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Sistema De Caã±Ones De Avilã©S INVENTARIO Y DESIGNACIÓN DE LA RED NATURA 2000 EN ÁREAS MARINAS DEL ESTADO ESPAÑOL CARACTERIZACIÓN ECOLÓGICA DEL ÁREA MARINA DEL SISTEMA DE CAÑONES SUBMARINOS DE AVILÉS Informe del Instituto Español de Oceanografía Proyecto LIFE+ INDEMARES-Sistema de cañones de Avilés Versión: 25 de Junio de 2014 1 Informe elaborado por el Instituto Español de Oceanografía (Centros Oceanográficos de Santander, Gijón, La Coruña y Madrid) y el Instituto de Ciencias del Mar de Barcelona Proyecto LIFE+ INDEMARES - AVILES Coordinación y edición: Francisco Sánchez Delgado Autores: Geomorfología: María Gómez-Ballesteros, María Druet, Jesús Rivera y Juan Acosta SIG y cartografía: Ana García-Alegre, María Druet y Olvido Tello Sedimentología: Santiago Parra, Antia Lourido y Juan Fernández Feijoo Oceanografía: Cesar González-Pola, Angel Merino, Ignacio Reguera y Guillermo Díaz del Río Producción primaria: Mikel Latasa y Renate Scharek Comunidades endobentónicas: Santiago Parra y Antia Lourido Comunidades epibentónicas: Javier Cristobo, Pilar Ríos y Alberto Serrano Comunidades suprabentónicas: Inmaculada Frutos Comunidades demersales: Alberto Serrano y Cristina Rodríguez-Cabello Comunidades bentopelágicas: Joan E. Cartes (ICM-CSIC) y Vanessa Papiol (ICM-CSIC) Relaciones tróficas: Izaskun Preciado Actividades pesqueras: Antonio Punzón y Juan Carlos Arronte Estudio de los hábitats: Francisco Sánchez, Ana García-Alegre y Alberto Serrano Gestión de bases de datos: Ana García-Alegre y María Angeles Blanco Asesores especialistas en taxonomía: Cnidarios: Álvaro Altuna (INSUB) Peces: Rafael Bañón (Xunta Galicia- UTPB) Equinodermos: Eugenia Manjón (UMA) Moluscos: Ángel Luque (UAM), Serge Gofas (UMA), Carmen Salas (UMA) Poliquetos: Sergi Taboada (Universidad de Barcelona) Briozoos: Javier Souto (Universidad de Viena) Otros colaboradores de este proyecto: Asistencia y diseño equipos electrónicos: Juan Manuel Rodríguez (Robótica Marina Santander) Operadores ROV Liropus 2000 : Empresa ACSM Agradecimientos: Tripulaciones de los buques Vizconde de Eza (SGMar), Thalassa (IFREMER/IEO), Ramón Margalef (IEO), Ángeles Alvariño (IEO) y José Ignacio Díaz (Coordinador Equipamiento Científico del IEO). Araceli Muñoz-Recio (geología, TRAGSATEC). Cita recomendada: IEO, 2014. Caracterización ecológica del área marina del sistema de cañones submarinos de Avilés. Informe final área LIFE+ INDEMARES (LIFE07/NAT/E/000732). Instituto Español de Oceanografía. Coordinación: Fundación Biodiversidad, Madrid, 243 pág. 2 Índice Resumen Ejecutivo …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..… 5 1. Introducción 1.1. Introducción general ………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………… 7 1.2. Localización del área de estudio ……………………………………………………………………………….………………… 7 2. Marco jurídico del proyecto 2.1. Directivas europeas (Directiva Hábitats 92/43/EEC y Directiva Aves 79/409/CEE) …………….…………………………… 8 2.2. Lugares de Importancia Comunitaria (LIC) y Zonas Especiales de Conservación (ZEC) ………..……………………….… 9 2.3. Zonas de Especial Protección para las Aves (ZEPA). 2.4. Conservación de la red Natura 2000, vigilancia y seguimiento 2.5. Corredores ecológicos y conectividad entre poblaciones 2.6. Otras disposiciones aplicables a espacios de la red Natura 2000 y ZEPIM 2.7. Convenios internacionales: el Convenio de Barcelona, OSPAR y otros instrumentos de conservación ……………….. 10 2.8. Normativas del Estado Español ………………………………………………………………………………………………..… 11 3. Estudios y proyectos coincidentes en el área de estudio 3.1. Fuentes de información previa ……………………………………………………………………………………………..……… 12 3.2. Proyectos actuales en la zona …………………………………………………………………………………………….…….… 13 4. Metodologías y equipamientos de estudio 4.1. Campañas Oceanográficas: recursos, diseño del muestreo y objetivos …………………………………………….……… 15 4.2. Hidrografía y dinámica oceanográfica ……………………………………………………………………………….….….…… 19 4.3. Geomorfología y sedimentología ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 22 4.3.1. Métodos acústicos: sonda multihaz y sísmica de alta resolución …………………………………………………….… 22 4.3.2. Sedimentología .……………………………………………………………….………………………………….………..… 33 4.4. Comunidades endobentónicas …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 35 4.5. Comunidades epibentónicas …………………………………………………………………………..………………….……… 36 4.5.1. Comunidades epibentónicas de fondos duros ……………………………………………………………………………. 36 4.5.2. Comunidades epibentónicas de fondos sedimentarios ………………………………………………………………….. 41 4.6. Comunidades suprabentónicas ………………………………………………………………………….…………………….… 43 4.7. Comunidades demersales ……………………………………………………………………………………..…………….….… 45 4.8. Comunidades bentopelágicas …………………………………………………………………………………….…………….… 48 4.9. Pesquerías …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………….. 50 4.9.1. Origen de los datos ……………………………………………………………………………………………….………….. 50 4.9.2. Análisis del tipo de pesquerías ……………………………………………………………………………………….…..… 51 4.9.3. Análisis de distribución espacial del esfuerzo pesquero …………………………………………………………..…….. 52 4.10. Metodologías visuales y tratamiento de imágenes …………………………………………………………………………...… 56 4.10.1. ROV Liropus 2000 ………………………………………………………………………………………………….………… 56 4.10.2. Trineo fotogrametría y vídeo …………………………………………………………………………………….………..… 58 4.10.3. Lander ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 62 4.10.4. Tratamiento de imágenes …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 63 4.11. Identificación y clasificación de hábitats ……………………………………………………………………………………….… 66 4.12. Registro, almacenamiento y tratamiento de datos ……………………………………………………………………..…….… 69 5. Características físicas del área de estudio 5.1. Hidrografía y dinámica oceanográfica ……………………………………………………..………………………….………… 70 5.1.1. Características de las masas de agua …………………………………………………………………………..………… 70 5.1.2. Dinámica oceanográfica …………………………………………………………………………………………….…….… 72 5.2. Geomorfología y sedimentología ………………………………………………………………………………..……….…….… 76 5.2.1. Historia geológica .……………………………………………………………………………………………………........... 76 5.2.2. Morfología ………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………….…...… 77 5.2.3. Sedimentología ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 86 6. Características biológicas del área de estudio …………………………………………………………………………………….... 91 6.1. Descripción de la biodiversidad ………………………………………………………………………………………………..…. 92 6.1.1. Comunidades endobentónicas ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 93 6.1.2. Comunidades epibentónicas ………………………………………………………………………………………..…….. 102 6.1.3. Comunidades suprabentónicas ………………………………………………………………………………………...… 126 6.1.4. Comunidades demersales ……………………………………………………………………………………….………… 130 6.1.5. Comunidades bentopelágicas ……………………………………….………………………………………………….… 135 3 6.2. Resultados de estudios específicos de especies de interés ………………………………………………………………… 137 6.2.1. Especies vulnerables ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..… 137 6.2.1.1. Especies bentónicas ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 137 6.2.1.2. Elasmobranquios ………………………………………………………………………………………….……….… 138 6.2.1.3. Anexos II, IV y V de la Directiva de Hábitats y Convenios OSPAR …………………………………….……… 140 6.2.2. Especies de interés científico ………………………………………………….…………………………………………… 141 7. Descripción y distribución de hábitats y especies de interés ………………………………………………………………….. 145 7.1. Descripción y distribución espacial de los principales hábitats ……………………………………………………………… 146 7.1.1. Hábitats de fondos sedimentarios …………………………………………………………………………………..……... 146 7.1.2. Hábitats de fondos rocosos ………………………………………………………………………………………...………. 155 8. Análisis de las presiones 8.1. Breve descripción de las presiones detectadas en la zona ……………………………………………………………...….. 165 8.2. Actividades pesqueras ………………………………………………….……………………………………………………...… 166 8.2.1. Descripción de las principales pesquerías y especies objetivo ……………………..……………………….………… 167 8.2.1.1. Esfuerzo pesquero …………………………………………………………………………………………..……… 169 8.2.1.2. Normativas de gestión actuales …………………………………………………………………………….…….. 170 8.2.2. Distribución espacial de las pesquerías ………………………….……………………………………………………… 171 8.2.2.1. Distribución espacial por táctica pesquera (metier) ………………………………….…………………….…… 171 8.2.3. Descripción de las pesquerías artesanales …………………………………………………………………………...… 186 8.2.3.1. Características de la flota artesanal ………………………………………………………………………..…….. 187 8.2.3.2. Descripción de las pesquerías y especies objetivo ………………………………………………………..……. 187 9. Modelización trofodinámica del ecosistema 9.1. Hábitos alimenticios de los peces ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 199 9.2. Afinidades tróficas entre predadores …………………………………………………………………………………………… 200 9.3. Modelización trofodinámica ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 202 10. Criterios para la designación del área marina protegida 10.1. Hábitats de interés comunitario, hábitats vulnerables y hábitats esenciales …......……………………………….…….… 205 10.1.1. Hábitats del Anexo I de la Directiva de Hábitats presentes en la zona ……………………………………………… 205 10.1.2. Hábitats vulnerables no incluidos en la DH …………………………………………………………………………..… 211 10.1.3. Hábitats incluidos en las listas de OSPAR …………………………………………………………………………….... 211 10.1.4. Hábitats esenciales (EFH) ….…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 213 10.1.5. Problemas o amenazas en relación a los hábitats y las actuaciones que se llevan a cabo en la zona …..……… 215 10.2. Especies de interés comunitario, protegidas y/o vulnerables ………………………………………………………..……… 216 10.3. Criterios ecológicos ……………………………………………………………………………………….……………..…….… 219 10.3.1. Diversidad (especies y comunidades) …………………………………………………………………………..……..… 220 10.3.2. Conectividad
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