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Models of Fisheries Systems in the Pacific Northwest

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Models of Fisheries Systems in the Pacific Northwest Application of Ecosystem-Based Fishery Management Approaches in the Northern California Current John C. Field A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2004 Program Authorized to Offer Degree: School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences This is to certify that I have examined this copy of a doctoral dissertation by John C. Field and have found that it is complete and satisfactory in all respects, and that any and all revisions required by the final examining committee have been made Chair of Supervisory Committee: ___________________________________________________________ Robert C. Francis Reading Committee: ___________________________________________________________ Robert C. Francis ___________________________________________________________ David L. Fluharty ___________________________________________________________ Donald Gunderson Date: _____________________________ In presenting this dissertation in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the doctoral degree at the University of Washington, I agree that the Library shall make its copies freely available for inspection. I further agree that extensive copying of the dissertation is allowable only for scholarly purposes, consistent with “fair use” as prescribed in the U.S. Copyright Law. Requests for copying or reproduction of this dissertation may be referred to Proquest Information and Learning, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346, to whom the author has granted “the right to reproduce and sell (a) copies of the manuscript in microform and/or (b) printed copies of the manuscript made from microform.” Signature________________________________ Date____________________________________ University of Washington Abstract Application of Ecosystem-Based Fishery Management Approaches in the Northern California Current John C. Field Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Robert C. Francis School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences Ecosystem principles and approaches offer promise to improve the current fisheries management regime. However there is considerable confusion about how an ecosystem- based approach can be implemented, and how to transition to such an approach. This dissertation focuses on the development of an ecosystem perspective for managing fisheries in the Northern California Current (NCC). Focal areas include the development of word models and historical perspectives of the ecosystem, quantitative characterization of the food web and major trophic interactions, exploration of the interactions between climate and fishing on ecological structure and dynamics, the development of potential ecosystem metrics, and the exploration of means to link ecosystem information and model results to management. The results of this dissertation can improve our understanding of the benefits and potential shortcomings of holistic management approaches, and contribute to the growing field of ecosystem modeling from both a qualitative and quantitative perspective, and can be of direct use to the Pacific Fisheries Management Council (PFMC) and other stakeholders in west coast fisheries. Table of Contents List of Figures.............................................................................................................. iii List of Tables .................................................................................................................v Introduction....................................................................................................................1 Chapter 1........................................................................................................................6 1.1 Introduction............................................................................................6 1.2 The Northern California Current (NCC) Ecosystem.............................7 1.3 The California Current System..............................................................9 1.4 Interannual and Interdecadal Climate Forcing ....................................14 1.5 Interactions between Climate and the Ecology ...................................18 1.6 Fisheries Development in the California Current................................24 1.7 Fisheries Management in the NCC......................................................36 1.8 The Future of Northern California Current Fisheries..........................39 1.9 Summary..............................................................................................44 Chapter 2......................................................................................................................53 2.1 Introduction..........................................................................................53 2.2 Modeling Approach.............................................................................54 2.3 Model Assumptions.............................................................................60 2.4 Northern California Current Model Structure .....................................67 2.5 Model Data and Parameters.................................................................70 2.6 Select Results of the Static Model.......................................................83 2.7 Potential Metrics of Ecosystem Health................................................90 2.8 Chapter Summary ..............................................................................100 Chapter 3....................................................................................................................127 3.1 Introduction........................................................................................127 3.2 Interactions between Fisheries and Ecosystems................................128 3.3 Ecosystem Modeling .........................................................................132 3.4 Model Assumptions and Equations ...................................................138 3.5 Model Behavior and Sensitivity ........................................................143 3.6 Modeling Ecosystem Dynamics in the NCC.....................................148 3.7 Select Model Results .........................................................................161 3.8 Addressing Parameter Uncertainty....................................................168 3.9 Modeling Plausible Scenarios of the Future......................................173 3.9 Chapter Summary ..............................................................................177 Chapter 4....................................................................................................................209 4.1 Introduction........................................................................................209 4.2 What is Ecosystem-based Management ............................................210 4.3 Sustainable Fisheries, Fisheries Ecosystem Plans, and the Law .......216 4.4 Objectives for Ecosystem Based Management in the NCC ..............223 4.5 Climate considerations.......................................................................226 4.6 Ecosystem Models and Trophic Considerations................................230 i 4.7 Demographics, Life History and Biocomplexity...............................234 4.8 Moving towards an Ecosystem-Based Approach..............................240 4.9 Summary and Recommendations ......................................................245 Bibliography ..............................................................................................................251 Appendix A NCC Model Documentation ..............................................................307 A.1 Primary Producers and Detrital Pools................................................307 A.2 Benthic Consumers............................................................................310 A.3 Planktonic Community ......................................................................320 A.4 Forage Species and Pelagics..............................................................327 A.5 Salmon and Pacific Hake...................................................................336 A.6 Roundfish and Elasmobranchs ..........................................................345 A.7 Rockfish.............................................................................................364 A.8 Flatfish ...............................................................................................376 A.9 Seabirds..............................................................................................388 A.10 Marine Mammals...............................................................................392 A.11 Key Balancing Issues.........................................................................405 ii List of Figures Figure 1.1 Elements of a fisheries system.............................................................45 Figure 1.2 Ocean domains of the Northeast Pacific..............................................46 Figure 1.3 Large-scale patterns in the California Current.....................................47 Figure 1.4 Dynamic nature of the subarctic boundary..........................................48 Figure 1.5 The 1980 and 1984 year classes of Pacific hake .................................49 Figure 1.6 The Pacific Decadal Oscillation and coastal ocean conditions ...........50 Figure 1.7 Major removals and fisheries landings in the CCS .............................51 Figure 1.8 Starting yearly trip limits for west coast rockfish................................52 Figure 2.1
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