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Endovascular Recanalization of Symptomatic Flow-Limiting Cervical Carotid Dissection in an Isolated Hemisphere

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Endovascular Recanalization of Symptomatic Flow-Limiting Cervical Carotid Dissection in an Isolated Hemisphere Neurosurg Focus 30 (6):E16, 2011 Endovascular recanalization of symptomatic flow-limiting cervical carotid dissection in an isolated hemisphere CLEMENS M. SCHIRMER, M.D., PH.D., BASAR ATALAY, M.D., AND ADEL M. MALEK, M.D., PH.D. Cerebrovascular and Endovascular Division, Department of Neurosurgery, Tufts Medical Center and Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts Object. Internal carotid artery dissection (ICAD) is a common cause of stroke in young patients, which may lead to major transient or permanent disability. Internal carotid artery dissection may occur spontaneously or after trauma and may present with a rapid neurological deterioration or with hemodynamic compromise and a delayed and unstable neurological deficit. Endovascular intervention using stent angioplasty can be used as an alternative to anticoagulation and open surgical therapy in this setting to restore blood flow through the affected carotid artery. Methods. The authors present the cases of 2 patients with flow-limiting symptomatic ICAD leading to near- complete occlusion and without sufficient collateral supply. Both patients had isolated cerebral hemispheres without significant blood flow from the anterior or posterior communicating arteries. In both cases, the patients demonstrated blood pressure–dependent subacute unstable neurological deficits as a result of the hemodynamic compromise result- ing from the dissection. Results. Both patients underwent careful microwire-based selection of the true lumen followed by confirmatory microinjection and subsequent exchange-length microwire-based recanalization using tandem telescoping endovas- cular stenting. In both cases the neurological state improved, and no permanent neurological deficit ensued. Conclusions. The treatment of ICAD may be difficult in patients with subacute unstable neurological deficits related to symptomatic hypoperfusion, especially in the setting of a hemodynamically isolated hemisphere. Antico- agulation alone may be insufficient in these patients. Although there is no widely accepted guideline for the treatment of ICAD, the authors recommend stent-mediated endovascular recanalization in cases of symptomatic flow-limiting hemodynamic compromise, especially in cases of an isolated hemisphere lacking sufficient communicating artery compensatory perfusion. (DOI: 10.3171/2011.2.FOCUS1139) KEY WORDS • carotid artery • dissection • isolated hemisphere • stent • stroke • trauma • hypoperfusion NTERNAL carotid artery dissection occurs spontaneous- tions may be triggered by seemingly innocuous events, ly or in the setting of trauma and can lead to ischemic including violent coughing, nose blowing, and forceful and hemorrhagic stroke through thromboembolic neck rotations.38 In spontaneous dissections, collagen Icomplications or hemodynamic compromise. Internal ca- tissue abnormalities such as Marfan syndrome or fibro- rotid artery dissection accounts for a small proportion of muscular dysplasia may be associated with ICAD.5,6,14 In- strokes overall but is a more common cause of stroke in ternal carotid artery dissection may present with a wide the younger population. The natural history is not very variety of neurological symptoms including headache, well understood. Some reports point to stroke due to carotidynia, oculosympathetic palsy, hemiparesis, and ICAD that is unexpectedly benign in some cases,15,23,29 hemiplegia.21,43 while others have suggested possible major transient or Patients with ICAD are routinely treated using an- permanent disability.17,25,34,38,40,43 In a series of 260 patients ticoagulation therapy at most institutions, despite a lack with nontraumatic intracranial arterial dissections, Yam- of evidence from well-designed studies supporting this aura45 reported an overall mortality rate of 26% and poor treatment’s efficacy.31 Anticoagulation alone has been outcomes in 5%, with the mortality rate reaching 49% in shown to be effective in a number of case series,16,21,42 al- patients with carotid artery lesions. Traumatic dissections though strokes may occur despite anticoagulation,3 and have been reported to occur in 1% of patients with blunt the treatment is usually contraindicated in the setting of injury mechanisms to the neck,37 and spontaneous dissec- trauma with concomitant injuries. Endovascular stent placement has been proposed in patients with worsening Abbreviations used in this paper: ICA = internal carotid artery; neurological condition and in cases in which anticoagula- ICAD = ICA dissection; MCA = middle cerebral artery. tion is contraindicated.1,3,8–12,20,22,26,27,30,32 Neurosurg Focus / Volume 30 / June 2011 1 Unauthenticated | Downloaded 09/30/21 05:24 AM UTC C. M. Schirmer, B. Atalay, and A. M. Malek Patients with poorly developed or absent communi- after systemic anticoagulation with intravenous hepa- cating arteries and a cerebral hemisphere supplied solely rin was initiated. He was discharged from the hospital by the index ICA, a configuration found in 18%–44% 3 days later and was placed on a regimen oral warfarin of the population,24,35,44 are in a high-risk group for the together with enoxaparin. Again, 3 days later he suddenly imminent stroke after ICAD due to hemodynamic com- felt dizzy while sitting, noted an unsteady gait, paresthe- promise during the subacute period. In this report, we sias to bilateral lower extremities, and return of speech present the cases of 2 patients with isolated hemispheres difficulties. He presented to the hospital with dysphasia in whom symptomatic dissection of the ICA led to near- and right hemiplegia. Additional MR imaging/MR angi- complete occlusion of the vessel. In both cases, the dis- ography findings were compared with those obtained 5 section resulted in blood pressure–dependent transient days earlier and revealed extension of the dissection with neurological deficit, which was treated by endovascular virtually no intracranial blood flow visualized through revascularization. We reviewed the relevant literature, the left MCA. There was no sign of a lesion or stroke on and we discuss the rationale of endovascular treatment diffusion-weighted MR imaging sequences. of ICAD in the setting of hypoperfusion in the affected Treatment. Catheter-based digital-subtraction angio- hemisphere. graphic studies demonstrated the previously suspected left carotid artery dissection (Fig. 1). Persistent flow was noted Case Reports through the dissected segment of the left ICA, although it was sluggish (compared with the filling of branches of the Endovascular Technique external carotid artery) due to the dissection flap, which Both patients underwent catheter angiography of the was under pressure and consequently compressing the true cervical and intracranial vasculature. Intravenous hepa- lumen. In addition, injection of the right ICA did not reveal rin was administered to achieve an activated clotting time anterior communicating flow or perfusion to the left MCA of longer than 250 seconds. An 8 Fr guide catheter (Brite and no retrograde flow into the left 1A segment of the ante- Tip) coaxially over a 5 Fr vertebral 125-cm catheter was rior cerebral artery after injection of the right ICA. An SL- placed in the common carotid artery via a femoral vas- 10 microcatheter (Boston Scientific Corp.) was advanced cular sheath (Avanti, Cordis Corp.). A microcatheter was into the high petrous segment of the ICA after the true lu- used coaxially over a 0.014-in microguidewire to gently probe, identify, and enter the true arterial lumen under real-time high-resolution digital roadmap angiography. This was then navigated past the site of dissection into the petrous intracranial distal portion. A microinjec- tion was performed to ensure continued presence in the true lumen and good outflow. At this point, a 300-cm exchange-length microguidewire was passed through the microcatheter with its tip positioned in the petrous segment and was used for advancing the stent delivery catheter. A Nitinol shape-memory alloy self-expanding stent (Precise Stent, Cordis Corp.) was used in this study and was advanced over the microwire until its tip reached the distal portion of the dissection at the junction of the cervical and petrous portions of the ICA. The first stent was deployed from distal to proximal. A subsequent stent was deployed in tandem overlapping fashion until the proximal inflow zone was covered and recanalized. Pa- tients were maintained on a regimen of clopidogrel (75 mg orally per day) for 6 weeks and aspirin (325 mg orally per day) indefinitely. Case 1 History and Examination. This 49-year-old man skated inadvertently into a wall and suffered blunt trau- ma. He did not notice any problems at the time, such as neck pain, external abrasions, or cervical fractures. Three days later, he noted sudden onset of right arm weakness, along with difficulty in speaking and finding words. He FIG. 1. Case 1. Angiograms of the left common carotid artery (lateral was hospitalized with these complaints at an outside [A] and anteroposterior [B] views) demonstrating an almost complete institution, and MR imaging/MR angiography demon- occlusion of the ICA with poor, sluggish intracranial filling through the strated dissection of the left ICA with good flow to in- compressed true lumen and minor collateral vessels of the external ca- tracranial vessels. His symptoms resolved spontaneously rotid artery (lateral [C] and anteroposterior [D] views). 2 Neurosurg Focus / Volume 30 / June 2011 Unauthenticated | Downloaded 09/30/21 05:24 AM UTC
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