 17.97 23.43 85.72 24.03 133.18 151.15 42 59/R 34.82 116.24 76.78 1.89 194.91 229.73 43 60/R 38.17 27.08 31.26 2.59 60.93 99.10 44 63/R 21.49 90.44 148.17 27.36 265.97 287.46 45 66/R 13.51 78.08 98.49 7.74 184.31 197.82 46 68/R 28.69 177.86 312.91 52.00 542.77 571.46 47 70/R 85.70 184.70 228.08 49.19 461.97 547.67 Ramban Range Total 803.36 1614.82 2901.74 777.65 5294.21 6097.57 Total Ramban Division 2233.62 2734.48 4645.28 1476.55 30416.25 11089.93 Commercial area of Banihal Range 2442.44 Commercial area of Ramban Range 3679.39 Total Commercial Area 6121.83

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Annexure-V. Area Statement of Compartments under Fir Selection Working Circle. S. Range Comp Blank Open Commercial area Total Total No t Forest Moderate Very Cropped area Dense Dense area 1 06a/B 245.45 176.46 145.27 18.96 340.69 586.14 2 09a/B 21.65 14.48 45.72 13.93 74.13 95.78 3 10a/B 2.48 21.50 42.36 13.88 77.74 80.22 4 11/B 16.24 21.01 48.24 59.28 128.53 144.77 5 12b/B 14.99 13.69 60.06 1.20 74.95 89.94 6 13a/B 38.37 20.14 114.66 192.37 327.17 365.54 7 16/B 17.67 26.31 70.08 65.62 162.01 179.68

8 17/B 217.71 147.86 229.80 159.90 537.56 755.27 9 18/B 399.47 258.28 307.68 98.15 664.11 1063.58

10 Banihal 23a 24.85 8.95 8.25 3.45 20.65 45.50 11 24/B 198.39 172.60 170.70 86.99 430.29 628.68 12 26a/B 19.48 5.58 11.73 5.98 23.29 42.77 13 27/B 41.69 46.82 61.41 52.77 161.00 202.69 14 29a/B 90.49 47.10 75.92 21.62 144.64 235.13 15 37a/B 12.64 33.36 92.54 30.63 156.53 169.17 16 51/B 23.34 111.23 192.97 49.76 353.96 377.30 Banihal Range Total 1384.91 1125.37 1677.39 874.49 3677.25 5062.16 17 02a/R 113.90 54.69 58.40 1.14 114.23 228.13 18 02b/R 70.76 25.56 28.50 0.33 54.39 125.15 19 03/R 88.08 108.39 106.54 2.64 217.57 305.65 20 04/R 23.63 73.46 192.06 63.92 329.44 353.07 21 06/R 33.80 73.23 141.92 51.59 266.74 300.54 22 13a/R 107.34 70.66 48.37 2.08 121.11 228.45 23 13b/R 291.06 80.86 63.76 15.27 159.89 450.95

24 14/R 281.86 99.54 142.49 13.24 255.27 537.13

25 15/R 326.79 120.10 215.43 30.79 366.32 693.11 26 16/R 102.98 79.45 248.97 82.12 410.54 513.52 27 Ramban 21/R 291.28 167.65 321.68 17.99 507.32 798.60 28 22/R 195.24 115.44 237.04 71.37 423.85 619.09 29 24/R 20.51 163.13 382.36 100.79 646.28 666.79 30 29/R 14.51 49.36 123.79 70.65 243.80 258.31 31 33b/R 67.81 53.63 29.19 5.65 88.47 156.28 32 34b/R 54.24 24.43 66.39 30.88 121.70 175.94 33 62/R 0.83 66.30 93.14 22.05 181.49 182.32 34 69/R 8.71 51.02 196.00 45.59 292.61 301.32 Ramban Range Total 2093.33 1476.90 2696.03 628.09 4801.02 6894.35 Total Ramban Division 3478.24 2602.27 4373.42 1502.58 8478.27 11956.51 Commercial area of Banihal Range (Ha) 2551.88 Commercial area of Ramban Range (Ha) 3324.12 Total Commercial Area of Circle (Ha) 5876.00

247

Annexure-VI. Area Statement of Compartments under Reboisement WorkingCircle.

S. Range Comp Blank Open Commercial area Total Total No tt. (Ha) Forest Moderate Very Dense Cropped area (Ha) Dense (Ha) (Ha) Area (Ha) (Ha) 1 Banihal 02/B 271.60 72.68 56.54 8.01 137.23 408.83 2 Banihal 04a/B 195.00 56.25 25.72 4.73 86.70 281.70 3 Banihal 06b/B 390.33 85.83 57.96 1.60 145.39 535.72 4 Banihal 07b/B 115.64 37.15 13.91 2.06 53.12 168.76 5 Banihal 28b/B 131.16 45.01 38.31 4.50 87.82 218.98 6 Banihal 30/B 174.57 120.27 148.81 24.15 293.23 467.80 7 Banihal 31/B 577.30 165.73 162.22 2.62 330.57 907.87 8 Banihal 36/B 232.11 104.63 64.46 13.62 182.71 414.82 9 Banihal 39/B 169.03 51.28 96.81 17.71 165.80 334.83 10 Banihal 41/B 18.52 14.82 6.49 0.00 21.31 39.83 11 Banihal 42/B 331.43 140.14 185.24 58.39 383.77 715.20 12 Banihal 43/B 150.26 111.45 104.83 14.57 230.85 381.11 13 Banihal 47/B 402.25 151.77 95.90 14.76 262.43 664.68 14 Banihal 48/B 591.92 249.19 178.61 6.42 434.22 1026.14 15 Banihal 49/B 38.68 77.16 140.14 67.90 285.20 323.88 16 Banihal 50/B 11.17 30.59 108.39 98.95 237.93 249.10 Banihal Range Total 3800.97 1513.95 1484.34 339.99 3338.28 7139.25 17 Ramban 07/R 14.62 52.44 94.53 23.08 170.05 184.67 18 Ramban 09/R 56.84 122.27 83.93 9.52 215.72 272.56 19 Ramban 10/R 34.22 65.90 41.61 45.20 152.71 186.93 20 Ramban 11/R 27.97 15.84 8.01 0.00 23.85 51.82 21 Ramban 12/R 7.28 40.06 66.98 37.51 144.55 151.83 22 Ramban 19b/R 61.71 46.20 85.07 15.36 146.63 208.34 23 Ramban 23a/R 0.54 40.53 110.97 31.11 182.61 183.15 24 Ramban 23b/R 38.74 109.89 153.66 41.58 305.13 343.87 25 Ramban 25a/R 1.82 49.16 143.37 36.12 228.65 230.47 26 Ramban 26/R 39.11 156.96 317.10 84.99 559.05 598.16 27 Ramban 27a/R 62.55 29.59 28.53 2.84 60.96 123.51 28 Ramban 27b/R 16.27 17.98 75.84 79.82 173.64 189.91 29 Ramban 33a/R 21.52 15.20 46.04 28.58 89.82 111.34 30 Ramban 34a/R 70.95 84.60 104.37 29.63 218.60 289.55 31 Ramban 35/R 133.51 63.94 108.27 26.50 198.71 332.22 32 Ramban 39a/R 235.10 126.57 132.45 12.43 271.45 506.55 33 Ramban 40a/R 103.02 63.50 59.48 12.50 135.48 238.5 34 Ramban 41/R 42.37 47.71 40.80 5.86 94.37 136.74 35 Ramban 42/R 280.05 120.17 96.72 6.45 223.34 503.39 36 Ramban 44/R 26.77 40.84 45.24 16.70 102.78 129.55

248

37 Ramban 45/R 282.36 60.28 61.39 6.02 127.69 410.05 38 Ramban 46/R 183.40 58.00 13.63 1.18 72.81 256.21 39 Ramban 47/R 209.80 89.01 23.99 0.00 113.00 322.80 40 Ramban 48/R 220.37 73.78 22.14 0.20 96.12 316.49 41 Ramban 52/R 77.89 85.34 80.20 7.41 172.95 250.84 42 Ramban 53/R 93.13 57.94 31.81 1.74 91.49 184.62 43 Ramban 54/R 60.05 127.26 106.67 9.38 243.31 303.36 44 Ramban 56/R 3.94 136.20 145.40 27.16 308.76 312.70 45 Ramban 61/R 59.37 106.07 58.86 1.13 166.06 225.43 46 Ramban 64/R 13.33 22.69 41.34 4.91 68.94 82.27 47 Ramban 65/R 349.12 69.15 56.42 0.00 125.57 474.69 48 Ramban 67/R 93.65 182.91 163.19 13.20 359.30 452.95 Ramban Range Total 2921.37 2377.98 2648.01 618.11 5644.10 8565.47 Total Ramban Division 6722.34 3891.93 4132.35 958.10 8982.38 15704.72 Commercial area of Banihal Range (Ha) 1824.33 Commercial area of Ramban Range (Ha) 3266.12 Total Commercial Area of Circle (Ha) 5090.45

249

Annexure-VII. Area Statement of Compartments under Conservation Working Circle.

Total area Comp Open Commercial area Total Blank Of S.No Range t Forest Moderate Very Cropped (Ha) Compart t (Ha) Dense Dense area (Ha) (Ha) (Ha) ent (Ha) 1 01/B 114.58 29.19 9.08 0.00 38.27 152.85 2 04b/B 628.48 68.35 30.26 3.32 101.93 730.41 3 14a/B 52.10 73.79 51.28 33.18 158.25 210.35 4 14b/B 76.70 31.42 21.32 3.50 56.24 132.94 5 19a/B 238.28 69.51 65.15 4.82 139.48 377.76 6 21/B 792.14 205.64 268.06 68.63 542.33 1334.47 7 22/B 488.46 119.82 52.83 6.08 178.73 667.19 8 23b 167.61 65.68 63.20 15.80 144.68 312.29

Banihal 1015.9 9 32/B 122.70 127.88 2.30 252.88 1268.78 0 10 33/B 379.16 108.25 178.56 5.66 292.47 671.63 11 38/B 228.48 127.04 91.52 3.16 221.72 450.20 12 44/B 159.26 70.22 86.03 21.61 177.86 337.12 13 45/B 96.12 91.18 118.10 64.32 273.60 369.72 14 46/B 76.06 57.87 70.11 12.49 140.47 216.53 4513.3 1240.6 Banihal Range Total 1233.38 244.87 2718.91 7232.24 3 6 15 01/R 262.77 60.40 82.11 1.67 144.18 406.95 16 05/R 433.39 68.75 114.29 34.17 217.21 650.60 17 17b/R 19.45 13.81 78.28 2.15 94.24 113.69

18 19a/R 45.82 17.17 48.98 5.43 71.58 117.40 19 20/R 24.22 33.01 80.61 3.84 117.46 141.68 20 31/R 25.38 13.43 39.93 12.72 66.08 91.46 21 Ramban 32/R 18.59 52.04 134.96 75.14 262.14 280.73 22 39b 65.56 45.30 49.20 4.98 99.48 165.04 23 40b/R 49.46 34.52 39.82 2.44 76.78 126.24 24 55/R 50.16 137.91 82.53 10.79 231.23 281.39 Ramban Range 994.80 476.34 750.71 153.33 1380.38 2375.18 Total Grand Total Ramban 5508.13 1717.00 1984.09 398.20 4099.29 9607.42 Division Commercial area of Banihal Range (Ha) 1478.25 Commercial area of Ramban Range (Ha) 904.04 Total Commercial Area of Circle (Ha) 2382.29

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Appendix VIII. Statement of Buildings of Ramban Forest Division.

S No Name of the Building Location Present Status

1 DFO Quarter Ramban Good 2 Divisional Office Building -do- Good 3 Range Quarter -do- Good 4 Clerical Quarter -do- Good Inspection Hut (occupied by DDC 5 Ramban for Residence -do- Good purpose) 6 Control Room -do- Good 7 Staff Quarter -do- Renovated 8 Chowkidar Room -do- Good 9 Record Room -do- Good 10 Check Post Ramban Good 11 Range Office Banihal Good 12 One Room set (Control Room) Banihal Good In use needs 13 Check Post Nachalana Renov. 14 TSD Quarter Kahubag Needs Renov. 15 BO Hut -do- In use by SFC 16 Timber Shed -do- Good 17 Forest Rest House Lag-Gali Needs Renov. 18 Forest Rest House Senabati Needs Renov. 19 Forest Rest House Larkethi Needs Renov. Needs 20 Block Officer Hut Ukhral Renovati on 21 Range Quarter Banihal Good 22 Check post Chamalwas Good Range Office cum Range Quarter 23 Banihal Good SC Needs 24 Guard Hut Livera Renovati on 25 Chowkidar Hut cum Timber shed Neeltop Good 26 Chowkidar Hut cum Timber shed Nowgam Good 27 Block Officer Hut (12th FCA) Rajgarh Good 28 Mali Hut ( CAMPA) Tanjwar Good 29 Mali Hut ( CAMPA) Krawa Good 30 Mali Hut ( CAMPA) Karol Good Range Office Cum Residence 31 Ramban Good (CAMPA) 32 Block Officer Hut (CAMPA) Sarbagni Good 33 Guard Hut Lag-Gali Good

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Annexure -IX Area Diverted for Non-forestry Purposes under J&K Forest (Conservation) Act, 1997 in Ramban Forest Division.

S. User Name of proposal Sanction No. & Date Area No. Agency Involved in Ha 1 PDD 220 KV 45 FST of 1993 Dated 30 29.01.1993 2 PDC B.H.E.P Chanderkote 471-FST of 1999 15.83 Dated 29.11.1999 3 PGC 400 KV 31-FST of 2005 28.95 Dated 17.01.2005 4 PDD 132-KV D/C Ramban 13-FST of 2010 1.2375 Khillani -Kishtwar T/L by Dated 11.01.2010 (PDD) 5 PDC Submarge B.H.E.P 224-FST of 2013 8.539 Dated 17.05.2013 6 PDC B.H.E.P underground 225-FST of 2013 6.96173 tunnels Dated 17.05.2013 7 PGC 400 KV D/C Transmissio 214-FST of 2013 49.75 Line from Kishenpur to Dated 17.05.2013 New Wanpoh (Qazigund) 8 PDC LILO one circuit 400 KV 283-FST of 2015 6.6424 D/C Transmission Line Dated 21.10.2015 from Kishanpur to Wagoora BHEP-II Phase 9 JAKED 2 MW Khari MHP 1st 39-FST of 2015 1.10 A Hydro Power Station at Dated 13.02.2015 Mohu Nallah 10 BECON\ Old alignment Road to 528-FST of 2006 6.96 GREF NHDE/SP from Km.00 to Dated 17.10.2006 Km 17.4 11 PWD Mehar - Nera Road 88-FST of 2004 7.40 12 PWD Dam Top to Chill Kundi 2-FC of 2007 1.10 Gagla road Dated 26.07.2007 13 PMGSY Karol-Kundi-Kumait Road 19-FC of 2005 2.286 Dated 14.12.2005 14 PMGSY Khari Mandakbass to 402-FST of 2005 10.44 Admarg (Khari Trigam) Dated 04.10.2005 Road Km 8th to 17th Km 15 PMGSY Power House Rajgarh Road 06-FC of 2006 1.69 Dated 03.03.2006 16 PMGSY Extension Ukhral-Maligam 03-FC of 2006 1.60 Km 8.50 to 16.5 m road Dated 02.03.2006 17 PMGSY Khari Mandakbass to 46-FC of 2008 1.30 Admarg (Trigam-Admarg) Dated 07.03.2008 road Km 18th Extension Phase III-IV

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18 PMGSY Mehar - Neera- Ganote road 351-FST of 2008 2.961 Dated 16.09.2008 19 PMGSY Marog Balihote Adhwa 157-FST of 2009 6.085 Dated 08.04.2009 20 PMGSY HungaAlanbass Hochak 1-FC of 2009 0.753 road block Ramsoo Dated 13.01.2009 21 PMGSY Ramban boundary to 51-FC of 2009 1.5058 Sumber - Harog road Dated 19.05.2009 22 PMGSY Kawanah - Pulmall-Trigam 46-FC of 2009 0.845 (Khari-Mundakbass Road) Dated 06.05.2009 23 PMGSY Karol Kundi Kumait road 121-FC of 2009 0.875 (Extension) Dated 18.12.2009 24 PMGSY Banihal to MohuMangit 427-FST of 2009 17.784 road from Km 08 to Km 38 Dated 29.10.2009 26 PMGSY Admarg to Mohu (Km 18th 80-FST of 2012 2.825 to KM 22nd ) Dated 24.02.2012 27 PMGSY Ukhral -Bhangara from Km 212-FST of 2013 9.69675 1 to Km 10 Dated 17.05.2013 28 PMGSY Khari Sarbagni (Hingni - 42-FST of 2016 2.28 Shagan) Dated 12.02.2016 29 PMGSY Seri to Sencha Road 100-FST of 2016 3.729 Dated 18.03.2016 30 PMGSY Banihal to MohuMangit 177-FST of 201 3.3125 road (Re-alignment from Dated 22.06.2016 Km 16 to Km 21) 32 NHAI Karol to Banihal (Km 145 264-FST of 2009 122.8591 to Km 188) Dated 19.06.2009 33 NHAI Banihal to Srinagar (Km 62-FST of 2010 11.6314 188 to Km 286) const. of Dated 16.02.2010 Tunnel 2 Four lanning NH1A 34 NHAI Underground Tunnel T1, Govt. order awaited 5.243 T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8 (M/s HCC Company) 35 NHAI Indent for dumping site 81-FST of 2007 8.08 from Stretch Seri to Banihal Dated 11.04.2017 (M/s HCC Company) 36 NHAI Indent for dumping sites Govt. order awaited 1.55 from Stretch Karol Jaiswal Bridge Ramban to Seri at Kaubagh (M/s Gammon India Limited) 37 Railway Approach road to T-2 & T-3 255-FST of 2005 0.825 Railway Dated 16.06.2005 38 Railway Deployment of drilling 10-FC of 2004 0.045 equipment’s Dated 04.09.2004 39 Railway Nachillana Bhatta Road 50-FST of 2006 11.4 Access Road Km 1 to RD Dated 02.02.2006

253

8375 Railway 40 Railway T-73 to T-74 270-FST of 2006 2.20 Dated 18-05-2006 41 Railway Access Road Digdol to 552-FST of 2006 19.237 Urnihal under USBRL Dated: 17-10-2006 Project 42 Railway Main track / Arpanchalla 162-FST of 2007 1.5 Station Yard Dated: 09-04-2007 43 Railway Main track Km-119.740 to 191-FST of 2008 23.6035 134.355 Km, T-59, T-61 to Dated 27-05-2008 T-63 44 Railway T-80 (Km 152.600 to Km Govt. order awaited 1.8318 158.730) Dharam- Quazigund 45 Railway T-74 (Km 125.267 to Km 131-FST of 2012 16.268 133.928) Dated 20-03-2012 46 Railway T-49 & T-50 (Railway) 38-FST of 2015 28.3085 Dated 13-02-2015 47 Railway Access Tunnel of T-49 & T- Govt. order awaited - 50 48 Airtel Air-Tel tower 1 Nos. at 423 FST of 2004 0.40 Tunnel top & Pir Post Dated 28.09.2004 Banihal.

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Annexure –X. Village Forest Committees of Ramban Forest Division.

S. No. Name of VFC S. No. Name of VFC 1 Allanbass 27 Khari 2 Bhourdhar 28 Chirwari 3 Bradsool 29 Bajmasta 4 Batoo 30 Mangit 5 Dhak 31 Dalvakhoura 6 Jaradi 32 Serachi 7 Kote Pogal 33 Neeltop 8 Bhangara 34 Mamna 9 Ukhral 35 Nowgam 10 Paristan 36 Pogal 11 Senabati 37 Khanhal 12 Gam 38 Nilman 13 Ganote 39 Thatha 14 Brargadi 40 Fagoo 15 Jatgali 41 Lamber 16 Draman 42 Krawah 17 Kumetsooli 43 Chabba 18 Bhagna 44 Ahamadardi 19 Damote 45 Gund 20 Kanthi 46 Kaskoot 21 Ramban 47 Amkoot 22 Sildhar 48 Levera 23 Chareel 49 Lablatha 24 Chanjloo 50 Tethar 25 Duligam 51 Shagan 26 Sarbagni 52 Tragan

255

Annexure XI. Statement of Afforestation Works Conducted in Ramban Forest Division under Various Schemes. Fencing Patches Dibling Plantation S& MC Bridle Total Year Range Comptt. Scheme Other (Phy) (Nos) (Nos) (Nos) (Cum) path (lacs) District Const. of 01 Chowkidar 12000 10000 - 18000 96 - Sector Room at FCR Banihal 47/B,8/B 5.58 Eco 2002-03 3900 9000 - 6200 - - - Fuel Wood Ramban 46/R,46 State Sector 14400 7000 12800 48000 164 - - 6.00 Banihal B & 26/R District Const. of 01 Chowkidar 5400 15000 15000 10000 4 Crates - 46/R,15/ Sector Room at FCR Ramban 5.62 2003-04 R Eco Const.of Septic Tank at 2700 - - 7370 - - Fuel Wood FCR Banihal 53/Bnl State Sector 8400 45000 - 19400 6 Crates - - 6.00 District 6900 - - 20000 9 Crates - - Ramban/ 51/R, 2/B Sector 5.50 Banihal & 45/R Eco 4500 - - 10570 - - - 2004-05 Fuel Wood Banihal/ 4/B,39/R State Sector 7200 - - 23400 - - - 3.00 Ramban Ramban 51/R CMs 4500 - - 27000 - - - 2.50 1. Const. of Depot Shed at Banihal 46/B. District Banihal 12000 11000 - 30000 - - 2. Completion of store 6.89 48/B Sector room at 2005-06 Ramban. Banihal/ 46/B, State Sector 22500 7000 12800 23400 - - - 3.00 Ramban 47/R Banihal 47/B CMs 7500 6750 - 48000 164 - - 9.00

256

1. Const. of 41/R, Ramban District 10 Compundwall 4b/B,51 14400 - 5400 30000 - 9.17 2006-07 /Banihal Sector Crates 2. Const. of Guard Hut Sc/B at Levera Banihal 47/Bnl CMs 7500 - 3500 10500 - - 5.40

Reconstruction of Foot Ramban/ 52/B,40b/ District 12000 - 10000 26500 - - Bridge 8 Banihal R sector 4 Nos under CRF Banihal 47/B CMs 7500 - - 21000 - - - 4.00 2007-08 Completion of Banihal 47/Bnl State Sector 7500 - 12600 19000 - - Inspection Hut 12.56 Banihal Ramban 63/R 12th FCA 7200 - - 39650 - - -

1.Const. of Control Room 2. Construction of Banihal 46/Bnl District 12000 - 10000 26500 - - FootBridge at Lamber& 12.57 sector Bradsool under Fast 2008-09 Ramban 39/Rbn Tract state Plan Banihal 47/Bnl CMs 7500 - - 21000 - 4.00

Completion of Ramban 09/Rbn State Sector 7500 12600 19000 - Inspection Hut 12.56

Banihal Const. of Foot Bridge at Banihal/ 46b/SC, District Gujar Basti Neel 7800 - - 18000 - - 8.75 Ramban 30/R sector Completion of control Room Bnl Const.of retaining wall 2009-10 Banihal 47/B CMs 6000 - - 14000 - - and furnishing of DFO 4.00 residence at Ramban 39/B, Banihal State Sector 7800 - - 18000 - - - 8.00 43/B Banihal 48/B 12th FCA 11600 - - 50376 - - - 23.52

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1. Const.of protection bund at Gujar Basti Neel District Banihal 43/Bnl 8000 3000 5000 22000 100 2 Km 2. Extension of record 8.75 Sector room, at Forest Complex 2010-11 Ramban Banihal 47/Bnl CMs 6000 2500 - 15000 50 - - 4.00 Construction of Water Ramban 59/Rbn State Sector 8000 8000 8000 25000 101 2 Km 7.00 Tank 02 Nos Banihal 51/Bnl 5000 2000 6000 10000 30 - 1. Extension of Record Room & Boundary Wall 2.Construction of shelter Distric shed at Shalgari Rbn 21.73 Sector Ramban 67/Rbn 5000 2000 6000 10000 30 - Construction of 2 Nos 4. Foot bridge under 2011-12 Un-tied Grants Banihal 39/Bnl 5500 2000 5000 12000 40 1. Renovation of Foot

Bridge at Neel Gujar State Sector 15.48 Ramban 38/Rbn 8000 5000 10000 20000 100 2 Km Basti 2. Building Land Scapping Construction of Banihal 47/Bnl CMs 5500 3000 5000 11000 50 - 4.17 Harvesting Tank 1 No Fencing around the Banihal 42/Bnl 5200 2000 5000 10000 30 - Forest Complex & renovation of clerical District Quarter. 2.Construction 10.90 Sector Ramban 37/Rbn 5200 2000 5000 10000 30 - of View 2012-13 Point at Koubagh under BRGF Banihal 4b/Bnl 6000 2500 3500 13000 95 - State Sector 8.21 Ramban 48/Rbn 6000 2500 3500 13000 95 -

Banihal 47/Bnl CMs 6000 ------1.42 Banihal 38/Bnl 4500 1400 1500 6000 60 - 2013-14 State Sector 6.85 Ramban 39a/Rbn 4500 1400 1500 6000 60 -

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Banihal 47/Bnl CMs - 2500 3000 15000 - - 2.00

Banihal 09/Bnl 3835 - - 4551 - Repair & Renovation of District Old Range Quarter at 6.55 Ramban 34/rbn Sector 3800 - - 4000 - Rabman Fencing of Forest Complex Ramban & Banihal 54/Bnl 3600 1000 2000 - - - Repair of control Room Ramban Distt.Sector 1.Construction of 3 No 32.01 Foot Bridges under 2014-15 Ramban 40b/Rbn 3600 1000 1910 - - 4 No BRGF 2. Construction of Foot Bridges under SDRF Banihal 47/Bnl CM'S 3300 6750 - - - 2.00

Banihal 23/Bnl 4500 3000 3000 8500 - - - 3.80 State sector Ramban 34/Rbn 4500 2603 3000 8500 - - - 3.05 Const of Water Tank at Hargam Mangit and Banihal 36/Bnl CM'S 7500 4000 4000 23500 80 2 KM 10.00 Const. of B/ path at village Dangu 2015-16 Banihal 53/Bnl 3300 - 500 6000 - - Upgradation of control 2.60 Room Banihal & check Distt.Sector post Krachihall Ramban 20/Rbn 3300 322 6000 - - 2.14 Chamalwas & laying of tiles at Range FCB Upgradation of Range Ramban 20/Rbn Distt.Sector 6000 - 4000 12000 50 - 6.97 Office SC Banihal 1.Restoriation of BOHut 2016-17 At Rajgarh Ramban Ramban PMDP ------2.5 2. Restoration of Control Room Ramban Banihal 36/Bnl State sector 5400 - 3000 18000 - - - 7.06

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Annexure –XII- CAMPA Works in Ramban Forest Division since inception of Scheme

Year Range Comptt. No Fencing Patchs Dibbling S & Bridle Other Total (Phy) (in (No.) (No.) MC Path Fin. Rft) (No.) (Cum) ( (lacs.) K M

Plantation Plantation ) 1.Const. Of ground floor of Range Ramban 35/Rbn 9000 7500 -- 31500 85 --- office cum Resi. at Forest Complex Ramban. 18 crates 1. Const. of Mali hut at Krawa & 50.28 2010-11 Tanjiwar nursery Banihal & 01 Harvesting tank. Banihal 47/Bnl SC 16000 7500 -- 43500 95 --- 2.Creation of fire line 25 Kms in Ramban and Banihal Ranges, 7000 fencing by wooden poles, 22 crates 1.BUC in Co. 35/R 2010-11 = 11000 Nos. 2.Const. of 1st floor of Range Ramban 35/Rbn 15000 15000 7700 38000 150 --- office cum Resi. Complete, 10 crates 2011-12 3.Const. of Mali hut at KaroolNry. 61.64 1.BUC in Co. 47/B (SC) 2010-11 = 14000 Nos. Banihal 47/Bnl SC 20000 22000 10000 53000 200 --- 2.Creation of fire line 45 Kms Ramban and Banihal Ranges. 18 crates Banihal 48/B (I) 7500 10000 5000 24000 100 -- Banihal 48/B (II) 7500 10000 5000 28000 100 -- 1.Creation of fire line 2.BUC = 5000 Nos. 2012-13 Ramban 35/Rbn 9000 9000 5000 38000 100 3.Const. of BO hut at Sarbagni 58.60 SC Banihal 13/R SC 9000 10000 5000 24000 100 --- -do- 46/R SC 9000 10000 5000 32000 100 ---

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Banihal 41/B 4500 5000 3000 12000 50 2 -do- 52/B 4500 5000 3000 12000 50 2 Ramban 9/R 4500 5000 3000 12000 50 2 1. BUC = 25000 Nos. 2013-14 -do- 19/R 4500 5000 3000 12000 50 2 61.33 -do- 64/R 4500 5000 3000 12000 50 2 SC Banihal 17/R 4500 5000 3000 12000 50 2 -do- 47/B (SC) 4500 5000 3000 12200 50 --- Banihal 41/B 6000 7000 3000 20000 80 --- -do- 47/B 4500 6000 3000 17000 60 1. BUC = 30,000 Nos. 2014-15 Ramban 39b/R 6000 7000 3000 20000 60 2. Renovation of Guest Room of 50.40 -do- 64/R 4500 5200 3000 17000 50 DFO Residence -do- 65/R 6000 7000 4000 20000 50 Banihal 25/B 6600 9000 4000 13000 -- -do- 40/B 4950 7000 3000 12000 200 -do- 41/B 6600 9000 4000 15000 200 1. Procurement of vehicle Bolero 2015-16 Ramban 24/R 6600 9000 4000 13000 50 80.29 -do- 40b/R 4950 7000 3000 12000 80 -do- 18/R 6600 9000 4000 13000 73 SC Banihal 45/B SC 4950 7000 3000 10000 -- Ramban 19/R (I) 6600 --- 4000 20000 80 1.Planting of 9850 Nos. Fruit -do- 19/R (II) 3300 --- 2000 10000 50 plants. -do- 48/R 6600 --- 4000 20000 80 2.Const. of Boundary Pillars 93 Nos.3.BUC = 50000 Nos. 2016-17 Banihal 40/B 6600 --- 4000 21000 80 4. Fencing Repair = 30000 Rft. 88.29 -do- 26/B 6600 --- 4000 20000 80 5. Up-gradation of DFO office -do- 4b/B 6600 --- 4000 19000 50 6. Fencing of Evicted area = 14 SC Banihal 45/B SC 4950 --- 3000 15000 80 Ha (4000 Rft.) 450.83 93000 217700 129700 671700 2698 12

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Annexure-XIII- List of Timber Sale Depots of Ramban Forest Division as in Year 2016-17.

S.No Range A-Zone/MC Zone Location Remarks 1 Ramban Ramban “MC” Zone Kawbagh 2 -do- Seri-Maroge “A” Zone Seri 3 Banihal Banihal “MC” Zone Banihal Town 4 -do- Kaskoot “A” Zone Kaskoot All the timber sale 5 -do- Nowgam “A” Zone Nowgam depots have 6 -do- Darpora “A” Zone Darpora been handed 7 -do- Chamalwas “A” Zone Chamalwas over to SFC 8 -do- Neeltop “A” Zone Neeltop during Ramsoo (Non 9 -do- Ramsoo “B” Zone 2016-17 Functional) Chareel (Non 10 -do- Chareel “B” Zone functional)

Annexure –XIV Details of Saw Mills in Ramban Forest Division in Year 2016-17.

S.No Range Name of Sawmills 1 M/s Thakur Saw Mills Ramban (Sita Ram, Owner) 2 Ramban Raju Enterprises Ramban 3 Mohd. Arif Wani (Owner) 4 M/s Ab. Khaliq Najar Saw Mills (Ab. Khaliq Najar Owner) 5 M/s Chand Saw Mills Banihal (Mohd. Qasim Mir, Owner) M/s Kohistani Saw Mills Banihal (Zakir Hussain Wani, 6 Owner) 7 M/s Wani Saw Mills (Gh. Nabi Wani, Owner) Banihal M/s Mohd. Amin Nizami & Sons Saw Mills (Mohd. Amin 8 Nizami, Owner) 9 M/s Moon Saw Mills Banihal (Ab. Rashid Sheikh, Owner) M/s Satar Wood Mills (Mst. Shaheena Begum S/o Sh. Shamas 10 Din, Owner)

Annexure XV- List of Forest Check Posts of Ramban Forest Division (Existing)

S.No. Range Name of Checkpost 1 Ramban Ramban Protection Cum Grazing 2 Banihal Kharpora Protection 3 Banihal Nachillana Grazing

262

Annexure-XVI List of Check Posts of Ramban Forest Division (Proposed).

S.No. Range Name of Checkpost 1 Ramban Ramban Protection Cum Grazing 2 Banihal Kaol Protection 3 Banihal Banihal railway Station FCP

Annexure. XVII List of Nurseries of Ramban Forest Division. S.No. Range Nursery Effective area Total area 1 Ramban Karol 1.50 2.00 2 Banihal Arandar 0.75 0.75 3 -do- Chamalwas 1.50 1.50 4 SC Banihal Krawah 1.50 2.00 5 -do- Tanjiwar 1.50 2.00 6 -do- Zaban 1.50 2.00 Total 12.25 15.25

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Annexure-XVIII. Proposal for Reorganisation of Ramban Forest Division as Submitted by DFO Ramban to Higher authorities. Existing Proposed

Name

.

o Name

Name of Comptt Area Name of Area Range f of beat No. (Ha) Beat (Ha)

Block Comptt B Range l Bajmandu 1 to 2 786 o Chattrnal 3 to 4 686 c Neel A 1 to 5 1952 Panchaldh k 5 480 ar

Neel Jaradi 6 to 7 668 Neel B 6 to 9 1227 Neel Suranga 8 to 9 559 10 to Batoo Neel C 10 to 12 399 1 399 Dhak 2 Total 3 3578 6 3578

Panla 13 765 Bradsool 14-15 1109 Pogal A 13 to 17 2763

Bohardhar 16 507 Pogal Pogal Falsil 17 382 Pogal 18 313 Pogal B 18 to 19 454 Alinbass 19-20 486 Total 2 3217 6 3562

Kaukut 21-22 1362 Ramsoo Range Ramsoo Hinzan

23 715 Paristan A 20 to 24 3078 Garh Chivli 24 656 Paristan Sarwa 25 522 Bhanga Hammer 26 590 Paristan B 25 to 27 1587 r Nowgam 27 475

Ramban Range Ramban a Total 6 4320

Bhangara 28-30 705 Bangara A 28 to 32 1087 Narthyal 31-33 646 Bhangara Phagmula 34 455 Bangara B 33 to 35 1069 Dardhai 35 350 Total 4 6821 Total 4 2156

Iqdhar 36 350 Digdoul A 36 to 39 1536 Bradgadi 37-38 576

Digdoul 39 610

Gam 40-41 656 Digdoul B 40 to 43 1348 Ramban Balihote 42-43 692 Ramba n Ramban A 44 to 49 763 Ramban 44-49 286 Washigrat 50-51 469

h Ramban Range Ramban Ramban B 50, 51 46 844 Total 7 3639

Neera 45-46 852 Ganote Ganote 52 to 57 1545 Chabba 52-53 538

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Ganote 54-55 472 Gratgad 56-57 535 Total 5 6036 Total 4 2397

Daksum 47-48 626 Dandrath 47, 58 1079 Dandrath 58-59 425 A to61 Dandrat h Balait 60-61 322 Dandrath 48, 62 869 Halla 62 -64 575 B to64 Rajgar Total 4 1948 h Ghari 66-67 653 Rajgarh A 66 to 68 1205 Dhundi 68 552 Rajgarh ChakaKun 65, 69 to 65 449 Rajgarh B 1338 di 70 Kumait 69-70 889 Total 4 4491 Total 4 2543

S.Total 24143 24143

Sarbag Bajmasta 1-3. 972 n 2337 Sarbagni 4 1040 i 1 to 5 Batta 5-6. 1480

A Sarbagn i Shagan 7-8. 697 Sarbag 1852 Khoura 6 to 8 9-10. ni B 377

Sarbagni Pulne 11-12. 377 Trigam 9 to 14 1515 Total 6 4943 A Trigam 13-14 761 Kumla 15-17 1054 Trigam Khari

15 to 19 2597 Lashkar-

B 18-19 1543 Van Total 4 8301 Total 3 3358

Tragan 20-21 470 Buzzla Patthallan 22 1275

20 to 24 3435 BanihalRange BanihalRange A Buzzla 23 1051 Buzzla Akhran 24-25 757 Buzzla 25 to 28 872 Hijwa 26-28 754 B Mohu Dalvakho 29 to 31 2182 29-31 2182 A ura Mohu Total 6 6489

Mohu Rattan 32-33 1623 32 to 34 1991 B Nawan 34 368 Jamalvan 35-36 622 Mangit Mangit 35 to 38 950 Mohu A Kudgi 37-38 328 Mangit Mangit Tanka 39 to 40 769 39-40 769 B Sarachi

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Total 5 10199 Total 5 3710

Kaskoo Amkoot 41 131 41 to 42 641 t A Krawah 42 510 Kaskoo Banihal 43 to 44 660 Banihal Kaskoot 43-44 660 t B Khairk 45 to 46 631 Khairkoot 45-46 631 oot Total 3 1932 Total 4 1932

Duliga Chanjloo 47 925 47 to 49 2257 m A Fagoo 48-49 1332 Doliga Doligam Thandisha Duliga m 50 256 50 to 51 629 h m B Doligam 51 373 Total 2 2886 Total 4 2886

Chamal 52 to 53 325 Zanchoos 52-53 325 was A 54 to 55 Chamal Chamal 493 Levra 54-55 493 was Chamal was

was B

Total 2 818 Total 2 818

S.Total 24136 S.Total 24136

G.Total 48279 48279

Annexure XIX Timber Sale Year wise Trends in Ramban Forest Division (Range Wise).

Total Ramban No. Volume Banihal No. Volume Sold Timber S. No Year of Pvt. TSDs Sold (CFT) of Pvt. TSDs (in Cfts.) Sold (Cft) 1 2007-08 1 150 0 0 150 2 2008-09 01 165 0 0 165 3 2009-10 01 185 3 580 765 4 2010-11 01 200 3 550 750 5 2011-12 01 195 3 520 715 6 2012-13 01 205 4 690 895 7 2013-14 01 215 5 900 1115 8 2014-15 01 180 5 1000 1180 9 2015-16 01 200 7 1300 1500 10 2016-17 01 210 7 1500 1710 Total 1905 7040 8945

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