BULL. BOT. SURV. INDIA Vol. 13, Nos. 1 & 2 : pp. 16-42, 1871

STUDIES ON THE VASCULAR FLORA OF ANAIMUDI AND THE SURROUNDING REGIONS, KOTTAYAM* DISTRICT, KERALA

B. V. SHE'ITYAND K. VIVEKANANTHAN Bohnical Swy of India, Coimbators

ABSTRACT The pa r deals with an account of the vegetation of Anaimudi (2,695 m)-the highest peak in the penins$ India-and the surrounding regions situated in the Kottayam District of Kerala. The above area has not received much attention in the detailed studies undertaken by various workers on the vegetation of the South Indian hill tops. Based on the explorations carried out by the authors during the years 1965-70, 317 taxa of vascular plants, under 233 genera and 101 families, are enumerated. An analysif of the distribution pattern of the shola and grassland species has shown that (1) the shola species are ma~nlyof tropical stock, (2) quite a number of species on the shola fringes and the grassland are of temperate origin and (3) the temperate elements play a comparatively less important role in the com- position of the vegetation at the higher altitudes (above 1,925 m),, and that the predominent elements here are of tropical stock. The high incidence of endemic taxa In this region has been pointed out. Literature on the ecological status of the shola-grassland formation has been reviewed for a better under- standing of the vegetation.

INTRODUCTION and named these hills after him. This area attracted Situated in the South Sahyadri (or Southern the attention of J. D.'Munro, while on a hunting Ghats) and towering 2,695 m above m.s.1. from expedition in 1877 and he at once recognised the among the many smaller hills that constitute the possibilities of raising plantation crops there. He High Range is Anaimudi, the highest peak in India bought from Pooniat Raja of Anchanad about south of the Himalayas. It is the nodal point from 55,850 hectares of land on the Kanan Devan Hills which three ranges radiate in three different direc- and formed the North Travancore Land Plantation tions : the Anaimalai in the north ; the Palni in the and Agriculture Society. Members of the society north-east ; and the Cardamom hills or the Ela- developed their own estates in various parts of the malai in the south. The High Range is the name High Range and tried many crops such as coffee, given to the plantation areas in the Devicolam cinchona, sisal and cardamom, before discovering Taluk of Kottayam District, Kerala, and with its in tea the best suited to the area (from K.D.H.Y. deeply dissected valleys and massive peaks is Co.'s pamphlet). The pace of development had been t6surpassingly grand, and incomparably beautiful" rapid and the High Range today has about 35 tea in the words of Hamilton (1892), one of the first estates, some of which situated at an elevation of visitors to this area in 1854. The valleys are now over 2,135 m are said to be among the highest in covered with tea plantations. About ro km north- the world. east of Anaimudi is Munnar, the central town in the Anaimudi lies within the boundaries of the High Range, and this enchanting valley which is Eravikulam Sanctuary, also known as the Hamilton 1,524 m above m.s.l., is aptly called the Little Tea Plateau, a private shooting reserve owned by the Town of the South. Munnar in vernacular means Kanan Devan Hill Produce Company. The game three rivers, and it derives this name due to the fact sanctuary extends from Eravikulam in the north to that the three tributaries of the Muthirapuzha river, Rajamallay in the south-east. It is believed (Daniel, the4source of power for a number of hydro-electric 1970) that this sanctuary holds not less than one plants in Kerala, confluence in the vicinity of third, but probably half the total world population Munnar. of Nilgiri Tahr (Hemitragus hyEocrius Ogilby), a The High Range is also known as the Kanan species which is said to be in danger of extinction Devan Hills. Kanan Thevar was the 19th century (Schaller, 1970). Another attractive feature of this headman of the villages of the Anchanad, north of sanctuary is trout fishing. Thanks to the efforts of the High Range. It is said that the travellers from the High Range Game Preservation Association, Madurai to west coast passed through his villages introduced trouts thrive well at these elevations. rNow in the newly formed Id& district. 19711 SHETTY .AND VIVEIUNANTHAN : STUDIES ON THE VASCULAR FLORA OF ANAIMUDI I 7, According to Schaller (1.c.) "the Eravikulam Re- species of Imptiens endemic to the High Range serve in the High Range is a magnificent piece of and found more than 30 species of them within a hill country, an area which in some future year radius of 16 km of Munnar and most of them within would make an excellent national park for those a much smaller area. The botanical richness of this who like to hike, fish and observe wild life". Bassett area is evident from the fact that based on the (1964) who visited this sanctuary for the purpose of collections made by Barnes from Anaimudi alone seeing and photographing the Nilgiri Tahr was also seven species have been described, these being Habe- struck by "the splendid scenery of this high un- naria flabelliformis Summerh., Impatiens anai- touched grassland" and suggested that "it deserves mudica C. E. C. Fischer, I. coelotropis C. E. C. Fis- to be more widely known". For an account of the cher, I;. pandata E. Barnes, I. platyadena C. E. C. fauna of this region reference may be made to the Fischor, Isachne fischeri Bor and Sonerila nemaka- article by Daniel (1.c.). densis C. E. C Fischer. Munnar is about 160 km by road from both There are only nine references to Anaimudi in Cochin and Coimbatore. Anaimudi can be reached the Flora of tlze Presidency of Madras by Gamble either from Upper Vagavurrai tea estates or from and Fischer (1915-36). Six of them are in relation Rajamallay both of which are about 10 km from to the above species (except ~mpatienspandata), two Munnar, but it is easier from the former place. The others relate to Andropogon lividus Thw. and roads are wide enough for +wheeled vehicles till the Isachne bourneorurn C. E. C. Fischer which are alsa highest level of tea at Upper Vagavurrai and up to based on Barnes' collections and the remaining one the trout hatchery at Rajamallay. The area under is with regard to a collection of Arundinaria densi- study lies between 76°57'-77' East longitude and folia Munro made by Beddome. Based on the col- IO"~'-IO"13' North latitude and extends over the lections of Barnes from the other parts of the =gh range of altitude 1,700-2,695 m. Range, twelve other taxa have been described be- The mountainous configuration, the high altitude tween the years 1936-40, after the publication of and the heavy rainfall due to its proximity to the the Flora of the Presidency of Madras. They are west coast make this region one of the botanically Anaphalis barnesii C. E. C. Fischer, Arisaema atte- interesting regions of peninsular India. No detailed nzratum E. Barnes, A. @eltatum C. E. C. Fischer, study on the flora of this area has, however, been A. psittacus E. Barnes, Begonia aliciae C. E. C. Fis- made. In the Forest trees of Travancore by Bour- cher, Didymocarpus macrostachya E. Barnes, Im dillon (1908) and Flowering plants of Travancore by patiens chinensis Linn. var. brevioornis E. Barnes, Rama Rao (1914) some of the species occurring on I. johnii E. Barnes, I. munnarensis E. Barnes, Ophi- the High Range have been dealt with, but those orrhiza barnesii C. E. C. Fischer, 0. caudata C. E. C. from Anaimudi and adjoining regioxls are negli- Fischer and 0. munnarensis C. E. C. Fischer. The gible. Viswanathan (1956), Iyppu (1960) and explorations conducted by the present authors have Chandrasekharan (1962) have dealt briefly with the yielded three taxa new to science, viz. Hedyotis forest types on the High Range. Sebastine and santapaui Shetty & Vivek., Leucas vestita Benth. Vivekananthan (1968) have not covered Anaimudi var. devicolamnsis Shetty & Vivek. and Vernonia and the surrounding regions in their enumeration of anaimudica Shetty & Vivek. and some rare and plants from Devicolam. interesting species which are inadequately repre- Barnes who made extensive collections on the High sented in our herbaria. Range and considered it to be "one of the botani- Many contributions have been made on the phyto- cally richest areas of India south of the Himalayas" geography and ecology of South Indian hill tops, was the only Botanist to have made any appreciable but these studies are mainly confined to well known collections from Anaimudi. He, however, published and easily accessible ones like the Nilgiris, PaInis, only an account of the Geraniaceae occurring on the hills in Mysore and to some extent Anaimalais. High Range, including Anaimudi (Barnes, 1939). Anaimlidi range could yield interesting results, According to him (Barnes, LC.) "there seems particularly due to the fact that the biotic inter- little doubt that in respect of species of balsams the ference with the vegetation is comparatively lesser. High Range is the richest area in the Western Ghats, A detailed knowledge of the flora of the region is and consequently of the world". He recorded IZ a prerequisite for such studies. .I8 BULLETIN OF THE BOTANICAL SURVEY OF INDIA [Vol. 13

GEOLOGY AND SOIL perature, especially in winter months. Meher- The underlying rock formation is of the archean Homji (1.c.) described the climate of these regions igneous origin consisting of granites and gneisses. as tropical montane type. The crystalline rocks consist mainly of the minerals No data on temperature are available for Anai- silica, feldspars, muscovite and biotite with small mudi and the adjoining region. In the High Range amounts of the accessory ferromagcesian minerals in general (Viswanathan, 1956), however, the average (Koshy, 1970). The soil is acidic and is made up of temperature has been recorded to be about 24OC sandy clay loam. Over the crest and along the during the hottest months (March to May) and less slopes of the precipitous hills the soil is usually than 7'C during the cold season (December to shallow with no tree growth, and outcrops of rocks February). From November to February heavy can be seen in many places. Koshy (LC.) who ana- frost occurs in Anaimudi and the surrounding areas. lysed the properties of the forest soil samples col- The rainfall is heavy sand the bulk of the annual lected from different elevations 01: the High Range rainfall is precipitated by the south-west monsoon, observed that in the soil samples collected from especially from June to August. During this season places lying between I,SWZ,IOOm the sand fraction the whole area is generally swathed in dense fog and constitutes 30.5-37.5%, the silt I 1.3-17.4%; the clay strong winds are usually prevalent. Considerable 47949.3% and the organic matter z.8-3.03%, the rain is received in October and November also, pH range being 5.4-5.7. during the retreating south-west monsoon season, CLIMATE generally known as the north-east monsoon rains. The climate of the high plateaux of South India is Rainfall data for 5 years for Upper Vagavurrai and often referred to as of temperate type on account of Rajamallay which are situated on the eastern and the relatively low temperature prevailing there dur- western sides of Anaimudi at an elevation of 1,930 ing winter months. Theagarajan (unpub.) and m and 2,050 m, respectively are given in Table I. Meher-Homji (1967), however, have shown that there VEGETATION are many differences here from the temperate The vegetation of Anaimu,di and the adjoining climate. The above workers and Jayadev (1957) regions like Umaiyan~alla~,Rajamallay, etc. consists have also stressed on the wide diurnal range of tem- of vast expanse of grassland interspersed with a

TABLE 1 : Rainfall record in millimetres Locality: Upper Vagavurrai

Year Jan. Fcb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1961 106.93 - - 59.69 489.20 1370.33 1864.36 925.58 219.96 246.13 270.76 109.73

1964 - - 61.72 29.46 93.73 239.03 767.08 1494.54 494.54 309.63 128.02 88.65 1965 1.02 6.86 15.75 115.06 32.51 283.21 769.37 216.15 121.67 117.60 110.24 311.40

Auerage annual rainfall: 3709.62 mm

1965 - - 55.37 133.35 107.44 671.07 1117.09 519.18 352.30 209.30 40.89 5.84 Aucrags annual raqall: 5543.39 mm 197~1 SHETTY AND VIVEKANAN'J3&lN: STUDIES ON THE VASCULAR FLORA OF ANAIMVDI 19 number of isolated compact woods, locally known gins of sholas are Berberis tinctori~,Disporum lesche- as sholas. These sholas are usually confined to naultianum, Euphorbia laeta, Gaultheria fragmn- sheltered valleys, glens, hollows and depressions tissima, Hedyotis stylosa, ]asminum bignoniaceum, where there is adequate moisture and good drainage. Leucas lanceaefolia, Moonia heterophylla, Smithia Roughly the grassland constitutes about 85% of the blanda and Valeriana arnottianco. vegetation and the shola forests 15%. These two The undergrowth in the shola is made up of very contrasting physiognomic types which are in species like Abelmschus angulosus, Arundinaria a state of equilibrium have been classified by Cham- sp., Elatostema surculosum, Impatiens phoenicea, pion and Seth (1964) under the type Southern Psychotria congests, Strobilanthes spp., Viola ser- Montane Wet Temperate Forest (Sub Group I I A, pens etc., the notable ferns being Asplenium aethiod type C I) and Southern Montane Wet Grassland picum, A. laciniatum and Polystichum biaristatum. (Sub Group 1 I A, type DS z), the latter being consi- Among the climbing plants in the sholas Piper dered by them to be a degradation stage. Meher- nigrum, P. schmidtii, Rubia cordifolia and Tylophora Homji (1967), however, in his studies on the phyto- pauciflora are the most frequent. Of epiphytic or geography of South Indian hill stations like Nilgiris, lithophytic orchids there are Aerides ringens, Coe- Kodaikanal, etc. where the vegetation is similar to logyne mossiae, C. nervosa, Dendrobium nanum, that on Anaimudi and surrounding regions, recog- Eria dalzellii, E. pauciflora, Oberonia wightiam, nises the following three physiognomic types : Oberonia sp, and Schoenorchis filiformis. Helixan- (I) shola, (2) tree and shrubby zone at the periphery thera obtusata and Korthlsella japodca are the two of the shola and (3) shrub-savanna. Although types common parasites. Though not common, it is of I and 2 are generally grouped together and consi- interest to record the occurrence of two species of dered as one type, namely sholas by most workers tree ferns, Cyathea crinita and C. spinulosa, parti- he is of the opinion that there is a distinct floristic cularly in Rajamallay which is on the eastern side difference between the two types, the species grow- of Anaimudi. The former, according to Beddome ing on the margins of sholas are light demanders (1883), is "by far the most beautiful of all tree ferns." and do not enter the forests. He considers what are There are two perennial streams, one on eitber side generally referred to as grasslands to be shrub- of Anaimudi, one flowing through Umaiyamallay savanna, since a number of herbaceous, under- and the other through Rajamallay. The fringing shrubby and shrubby species are mixed with forests along these water courses are not dense and grasses. consist mostly of species that occur along the mar- shotas: The trees comprising the sholas are all gins of sholas. Other characteristic trees here are evergreen and mostly short-boled. The height of Rapdhea capitellata and Vaccinium leschenaultii. the trees is low, rarely exceeding 6 m and are Growing from the clefts of rocks in these rapid clothed with lichens, mosses, ferns, orchids and streams is Impatiens tangachee with its attractive other epiphytes. The crowns are usually dense and lilac flowers and by the side of streams Osmundn rounded. Marked differentiation of canopy layers regalis is common. The rocks in the stream in is not present and there is a continuous series from Umaiyamallay are clothed with Zeylanidium oliva- undershrubs to shrubs, and larger shola trees. There ceum during November to February. is a considerable admixture of species, the principal Grasslands : The grasslands (shrub-savanna) are tree species being Actinodaphne bourdillonii, Elaeo- extensive and include a complex of grasses, herbs, carpus recurvatus, Zlex denticulata, I. wightiana, undershrubs and a few shrubs. Of the many species Ligustrum perrottetii, Litsea ~ightia~avar. tomen- of grasses in the grasslands the dominant ones ara tosa, Michelia nilagirica, Microtropis ramiflora, Dichanthium polyptychum var. polyptychum and Pithecellobium subcoriaceum, Pittosporum tetra- Eulalia phaeothrix. The other common species are spermum, Scheflera racemosa, S. rostrata, Symp- Agrostis peninsularis, Andropogon bividus, Arundi- locos pendula, Symplocos sp. and SyzyR;um arnotti- nella purpurea, A. vaginata, Brornus ramosus, Chry- anum, Trees found along the fringes of sholas are sopogon zeylanicus, Indochloa oligantha, Isachw Eurya nitida, Photinia notoniana, Rhododendron bourneorurn, Zschaemum indicum and Tkpogon nikzgiricum, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, Symplocos lau- bromoides. Growing amidst these grasses are orchids rina, Ternstroeda japonica and Turpinia cochin- like Habenaria heyneano, H. perrottetiana, Malaxis chinensis. Sbrubs and herbs confined to the mar- densiflorat Satyrium nepaknse and Spiranthes sinen- 20 BUUETJN OF THE BOTANICAL SURVEY OF I~IA [Vol. 13

sis. There are several other herbs and ligneous folius and Wahlenbergia nzarginata. During the elements of which the species of common occurrence monsoon season a few plants of Arisaemn wightii are Anaphatis bournei, A. meeboldii, A. subdecur- can also be seen growing on humus soil Erom the rens, Bupleurum wightii, Centratherum rangacharii, clefts of rocks. Cnicus wallkhii var. wightii, Cortalaria scabrella, Southern subtropical Hill Forests : Evergreen Dichrocephala chrysanthemifolia, Drosera peltata, forests of the type classified by Champion and Seth Gentiana quadrifaria var. zeylanica, Geranium nepa- (1964) under Southern subtropical Hill Forest lense, Hedyotis swertioides, Hypericum nzysorense, (Type 8a/C1) and by Chandrasekharan (1962) under impatiens tomentosa, Justicia spp., Leucas ternifolia, Subtropical Wet Hill Forests are met with at lower Neanotis indica var. afinis, Osbeckia leschenaul- elevations like Vagavurrai and parts of Umaiya- tiam, Pedicularis zeylanica, Pimpinella candolleana, mallay which are situated at an elevation of 1,700- Polygala sibirica var. heyneana, Ranumulus reni- 2,000 m. These "stunted rain forests" which are f ormis, Senecio lavandu laejolius, So pu biu tn'fidu, found in the transitional zone between the montane Swertia corymbosa and Wahlenbergia marginata. In woodlands and the typical tropical wet evergreen marshy places in the grasslands Burmannia pcsilla, type are not as luxuriant as the latter and the trees Eriocaulon brownianum var. nilagirense, E. collinum, are smaller, ranging from 10 to rg m. The flora Fzmbristylis kin& Lobelia zeyl~nica, Lysimachia here contains a mixture of species of tropical ever- deltoidea, Parnassia mysorensis, Rhynchospora ru- green forest and that of montane temperate forest, gosa, Scirpus fluitans, Utricularia graminifolia, U. the former element predominating. This zone has roseo-purplrea and Xyris capensis var. schoenoides been considerably interfered with and some of these are encountered. During the monsoon season Bra- forests have been reduced to small patches due to chycoythis iantha, B. splendida and Impatiens the expansion of tea estates. The principal trees omissa make their appearance, and on dripping here are Aporusa sp., Elaeocarpus oblongus, Eurya rocks during this season are found Impatiens nitida, Garcinia cambogia var. pa#illa, Gomphan- modesta and I. pandata growing in cushions of moss. dra coriacea and Mastixia arborea. Extensive patches of Phlebophyllum kunthianum are present in certain places, particularly 'in Umaiya- The undergrowth includes an abundance of mallay, extending up to an eIevation of 2,100 m and Strobilanthes spp., the other notable species being the gregarious flowering of it occurred in November Ardisia rhomboidea, Elatostema lineolatum, Hera- 1969, rendering a vivid bluish purple hue to the cleum pedatum, Impatiens fruticosa, Lasianthus landscape. Pteridium aquilinurn has made consi- acuminatus, Ophiorrhiza sp., Pilea kingii, P. tri- derable inroads into the grasslands at several places, nervia, Plectronia rheedii, Pogostemon pubescens, especially in areas adjoining tea estates. The other Psychotria sp., Rauwolfia densiflora and Selaginella common ferns and fern allies in grasslands are repanda. In addition, terrestrial orchids like Cal- Botrychiunz lanuginosum, Lindsaya cultrata and anthe triplicata and Malaxis versicolor and the tree Osmunda regalis, the last species is generally found fern Cyathea spinulosa are also common. Cambellia in clefts of rocks near streams. Scattered trees of cytinoides with its bright red flowers is also com- Rhododendron nilagiricum are also often seen on monly met with as a parasite on Strobilanthes sy. grassy slopes. Among the climbers mention may be made of Gard- neria ovata, Piper mdlesua, Senecio wightianus, The summit of Anaimudi peak is devoid of forests Tetrastigma muricatuwz, Toddali~asiatica var. flori- and the few isolated ~lantsof Gaulthe~iafragrantis- bunda and Tylophora pauciflora. sima and Rhododendron nilagiricum that are present Near tea estates there are small patches of ever- are very stunted in growth on account of their green forests and in these highly disturbed patches exposure to strong winds. The reed bamboo, Arun- Mnesa perrottetiana, Pilea trinervia, Polygala aril- dinaria sp,, occurs in small ~atches. Associated with lata, Rauvolfia densiflora, Rubus ellipticus and the grasses which are abundant, there are in this Trema orientalis are common. region species like Anaphalis bournei, A. meeboldii, Bupleurum wightii, Campanula alphonsii, Eriocall- Some of the common weeds on road sides and in ion brownianum var. nzlagirense, Gentzana quadri- the tea estates are Commelina clavata, Cyanotis faria var. zeylanica, Hedyotis buxifolia, Leucas pilosa, Dichrocephala integrif olia, Erigeron karvins- tnnifolia, Microperia biflora, Senecio lavandube- kianus, Galinsoga parviflora, Oxalis corniculatn, '9'1'] SHE= AND VIVEKANANTHAN : STUDIES ON THE VASCULAR FLORA OF ANAIMUDI 2 1

Picris hieracioides, Polygon~rm chinense and P. grazing and fire is very much less here when com- nepalense. pared to many parts of Nilgiris. In areas which are OBSERVATIONS ON GRASSLANDS not much disturbed D. polyptychum var. polyp- Some contributions have been made on the types tychum reaches a height of over a metre. of grasslands occurring at the higher altitudes of Many of the plants in the grasslands present Nilgiris (Shankaranarayan, 1958 ; Agrawal et al., characters which are clearly adaptations to tide over 1961; Gupte and Rege, 1965 ; Gupte et al., 1967), the adverse conditions prevailing there, namely, but, except for the work of Blasco (1970) who deals physiological drought, cold, high intensity of solar with parts of Nilgiris and Palnis, very little infor- radiation, violence of the monsoon gales etc. mation is available on the type or types of grass Similar observation has been made by Pearson (1899) lands situated on other South Indian hill tops. while dealing with the flora of the patanas of Ceylon Shankaranarayan (lc.) indicated the type of grass- and he found a predominance of plants with marked lands studied by him in some parts of Kundahs in xerophytic characters. The present authors found Nilgiris as Cymbo$ogon-Themedn cymbaria type. a large number of the species in the grasslands to be Agrawal et al. (1.c.) found Chrysopogon zeylanicus perennials. Plants with underground tubers (like to be the dominant grass in tGe Wenlock Downs of Brachy cory this spp.. Ha benaria spp., Malaxis ap., and Nilgiris where the grasslands are generally in an Drosera peltnta) and with gnarled woody body or overgrazed condition. Their studies on the succes- with highly developed root system (like Anaphalis sion stages in the grasslands, protected by fencing, bozirnei, A. nzeeboldii and Leucns ternifolia) are indicated that the highest stage is represented by common. Leaves are usually numerous and crowd- Arundinella species. According to Gupte et al. (l.c.), ed, thus providing shade to the majority at the ex- however, in these grasslands Arundinella species are pense of the rest, mostly radical or rosulate and often very low in ecological succession. densely woolly or hairy. Semi-erect position of the Gupte and Rege (1s.) and Gupte et al. (1.c.) have leaves is a common feature and many species with shown the existence of two major types of grass- leaves showing sun movements are encountered e.g. lands in the Nilgiri plateau, one dominated by Srnithia blanda, some other species of Leguminosae Chrysopogon zeylanicus and the other by Dichan- and species of Oxalidaceae. Persistence of the re- thium polyptychum. The former type is found in mains of dead vegetative parts which help in retain- t1.e Wenlock Downs where the grasslands are gene- ing considerable amount of water is seen in the case rally subjected to overgrazing and the latter type is of *membersof Eriocaulaceae and Gramineae. Species found in the western and south-western parts of which do not show any of the above mentioned Nilgiris, near Avalanche and Upper Bhavani, where adaptations are usually the ephemerals which gene- the: grasslands are little subjected to biotic inter- rally come up during the monsoon season. fercnce. According to them, EuEalia spp. contri- DISTRIBUTION PATTERN OF THE SHOLA butes about 10%to 20% to the composition of the AND GRASSLAND SPECIES latter type of grassland. The grasslands dominated Out of the 182 taxa of flowering plants collected by ~gicanthiurnFlyptychurn, in their opinion, are from tKe higher altitudes, between 1,925 m to the oldest grasslands in the Nilgiris and the dis- 2,695 m, 82 are found in the sholas, 6 are confined appearance of this species from vast areas is attri- to the fringing forests along streams and the remain- buted to biotic factors. They consider Chrysopogon ing are restricted to the grasslands. An analysis of zeylatsicus to be an invader which has replaced the areas of distribution of the 17 taxa of trees in D. p~i'~ptychurnover large areas in Nilgiris. What the sholas, excluding those that are found on the appears as two distinct grassland types in Nilgiris shola fringes (Table z), has shown that 8 species are are, according to them, "in face two stages of only perally restricted in their distribution to the one type ; C. zeylanicus representing its apparently Western Ghats (chiefly at the higher altitudes) like stable stage in retrogressive s~ccessionon overgrazed the Nilgiris, Palnis, Anaimalais and the High Range, and eroded areas". another 8 species are found in the above areas and The grassy plateau studied by the authors is com- Ceylon and the remaining species, viz. Sym#4ocos parable to those in Nilgiris, the dominant species of pendula occurs from Ceylon and the Deccan Penin- grasses being achanthium $olyptychztm var. polyp- sula to the Pahang province of the Malay Peninsula tychum and Eulalia ph.aeothrix. The incidence of in montane zone (van Steenis, 1948). At the generic 22 BULLETIN OF THE BOTANICAL SURVEY OF INDIA [VO~.I3 level most of the genera of the shola species are species (excluding those on the periphery) are pre- tropical (with a few extending into subtropical dominantly of tropical stock. regions), the exceptions being Euonymus and Ligu- TABLE 3 : Distribution pattern of the shola strum which are chiefly temperate. Zlex and species--shru bs, climbers, eplphy tes Mchelia . have their species distributed over both and other herbs tropical and temperate regions. (a) Species generally restricted to the Western TABLE 2: Distribution pattern of the Ghats and mostly found at higher altitudes (No. shola species- trees I, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and I I also extend to Biligirirangan (a) Species generally restricted to the Western and Kollegal hills in Mysore). Ghats and mostly found at higher altitudes (No. I 1. ides ringens (Lindl.) C.E.C. Fischer and 4 also extend to the adjacent Biligirirangan and 2. Coelogyne mossiae Rolfe Kollegal hills in Mysore). 3. C. neruosa A. Rich. 4. Dendrobium nanum Hook. f. Aetinodaphtte bourdillonii Gamble 5. ErM dalzellii Lindl. Ehzocaws recurvatus Corner 6. E. pamyora Wt. Euonptrs crenulatus Wall. ex Wt. & Am. 7. Helixanthra obtusata (Schult.) Danser LiguStrum pcrrottetii A. DC. *8. Impatiens coelotropis C.E.C. Fischer Litsea wightiana (Nees) Hook. f. var. tomentosa (Meksn.) **9. I. leschenadtii PC.) Wall. Gamb!e 10. 1. phoenicea Bedd. 6. Schefflem rostrata (Wt.j Harms 1 1. Piper schmidtii Hook. f. 7. Sp#locos anamllayana Bedd. 12. Plectranthus stocksii Hook. f. 8. Syrygium arnottionum Walp. 13. Pogostemon abropurpureus Benth. 14. Psychotria congesta Hook. f. (b) Species generally restricted to the higher alti- *15. Vernonia anamallica Bedd. ex Gamble tudes of the Western Ghats and Ceylon (No. 3 also (b) Species generally restricted to the Western extends to Biligirirangan and Kollegal hills in Ghats and Ceylon (No. I also extends to Biligiri- Mysore). rangan hills in Mysore). 1. Zkx denthlata Wall. ex Wt. 1. Asparagus gonoclados Baker 2. 1. wighriana Wall. ex Wt. 2. Boehmeria plafyphylla D. Don var. longissima Hook. f. 9. Melwsma simp1in$lia (Roxb.) Walp, ssp. pungens 3. Oberonia wightkna Lindl. Cwa!p.).Beus. 4. Schoenmchisjilifownis (Wt.) Schltr. 4. MichcI~mla~tnca Zenk. *5. Tylophora fiauciflora Wt. & Am. 5. Microtropis Gmifloa Wt. (c) 6. Pithccellobium subwriaceum Thw. Species with wide distribution and extend- 7. Pittoshrum tetrasbemzum Wt. & Arn. ing into the Himalayas and other countries. 8. ~clufleraracmosb (Wt.) Harms 1. Abelmoschus angdosus Wall. ex Wt. & Am. (c) Species distributed in the higher altitudes of 2. Carex filin'na Nees 3. Circaea alpina Linn. the Western Ghats, Ceylon and Malay Peninsula. 4. DumasM villosa DC. 5. Elatostema surculosum Wt. 1. SympIocos pendda Wt. 6. Korthalsella japonica Engler The other components of the sholas, namely, the 7. Piper nigrum Linn. 8. Rubiu cordifoliu Linn. shrubs, climbers, epiphytes and other herbs consti- 9. Viola serpetu Wall. tute about 29 species of which 15 are restricted in About 36 species have been noticed along the their distribution to the Western Ghats and the margins of the sholas of which 13 species are res- adjacent hills, 5 are generally restricted to the tricted in their distribution to the hill tops of Western Ghats and Ceylon and g have their distri- southern India, IO species are generally confined bution range extending into the Himalayas and also to South India and Ceylon (one species is found in to other countries (Table 3). Of the species with Central India also) and the remaining 13 species wider distribution Carex filicina is often seen in the have their distribution range extending into the grassland and the parasite Korthalsella japonica is Himalayas and often to other countries, particularly sometimes found on the occasional trees in the of higher latitudes like China and Japan (Table grassland. At the generic level 18 genera are of 4). At the generic level there are 14 temperate tropical distribution (with a few extending into sub- genera (sometimes extending into sub-tropical tropical regions); the cosmopolitan ones with regions) and 17 tropical genera (sometimes exten- chiefly temperate distribution are Carex, Circaca ding into sub-tropical regions). and Viola, while Asparagus, Korthalsella and Rubia *These species are also found in the evergreen forests have their distribution in both tropical and tempe- at lower altitudes. rate regions. The above facts show that the shola **This species is also found in cleared areas, '97'1 SEFETTY AND mVEKANANTHAN : STUDIES

TABLE 4 : Distribution pattern of the TABLE 6 : Distribution pattern of species species on the shola fringes found only along streams (a) Species generally restricted to the Western (a) Species restricted to the Western Ghats and Ghats and mostly found at higher altitudes (No. 8 mostly found at higher altitudes. has also been reported from ~Gevaro~hills al;d No. 1. Impatiens tangachce Bedd. 2. Medinilla malabarica Bedd. 7 extends to Biligirirangan hills in Mysore). 3. Soncrila grandiflora Wall. ex Wt. & Am. 1. Ana halis travancorica W.W. Smith (b) Species restricted to the Western Ghats and 2. Hedotk euallata (Gamble) Henry & Subr. 3. H. santnpaui Shetty & Vivek. Ceylon. 4. H. stylosa R. Br. *5. Jasminum bignoniaceum Wall. ex G. Don 1. Vacciniwn leschenaultii Wt. 6. Ltms Ionccaefolia Desf. 2. Zglanidium oliuam (Gardn.) Engl. 7. Neanotis monospmM (Wall. ex Wt. & Arn.) W.H. Lewis (c) Species with wide distribution and extending 8. Platranthus wightii Benth. into Himalayas and other countries. *9. Rhododendron nilagiricum Zenk. 10. Rosa &schenadtiana Wt. & Am. 1. Rapanea capitehta (Wall.) Mez. 11. Valerianu arnottiana Wt. **12. Vernonia unaimudica Shetty & Vivek. Of the 94 species encountered in the grassland, 13. V. bourneana W.W. Smith 45 have a restricted distribution and are confined to @) Species generally restricted to South India the montane zone of southern India, 18 species are and Ceylon (No. 4 has also been reported from Cell- restricted to South India (chiefly the Western Ghats) tral India). and Ceylon, two species are found in Burma also in addition to the Western Ghats and Ceylon and 1. Anaphaljs marcescmr (Wt.) C.B. Clarke 2. Desmodcum rufscens DC. one species, viz. Spilanthes paniculata is a cosmo- 3. Disporum leschenaultianum D. Don 4. Euphorbia laeta Heyne ex Roth politan weed. The remaining 28 taxa have their 5. Helichrysum buddleioides DC. distribution extending into the Himalayas and often 6. H. hookerinnurn Wt. & Am. 6). 7. Labsiphon eriocephalus Decne. to other countries (Table The distribution pattern 8. Moonin heterophyllla (C.B. Clarke) Arn. of the 15 species of grasses collected is as follows: 9. MyriaGtis wightii DC. 10. Notonia walkeri (Wt.) C.B. Clarke 7 are restricted to the high hills of southern India, two extend in their distribution into Ceylon, (c) Species with wide distribution and extending two to Ceylon and Burma and the remainingOfour into the Himalayas and often to other countries, to the temperate regions, including the mountains particularly of higher latitude. of western, central and south-eastern Asia. The 1. Admostemma reticulatum DC. species of the grassland belong to 73 genera of which 2. Berbmir tinctoria Lesch. 41 axe mainly of tropical distribution, 18 are chiefly 3. Elacagnuc kolo a Schlechs. 4. Eur)ur nitida ieorth. temperate and 14 are cosmopolitan. *5. Gaultheria fmgrantissima Wall. TABLE 6 : *6. Mahonia leschenadtii (Wall.) Take& Distribution pattern of 7. Photinia notoniana Wt. & Arn. the grassland species 8. Rhodomyrtus tommtosa Wt. **9. Rubus fairholmianus Gardn. (a) Species generally restricted to the Western 10. Smithia blunda Dalz. *11. Symplocos burina WaU..ex Rehd. & Willb: Ghats and mostly found at higher altitudes (No. 16, 12. Tcrnstroemia juponua Llnn. 25 and 35 have also been reported from Shevaroy 13. Twpinia mchinchinensis (Lour.) Merr. hills; No. 42 has also been reported from Eastern The fringing forests along streams not only con- tain the species that are usually found along the Ghats). 1. Agrosti~peninsularis Hook. f. shola margins, but also 6 other species, the Zistri- 2. Anaphah bounrei Fyson bution pattern of which is as follows: 3 species 3. A. meeboldii W.W. Smith 4. Arisaema wightii Schott are restricted to the Western Ghats and mostly found 5. Adinella &urpwM Hochst. ex Steud. at higher altitudes, 2 species are restricted to Western 6. A. vaginata Bor 7. Bracbmyfhis iantha (Wt.) Summerh. Ghats and Ceylon and I species has a wider distri- 8. B. splendida Sumrnerh. bution and extends into Nepal, Bhutan, Khasia 9. Camfmrurla alphom'i Wall. 10. Centratherum rangacharii Gamble Modntains and Burma (Table 5). 11. ChlorOp&han attenuatum Baker

-' 12. Crotalaria Bsonii Dunn *These species are often found in grasslands also. 13. Eriocauhn bromianum Mart. var. nilagirense (Steud.) **These species are often found in grasslands and in cleared Fyson areas. 14. Examauamalbllum Bedd. 24 BULLETIN OF THE BOTANICAL SURVEY OF INDIA [Vol. 13

15. Fimbristylis kingii C.B. Clarke 5. Calamintha umbrosa Benth. 16. Habenaria hcyneana Lindl. 6. Cheirosfylis Ilabellata (A. Rich.) Wt. 17. H. errottetiana A. Rich. 7. Cnicus wallichii Hook. f. var. waghtii Hook, f. 18. ~e$otis articularis R. Br. ex G. Don 8. Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. 19. H. buxifolia Bedd. 9. Dichrocephala chrysanthemifolk (Bl.) DC. 20. H. swertioides Hook. f. 10. Drosera peltata Sm. 21. Impatiens modesta Wt. 11. Edalia phoeothrix (Hack.) 0.Kuntze 22. I. omissa Hook. f. 12. Geranium nepalense Sw. 23. I. pandata E. Barnes 13. Helictotrichon asperum (Munro) Bor 24. I. tomentosa Heyne ex Wt. 14. Zschnemum indicum (Koutt.) Merr. 25. Indigofsra pedicellata Wt. & Am. 15. Justicia latispica (C. B. Clarke) Gamble 26. Indochloa oligantha (Hochst.) Bor 16. Knoxia sumatrensis (Retz.) DC. 27. Isachne bowneorum C.E.C. Fischer 17. Lactuca hastata DC. 28. I. fischari Bor 18. Minomeria bglora Benth. 29. Kalanchoe erandiflora Wt. & Am. 19. Parnassia my;orenFir Heyne ex Wt. & Am. 30. Leucas ter&olia"r)esf. 20. Parochetus communis Hamilt. 31. L. vestita Benth. var. devicolamensis Shetty & Vivek. 2 1. Rhyncbsjwra rugosa (Vahl) Gale 32. Lvsimachia deltoidcn Wt. 22. Satyrium nepalense D: Don 33. @eanotis indica (DC.) W.H. Lewis var, @inis (Hook.f.) 23. Scirpus fluitam Linn. W. H. Lewis 24. Sopubia lrgiida Ham. 34. Osbeckia leschenaultiana DC. 25. Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames. Phlebophyllum kunthianwn Nees 26. Vwla potrinii Ging. ex DC. Pimpinella candolhana Wt. & Arn. 27. Wahlenbergia marginah (Thunb.) A. DC. Pobgala sibirica Linn. var. hepcana (Wall.) Benn. 28. Xyris capsnsis Thunb. var. schoenoides (Mart.) Nilsson Rananculus rmifmmis Wall. ex Wt. & Am. Senecio hvandulaefolius DC. S. neelgherryanus DC. It may thus be seen that in contrast to the shola Swertia corymbosa Wt. Trifigon brom~desRoem. & Schult. species which are predominantly of tropical stock Utriculark uliginosa Vahl quite a number of species on the shola fringes and Valeriana beddomei C. B. Clarke Vmonia peninsularis C.B. Clarke i~ the grasslands are of temperate origin capable of tolerating the adverse condition prevailing in the (b) Species generally restricted to the Western open areas. It may also be pointed out that some hats and ~eilonand mostlv found at higher alti- of the species of the shola fringes often extend into tudes (No. 1.5 has also been ieported from %hevaroy the grasslands. Meher-Homji (1967) in his studies hills and ~6.I and 16 exteid to Eastern hai is on the South Indian Hill Stations observed' that the also). majority of the ligneous elements of the sholas are 1. Am halis subdecwrens (DC.) Gamble limited in their distribution to the tropical latitudes, 2. ,nb:opogon lividus nw. while the ligneous elements of the shola fringes and 3. Buphrum m'ghtii P. K. Mukh. 4. Chtysopogon zeylanicw (Nees) Thw. the grasslands have their distribution range extend- 5. Crotalaria scabrella Wt. & Arn. 6. C. walkeri Arn. ing into the subtropical-temperate regions. 7. Eriocaulon collinum Hook. f. Hooker (~goq),Fyson (1915) and Razi (1955b) 8. Gentiana qwdrifaria B1. var. zeylanica Kuan. 9. Hyparicum mysorcnse Heyne ex Wt. & Am. have observed a number of species common to the 10. Lauremberzia hirsuta Schindl. South Indian hill tops and the Himalayas, Khasias 1 1. Lobelia ~eIEhenaultiana(Presl.) Skottsb. in particular. Gupta (1962 a) showed that, the vege- 12. ' L. zeylanka Linn. 13. Malaxis &miflora (A. Rich.) 0.Kuntze tation of the western Himalayas also shows simi- 14. Osbeckia cupdaris b. Don ex Wt. & Am. 15. Pedicularis zeylanica Benth. larity with the South Indian Hill stations like that 16. Pouzolzia benmttiana Wt. reported earlier for eastern Himalayas. Fyson (1.c.) 17. Utrimlaria graminiJb1;a Vahl 18. U. roseo-purpurea Stapf ex Gamble remarked that "we have on these mountain-tops relics of a vegetation which grew on the plains in (c) Species distributed in the higher altitudes of the far distant past, when, as we have reason to the Western Ghats, Ceylon and Burma. believe from other evidence, the climate of the 1. Dichunthium polyptyhum (Steud.) A. Camw var. fi&Qchum tropics was not so hot. The alternative explanation 2. Gantotia mutica (Munro) Druce that seeds have been carried by birds across these (d) Cosmopolitan weed. long stretches, though possibly ;rue to a certain ex- 1. Sbihntbs baniculata Wall. ex DC. tent, does not seem to afford complete explanation." (e) species with wide distribution and extending Gupta (1.c.) pointed out that the hills of Bihar and into Himalayas and often to other countries. Orissa played an important role in the migration of 1. Blumea himciifolia (D. Don) DC. plants and served as channels of migration. Similar 2. 8. mollis (D. Don) Merr. opinion had been expressed earlier by Anderson 3. Bromuc ramosus Huds. 4. Burmannia pusilla (Wall. ex Miers.) Thw. (1863), Clarke (1898) Haines (1925) and Razi (1s.). '97 11 SHE'TTY AND VIVEKANANTHAN: STUDIES ON THE VASCULAR FLORA OF ANAIMUDI 25 Different views put forward regarding the direction of core and Tirunelveli". In this connection it 'is of migration of plants have been summarised by Razi interest to note that ScheBera rostrata and Pavetta (1.c.) and Gupta (1.c.). Blasco (1.c.)opines the floristic breviflora var. ciliolata reported to be endemic to exchanges between the Himalayas and the Nilgiris Nilgiris (Blasco, 1.c.) have also been collected by to be recent or subcontemporary brought about by the authors from Anaimudi. the dispersal of seeds by wind, birds etc. and states Seven species are endemic to Anaimudi and its that almost all plant species common to South India adjoining regions and they are: Habenaria ftabedli- and Himalayas behave as vigorous pioneers, parti- formis, Impatiens anaimudica, I, coelotropis, I. @TI- cularly apt to colonise the deforested lands of the data, I. platyadena, Isachne fischeri and Sonerila montane domain. nemukadensis. In addition to this the following Of the 182 taxa collected by the authors from taxa appear to be endemic to the High Range; above 1,975 m, 84 are confined to South India, 43 Anaphalis barnesii, Arisaema attenuatum, A. pelta- are confined to South India and Ceylon and the tum, A. psittacus, Begonia aliciae, Didymocarpus other 55 extend beyond these two areas. The last macrostachya, Impatiens aliciae, I. chinensis var. category includes species with wide distribution and breuicornis, I. johnii, I. macrocarpa, .I. munnarensis, extend into Himalayas and often to other countries I. ~allidijlora,I. rivulicola, I. verecunda, Ophiorrhiza of higher latitudes. barnesii, 0. caudata and 0. munnarensis. The high It is of interest to compare these figures with incidence of endemic species of Impatiens in the those reported for other South Indian hill tops, High Range-numbering about I 2 taxa-is ac- particularly the Nilgiris and the Palnis. Fyson counted for by Barnes (rg3g) to the feeble method (E.c.) has shown that "as much as 45 per cent, or of dispersal found in this genus. nearly half, the truly wild and indigenous species of the flowering plants of these plateaus are confined ECOLOGICAL STATUS OF SHOLA--GRASSLAND to the mountains of- South India and Ceylon. FORMATION Another 17 per cent occur on the Khasi hills, 1,500 The existence at the higher altitudes of some miles away, and about 12 per cent on the temperate South Indian hills like the Nilgiris, Palnis, Anai- parts of Himalayas. ... China and Japan appear to malais and the High Range of two fundamentally have 40 of our species". Blasco's (2s.) analysis of different types of vegetation, viz. evergreen shola the 380 species, 'also from the hill tops of Nilgiris forest and grassland, in close juxtaposition and appa- and Palnis revealed that 275 species are localised in rent equilibrium has been acclaimed to be one of the hills of South India and Ceylon, 17 are also the most interesting ecological problems of India. known in northern India, particularly in the Hima- The e'cological status of this shola-grassland forma- layas, whereas 36 extend to differtnt countries of tion has been a subject of controversy over the years Asia. and many contributions have been made, the Nil- All these studies go to prove that the tempeiate giris in particular receiving most of the attention. elements play a comparatively less important role Opinions do not differ much regarding the ecologi- in the composition of the vegetation of the high cal status of the shola forest ; it is considered to be plateaux of South India and that the predominant a, climatic climax by most of the workers. Tha elements are of tropical origin. controversy mainly centres round the ecological The abundance of endemic species on the southern status of the grassland that surrounds the sholas. Indian massifs has been pointed out by Razi (1955 a) Ranganathan (1938) is of the opinion that not only and Blasco (LC.). Blasco (1.c.) has shown that most the shola but also the grassland is the climax ovei of the 356 indigenous and spontaneous species (found at least the greater part of the territory which h above an altitude of 1,700-1,900 m and which are occupies at present in the Nilgiris. The relative not found at lower altitudes are endemic because distribution of the two climaxes is primarily govern- ". . . 223 species are known only in the 'montane ed, according to him, by the natural factor, frost stage' of South India". He observed 82 species to than by the biotic factors of grazing and burning. b?s exclusively confined to the Nilgiris, 18 to the The frost damage is considered to be due to physid- Palni hills and 13 to the Anaimalai hills and p~inted logical drought effect, the young plants with super- out that "the Nilgiris appear as an important cent& ficial root system being incapable of absorbing water of speciation in Soiitli India, next only to ~ravan- from the soil frozen during night to counterbalance Y 26 BULLETIN OF THE BOTANICAL SURVEY OF IWIA [VO~.I3

, the-losses due to transpiration with the rising day Theagarajan (unpub.) in his recent revision of the temperature. Within the frost zone, therefore, the Working Plan of Nilgiris does not consider the sholas are said to thrive in areas protected from the shola as a post-climax, since it cannot re-establish morning sun, thereby reducing the transpiration itself if destroyed. According to him, in the past losses and occupy sites where the danger of wilting climatic conditions over the Nilgiri Plateau were as on effect of frost is neutralised by the abundance such that it supported a tropical evergreen forest .of moving soil water. But the occurrence of a duel which occurred extensively, and due to change in climax does not fit in with the clernentsian concept the climatic conditions these forests became gradu- of climax and Ranganathan's theory has, therefore, ally restricted in their extent till they came to occupy been considered untenable by Bor (1938). He be- only the favourable locations in which they are lieves that the shola forest is the relict of an ever- found today. The shola is, thus, a relict vegetation. .green forest climax which has been pushed back to He classifies the grasslands under the following cate- its last strong hold by fire and grazing. He considers gories, namely, (I) Climax grassland, (2) Pre-climax the grassland to be a "biotic complex'' rendered grassland and (3) Sub-climax grassland. He recog- stable by firing and grazing. In many parts of the nises 2 sub-types in the sub-climax type of grass- world, including the higher altitudes in tropics, land. according to him, experience has shown that forest Meher-Homnji (I965, I 967, I 969) while accepting destroyed is replaced by grass and that the grass- the adverse effect of fire on the distribution of land can be maintained indefinitely through the shola, nevertheless feels that the explanation that agency of fire. Champion (1936) had earlier ex- the fire is the only agent limiting the spread of pressed the same opinion, namely, that the grass- shola is inadequate. The establishment of the forest land is nowhere the climax formation and the past species in the open areas is prevented, according to clearings coupled with periodic firing of grassland him, by the effect of frost in winter on the seedlings have been responsible for the extension of grassland, of forest species, the damage being in the nature resulting in the restriction of forests to damper sites. of a physiological drought effect. He has shown Champion and Seth (1964) reaffirm what has been that the species of the sholas are of tropical stocks stated by Champion (Z.C.) and view the grassland as and that their seedlings are unable to bear the low a stable degradation stage, though over restricted temperature and ground frost prevailing in the open areas they feel possible edaphic or physiographic areas outside the forest cover. The ligneous species climax status might be given. This view of Cham- on the shola fringes and in the open grassland land- pion (LC.) and Bor (1.c.) that the grassland is the scape, according to him, are largely of sub-tropical 'sub-climax' has been accepted by Raghavan Nair or temperate stock and are thus able to tolerate the (1g57), Shankaranarayan (1958) Legris (19601, Gupta conditions prevailing in the open areas, as they (I 960, I 962 b), Gupta and Shankaranarayatl (I g62), are cold resistant. Chandrasekharan (1962) and Noble (1967). Puri (1960) has stated that in India the mono- Jayadev (1957). however, is of the opinion that climax theory of Clements holds good. The adaphic over considerable areas in the Nilgiri plateau where and bio-edaphic communities are recognised by him grassland had reigned for centuries, its ecological to be sera1 in nature. stattie is that of a pre-climax, mainly conditioned by a set of natural factors like the extent of moisture, In view of the similarity between the patanas in exposure and wind which do not admit the easy the higher parts of Ceylon and the high altitude passage towards the final climax. Factors like graz- grasslands of peninsular India reference may be ing and burning, according to him, can only de- made to the publications of Pearson (~Sgg),Gleason grade the forest climax almost to an inferior scrub, (1916), de Rosayro (1945-46, 47) and Holmes (1g51). in view of the rainfall of the locality, and not perma- They are all of the opinion that the patanas are of nently stabilise such a formation of grassland over anthropogenous origin. Stomps (I 925), however, extensive areas. The final stage of the plant suc- put forward the view that the Ceylon patanas.are cession under more favourable conditions prevailing due to special cli,matic conditions. in the plateau, he points out, had been reached in van Steenis (1961) in his paper on Axiomas and the formation of sholas in the sheltered, cooIer, and criteria of vegetatiology with special reference to moisture sites in the folds of the rolling hills, tropics cites a number of examples, including the 19711 SHETIT AND VIVEKANANTHAN: STUDIES ON THE VASCULAR FLORA OF ANAIMUDI 27 patartas of Ceylon, to demonstrate that the grass- ENUMERATION lands are caused by anthropogenous action (fire) F%RNS AND FERN ALLIES during a' very long period in the past. He has also LYCOPODIACEAE explained (van Steenis, 1968) how deforestation leads to potential occurrence of frost. Lycopodium clavah Linn. Anaimudi and the surrounding regions, as already Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,125 m, common stated, are subjected to biotic interference to a lesser in grassland near stream, with strobili, 18-11-1965, degree compared to the Nilgiri and Palni hills. This 26492. region which is in the Eravikulam Game Sanctuary SELAGINELLACEAE has been protected from poachers and pastoralists Sela@nella repanda (Desv.) Spring since 1895 by the High Range Game Preserve Ass* Umaiyamallay, I ,975 m, common in evergreen ciation and, hence, the incidence of fire and grazing, forests,* with strobili, 22-1 1-1965, 26616. although present, is much less compared to the other OPHIOGLOSSACEAE plateaux of southern India. Thurston (1909) has Botrychiuln lanuginosum Wall. ex Hook. & Grev. given some information on the early inhabitants of B. virginianum (Linn.) Sw. var. lanuginosum Bedd. the High Range. According to him, Muduvars who Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,100 m, com- originally came from Madura occupied the area mon in clefts of rocks in grassland, with sporangial probably during the 14th Century. He assumes that pinnae, 20-1 1-1965, 26577. when they arrived on the hills, they found a small OSMUNDACEAE tribe in possession with whom they subsequently Ommda regalis Linn. intermarried. The Muduvars practise shifting cul- Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,000 m, common tivation and the majority of their villages are situa- in clefts of rocks in grassland near stream, with ted at an elevation of 1,220 m, although a few occur sporangial pinnae, 27-4-1966, 27401. up to 1,830 m. The areas adjoining Anaimudi are not suitable for habitation or cultivation because PTERIDACEAE of the cold and wind. To what extent the Muduvars Lidmya cnltmta (Willd.) Swartz interfered with the vegetation at these higher alti- Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,150 m, common tude is difficult to assess now. It is also of signifi- in grassland in moist places, with sori, 3-2-1970. cance to point out that aliens like Sarothamnus 33406. scoptrius (Cytissus scoparius) and Ulex europaeus Reridurn aqldlinum (Linn.) Kuhn ex Decken which are a familiar sight in the grasslands of Nil- Pteris aquilina Linn. giris and Palnis are conspicuous by their absence. Lower Vagavurrai, 1?.7700 m, abundant in cleared areas, with sori, 26-4-1966, 27392 ; also common in Umaiyamallay grassland upto 2,100 m. COLLECTION Sphenomeris chin& (Linn.) Maxon ex Maxon Four collection tours were undertaken, namely, in Stenoloma chinensis (Linn.) Bedd. Lower Vagavurrai, 1,700 m, common, with sori, November 1965, April 1966, August 1967 and Feb 26-4-1966, 27396. ruary 1970 and a total of 317 taxa spread over IOI families were collected. About 15 species are yet CYATHEACEAE to be identified and are under critical study. All cyathea crini (Hook.) Copel. the specimens have been deposited in the herbarium Alsophila crinita Hook. of the Sourthern Circle, Botanical Survey of India, &jamallay, 2,025 m, rare, with sori, 21-4-1966, Coimbatore (MH). In the detailed enumeration, the 27353. classification of Copeland (1947) is followed in the C. spjndosa Wall. ex Hook. arrangement of families of ferns ; for Angiosperms Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2, I 25 m, in the system of Bentham and Hooker with certain sholas near stream, not common, with sori, 1911-, delimitations of families according to Hutchinson 1965, 26521. (1960) is followed. The taxa are arranged alpha- *The evergreen forests referred to here and elsewhere in betically under each family. The field numbers the enumeration list are of the type Southern Subtropical will given after each taw!! are tho% QS B, V. Shetty. Forest (<:hampion 8nd Seth, 1964)- BULLETIN OF THE BOTANICAL SURVEY OF INRIA POI. P3 ASPIDIACEAE DICOTYLEDONS Arachnioides coniifolia (Moore) Ching RANUNCULACEAE Lastrea coniifolia Moore Clematis mmoana Wt. Lower Vagavurrai, 1,700 m, not common, with Umaiyamallay, 1,975 m, in evergreen forests, rare, sori, 26-4-1966, 27400. flowering, 9-8-1967, 28343. Dryoptelis atrata (Wall.) Ching Ranunculus reniformis Wall. ex Wt. & Arn. Lastrea hirtipes Bedd. Anaimudi slopes, 2,575 m, in grassland, not com- Umaiyamallay, I ,975 m, common in evergreen mon, flowering, 19-9-1965, 26527. forests, with sori, 22-1 1-1965, 26619. MAGNOLIACEAE Polystichum gmicdhm (Linn.) Pr. Michelia nilagirica Zenk. Upper Vagavurrai, 1,975 m, common in evergreen Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,200 m, in forests, with sori, 4-2-1970, 3341 7. sholas, not common, flowering, 23-1 1-1965, 26641 ; P. bidstatam (Bl.) Moore Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2, I 25 m, in sholas, P. aculeatum Sw. var. biaristatum B1. not common, fruiting, 194-1966, 27339. Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,100 m, com- MENISPERMACEAE mon near stream in sholas, with sori, 20-1 I,-1965, Stepbania japonica (Thunb.) Miers 26579. Upper Vagavurrai, I ,825 m, common, flowering ASPLENIACEAE and fruiting, 25-4-1966, 27383. Aspleniwn aethiopicum (Bum.) Beck. BERBERIDACEAE A. furcatum Thunb. Berberis tinctoria Lesch. Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,100 m, com- Anaimudi slopes, 2,425 m, on the fringes of sholas, mon in clefts of. rocks in sholas, with sori, 20.1 I- not common, flowering, 22-4-1966, 27356. 19659 26575. Mbnia leschenaultii (Wall.) Takeda A. IachrirPtma D. Dan Rajamallay, 2,025 m, common on the fringes of Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,100 m, com- sholas and intruding into grassland, flowering and mon ip clefts of rocks in sholas, with sori, 2~11-196.5, fruiting, 2 1-1 1-1965, 26604. 26576. CRUCIFERAE A. milaterale Lamk. CarcEaIhe trichocarpa Hochst. ex A. Rich, Rajamallay, 2,075 m, common in clefts of rocks, Upper Vagavurrai, 1,930 m, common weed in with sori, 2 1-1 1-1965, 26600. tea estates, flowering and fruiting, 10-8-1967, 28364. VIOLACEAE POLYPODIACEAE Vida patrinii Ging. ex DC. L+m nudw (Hook.) Ching Rajamallay, 2,100' m, in grassland, not common, Pleopeltis linearis Bedd. (pro parte) flowering, 6-2-1970, 33430. Umaiyamallay, 1,975 m, epiphyte, not common, V. seapens Wall. with sori, 22-1 1-1965,2661 3. Rajamallay, 2,025 m, common in sholas, flowering, Padeptochlw decumens (Bl.) Copel. 21-4-1966, 27348 ; Upper Vagavurrai, 2,050 m, com- Gymnopteris vrariabiiis Hook. mon, flowering, 7-2-1970, 33440. Rajamallay, 2,075 m, common in clefts of rocks, PITTOSPORACEAE with sori, zr-11-1965, 26601. Pittosporum tetraspermurn Wt. & Arn. Pbymatodes hastata (Thunb.) Ching Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,075 rn, com- Pleopeltis hastata (Thunb.) Moore mon in sholas, flowering and fruiting, 17-11-1965, 'Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,150 m, epiphyte 26472 ; Umaiyamallay, 2,025 m, common in sholas, or lithophyte, common, with sori, 23-1 1-1965, 26634. fruiting, 10-8-1967, 28362 ; Rajamallay, I ,950 m, Pymda mollis (Kze.) Ching common in sholas, flowering, 2-2-1970, 31782. Niphoboks fissus B1. POLYGALACEAE Lower Vagavurrai, 1,700 m, epiphyte, common, Polygah arillsta Buch.-Ham, forma cbartacea with sori, 26-4-1966, 2739 I. Mukerjee 19711 SHETIT AND VWEKANANTHAN: STUDIES ON THE VASCULAR FLORA OF ANAIMUD~ 19

Upper Vagavurrai, I ,930 m, common, flowering BALSAMINACEAE and fruiting, 16-1 1-1965, 26447. Impah coeldropim C.E.C. Fischer Polygala sibirim Linn. var. beynetma (Wall.) Benn. Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2, roo m, com- Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,625 m, com- mon in sholas, flowering, 2011-1965, 26574 ; Upper mon in grassland, flowering, 18-11-1965, 26517. Vagavurrai, 1,800 m, in evergreen forests, not com- HYPERICACEAE mon, flowering, 8-8-1967, 28338. Hypericum mysorense Heyne ex Wt. & Arn. I. cordata Wt. Rajamallay, 2,000 m, common in grassland, flower- Umaiyamallay, 1,975 m, in evergreen forests, not ing, 19-1I- I 965, 26555. common, flowering, 22-1 1-1965, 266 17. I. cwj$data Wt. & Am. GUTTIFERAE Upper Vagavurrai, I ,930 m, common, flowering Gercinia cambqgh Desr. var. pama (Wt.) T. And. Umaiyamallay, 2,000 m, common, flowering, 18- and fruiting, 16-11-1965, 26450 ; Lower Vagavurrai, 1,700 rn, common, flowering, 26-4-1966, 27395. 4-1966, 27318 ; Rajamallay, 1,950 m, common, fruit- I. Wosa DC. ing, 2-2-1970, 3 I 795. Upper Vagavurrai, 1,825 m, common, flowering, TERNSTROEMIACEAE 25-4-1966, 27377. Emya nitidr Korth. I. jerdoniae Wt. japonica E. non Thunb. Umaiyamallay, I ,975 m, epiphyte, abundant, Rajamallay, 2,000 m, common on the fringes of flowering, 22-1 1-1965, 26625. sholas and in evergreen forests, flowering and I. leechenadltii (DC.) Wall. fruiting, 21-1 1-1965, 26580. Hill adjoining Anaimudi, 2,300 m, common, ~~~~~troenriajaponica Linn. flowering and fruiting, 1911-1965, 26549 ; Upper Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,100 m, common Vagavurrai, 2,075 m, abundant in cleared areas near on the fringes of sholas, fruiting, 20-1 1-1965, 26569 ; tea estates, flowering, 7-2-1970, 33434. Urnaiyamally, 2,000 m, common on the fringes of L modesta Wt. sholas, flowering and fruiting, 27-4-1 966, 27402, Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,025 m, com- MALVACEAE mon on wet rocks in grassland and growing in moss Abelmoischw 8ngulm Wall. ex Wt. & Arn. cushions or humus soil, flowering, 6-8-1967, 28324. Hibiscus setinemis Dunn I. omissa Hook. f. Urnaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,150 m, in Anaimudi, 2,695 rn, in moss cushions in clefts of sholas, not common, flowering, 23-1 1-1965, 26631. rocks in grassland, not common, flowering and ELAEOCARPACEAE fruiting, 19-I 1-1 965, 26530. Elaeoearpm oblongus Gaertn. I. pandsta Barnes Lower Vagavurrai, 1,800 m, in evergreen forests, Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,025 m, in rare, flowering, 25-4-1966, 27364. grassland on wet rocks in cushions of moss, not E. reematus Corner common, flowering, 6-8-1967, 283 19. E. ferrugineus (Wt.) Steud. L phoenicea Pedd. Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,075 m, corn- Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,150 m, in mon in sholas, flowering and fruiting, 17-~1-1965, sholas, not common, flowering, 23-1 1-1965, 26632. ~6~81; Umaiyamallay, 2,025 m, common in sholas, I. tan+ Bedd. flowering and fruiting, 17-4-1966, 27315. Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,075 m, com- GERANIACEAE mon in clefts of rocks in stream, flowering, 17-11- Gdtmnepa1-w Sweet 1965, 26483 ;'Rajamallay, 1,950 m, common in clefts Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,200 m, in of rocks in stream, flowering and fruiting, 2-2-1970, grassland, not common, flowering and fruiting, 3 '789. 23-1 1-1965, 26639. I. tomeatosa Heyne ex Wt. 0XALlDACEAE Upper Vagavurrai, 1,930 m, common near stream, Odcomicdata Linn. flowering and fruiting, 16-11-1965, 26439 ; peak Upper Vagavurrai, 1,975 m, weed in tea estates, adjoining Anaimudi, 2,300 m, common, flowering abundant, flowering and fruiting, 11-8-1967, 28374. and fruiting, 19-11-1965, 26552, 50 BULLETIN OF THE BOTANICAL SURVEY OF INDIA [VO~.13

RUTACEAE Umaiyamallay, I ,975 m, common, flowering, 22- Evodia lunwankenda (Gaertn.) Merr. I 1-1965,26623 ; Upper Vagavurrai, 1,800 m, common, Petimudi, 1,67j m, not common, fruiting, 8-2-1970, fruiting, 8-8-1967, 28334. 33445. Toddalia asiatica (Linn .) Lamk. var. floribunda STAPHYLEACEAE Turpinia cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr. Gamble T nepalensis Wall, ex Wt. & Arn. Upper Vagavurrai, 1,825 m, common, fruiting, Rajamallay, 2,075 m, common on fringes of sholas, 25-4-1966, 27373 ; Lower Vagavurrai, I ,700 m, com- flowering and fruiting, 2 1-1 1-1965, 26595 ; Umaiya- mon, fruiting, 5-2-1970, 33418. mallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,175 m, common on MELIACEAE fringes of sholas, 19-4-1966, 27328. *Aglaia roxburghiana (Wt. & Arn.) Miq. vat. courtallensis Gamble SAPINDACEAE Umaiyamallay, 2,025 ,m, in evergreen forests, not Dodonaa vhcosa (Linn.) J~c~. common, flowering and fruiting, 18-4-1966, 27320; Upper Vagavurrai, 2,050 m, not common, fruiting, Umaiyamallay, 2,025 m, common in evergreen 7-2-1970, 33438. forests, flowering, 7-2-1970, 33432. SABIACEAE ICACINACEAE Meliosma simplicifolio (Roxb.) Walp. ssp. pungens Gomphandra coriacea Wt. (Walp.) Beus. Upper Vagavurrai, 1,930 m, rare, flowering and M. wightii Planch. ex Brand. fruiting, I 6-11-1965, 26455 ; Umaiyamallay, 2,025 m, Rajamallay, 2,025 m, in sholas, not common, common in evergreen forests, flowering and fruiting, flowering, 21-4-1966, 27352. 18-4-1966, 27321 ; Lower Vagivurrai, 1,700 m, com- PAPILIONACEAE mon, flowering, 26-4-1966, 27318. Crotalaria fysonii Dunn Nothapodytes foetida (Wt.) Sleum. Rajamallay, 2,050 m, common in grassland, flower- Petimudi, 1,675 m, common, fruiting, 8-2-1970, ing and fruiting, 21-1 1-1965, 26586.

334420 C. obtecta Grah. var. glabresvens- Baker AQUIFOLIACEAE Upper Vagavurrai, 1,930 m, common near stream, Rex ddculata Wall. ex Wt. flowering and fruiting, 16-11-1965, 26435 ; Raja- Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,150 m, corn- mallay, 2,075 m, common, flowering, 2 1-1 1-1965, mon in sholas, flowering, 19-4-1966, 27336 ; Umaiya- 2659 I. mallay, 2,025 m, common in sholas, fruiting, 1e8- C. scabrella Wt. & Arn. 19679 28359. Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,r 25 m, in I. wightiana Wall. ex Wt. grassland, not common, flowering and fruiting, I 8- Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, I ,975 m, com- I 1-1965, 26498. mon near stream in sholas, flowering and fruiting, C. walkeri Arn. I 7-4-1966, 27303. Upper Vagavurrai, I ,930 m, common, flowering, CELASTRACEAE 16-1 1-1965,26444 ; hill adjoining Anaimudi, 2,300 m, Euonymzrs creamlstus Wall. ex Wt. & Am. common in grassland, flowering, 1911-1965, 26551. Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,075 m, com- Msbrevipes Baker (s-1.) mon in sholas, flowering and fruiting, 17-11-1965, Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,025 m, com- 26474. mon, flowering and fruiting, I 7-4-1966, 27312 ; Mi-* mmilloca Wt. Umaiyamallay, 2,125 m, common, fruiting, 6-8-1967, Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2, I oo m, com- 28326. mon in sholas, with buds, 20-1 1-1965, 26578. Des~diumrufeswns DC. VITACEAE Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,025 m, com- Tetrastigma rnuridum (Wall. ex Wt. & Arn.) mon, flowering, I 7-4-1966, 27308 ; Rajamallay, I ,950 Gamble m, common on the fringes of sholas and intruding into grassland, flowering and fruiting, 2-2-1970, 31 779. *The correct name for Aglaia roxburghiaM (Wt. & Am.) Dmrvaniai villosa DC. Miq. is Aglaia elaeagnoidea (Juss.) &nth. It is, however, not known whether the combination for the var. ~~wfalleosisunder Rajamallay, 2,075 m, common in sholas, flowering, the latter name has been. made. z 1-r 1-1965, 26588, BULL. BOT. SURV. INDIA

ADDITIONS TO THE FLORA OF RAJPIPLA FOREST DIVISION, GUJARAT

Department of Botany, Sardar Patel UnhrsiO, Vallabh Vidw~ggar,Gujmat

ABSTRACT In this paper 202 more angiosperms are listed of which 118 are dicotyledons and 83 are monocotyle- dons, based on collections made between 1965 and 1971 from different areas of the Rajpipla forest division. Such additions are due to (1) intensive exploration in all seasons and (2) two distinct types of vegetations (a) the dry deciduous type in hilly regions and (b) the scrub forest type in the un- dulating plains. INTRODUCTION Mokhadi, Piplod, Samot, Singlagabha, Dumkhal Cooke (1901-1908) has listed about 425 species and Kokam. The families Alismaceae, Araceae, occurring in Gujarat and most frequent localities Balanitaceae, Cruciferae, Flacour tiaceae, Hypoxida- cited for their distribution are Kathiawar, Rajkot, ceae, Potamogetonaceae and Najadaceae are not re- Veraval, Porbander etc. all now in Saurashtra, where- presented in their list. Thus though a fairly large as casual ones are Ahmedabad, Panchmahals, Dakor, number of plants are now known for the Rajpipla Godhra, Baroda, Broach collectorate, Surat, Dangs Forest Division, there are several plants in our collec- etc. It is, therefore, evident that Rajpipla locality is tions (Singh 1970; Patel 1971) which have yet t~ be not cited even once in his flora indicating that Kaj- added to these lists to make the flora of this forest pipla Forest Ranges had not been touched at all division complete as far as possible. With this end by the botanists in the time of Cooke. It remained in view, the present paper is prepared. The addi- so even upto 1965 when one of us (Shah, 1967) tions are obvious on two counts: (I) The unexplored gave a preliminary account of the flora of Kajpipla areas and those cursorily explored areas have been forests division based on plants collected from intensively studied in all seasons. (2) There is a diver- Dediapada, Kokam, Durnkhal and Ghantoli. An- sity in vegetational aspects varying from Acacia other paper was published on the flora of scrub forests in plains to dry deciduous forests in that forest division by Shah and Singh (1970) hilly regions. based on intensive study of the places mentioned above and Sagbara, Sajpur, Kakadpada, Selamba, GEOGRAPHY AND TOPOGRAPHY Gora, Kevadia and Garudeshwar. Ahuja and Patas- Rajpipla district is situated 21 '23' and 21 "59' N kar (1970) also published four species from this and 73'5' and 74'0' E on the south-east border of forest division. The total number of species listed the Gujarat State, with Raj~iplaas a taluka capital. for the forest division till that time was 572. The areas explored by us fall within this range. The autliors have been studying the flora of Raj- Rajpipla iq the terminus of Rajpipla-Ankleshwar pipla forest division since ~965in vicinity of the narrow gauge railway line, the latter in turn being following areas (I) Dediapada alrd Sagbara forest a junction on Bombay-Ahmedabad main line about ranges : Dediapada, Mosda, Kakadpada, Sagbara, 352 km north of Bombay. Gurnandev, Jaghadia, Sajpur, Selamba ; (2) Gora forest range: Dumkhal, Avidhya, Rajpardi are small railway stations on this piplod, Kokam, Surpeneshwar, Kevadia, Kothi, narrow gauge line. Regular Statc Transport buses ~havdi,Garudeshwar, Indravarna, Piparia, Gora and ply. between Ankleshwar and Rajpipla touching Thevadia ; (3) Netrang range : Jaghadia, Gumandev, these stations. Similarly State Transport buses ply be- Avidhya, Rajpardi, Netrang ; (4) Rajpipla range : tween Netrang and Jaghadia, which are also connec- Rajpipla, Juna Rajp Poicha, Bhadam. Bhatt et al. ted by a narrow gauge railway line. Garudeshwar, (Ig7') a list of plants from Gora range. Kevadia, Gora, Poicha and Vavadi are also connect- Of the 460 species listed by them 393 are dicotyle- ed with Rajpipla by State Transport buses in all dons, 64 monocot~l~donsand 3 pteridoph~tes,based seasons. Kothi, Piparia, Dhavdi etc. are small villages on botanical eXCUrSIO*S in 1962-1964 and 1968 in near Kevadia whereas Thevedia is about 8 km from vicinity of Gora, Dhirkhadi, Zarvani, Chopdi, Sulpan, Cora, all only to be explored on foot or by private 33 BULLETIN OF THE BOTANICAL SURVEY OF INDIA pol. 13

Sonerila sp. CORNACEAE Hill adjoining Anaimudi, 2,300 m, in clefts of Mastixia arborea (Wt.) C. B. Clarke rocks, rare, flowering and fruiting, 1911-1965, 26548. Lower Vagavurrai, 1,800 m, in evergreen forests, rare, fruiting, 25-4-1966, 27365 ; Upper Vagavurrai, ONAGRACEAE Circaea alpina Linn. 1,825 m, rare, flowering, 25-4-1966, 27372. Rajamallay, 2,000 m, common in sholas, flowering CAPRIFOLIACEAE Viburnum coriaceum B1. and fruiting, 21-1 1-1965, 26584. Upper Vagavurrai, 1,975 m, not common, flower- CUCURBITACEAE ing and fruiting, I 1-8-1967, 28370. Zeh* scab= (Linn. f.) Sond RUBIACEAE Melothk perpusilla (B1,)Cogn. Galim mollugo Linn. subsp. asperifolium (Wall.) Upper Vagavurrai, 1,930 m, common, flowering, Kitamura I 8-11-1965, 265 I 4 ; Upper Vagavurrai, 1,800 m, com- G. usperifolium Wall. mon, flowering, 8-8-1967, 28335. Upper Vagavurrai, I ,930 m, common. flowering, BEGONIACEAE 16-1I-1965, 26453. Begonia malabarica Lamk. Hedyotis articlllaris R. Br. ex G. Don Oldenlandia artkularis (R. Br.) Gamble Upper Vagavurrai, I ,825 m, common, flowering, 25-4-1966, 27374. Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,125 m, in grass- land along the margins of stream, not common, UMBELLIFERAE flowering and fruiting, 6-8-1967, 28329. Buplmmm wightii P. K. Mukh. H. bwifolia Bedd. B. mucronatum Wt. & Am. Oldenlandia buxzfolia (Bedd.) 0. Kuntze Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, in grassland, not Anaimudi slopes, 2,425 m, in grassland, not com- common, flowering and fruiting, 17-1 1-1965, 26465. mon, flowering, 22-4-1966, 27357 ; Rajamallay, 2,025 Centelkt asiatica (Linn.) Urban. m, common in grassland, flowering, 21-4-1966, 27347. Upper Vagavurrai, I ,975 m, common, flowering H. eualata (Gamble) Henry & Subr. and fruiting, I 1-8-1967, 28373. Oldenlandia eualuta Gamble Heracleum pedrrhun Wt. Rajamallay, 2,000 m, common on the fringes of Upper Vagavurrai, I ,930 m, common, flowering, sholas, flowering and fruiting, z 1-1 1-1965, 26582 ; 1611-1965, 26454 ; Umaiyamallay, 1,925 m, common Rajamallay, 1,g50 m, common on' the fringes of in evergreen forests, flowering, 9-8-1967, 28349. sholas, flowering, 2-2-1970, 3 I 783, H. sprengelisnum Wt. & Arn. H. 88nQpaui Shetty & Vivek. Upper Vagavurrai, 1,930 m, common, flowering Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,075 m, com- and fruiting, 16-11-1965, 26445. mon, flowering and fruiting, I 7-1 1-1965, 2647 I. H. sly1088 R. Br. Pimpinella cmdolleana Wt. & Arn. Oldenlandia styloscc 0. Kuntze Umaiy amallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,025 rn, com- Umaiyamallay, Anairnudi slopes, 2,025 rn, com- mon in grassland, flowering and fruiting, 17-1 1-1965, mon on the fringes of sholas, flowering and fruiting, 26466. I 7-4-1966, 2731 I ; Umaiyamallay, 2,025 m, abundant ARALIACEAE on the fringes of sholas, flowering, 6-8-1967, 28322. Polysciss acumhata (Wt.) Seem. H. swertioides Hook. f. Upper Vagavurrai, 1,825 m, not common, flower- Oldenlandia swertioides O: Kuntze ing and fruiting, 25-4- I 966, 27384. Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,475 m, com- Schef8m racemosa (Wt.) Harms mon in grassland, flowering and fruiting, 18-1 1-1965, Rajamallay, 2,075 m, in sholas, not common, 26505. fruiting, 21-1 1-1965, 26597 ; Umiayamallay, Anai- Ixora notmima Wall. mudi slopes, 2,025 m, common in sholas, flowering, Lower Vagavurrai, 1,800 m, rare, flowering, 25-4- I 0-8- I 967, 28358. 1966,27366. S. rostrata (Wt.) Harms Knoxia stmatrensis (Retz.) DC. Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi sIopes, 2,075 m, com- K. corymbosa Willd. mon in sholas, flowering, I 7-1 1-1965, 26479. Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,125 m, in grass- land, not common, flowering and fruiting, 18-11- Anaphrdia bowmi Fyson 1965, 26496. Anaimudi slopes, 2,475 m, abundant in clefts of Lasimthus acuminatw WE. rocks in grassland, flowering, 1911-1965, 26526. Upper Vagavurrai, 1,930 m, rare, flowering and A. marceecens (Wt.) C. B. Clarke fruiting, 16-1 I -1965, 2645 1. Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,125 m, corn- Musc~aendahiidisha (Hook. f.) Hutch. ex Gamble mon on the fringes of sholas, flowering, 18-11-1965, Lower Vagavurrai, I ,700 m, common, flowering, 26501. 26-4-1966, 27393. A. meeboldil W. W. Smith Ne~notigindica PC.)W. H. Lewis var, atEnis (Hook. Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,075 m, com- f.) W. H. Lewis mon in clefts of rocks in grassland, flowering, Anotis +Eeschenaultiana (Wall. ex Wt. & ArnJ 17-11-1963,26473 ; Anaimudi slopes, 2,350 m, corn- Hook. f. var. afinis Hook. f. rnon in grassland, flowering, 4-2-1970, 334 1 I. Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,325 m, coni- A. abdecurrens (DC.) Gamble mon in grassland, flowering, 18-11-1965, 26504. Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,125 m, coma N. monosperma (Wall. ex Wt. & Arn.) W. H. Lewis mon in grassland, flowering, 18-1 1-1965, 26491. Anotis monosperma (Wall. ex Wt. &Am.) Hook. f. A. travancorica W. W. Smith Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,150 m, com- Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,525 m, com- mon on the fringes of sholas, flowering and fruiting, mon on the fringes of sholas, 18-11-1965, 26503, 23-1 1-1965, 26636 ; Umaiyamallay, 1,625 m, common Artemisia nilqgirica (C. B. Clarke) pamp. in evergreen forests, flowering, 9-8-1967, 28345. A. vulgaris auct. non Linn. Ophiomhba sp. Upper Vagavurrai, I ,975 m, common, flowering, Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, I ,975 m, com- 22-1 1-1965, 26608. mon in evergreen forests, fruiting, 22-1 1-1965, 26620 ; Blwa Mersciifolia (D. Don) DC. Umaiyamallay, 1,975 m, common- in evergreen Rajamallay, 2,025 m, common in grassland, forests, flowering, 9-8-1967, 28342. flowering, 2 1-4-1966, 27346. Pavetta breviaora DC. var. ciliolatrt Gamble ex Brem. a mollis (D. Don) Merr. Lower Vagavurrai, 1,700 m, not common, flower- B, neilgherrensis Hook. f. ing, 26-4-1966, 27390. Rajamallay, 2,075 m, in grassland, not common, Pktronia rheedii Bedd. flowering, 21-1 1-1965, 26587. Lower Vagavurrai, 1,7m m, common, flowering Cealmtherurn rangacbarii Gamble and fruiting, 25-4-1966, 27367 ; Upper Vagavurrai, Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2, I 25 m, abun- 1,775 m, common, fruiting, 8-8-1967, 28333. dant in grassland, flowering, 18-I 1-1965, 26497 ; Psychotria congesta Hook f. Upper Vagavurrai, I ,975 m, common, flowering, Rajamallay, 2,075 m, common near stream in I 1-8-1867, 2837 I. sholas, flowering and fruiting, 2 1-1 1-1965, 26599. "Cnicw wsllichii Hook. f. var. wightii Hook, f. Rnbia cordifolia Linn. Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,250 m, in Umaiyamallay, Anainludi slopes, 2,125 m, com- grassland, not common, flowering, I 8-1 1-1965, 265 18, mon in sholas, flowering, ~g-11-1965,26522 ; Umaiya- mallay, 2,150 m, common in sholas, flowering and Crassocephalum crepidioidag (Benth.) S. Moore fruiting, 19-4-1966, 27337. Upper Vagavurrai, 1,975 m, common weed in tea VALERIANACEAE estates, flowering and fruiting, 26607. Vaderlana arndtiaasl Wt. Dicbmcepha~lachrysantbemifolia (Bl.) DC. Anaimudi slopes, 2,250 m, on the fringes of sholas, Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,150 m, com- not common, flowering, ~g-I1-1965, 26525. mon in grsslands, flowering, 23-1 1-1965, 26638. V. beddd C. B. Clarke D. integrifolis (Linn. f.) 0.Kuntze Anaimudi slopes, 2,425 m, in grassland, not D. latifolia DC. common, flowering, 22-4-1966, 27354. Upper Vagavurrai, 1,930 m, common weed in tea COMPOSITAE estates, flowering, 10-8-1967, 28365. Adenostemma reticdatum DC. -- Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,200 m, corn- *The correct name for Cnicus wollichii Hook: f. is Cirh wallichii DC. It is, however, not known whether the combination mon, flowering and fruiting, 23- I 1-1 965, 26640. for the var. wightii under the latter name Bs bcen made. 3 34 BULLETIN OF THE BOTANICAL SURVEY OF INDM [VO~.- I3 Emilia sp. S. wightianw DC. Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,250 m, in Lower Vagavurrai, I ,700 m, common, flowering, grassland, not common, flowering, I 8-1 1-1965, 265 15. 26-4-1966, 27394. Edgeron karvinskianus DC. Spilanthes paniculata Wall. ex DC. E, mucronatus DC. S. acmella auct. non Murr. Upper Vagavurrai, 1,930 m, weed in tea estates, Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,150 m, com- abhndant flowering, I&- 1~6~,28366. mon in grassland, flowering, 23-11-1965, 26635. Erigeron sp. Vemonia anaimudica Shetty & Vivek. Upper Vagavurrai, 1,075 m, common weed in tea Hill adjoining Anaimudi, 2,300 m, common, estates, flowering, 9-8-1967, 28554. flowering and fruiting, 19-11-1965, 26550 ; Western Eupatorium glanddosum H. B. K. slopes of Anaimudi, 2,300 m, common, flowering Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2, I 25 m, corn- and fruiting, rg-I 1-1g65,26546 ; Rajamallay, 1,950 m, mon, flowering, I 8-11-1 965, 26502. common, flowering and fruiting, 2-2-1970, 31786. Galiosoga parviflora Cav. V. anaotallica Bedd. ex Gamble Upper Vagavurrai, 1,975 m, common weed in tea Rajamallay, 2,075 m, not common, flowering and estates, flowering, 9-8-1967, 28353. fruiting, 2 1-1 1-1965, 26598 ; Petimudi, I ,675 m, not Helichrysum buddleioides DC. common, flowering and fruiting, 8-2-1970, 33450. Rajamallay, 2,100 m, common on the fringes of V. bourneana W. W. Smith sholas, flowering, 6-2- 1970, 3343 I. Rajamallay, 1,950 m, on the fringes of sholas, H. hookerianum Wt. & Arn. abundant, flowering and fruiting, 2-2-1970, 3 178I. Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,125 m, on the V. monosis (Wt.) C. B. Clarke fringes of sholas, rare, flowering, 19-11-1969, 26523 ; Lower Vagavurrai, 1,700 m, rare, flowering, 26-4- Umaiyamallay, 2,150 m, on the fringes of sholas, 1966, 27387. rare, flowering, 3-2-1970, 33409. V. peninsularis C. B. Clarke Hypochoeris glabra Linn. Hill adjoining Anaimudi, 2,300 m, in grassland, Umaiyamallay, 1,975 m, common, flowering and not common, flowering and fruiting, 1911-1965, fruiting, 22-1 1-1963, 266~~. 26553. Lactnca hastata DC. Youngia japonica (Linn.) DC. Umaiyamallay, Anaimlidi slopes, 2,625 m, common Crepis japonica (Linn.) Benth. in grassland, flowering, I 8-11-1965, 26512. Umaiyamallay, 1,975 m, common, flowering, Moonia heteropbylla (C. B. Clarke) Am. 9-8-1967, 28344- Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2, I 25 m, com- CAMPANULACEAE mor~on the fringes of sholas, flowering, 18-11-1965, Campanda alphonsii Wall. 26494. Myriads wightii DC. Anaimudi peak, 2,695 m, in grassland, not corn- mon, flowering 19-11-1965, 26529 ; Anaimudi peak, Rajamallay, 2,075 in, common on the fringes of 2,650 m, in grassland, not common, flowering, 4-2- sholas, flowering, 2 1-1 1-1965, 26593. Notonia walkeri (Wt.) C. B. Clarke '9709 334'3. Lobelia ieschenaultiana (Presl.) Skottsb. Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,100 m, on the L,excelsa Lesch. fringes of sholas, rare, with buds, 20-1 1-1965, 2657 I. Picria bieracioides Linn. Rajamallay, 1,950 m, common in grassland, flower- Upper Vagavurrai, 1,975 m, common weed in tea ing, 2-2-1g70, 31791. estates, flowering, 9-8-1967, 28355. L. zeyianica Linn. Senecio Isvanmdaefolius DC. Rajamallay, 1,950 m, common in grassland in Anaimudi slopes, 2,475 m, common in grassland, moist places, flowering, 2-2-1 970, 3 1793 ; Umaiya- flowering, 18-11-1965, 26519 ; Rajamallay, I ,950 m, mallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,150 m, common, flower- common in grassland, flowering and fruiting, ing and fruiting, 19-4-1966, 27332. 2-2-1 970, 3 1790. Walhenbergia marginatrc (Thunb.) A. DC. S. neelgbryanu~DC. W.gracilis Schrad. Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,325 m, corn- Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,475 m, com- anon in grassland, flowering, I 8-1 I- 1965, 26503. nlon in grassland, flowering, 18-11-1965, 26506. 19711 SHE'I'TY AND VIVEKANANTHAN! STUDIES ON THE VASCULAR FLORA OF ANAIMUDI 35 VACCINIACEAE S. laurina Wall. eir Rehd. & Wills. Vaccinium leschenaultii Wt. Umaiyamllay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,075 m, com- Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,250 m, com- mon on the fringes of sholas, flowering and fruiting, cmon on the fringes of sholas, flowering, ~g-I1-1965, 17-1 1-1965, 26478 ; Rajamallay, 2,000 m, common on 26524; Umaiyamallay, 2,025 m, common near the fringes of sholas, fruiting, 21-1 1-1965, 26583 ; stream, fruiting, 17-4-1966, 27306 ; Rajamallay, Umaiyamallay, 2,025 m, common on the fringes of 2,000 m, common along the margins of stream, sholas, flowering, I 7-4-1966, 27310. flowering and fruiting, 6-2-1970, 33424. S. pencFula Wt. ERICACEAE Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,075 m, com- Gadtheria fragrantissima Wall. mon in sholas, fruiting, 17-1 1-1965, 26475 ;Umaiya- Rajamallay, 2,075 m, common on the fringes of mallay, 2,075 m, common in sholas, fruiting, 19-4' sholas and intruding into grassland, flowering, 21-1 I- 1966, 27326 ; Umaiyamallay, 2,100 m, common 1965, 26589. in sholas, flowering, 104-1967, 28361. Rhododendron dagiricum Zenk. S. rosea Bedd. Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,625 m, com- Umaiyamallay, 1,975 m, in evergreen forests, rare, mon on the fringes of sholas and sometimes intrud- flowering and fruiting, 204-1966, 27342. ing into grassland, flowering, 18-11-1965, 2651 I ; Sppiocos sp. Umaiyamallay, 2,050 m, common on fringes of Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, in sholas, not sholas and near stream, fruiting, 6-8-1967, 28321. common, fruiting, 20-1 1:1g6~,26559 ; Umaiyamallay, PRIMULACEAE 2,025 m, in sholas, not common, flowering, 17-4- Lyghachia deltoidea Wt. 1966, 27316 ; Umaiyamallay, 2,025 m, not common, Anaimudi slopes, 2,425 m, in grassland in moist flowering and fruiting, 108-1967, 28360. places, not common, flowering, 22-4-1966, 27359. Symplocog sp. MYRSINACEAE Lower Vagavurrai, 1,875 m, not common, flower- Ardisia rhomboicFeor Wt. ing, 5-2-1970, 33423. Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2, I oo m, in OLEACEAE sholas, rare, with buds, 20-11-1965, 26572 ; Umaiya- Jdmbignonhcem Wall, ex G. Don mallay, 1,975 m: common in evergreen forests, Anaimudi slopes, 2,300 m, common on the fringes flowering and fruiting, 2~4-1966,27340. of sholas and intruding into grassland, fruiting, Embelia ribes Burm. f. 19-1I -I 965, 26545 ; Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, Lower Vagavurrai, I ,700 m, common, flowering, 2,025 m, common on the fringes of sholas, flowering 26-4-1966, 27386. and £kiting, I 7-4-1966, 27309. Ma- percottetiana A. m. Ligusbum perrottetii A. DC. Upper Vagavurrai, I ,930 m, common, flowering, Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,025 m, 31 16-11-1965, 26448; Rajamallay, 2,025 m, common, sholas, not common, fruiting, 6-8-1967, 28316. fruiting, 2 1-4-1966,27351. Linociera macrophylla Wall. ex G. Don bpas~capitellata (Wall.) Mez. Umaiyamallay, 2,025 m, in evergreen forests, rare, Umaiyamallay, ~naimudislopes, 2,150 m, =om- flowering and fruiting, 18-4-1966, 27322. mon along the margins of stream, fruiting, 23-1 I- 1965, 26633 ; Umaiyamallay, 2,02~m,-common along APOCYNACEAE the margins of stream, flowering, 108-1967, 28351 ; Rauvolfm ddllora (Wall.) Benth. ex Hook. f. Umai~amallay,2,150 m, common along the margins Upper Vagavurrai, 1,930 m, not common, flower- of stream, flowering and fruiting, 3-2-1970, 33402. ing and fruiting, 16-11-1965, 26449 ; Lower Vaga- SAPOTACEAE vurrai, 1,800 m, common, flowering, 25-4-1966,27369. Is& perrottetiana DC. ASCLEPIADACEAE Umaiyamallay, 2,000 m, in evergreen forests, rare, Ceropgia thwaitesii Hook. flowering and fruiting, I 8-4-1966, 27319. Umaiyamallay, 2,000 m, in evergreen forests, not SYMPLOCACEAE common, flowering, 2e4-1966, 27345. Symplocoe anamallayam Bedd. G- hirsnrhrm Wt. & Am. Western slopes of Anaimudi, 2,500 m, in sholas, Lower Vagavurrai, 1,800 m, common, flowering,

rare, flowering, 23-4-1966, 27363. 25-4-1966, 2737 '0 36 BULI-ETIN OF THE BOTANICAL SURVEY OF INDIA [Vol. 13 Tylophora pauciflora Wt. & Arn. Sollanum gigantem Jacq. Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,100 m, com- Upper Vagavurrai, 1,825 m, common, flowering mon in sholas, fruiting, 20. I I - 1965, 26573 ; Umaiya- and fruiting, 25-4-1966, 27379 ; Upper Vagavurrai, mallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,025 m, common in 2,075 m, common, flowering and fruiting, 7-2-1950, sholas, flowering, I 7-4-1966, 273 14. 33436. T. mbramanii Henry S. hdicum Linn. var. mdtiflora C. B. Clarke Petimudi, 1,675 m, not common, flowering, 8-2- Upper Vagavurrai, 1,930 m, common, flowering 1974 33446. and fruiting, 16-11-1965, 26461. SCROPHULARIACEAE LOGANIACEAE Pediculsris zeylanica Benth. Gardneria ovata Wall. Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2.625 m, com- Upper Vagavurrai, 1,930 m, rare, fruiting, 16-I I- mon in grassland, 18-1'1-1~6~,265 10. 1965, 26458 ; Umaiyamallay, 1,975 m, common in Sopabia trifida Ham. evergreen forests, flowering, 2e4-1966, 27341 ; Upper Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,475 m, com- Vagavurrai, 2,075 m, flowering, not common, 7-2- mon in grassland, flowering and fruiting, 18-1I- 1970, 33437. 1965, 26507 ; Anaimudi slopes, 2,600 n, in grass- GENTIANACEAE land, not common, flowering, 4-2-1970, 33414. Exacum anamdlayannm Bedd. Torenia codallensis Gamble Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,025 m, com- Upper Vagavurrai, I ,goo m, common, flowering, mon in grassland, flowering, I 7-4-1966, 27307. I 1-8-1967, 28369. E. wlgbtianum Am. OROBANCHACEAE Upper Vagavurrai, 1,930 m, common, flowering, Cmpbellia cytinoides Wt. 16-11-1965, 26438. Umaiyamallay, I ,975 m, common parasite on Geatiana quadrifaria B1. var. zeylanica Kusn. Arundinaria sp. and Strobilanthes sp: in evergreen Anaimudi peak, 2,695 m, in grassland, not com- forests, flowering, 22-1 1-1965, 26628. mon, flowering, 19-11-1965, 2653 I ; Umaiyamallay, LENTIBULARIACEAE Anaim~dislopes, 2,200 m, common in grassland, flowering, 23-1 1-1965, 26643. Utricularia @nifolia Vahl Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,200 m, in Swertia corymbosst Wt. marshy places in grassland associated with Em'o- Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,025 m, com- caulon sp., rare, flowering, 23-1 1-1965, 26442. mon in grassland, flowering, 17-11-1965, 26437. U. roseo-puapm Stapf ex Gamble BORAGINACEAE urnaiyamallay, ~naimudislopes, 2,075 m, com- Cynoglomum furcam Wall. mon on moist rocks growing along with moss, grass Lower Vagavurrai, 2,025 m, not common, flower- and Eriocaulon sp., flowering, 17-11-1965, 26486. ing, 20-1 1-1965, 26557. U. uliginosa Vahl CONVOLWLACEAE Rajamallay, 1,950 m, in grassland, not common, CaccPta retlexa Roxb. flowering, 2-2-1970, 3 I 797. Umaiyamallay, I ,975 m, common parasite on GES~ERIACEAE Strobilanthes sp. in evergreen forests, flowering and Aescbynanthm perrottetii A. DC. fruiting, 22-1 1-1965, 26618. Umaiyamallay, I ,975 m, common epiphyte, flower- SOLANACEAE ing and fruiting, 22-1 1-1965, 266 I s. Lycianthm bigemhats (Nees) Bitter ACANTHACEAE Solanurn laeve non Dunal Andrographis needana Wt . Upper Vagavurrai, 1,930 m, common, flowering Upper Vagavurrai, 1,930 m, abundant near and fruiting, 16-11-1965, 26452. stream, flowering and fruiting, 16-1 1-1965, 26436. Phyealie pemvisna Linn. Phlebophyllum kmthianum Nees Upper Vagavurrai, I ,825 m, common, flowering Strobilanthes kunthianrzs (Nees) T. And. ex Benth. and fruiting, 25-4-1966, 27376 ; Upper Vagavurrai, Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,250 m, com- 2,075 m, common, flowering and fruiting, 7-2-1970, mon in grassland, stray plants were flowering, 18- 33435. r 1-1965, 265 16 ; Umaiyamallay, Anaimpdi slopes, '9711 SHETIT AND VIVEKANANTHAN: STUDIES ON THE VASCULAR FLORA OF ANAIMUDI 37

2,~m, common in grassland, stray plants were sholas, rare, flowering, 19-4-1966, 27329 ; Rajamallay, flowering, 3-2-1970, 3 I 798. Anaimudi slopes, 2,200 m, in clefts of rocks, not Jlrticia ltltbpica (C. B. Clarke) Gamble common, flowering, 6-2-1970, 33425. Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2, I 25 m, in P. pnbescens Benth. grassland, not common, flowering, I 8-11-1 965, 26499 ; Lower Vagavurrai, 1,700 m, common, flowering, hill adjoining Anaimudi, 2,300 m, common in grass- 26-4-1966, 27389. land, flowering, I y I 1-1965, 26554. P. wightii Benth. Jd& sp. Petimudi, 1,675 m, common, flowering, 8-2-1970, Petimudi, 1,675 m, common, flowering, 8-2-1970, 33431. 33444. Pogostemon sp. Rungia laeta C. B. Clarke Lower Vagavurrai, 1,800 m, rare, flowering and Umaiyamallay, 2,000 m, in evergreen forests, not fruiting, 25-4-1966, 27370 ; LOW^ Vagavurrai, 1,875 common, flowering, 264-1966, 27344 ; UmaiyamaIlay, m, not common, flowering and fruiting 5-2-1970, 2,025 m, in evergreen forests, not common, flowering, 33420. 7-2-1970, 33433. Scutellda sp. Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,075 m, corn- LABIATAE mon, flowering, 19-4-1966, 27327. Calamintha dmsa Benth. Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, I ,975 m, corn- PLANTAGINACEAE mon in grassland, flowering, 22-1 1-1965, 26610. Plsntsgo asiatica Linn. Leucm anglclaris Benth. Upper Vagavurrai, I ,825 m, common, flowering, Petimudi, 1,675 m, not common, flowering, 8-2- 25-4-1966, 27378. 19709 33437. AMARANTHACEAE L. Bancesefolia Desf. Indobanalia thyrsiflora (Moq.) Henry & Roy Umai~amallay,Anaimudi slopes, 2,075 m, on the Banalia thyrsiflora Moq. fringes of sholas, not common, flowering, 17-1 1-1965, Lower Vagavurrai, 1,700 m, not common, flower- 26489. ing, 26-4-1966, 27399. L Desf. temifolis POLYGONACEAE Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,075 m, in Polygon- chimeme Linn. *cleftsof rocks in grassland, not common, flowering, Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,150 m, corn- I 7-1 1-1965, 26469. L. v& Benth. mon, flowering, 194-1966,27334. P. neprdense Meissn. Petimudi, I ,675 m, common, flowering, 8-2-197~, P. punctatum Buch.-Ham. 3345 1, Upper Vagavurrai, 1,975 m, weed in tea estates, L. vestita Benth. var. devicolameacsis Shetty & Vivek. Upper Vagavurrai, 1,975 m, common -along the abundant, flowering, 9-8-1967, 28352. water courses, flowering and fruiting, I 1-8-~~6~, PODOSTEMACEAE ~8~7~; Upper Vagavurrai, 1,930 m, common, flower- Zeylanidim olivacewn (Gard.) Engl. ing and fruiting, 16-1 1-1965, 26441 ; Rajamallay, Hydrobryum olivaceum Tul. Anaimudi slopes, 2,400 m, in clefts of rocks in grass- Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,025 m, abun- land, not common, fruiting, 6-2-1970, 33427. dant on rocks in stream, flowering and fruiting, M~WO~biaora Benth. 17-11-1965, 26467 ; Umaiyamallay, 2,150 m, abun- Anaimudi peak, 2,575 m, common in grassland, dant on rocks in stream, flowering, 3-2-1970, 33401. flowering, 23-4-1966, 27362. PIPERACEAE Pkdcanthlls stocksii Hook. f. Pepem& tetraphylla (G. Forst.) Hook. & Am. ~m&~amalla~,Anaimudi slopes, 2, I oo rn, corn- P. reflexa (Linn. f.) A. Dietr. mon in sholas, flowering, 20-1 1-1965, 26570. Upper Vagavurrai, 1,930 m, epiphyte growing P. wigMii Benth. amidst moss, abundant, flowering, 16-1 1-1965, 26456. Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,525 m, corn- Piper mu&ma Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don rnon on the fringes of sholas, 18-11-1965, 26~08. P. brachystachyum Wall, ex Hook. f. Po(2pdmon etropmpwws Benth. Upper Vagavurrai, 1,825 m, common, flowering, Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,175 m, in 25-4-1966, 2738 I. 38 BULLETIN OF THE BOTANICAL SURVEY OF INDIA [Val. 13 Piper nigmm Linn. BUXACEAE Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,075 m, in Sarcococca brevifolia Stapf ex Gamble sholas, not common, flowering and fruiting, 17-1 I- Lower Vagavurrai, 1,700 m, not common, flower- 1965, 26490 ; Umaiyamallay, 2,000 m, in sholas, not ing and fruiting, 26-4-1966, 27398. common, flowering, 2e4-1966, 27343. S, trinervia Wt. P. schmiclltii Hook. f. Petimudi, I ,675 m, common, flowering, 8-2- 1970, Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,075 m, in 33443. sholas, not common, flowering and fruiting, 17-1 I- EUPHORBIACEAE 1965, 26482. Aponraa sp. LAURACEAE Umaiyamallay, 2,025 m, in evergreen forests, not Actinodaphne bourdlilonii Gamble common, flowering, 18-4-1966, 27323 (9); Umaiya- Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,175 m, com- mallay, 2,025 m, in eveigreen forests, not common, mon in sholas, fruiting, 19-4-1966, 27330. flowering, 18-4-1966,27325 ( 8). Apolloniae anrotlii Nees Euphorbia laeta Heyne ex Roth Upper Vagavurrai, I ,930 m, rare, flowering, I 6-1 I - E. rothiana Spr. 1965, 26457 ; Umaiyamallay, 1,975 m, not common, Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,125 m, on the flowering and fruiting, 22-1 1-1965, 26622 ; lower fringes of sholas, not common, flowering, 18-11-1965, Vagavurrai, 1,875 m, not common, flowering, 5-2- 26495 ; Rajamallay, I ,950 m, common, flowering, '970, 33419. 2-2-1970, 31 792. Lib= wightiana (Nees) Hook. f. var. tomentom Glochidion sp. (Meissn.) Gamble Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,025 m, in Rajamallay, 2,075 m, in sholas, not common, sholas, not common, flowering, 17-4-1966, 27313. flowering, 2 1-1 1-1 965, 26592 ; Umaiyarnallay, Anai- Phyllanthus debiis Ham. mudi slopes, 2,150 m, in sholas, rare, fruiting, 19-4- Upper Vagavurrai, 1,930 m, common, in clefts of 1966, 27333 ; upper Vagavurrai, 1,975 m, rare, fruit- rocks, flowering, 16-11-1 965, 26440. ing, 4-2-1970, 334 15. ULMACEAE THYMELAEACEAE Celtis cinnanonaea Lindl. Lasidpbon eriocephalw Decne. Upper Vagavurrai, 1,800 m, not common, fruit- Rajamallay, 2,025 m, on the fringes of sholas and ing, 8-8-1967, 28340. in cleared areas, abundant, flowering, 2 1-1 1-1965, Trem orientalis (Linn.) BI. 26606 ; lower Vagavurrai, 1,875 m, not common, Lower Vagavurrai, I ,8oo m, common, flowering, flowering, 5-2-1970, 33422. 25-4-1966, 27368. ELAEAGNACEAE MORACEAE Elaeagnw kologa Schlecht. Dorstenia indica Wt. Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,150 m, in Umaiyamallay, I ,925 m, common in evergreen sholas, not common, fruiting, 3-2-1970, 33403. forests, flowering, 9-8-1967, 28348. LORANTHACEAE Ficw guttata Kurz Helixanthera obtusata (Schult.) Danser Lower Vagavurrai, 1,875 m, not common, with Loranthus obtusatus Wall. syconia, 5-2-1970, 3342 I. Anaimudi slopes, 2,425 m, parasite on Rhodo- URTICACEAE dendron nilagiriczsm Zenk., not common, flowering Boehmeria platyphyila D. Don and fruiting, 22-4-1966, 27358. Upper Vagavurrai, I ,930 m, common, flowering, Korthalsella japoaica Engler I 8-11-1965, 26520 ; upper Vagavurrai, I ,825 m, com- Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2, I 25 m, para- mon, flowering, 25-4-1966, 27382. site on Rhododendron nila.gin'cum Zenk. and Ilex B. platyphylla D. Don var. longhsima Hook. f. denticulata Wall. ex Wt., not common, I 8-1 1-1965, Rajamallay, 2,075 m, common in sholas, flower- 26493. ing, 2 1-1 1-1965, 26602. Macrosolen parasiticua (Linn.) Danser Debregeams longifolir (Burm. f.) Wedd. .Elytranthe lonkeroides Engler D. velutina Gaud. Upper Vagavurrai, 2,050 m, parasite, not com- Upper Vagavurrai, 1,975 m, flowering and fruit- mon, fruiting, 7-2-1970, 33439. ing, 22- I I- I 965, 26609, '97'1 SHElTY AND VIVEKANANTHAN: STUDIES ON THE VASCULAR FLORA OF ANAIMUDI 39 Hatodema lineolatum Wt. Cheirostylis flabellata (A. Rich.) Wt. Umaiyamallay, 1,975 m, common in evergreen Rajamallay, 1,950 m, in clefts of rocks on humus forests, flowering, 22-1 1-1965, 26627 ; upper Vaga- soil, not common, flowering, 2-2-1970, 31785. vurrai, 1,825 m, common in shady places near Cirrhopetalum gamblei Hook. f. stream, flowering, 25-4-1966, 27380. Umaiyamallay, 2,025 m, epiphyte in evergreen E. ~culosumWt. forests, rare, flowering, 18-4-1966, 27324. Rajamallay, 2,000 m, common in sholas, flower- Coelogyne mossiae Rolfe ing, 2 I- I I- 1965, 26583. Rajamallay, 1,950 m, common epiphyte or litho- Pilea kin@ C. E. C. Fischer phyte in sholas, flowering, 2-2- 1970, 3 I 780. Umaiyamallay, I ,975 m, common in evergreen C. nervosa A. Rich. forests, flowering, 22-1 1-1965,26612. Anaimudi slopes, 2,350 m, common epiphyte in P. trhlervia wt. sholas, fruiting, 23-4-1966, 27361. Upper Vagavurrai, 1,930 m, common, flowering, Dendrobilam nanmn Hook. f. 16-11-1965, 26460. Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, I ,975 m, epi- Po0u)lz'i bennettiana Wt. phyte in sholas, abundant, flowering and fruiting, Upper Vagavurrai, 1,930 m, common, flowering, 17-4-1966, 27302; Rajamallay, 1,950 m, common 16-11-1965, 26437 ; Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, epiphyte in sholas, flowering and fruiting, 2-2-1974 2,025 m, in clefts of rocks in grassland, not common, 3'796. flowering, I 7-4-1966, 27305. Disperis sp. P. bennettiano Wt. var. ovalifolh (Wt.) Hook. f. Umaiyamallay, I ,925 m, in evergreen forests Upper Vagavurrai, 1,930 m, common near stream, growing on humus soil, rare, flowering, 9-8-1967, flowering, 16-11-1965, 26442. 28346. Eria dalzellii Lindl. MONOCOTYLEDONS Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,075 m, com- mon epiphyte or lithophyte in sholas, flowering, 17-1 1-1965, 26485. Burman& pusills (Wall. ex Miers) Thw. E. pauciflora Wt. B. coelestis C. E. C. Fischer non D. Don Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,075 m, com- Urnaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,025 m, in mon epiphyte in sholas, flowering, 17-11-1965, 26476. grassland, not common, flowering, 3-2-1970, 3 I ~7~.Habenaria heyneana Lindl. ORCHIDACEAE Urnaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,025 m, in Aeridee ringeas (Lindl.) C. E. C. Fischer grassland, not common, flowering, 6-8-1967, 28320. Urnaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 1,975 m, corn- H. perrottetiana A. Rich. mon in sholas, flowering and fruiting, 17-4-1966, Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,125 m, in 27301 ; also noted at Anaimudi up to 2,425 m. grassland, rare, flowering, 1911-1965, 26538. AnoectocMw elatior Lindl. Liparis walkeriae Grah. Umaiyamallay, 1,925 m, in evergreen forests, not Umaiyamallay, 1,975 m, COIXImon in evergreen common, flowering, 9-8-1967, 28351. forests, with buds, 22-1 1-1965, 26624. Brachycorythis ianthrr (Wt.) Summerh. L. wightiana Thw. Phyllomphax obcordata (D. Don) Schltr. Upper Vagavurrai, 1,800 m, llot common, flower- Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,025 m, corn- ing, 8-8-1967, 2834 I. mon in grassland, flowering, 6-8-1967, 2831~. Liparis sp. B. splendida Summerh. Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,100 m, in Phyllomphax obcordata (D. Don) Schltr. var. sholas, not common, fruiting, 20-1 1-1965, 26567. iantha (Hook. f.) C. E. C. Fischer Malaxis densiflorn (A. Rich.) 0. Kuntze Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,025 m, corn- Microstylis densiflora (A. Rich.) C. E. C. Fischer mon in g-rassland, flowering, 6-8-1967, 283 18. Anaimudi slopes, 2,400 m, in grassland, nor calanthe Mplicab (Willem.) Ames common, flowering, 7-8- I 967, 2833 I. C. veratrifolia (Willd.) R. Br. I% versicolor (Lindl.) Abeywickr. Umaiyamallay, I ,975 m, common in evergreen Microstylis versicolor Lindl. forests, flowering, 22-1 1-1965, 26614. Umaiyamallay, 1,975 m, in evergreen forests, nor 4" BULLETIN OF THE BOTANICAL SURVEY OF INDIA pol. I3 common, fruiting, 22-1 1-1965, 26626 ; Umaiyamallay, fringes of sholas, rare, flowering, 19-4-1966, 27335 ; 1,975 m, common in evergreen forests, flowering, Anaimudi slopes, 2,300 m, common on the fringes 98-1967, 28347. of sholas, fruiting, 7-8-1967, 28380. Oberonia wightiana Lindl. XYRIDACEAE Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,wg m, com- Xy& capensis Thunb. var. schoenoides (Mart.) Nil- mon epiphyte in sholas, flowering, 17-11-1965, 26468 ; sson Rajamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,200 m, common X. schoenoides Mart. epiphyte in sholas, fruiting, 6-2-1970, 33426. Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,150 m, in Oberonia sp. marshy places in grassland, not common, flowering, Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,075 m, com- 23-1 1-1965, 26630. mon epiphyte in sholas, flowering and fruiting, COMMELINACEAE 17-1 1-1965, 26480 ; Rajamallay, 1,950 m, common Conmmelina clavata C. B: Clarke epiphyte in sholas, fruiting, 2-2-1 970, 3 1784 ; Umaiya- mallay, .Anaimudi slopes, 2,150 m, common epi- Upper Vagavurrai, 1,930 m, common weed in tea phyte in sholas, fruiting, 3-2-1970, 33404. estates, flowering, I 0-8-1967, 28367. Peristyluar aristatm Lindl. Cyanotis pilosa Schult. f. Umaiyamallay, 1,925 .m,in evergreen forests, rare, Upper Vagavurrai, 1,930 m, weed in tea estates, flowering, 9-8-1967, 28350. abundant, flowering, 168-1967, 28368. Satyrium nepalense D. Don JUNCACEAE Rajamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,000 m, common Jmcus eff umrs Linn . in grassland, fruiting, 19-1 1-1965, 26556 ; Umaiya- Upper Vagavurrai, I ,930 m, common, flowering, mallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,025 m, common in grass- 16-11-1965, 26446 B ; upper Vagavurrai, 1,825 m, not land, flowering, 168-1967, 28363. common, flowering, 25-4-1966, 27385. Schoenorchis filiformis (Wt.) Schltr . J. prismatocarpus R. Br. Saccola bium filiforme (Wt.) Lindl. Upper Vagavurrai, I ,930 m, common, flowering, Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,100 m, epi- 16-11-1965, 26446 A. phyte in sholas, not common, flowering, 6-8-1967, PALMAE 28325. Calamua gamblei Becc. Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames. Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,125 m, com- Upper Vagavurrai, I ,825 in, common, flowering mon in grassland, flowering and fruiting, 19-4-1966, and fruiting, 25-4-1966, 27375. 27338. ARACEAE HAEMODORACEAE Arimema wigbtii Schott Ophiopgon intermedius D. Don Anaimudi, 2,695 m, rare, growing on humus soil Upper Vagavurrai, I ,930 m, common, flowering, in clefts of rocks, flowering, 7-8-1967, 28332. 16-11-1965, 26459. ERIOCAULACEAE HYPOXIDACEAE Eriocaulon brownianlun Mart. var. nilagirenw Curcdigo orchioides Gaertn. (Steud.) Fyson Anaimudi slopes, 2,425 m, common in grassland, Anaimudi, 2,575 m, common in marshy places in flowering, 22-4-1966, 2735$. grassland, flowering, 19-I 1-1 965, 26528. LILIACEAE E. collinmn Hook. f. Asparm gonocladus Baker UmaiyamalIay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,000 m, com- Umaiyamallay, Anairnudi slopes, 2,075 m, corn- mon in marshy places in grassland, flowering, 27-4- mon in sholas, flowering and fruiting, I 7-1 1-1965, 1966, 27403 ; Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,075 26488. m, in marshy places in grassland, rare, flowering, Chlorophytm attenuahrm Baker I 7- I I - I 965, 26484. Western slopes of Anaimudi, 2,300 m, common CYPERACEAE in the clefts of rocks in grassland, flowering, 191I- 196.5, 26547. Carex fllicina Nees Mbponsm lescbenadtimum 0.Don Rajamallay, 2,075 m, common in sholas and in- Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,150 m, on the truding into grassland, 21-1 1-1965, 26603. 19711 s~~1-mAND VIVEKANANI'HAN : STUDIES ON THE VASCULAB FLORA OF A~AfMvllt~l 41

C. ~hacota Spreng. Eragrostis nigra Nees ex Steud. Petimudi, 1,675 m, common in marshy places, Upper Vagavurrai, 1,800 m, common along the 8-2-1970, 33448. margins of tea estates and streams, 8-8-1967, 28337. FillnbriotyUs kingii C. B. Clarke (s.1.) E. mioloides (Retz.) Nees ex Steud. Anaimudi slopes, 2,575 m, in marshy places in Upper Vagavurrai, 1,800 m, common along the grassland, not common, 19-11-1965, 26534 ; Umaiya- margins of tea estates and streams, 8-8-1967, 28336. inallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,200 m, common in Eulalia phaeothrix (Hack .) 0.Kuntze marshy places in grassland, 23-1 1-1965, 26645. Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2, I oo m, abun- Rhyacbospsra rugosa (Vahl) Gale dant in grassland, 20-1 1-1965, 26564. R. g2auca Vahl Garnotis motica (Munro) Druce Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,025 m, conl- G. tectorum Hook. f. mon in marshy places in grassland, 3-2-1970, 31800. Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2, I 25 m, ill Scirpm fluitans Linn. grassland, not common, 6-8- 1967, 28328. Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,200 m, in Helictotrichon aspeman (Munro) Bor marshy places in grassland, not common, 23-1 1-1965, Avenastrum asperum (Munro) Vierh. 26644. Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2, I oo m, in grassland, not common, 20-1 1-1965, 26565. GRAMINEAE Indochloa oliintha (Hochst .) Bor Agr'ostis peninsularis Hook. f. Heteropogon oliganthus (Hochst.) Blatt. & Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,100 113, abun- McCann dant in grassland, 20-1 I-I$S, 26562. Andropogon lividw Thw. Anaimudi, 2,695 m, common in grassland, rplr- 1965, 26532 ; Anaimudi slopes, 2,500 m, common in Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2, I 00 m, abun- grassland, 19-11-1965, 26543. dant in grassland, 20-1 I- 1965, 2656 I ; Umaiyamallay, Anairnudi slopes, 2,100 m, abundant in grassland, Isachne bameorum C. E. C. Fischer Umaiyamallay, I ,975 m, abundant, 22-1I- 1965 20-1 1-1965, 26568 ; Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,000 m, common in grassland, 4-2-1970, 33412. 2661 I ; Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi slopes, 2,025 IXI Arundinella purpurea Hochst. ex Steud. common in grassland, 10-8-1967, 28357. A. fuscata Book. f. I. fischeri Uor Western slopes of Anaimudi, 2,500 m, common I. kunthiana Wt. & Arn. var. nana C. E. C. Fischer in grassland, 19-11-1965, 26541 ; Rajamallay, 2,o7 j Anaimudi slopes, 2,575 m, in grassland, not com- m, common in grassland, 27-1 1-1965, 26596. mon, 1911-1965, 26533. A. vaginata Bor 1sch-t~~ indicum (Houtt.) Merr. Western slopes of Anaimudi, 2,500 m, common Umaiyamallay , Anaimudi slopes, 2, I oo m, abun- dant in grassland, 20-1-1965, 26566. in grassland, I g- 1 I- I 965, 26539. Bromos ram- Huds. Panicum gardneri Thw. B. asper Murray Umaiyamallay, I ,975 m, common in evergreea Western slopes .of Anaimudi, 2,500 m, common in forests, 22-1 1-196.5, 26621. grassland, 1911-1965, 26542 ; Umaiyamallay, Anai- Tripogon bromoides Roem. & Schult. Anaimudi slops, 2,500 m, common in grassland, mudi slopes, 2,100 m, abundant in grassland, 20.1 I- 196.5, 26563. I 9-11-1965, 26544. Chrycopogon zeylanicw (Nees) Thw. Anaimudi slopes, 2,575 m, common in grassland, ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.. 19-1 1-1965, 26535. mcbanthimm plyptych~~(Steud.) A. Camus var. -We wish to express our grateful thanks to the polyptychrrm General Manager and Mr. J. C. Gouldsbury of the Andropogort polyptycJzm Steud. var. pol~ptycht~s Kanan Devan Hills Produce Company for their: Anaimudi slopes, 2,575 m, common in grassland, generous assistance during our visits to Anaimudi. 19-1 1-1965, 26536, 26537 ; Umaiyamallay, Anaimudi We are also indebted to late Dr. K. M. Sebaseine. slopes, 2, I 50 In, common in gr:\ssland, 3-2-1970, former Regional Botanist, Southern Circle, Coim- 33408 : Rajamallay, I,~.$Orn, common in grassland, batore for suggesting this area for botanical studiee 2-2-1970, 3 1794. and for his encouragement. 6 B~JLLE:~OF TkiE BOTANICAL SURVEY OF INDIA [Vol. 13

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