The Art of Cryptology: from Ancient Number System to Strange Number System
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Quantum Cryptography Without Basis Switching 2004
Quantum Cryptography Without Basis Switching Christian Weedbrook B.Sc., University of Queensland, 2003. A thesis submitted for the degree of Bachelor of Science Honours in Physics The Australian National University October 2004 ii iii Listen, do you want to know a secret? Do you promise not to tell? - John Lennon and Paul McCartney iv Declaration This thesis is an account of research undertaken with the supervision of Dr Ping Koy Lam, Dr Tim Ralph and Dr Warwick Bowen between February 2004 and October 2004. It is a partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of a Bachelor of Science with Honours in theoretical physics at the Australian National University, Canberra, Australia. Except where acknowledged in the customary manner, the material presented in this thesis is, to the best of my knowledge, original and has not been submitted in whole or part for a degree in any university. Christian Weedbrook 29th October 2004 v vi Acknowledgements During the three years of residency, it was the relationships that got you through. - J.D., Scrubs I have met a lot of people during my Honours year, and a lot of people to thank and be thankful for. First I would like to thank my supervisors Ping Koy Lam, Tim Ralph, Warwick Bowen and my “unofficial” supervisor Andrew Lance. Ping Koy, thank you for your positive approach and enthusiasm. It was excellent having you as my supervisor, as you have many ideas and the ability to know the best way to proceed. I would like to thank you for my scholarship and also for organizing that I could do my Honours at ANU, and to spend some time up at UQ. -
IMPLEMENTASI ALGORITMA CAESAR, CIPHER DISK, DAN SCYTALE PADA APLIKASI ENKRIPSI DAN DEKRIPSI PESAN SINGKAT, Lumasms
Prosiding Seminar Ilmiah Nasional Komputer dan Sistem Intelijen (KOMMIT 2014) Vol. 8 Oktober 2014 Universitas Gunadarma – Depok – 14 – 15 Oktober 2014 ISSN : 2302-3740 IMPLEMENTASI ALGORITMA CAESAR, CIPHER DISK, DAN SCYTALE PADA APLIKASI ENKRIPSI DAN DEKRIPSI PESAN SINGKAT, LumaSMS Yusuf Triyuswoyo ST. 1 Ferina Ferdianti ST. 2 Donny Ajie Baskoro ST. 3 Lia Ambarwati ST. 4 Septiawan ST. 5 1,2,3,4,5Jurusan Manajemen Sistem Informasi, Universitas Gunadarma [email protected] Abstrak Short Message Service (SMS) merupakan salah satu cara berkomunikasi yang banyak digunakan oleh pengguna telepon seluler. Namun banyaknya pengguna telepon seluler yang menggunakan layanan SMS, tidak diimbangi dengan faktor keamanan yang ada pada layanan tersebut. Banyak pengguna telepon seluler yang belum menyadari bahwa SMS tidak menjamin integritas dan keamanan pesan yang disampaikan. Ada beberapa risiko yang dapat mengancam keamanan pesan pada layanan SMS, diantaranya: SMS spoofing, SMS snooping, dan SMS interception. Untuk mengurangi risiko tersebut, maka dibutuhkan sebuah sistem keamanan pada layanan SMS yang mampu menjaga integritas dan keamanan isi pesan. Dimana tujuannya ialah untuk menutupi celah pada tingkat keamanan SMS. Salah satu penanggulangannya ialah dengan menerapkan algoritma kriptografi, yaitu kombinasi atas algoritma Cipher Disk, Caesar, dan Scytale pada pesan yang akan dikirim. Tujuan dari penulisan ini adalah membangun aplikasi LumaSMS, dengan menggunakan kombinasi ketiga algoritma kriptografi tersebut. Dengan adanya aplikasi ini diharapkan mampu mengurangi masalah keamanan dan integritas SMS. Kata Kunci: caesar, cipher disk, kriptografi, scytale, SMS. PENDAHULUAN dibutuhkan dikarenakan SMS mudah digunakan dan biaya yang dikeluarkan Telepon seluler merupakan salah untuk mengirim SMS relatif murah. satu hasil dari perkembangan teknologi Namun banyaknya pengguna komunikasi. -
I – Basic Notions
Provable Security in the Computational Model I – Basic Notions David Pointcheval MPRI – Paris Ecole normale superieure,´ CNRS & INRIA ENS/CNRS/INRIA Cascade David Pointcheval 1/71 Outline Cryptography Provable Security Basic Security Notions Conclusion ENS/CNRS/INRIA Cascade David Pointcheval 2/71 Cryptography Outline Cryptography Introduction Kerckhoffs’ Principles Formal Notations Provable Security Basic Security Notions Conclusion ENS/CNRS/INRIA Cascade David Pointcheval 3/71 Secrecy of Communications One ever wanted to communicate secretly The treasure Bob is under Alice …/... ENS/CNRS/INRIA Cascade David Pointcheval 4/71 Secrecy of Communications One ever wanted to communicate secretly The treasure Bob is under Alice …/... ENS/CNRS/INRIA Cascade David Pointcheval 4/71 Secrecy of Communications One ever wanted to communicate secretly The treasure Bob is under Alice …/... ENS/CNRS/INRIA Cascade David Pointcheval 4/71 Secrecy of Communications One ever wanted to communicate secretly The treasure Bob is under Alice …/... ENS/CNRS/INRIA Cascade David Pointcheval 4/71 Secrecy of Communications One ever wanted to communicate secretly The treasure Bob is under Alice …/... With the all-digital world, security needs are even stronger ENS/CNRS/INRIA Cascade David Pointcheval 4/71 Old Methods Substitutions and permutations Security relies on the secrecy of the mechanism ENS/CNRS/INRIA Cascade David Pointcheval 5/71 Old Methods Substitutions and permutations Security relies on the secrecy of the mechanism Scytale - Permutation ENS/CNRS/INRIA -
Short History Polybius's Square History – Ancient Greece
CRYPTOLOGY : CRYPTOGRAPHY + CRYPTANALYSIS Polybius’s square Polybius, Ancient Greece : communication with torches Cryptology = science of secrecy. How : 12345 encipher a plaintext into a ciphertext to protect its secrecy. 1 abcde The recipient deciphers the ciphertext to recover the plaintext. 2 f g h ij k A cryptanalyst shouldn’t complete a successful cryptanalysis. 3 lmnop 4 qrstu Attacks [6] : 5 vwxyz known ciphertext : access only to the ciphertext • known plaintexts/ciphertexts : known pairs TEXT changed in 44,15,53,44. Characteristics • (plaintext,ciphertext) ; search for the key encoding letters by numbers chosen plaintext : known cipher, chosen cleartexts ; • shorten the alphabet’s size • search for the key encode• a character x over alphabet A in y finite word over B. Polybius square : a,...,z 1,...,5 2. { } ! { } Short history History – ancient Greece J. Stern [8] : 3 ages : 500 BC : scytale of Sparta’s generals craft age : hieroglyph, bible, ..., renaissance, WW2 ! • technical age : complex cipher machines • paradoxical age : PKC • Evolves through maths’ history, computing and cryptanalysis : manual • electro-mechanical • by computer Secret key : diameter of the stick • History – Caesar Goals of cryptology Increasing number of goals : secrecy : an enemy shouldn’t gain access to information • authentication : provides evidence that the message • comes from its claimed sender signature : same as auth but for a third party • minimality : encipher only what is needed. • Change each char by a char 3 positions farther A becomes d, B becomes e... The plaintext TOUTE LA GAULE becomes wrxwh od jdxoh. Why enciphering ? The tools Yesterday : • I for strategic purposes (the enemy shouldn’t be able to read messages) Information Theory : perfect cipher I by the church • Complexity : most of the ciphers just ensure computational I diplomacy • security Computer science : all make use of algorithms • Mathematics : number theory, probability, statistics, Today, with our numerical environment • algebra, algebraic geometry,.. -
An Archeology of Cryptography: Rewriting Plaintext, Encryption, and Ciphertext
An Archeology of Cryptography: Rewriting Plaintext, Encryption, and Ciphertext By Isaac Quinn DuPont A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Information University of Toronto © Copyright by Isaac Quinn DuPont 2017 ii An Archeology of Cryptography: Rewriting Plaintext, Encryption, and Ciphertext Isaac Quinn DuPont Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Information University of Toronto 2017 Abstract Tis dissertation is an archeological study of cryptography. It questions the validity of thinking about cryptography in familiar, instrumentalist terms, and instead reveals the ways that cryptography can been understood as writing, media, and computation. In this dissertation, I ofer a critique of the prevailing views of cryptography by tracing a number of long overlooked themes in its history, including the development of artifcial languages, machine translation, media, code, notation, silence, and order. Using an archeological method, I detail historical conditions of possibility and the technical a priori of cryptography. Te conditions of possibility are explored in three parts, where I rhetorically rewrite the conventional terms of art, namely, plaintext, encryption, and ciphertext. I argue that plaintext has historically been understood as kind of inscription or form of writing, and has been associated with the development of artifcial languages, and used to analyze and investigate the natural world. I argue that the technical a priori of plaintext, encryption, and ciphertext is constitutive of the syntactic iii and semantic properties detailed in Nelson Goodman’s theory of notation, as described in his Languages of Art. I argue that encryption (and its reverse, decryption) are deterministic modes of transcription, which have historically been thought of as the medium between plaintext and ciphertext. -
Integrity, Authentication and Confidentiality in Public-Key Cryptography Houda Ferradi
Integrity, authentication and confidentiality in public-key cryptography Houda Ferradi To cite this version: Houda Ferradi. Integrity, authentication and confidentiality in public-key cryptography. Cryptography and Security [cs.CR]. Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2016. English. NNT : 2016PSLEE045. tel- 01745919 HAL Id: tel-01745919 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01745919 Submitted on 28 Mar 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THÈSE DE DOCTORAT de l’Université de recherche Paris Sciences et Lettres PSL Research University Préparée à l’École normale supérieure Integrity, Authentication and Confidentiality in Public-Key Cryptography École doctorale n◦386 Sciences Mathématiques de Paris Centre Spécialité Informatique COMPOSITION DU JURY M. FOUQUE Pierre-Alain Université Rennes 1 Rapporteur M. YUNG Moti Columbia University et Snapchat Rapporteur M. FERREIRA ABDALLA Michel Soutenue par Houda FERRADI CNRS, École normale supérieure le 22 septembre 2016 Membre du jury M. CORON Jean-Sébastien Université du Luxembourg Dirigée par -
The First Americans the 1941 US Codebreaking Mission to Bletchley Park
United States Cryptologic History The First Americans The 1941 US Codebreaking Mission to Bletchley Park Special series | Volume 12 | 2016 Center for Cryptologic History David J. Sherman is Associate Director for Policy and Records at the National Security Agency. A graduate of Duke University, he holds a doctorate in Slavic Studies from Cornell University, where he taught for three years. He also is a graduate of the CAPSTONE General/Flag Officer Course at the National Defense University, the Intelligence Community Senior Leadership Program, and the Alexander S. Pushkin Institute of the Russian Language in Moscow. He has served as Associate Dean for Academic Programs at the National War College and while there taught courses on strategy, inter- national relations, and intelligence. Among his other government assignments include ones as NSA’s representative to the Office of the Secretary of Defense, as Director for Intelligence Programs at the National Security Council, and on the staff of the National Economic Council. This publication presents a historical perspective for informational and educational purposes, is the result of independent research, and does not necessarily reflect a position of NSA/CSS or any other US government entity. This publication is distributed free by the National Security Agency. If you would like additional copies, please email [email protected] or write to: Center for Cryptologic History National Security Agency 9800 Savage Road, Suite 6886 Fort George G. Meade, MD 20755 Cover: (Top) Navy Department building, with Washington Monument in center distance, 1918 or 1919; (bottom) Bletchley Park mansion, headquarters of UK codebreaking, 1939 UNITED STATES CRYPTOLOGIC HISTORY The First Americans The 1941 US Codebreaking Mission to Bletchley Park David Sherman National Security Agency Center for Cryptologic History 2016 Second Printing Contents Foreword ................................................................................ -
Cipher Disk A
Make It@Home: Cipher Disk A. Materials 1 Tack 1 Small Cipher Disk 1 Large Cipher Disk 1 Small Eraser Scissors B. Directions 1. Download and print the Cipher Disk.pdf document. 2. Cut out the two cipher disks. 3. Put the smaller disk on top of the larger disk and stick the tack thru the center of both disks. 4. Stick the sharp end of the tack into the eraser. This will prevent you from sticking yourself while turning the disks to make your ciphers. C. Encrypting A Code 1. Pick a letter from the smaller disk on top - this will be used as the KEY that will be shared between you and your friends to encrypt and decrypt the message. Once you have picked a letter from the smaller disk, line it up with the “A” from the larger disk. Example Key: LARGE DISK: A SMALL DISK: M KEY = A:M 2. Begin encrypting each letter of your secret message. Find the first letter of your message on the larger disk and write down the cipher letter which appears underneath it on the smaller disk. In the example below, A=M, B=L, C=K, etc. LARGE DISK: ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ SMALL DISK: MLKJIHGFEDCBAZYXWVUTSRQPON 3. Continue finding each letter until your message has been encrypted. Once you are finished, send your friend the encrypted message and KEY seperately. PLAINTEXT: MAKING CODES IS FUN CIPHERTEXT: AMCEZG KYJIU EU HSZ NOTE: Make sure your friend knows the KEY so they can use their Cipher Disk to break the code. For a super secure cipher, create a new KEY every time you send a message OR change the KEY every time you encrypt a letter. -
Seventy-Second Annual Report of the Association of Graduates of the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, June
SEVENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT of the Association of Graduates of the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York June 10, 1941 C-rinted by The Moore Printing Company, Inc. Newburgh, N. Y¥: 0 C; 42 lcc0 0 0 0 P-,.0 r- 'Sc) CD 0 ct e c; *e H, Ir Annual Report, June 10, 1941 3 Report of the 72nd Annual Meeting of the Association of Graduates, U. S. M. A. Held at West Point, N. Y., June 10, 1941 1. The meeting was called to order at 2:02 p. m. by McCoy '97, President of the Association. There were 225 present. 2. Invocation was rendered by the Reverend H. Fairfield Butt, III, Chaplain of the United States Military Academy. 3. The President presented Brigadier General Robert L. Eichel- berger, '09, Superintendent, U. S. Military Academy, who addressed the Association (Appendix B). 4. It was moved and seconded that the reading of the report of the President be dispensed with, since that Report would later be pub- lished in its entirety in the 1941 Annual Report (Appendix A). The motion was passed. 5. It was moved and seconded that the reading of the Report of the Secretary be dispensed with, since that Report would later be pub- lished in its entirety in the 1941 Annual Report (Appendix C.) The motion was passed. 6. It was moved and seconded that the reading of the Report of the Treasurer be dispensed with, since that Report would later be published in its entirety in the 1941 Annual Report (Appendix D). -
The Dawn of American Cryptology, 1900–1917
United States Cryptologic History The Dawn of American Cryptology, 1900–1917 Special Series | Volume 7 Center for Cryptologic History David Hatch is technical director of the Center for Cryptologic History (CCH) and is also the NSA Historian. He has worked in the CCH since 1990. From October 1988 to February 1990, he was a legislative staff officer in the NSA Legislative Affairs Office. Previously, he served as a Congressional Fellow. He earned a B.A. degree in East Asian languages and literature and an M.A. in East Asian studies, both from Indiana University at Bloomington. Dr. Hatch holds a Ph.D. in international relations from American University. This publication presents a historical perspective for informational and educational purposes, is the result of independent research, and does not necessarily reflect a position of NSA/CSS or any other US government entity. This publication is distributed free by the National Security Agency. If you would like additional copies, please email [email protected] or write to: Center for Cryptologic History National Security Agency 9800 Savage Road, Suite 6886 Fort George G. Meade, MD 20755 Cover: Before and during World War I, the United States Army maintained intercept sites along the Mexican border to monitor the Mexican Revolution. Many of the intercept sites consisted of radio-mounted trucks, known as Radio Tractor Units (RTUs). Here, the staff of RTU 33, commanded by Lieutenant Main, on left, pose for a photograph on the US-Mexican border (n.d.). United States Cryptologic History Special Series | Volume 7 The Dawn of American Cryptology, 1900–1917 David A. -
LONG BRANCH! John
Board Backs Money-Saving Plan ("•• "O, SEE STORY BELOW Snow, Mild FINAL Light snow mixed with rain or sleet and mild today. Red Bank, Freehold Clearing tonight. Fair tomor- Long Branch EDITION row. 7 ,9u Detail*, X>u« 3D Monmouth Counttfs Home Newspaper for 90 Years VOL. 91, NO. 167 RED BANK, N. J., THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 20, 1969 40 PAGES 10 CENTS U. ~S.9 Israel Request Protection of Planes By ASSOCIATED PRESS of Science last night (hat Is- bound to any particular tar- Lebanon denied any part sons on the plane were wound- Israel's hawks today held raelis must be restrained and get." in the Arab commando at' ed and one guerrilla was in abeyance their demands let the diplomats fight their Dayan had just come from tack. , killed. for retaliation for the latest battles for the moment. But a top-secret ministerial secur-, , !'From the information an- Carmel, speaking to Is- . Arab attack on an Israeli ity meeting at the home of nounced about the operation,". rael's ' Parliament yesterday, airliner. They awaited the reliable sources said he Premier Levi Eshkol. Lebanese Premier Rashid Ka- cited the publication in Bei- outcome of calls from their warned Israel's Arab neigh- "We'll let the Arabs stew rami said, "there can be no rut of a statement by the Pop- government and that of the bors: for a while," said one lead excuse to deduce that any re- ular Front for the Liberation United States tor internation- "We regard all our neigh- Israeli commentator. "All sponsibility for it falls on us." of Palestine claiming respon- al action to protect civil avi- boring states as responsible their govexmnetits are cer- Karami's statement was is- sibility for the Zurich attack. -
Top Secret! Shhhh! Codes and Ciphers
Top Secret! Shhhh! Codes and Ciphers 20 15 16 19 5 3 18 5 20 19 8 8 8 Can you figure out what this message says? Do you love secret codes? Do you want to be able to write messages to friends that no one else can read? In this kit you will get to try some codes and learn to code and decode messages. Materials Included in your Kit Directions and template pages Answer key for all codes in this packet starts on page 8. 1 #2 Pencil 1 Brad Fastener Tools You’ll Need from Home Scissors A Piece of Tape Terminology First let’s learn a few terms together. CODE A code is a set of letters, numbers, symbols, etc., that is used to secretly send messages to someone. CIPHER A cipher is a method of transforming a text in order to conceal its meaning. KEY PHRASE / KEY OBJECT A key phrase lets the sender tell the recipient what to use to decode a message. A key object is a physical item used to decrypt a code. ENCRYPT This means to convert something written in plain text into code. DECRYPT This means to convert something written in code into plain text. Why were codes and ciphers used? Codes have been used for thousands of years by people who needed to share secret information with one another. Your mission is to encrypt and decrypt messages using different types of code. The best way to learn to read and write in code is to practice! SCYTALE Cipher The Scytale was used by the ancient Greeks.