Pioneers in Leisure and Recreation. INSTITUTION American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, Reston, VA
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DOCUMENT RESUME ED 308 157 SP 031 247 AUTHOR Ibrahim, Hilmi; And Others TITLE Pioneers in Leisure and Recreation. INSTITUTION American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, Reston, VA. American Association for Leisure and Recreation. REPORT NO ISBN-0-88314-423-9 PUB DATE 89 NOTE 225p. AVAILABLE FROMAAHPERD Publications, Inc., P.O. Box 704, Waldorf, MD 20604 ($17.95). PUB TYPE Historical Materials (060) -- Reports Descriptive (141) EDRS PRICE MF01 Plus Postage. PC Not Available from EDRS. DESCRIPTORS *Ancient History; Athletics; *Biographies; Conservation (Environment); *Leisure T.I.me; Life Style; *Modern History; Parks; Playgrounds; *Recreational Activities; Travel ABSTRACT This book consists of brief biographies of people who have contributed to the field of leisure and recreation. The 26 pioneers chronicled span over two thousand years and cross many cultures. Some are theorists, others are practitioners, but all of them left their imprint on the leisure and recreation field. Arranged sequentially by dates, the book includes Aristotle, Cicero, and Seneca across the years to Foster R. Dulles and Charles Brightbill. (JD) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. II III 4 .V 1 - =41. 4 girt .fr; 'Lle+let N111111.' U S DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS Office of EducatIonai Research and improvement MATERIAL INMICROFICHE ONLY EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION HAS BEEN GRANTED BY CENTER (ERIC/ This document has been reproduced as 11 received from the person or organIzation originating it fi P Minor changes have been made to Improve reproduction quality 0.1 11 Points of vette or opinions stated .n this docu 7.42-,:, TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES ment do not necessarily represent off.c,a1 1. OERI position or pollcy INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)." eeee,z, 11101,717.4..., 2 Pioneers in Leisure and Recreation HILMI IBRAHIM and JOSEPH BANNON KATHLEEN CORDES WILL1AM DEGROOT ALAN EWERT PHYLLIS FORD GUS GERSON CHARLES HARTSOE RON HAVARD JANE KAUFMAN PAUL MCBRIDE JANET MCLEAN MOUNIR RAGHEB S. ELAINE ROGERS ALLEN SAPORA E. A. SCHOLER RONALD SIMPSON STEVEN SIMPSON CARLTON YOSHIOKA ,1 Prole( t he ,lnleric an Assoc ration I or Tenure Recreation ,ln ,\ lab( )11 01 the Arneric an Alhanc e I or Health Ph sic aldu( dtion, Re( rear Or I, d Dafl«' Copyright ,c1989 Amer( an Alliance tor Health, Physic al Education, Rec reation, and Dance 1900 Assoc iation Drive Reston, VA 22091 ISBN 0 88314-423-9 Purposes of the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance The Amen( an Alliance is an educ at wnal organization, structured for the purposes of supporting, encouraging, and providing assistance to member groups and their personnel throughout the nation as they seek to initiate, develop, and conduct programs in health, leisure, and movement- related activities tor the enrichment of human lite Alliance objectives Inc ludo. 1.Professional growth and developmentto support, encourage, and provide guidance in the development and conduct of programs in health, leisure, and movement-related activities which aretased on the needs, interests, and inherent capacities ot the individual in today's society 2. Communicationto facilitate public and professional understand- ing and appreciation ot the importance and value of health, leisure, and movement-related activates as they contribute toward human well-being. 3 Researchto encourage and fac ilitate research which will enrich the depth and scope ot health, leisure, md movement-related activities; and to disseminate the findings to the profession and cher interested and concerned publics 4 Standards and guidelinesto turther the continuous development and evaluation of standards within the profession for personnel and pro- grams in health, leisure, and movement-related activities 5 Public affairs to coordinate and administer a planned program of professional, public, and governmental relations that will improve edu- cation in areas of health, leisure, and movement-related activities 6 To conduct such other ac twines as shall he approved by the Board ot Governors and the Alliance Assembly, proiided that the Alliance shall not engage in any ac tivity which would he inconsistent with the status of an educational and ( hantable organization as defined in Section 501 (c) ( 3) ot the Interni-,I Revenue Code ot 1954 or any suc essor provision thereto, and Ilene ot the said purposes shall at any time be deemed or construed to he purposes other than the public benefit purposes and objectives consistent with such educational and c hantable status /Maws, Article Ill III at- Dedicated To The Many Pioneers Whose Names Do Not Appear In This Volume Acknowledgement The Editor and authors it this workwould like to acknowledge the dedication of C. IDyer Hine who prepared the first draft ofthis volume Mike Everman, AAHPERD Archivist, andPam Hackbart, archivist of the National Recreation and Park Association, provided us with a number of the pictures used here Spec ial thank,goes to Mike Montgomery, and Sc )tt A Crabb for the final preparationof the mantis( ript, and to Cynthia Ibrahim for proofreading 6 IV Preface There are many people, both living and dead, who have contributed to the geld of leisure and recreation. However, to write a volume on all the pioneers would require much more time and spat e than we have. The 26 pioneers chronicled here are certainly considered among the most important They spar over two thousand years, and cross many cultures. Some are theorists, others are practitioners But all of them have left their imprint on the leisure and recreation field. When the Publication Committee of the American Association for Lei- sure and Recreation approved my proposal for a volume on the pioneers of leisure and recreation, I sent a memo to over 300 colleagues asking it they would like to contribute Those who showed interest were students, followers, or chroniclers of some of these pioneers. In fact, three of the authors had written their Ph D dissertations on three of the pioneers What we hope to have achieved is to bring to the reader's attention the depth of commitment and the variety of approac he, used by these extraor- dinary people to this extraordinary field Hi Imi Ibrahim Whittier, CA v Table of Contents Aristotle (384-322 B C.E I Steven .Simpson 1 Cicero (106-43 B.C.E ) Harm Ibrahim. 9 Seneca (4 B C E.-65 C.E ) Hilmi Ibrahim 15 Ibn Khaldun (1337-1408) Hilmi Ibrahim. 21 F. L. Olmsted (1822-1903) Ron Havard 27 John Muir (1838-1914) PhYllis Ford... 35 Thorstein Veblen (1857-1929) Moumr Ragheh 47 Jane Addams (1860-1935) Paul McBride 53 Joseph Lee (1862-1937) Allen Sapora. 65 Luther Gulick (1865-1918) Phyllis Ford . 79 Stephen Mather (1867'930) Ronald Strnpqm 93 Henry Curtis (1870-1954) Car/ton Yoshioka 103 Clark Hetherington (1870-1942) Kathleen Cordes 115 Johan Huizinga (1872-1945) Hilmi Ibrahim. 125 Harry Overstreet (1875-1970) Minu lbr thin). 133 Lebert Weir (1878-1949) Janet McLean 141 Howard Braucher (18811949) tIrni DeGroot N E A Scholer . 151 Kurt Hahn (1886-1974) Alan ['wed . 161 Jay B. Nash (1886-1965) lane Kaltman 169 Aldo Leopold (1887-1948) S E Rogers N. Phyllis ford. 183 George Butler (1894-1985) Joseph Bannon 195 M&E Neumeyer (1892-1978) (1893-1975)Hann Ibrahim 207 Thomas E. Rivers (1892-1977) C harle Hartsoe . 217 George Hjelte (1893-1979) GIT, Gerson.... 225 Foster R. Dulles (1900-1970) Hilmi Ibrahim.. 235 Charles Brightbill (1910-1966) Charles Hartsoe 243 VII B ARISTOTLE 384-322 B.C.E. By Steven Simpson Iowa State University "Nature herself as has been often said, requires that we should be able, not only to work well, but to use leisure well...Both are wanted, but leisure is more worth having. .1 i'ohne.s. Bk. VIII. Ch. 3 i 8 A'ZISTO1LE 3 Philosopher and educator Mortimer Adler claimed that philosophy is important for all people because it helps them to understand even better than they do now the things that they already know.For that purpose,' he wrote, ''there is no better teacher than Aristotle..Plato taught Aris- totle how to think philosophically, but Aristotle learned the lesson so well that he is the better teacher for all of us(Adler, 1978. ix x) In a volume presenting the accomplishments of the pioneers orrecre- ation and leisure, Aristotle obviously cannot be credited with heading a recreation agency or founding a professional organization Instead, Aris- totle conveyed ideas dnd, more importantly, ideals concerning the role of leisure in humankind's quest for a good life Had Adler been limiting his discussion to leisure and recreation, he might have also said thatin order to understand the c lassical presentation of leisure, there is no better teacher than Aristotle Aristotle was born in 384 Before the Common-Era, at the Macedonian city of Stagira, about 200 miles north of Athens. His lather, Nicomachus, was physician to Amyntds, King of Macedon and giandfather to Alexan- der Although Aristotle may have lived his early years recklessly and not made his way to Plato and the Academy until the age of 30, most accounts claim he went to Athens in his late teens and studied tinder his master teacher for a full 20 years Plato recognized the talc-nts of this man nearly 50 years his Junior, for he called Aristotlethe reader" and "the mind of the School." (Durant, 1926 41, Kaplan, 1958 xi) In spite of Aristotle's recognized g2nius, the chance that he would succeed Plato as head of the Academy was nonexistent Such an honor could not go to a nonAtheman Aristotle, therefore, lett Athens, and after a few years of teaching in Assos in Asia Minor and on Lesbos, King Phillip of Macedon called tor him to tutor his son, Alexander The association with Alexander proved to be both a benefit anda detriment to the thinke-.