(Ed.), Astrology, Science and Society: Historical Essays (Woodbridge, 3. Symon De Phares, Receuil Des Plus Celebres Astrologues

Notes

1 THE PROBLEM OF ASTROLOGY

1. See Appendix IV for a bibliographical guide to the technical side of astrology. 2. For some further discussion of this theme see Hilary Carey, 'Astrol• ogy at the English Court in the Later Middle Ages' in Patrick Curry (ed.), Astrology, Science and Society: Historical Essays (Woodbridge, Suffolk, 1987). 3. Symon de Phares, Receuil des plus celebres astrologues et quelque hommes doctes faict par Symon de Phares du temps de Charles VIII, ed. Ernest Wickersheimer (Paris, 1929) and see Chapter Six below. Nancy Rea• gan and William Novak, My Turn. The Memoirs of Nancy Reagan (London, 1989). Nancy Reagan comments 'When you're as fright• ened as I was, you reach out for help and comfort in any direction.' 4. C. S. Lewis, The Discarded Image (Cambridge, 1964). 5. For a handy comparative account of beliefs relating to the celestial bodies in a number of societies, see the articles under the title 'Sun, Moon, and Stars', in the Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics ed. James Gardiner (Edinburgh-New York, 1921) XII, pp. 4~103. 6. The earliest Babylonian horoscope, that most characteristic artefact of western astrology, is dated 29 April 409 BC, though Babylonian horoscopes occur in greatest numbers from about 200 Be. There are considerably more Greek horoscopes, although they date from after the birth of Christ, and Neugebauer takes this as confirmation of the Greek role in the development of astrology as a 'science': O. Neuge• bauer and H. B. van Hoesen, Creek Horoscopes, Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society (Philadelphia, 1959) pp. 161-2 have a distribution map, and see also A. Sachs, 'Babylonian horoscopes', Journal vf Cuneiform Studies 2 (1948) 271-90. 7. For the modem occult revival see Robert Galbreath, 'The History of Modem Occultism; A Bibliographical Survey', Journal of Popular Cul• ture 5 (1971) 72~54. For a French analysis of modem believers in astrology see Philippe Defrance, Claude Fischler, et. al., Le Retour des astrologues (Paris, 1971). I would agree with the analysis of Mircea Eliade, 'The Occult and the Modem World', in Occultism, Witchcraft and Cultural Fashions: Essays in Comparative Religions (Chicago, 1976), in a paper first delivered on 24 May 1974, that modem astrology, in common with most of the varied products of the occult revival, represents a rejection of the current values of western, material society. As such it has more in common with the millenial cults of the Middle Ages than with astrology, which remained largely the pre• serve of the establishment elite, as we hope to demonstrate. For the

165 166 Notes

history of modem astrology, inc1uding its part in the rise of National Socialism, see Ellic Howe, Urania's Children: The Strange World of the Astrologers (London, 1967). Howe's The Magieians of the Golden Dawn. A Doeumentary History of a Magieal Order, 1887-1923 (London, 1972: 2nd ed. 1985) is also of interest. 8. T. O. Wedel, The Mediaeval Attitude toward Astrology, Yale Studies in English LX (New Haven, 1920) p. ili. 9. Wayne Shumaker, The Oeeult Scienees in the Renaissance (Berkeley, 1972) pp. xv-xvi, 7-16. See the comment, 'however pardonable belief in astrology may have been in the Renaissance, in modem times faith in it is more likely to tell us more about psychic needs than about the actual workings of the cosmos'. 10. F. Saxl, 'The ReviV'al of Late Antique Astrology', in Leetures, 2 vols (London, 1957) p. 82. 11. Ibid. p. 84. 12. G. E. R. Lloyd, Magie, Reason and Experience (Cambridge, 1979) pp. 18-19. See also the seminal study by E. R. Dodds, The Creeks and the Irrational (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1951). 13. This is the approach adopted by J. D. North, Horoscopes and History (London, 1986) preface and introduction. North does add, 'Heaven forbid that the book should be judged as a manual for astrologers - even though it may be safely expected to become compulsory read• ing for all their introductory courses.' 14. Patrick Curry, Prophecy and Power. Astrology in Early Modern England (Princeton, New Jersey, 1989), especially the heartfelt introduction on the value of astrology studies, pp. 1-4. 15. This is a debt acknowledged by Lloyd, Magie, Reason and Experienee, introduction, pp. 1-8. The new school of anthropological history, much of it inspired by the early work of Claude Levi-Strauss and E. E. Evans-Pritchard's c1assic study, Witehcraft, Orades and Magie among the Azande (Oxford, 1937), has been remarkably prolific. See the account by Donald Nugent, 'Witchcraft Studies, 1959-1971: A Biblio• graphical Survey', Journal of Popular Culture 5 (1971) 71IJ-25, esp. 712-13. 16. Bronislaw Malinowski, 'Magie, Science and Religion', pp. 17-92, esp. pp. 25-36, reprinted in Magie, Scienee and Religion and other essays by B. Malinowski (New York, 1948). From his own work in the field, E. E. Evans-Pritchard argued that, 'magie filled a gap left by lack of knowledge in man' s pragmatic pursuits ... and provided an alterna• tive means of expression for thwarted human desires', in 'The Mor• phology and Function of Magie: A Comparative Study of Trobiand and Zande Ritual and SpeIls', p. 3 in Magie, Witehcraft and Curing ed. John Middleton (New York, 1967). 17. Malinowski, 'Magie, Science and Religion', p. 31. But see Lloyd, Magie, Reason and Experienee, p. 48, n.207 for a counter view. 18. Lloyd, Magie, Reason and Experienee, pp. 2-3 and references. 19. Claude Levi-Strauss, 'The Sorcerer and his Magie', pp. 23-41, in Magie, Witeheraft and Curing. First published as 'Le sorcier et sa magie', in Les temps modernes 41 (1949). Notes 167

20. Edward Grant, 'Cosmology' , pp. 265--302, in Science in the Middle Ages ed. David C. Lindberg (Chicago, 1978) pp. 265--6; C. S. Lewis, The Discarded Image (Cambridge, 1964); J. D. North, Chaucer's Universe (Oxford, 1988) Part 1. 21. Richard Lemay, Abu Ma'Shar and Latin Aristotelianism in the Middle Ages ed. David C. Lindberg (Chicago, 1978) pp. 265--6. 22. The pioneering study of Pierre Duhem runs to ten volumes entitled Le systeme du monde: Histoire des doctrines cosmologiques de Platon a Copernic (Paris, 1913-59). 23. A. Bouche-Ledercq, L'Astrologie Grecque (Paris, 1899) p. 1. 24. Useful summaries of these various doctrines are contained in Wedel, Medieaval Attitude toward Astrology, chs 1 and 4. Wedel rightly points out (ibid. p. 4) that Platonism, although equally open to an astrologi• cal gloss, did not form the same permanent alliance with astrology as Aristotelianism. The Platonic notion of the macrocosm being re• flected in the microcosm of man, nevertheless played an important part in astrological medicine. 25. Aristotle, De Caelo, Bk 1. 26. Ibid., Bk III; De Generatione et Corruptione, Bk II, chs 1-4. 27. De Generatione et Corruptione, Bk II, ch. 10, Aristotle was none the less no astrologer. For his contribution to astrological theory, see Bouche-Ledercq, L'Astrologie Grecque pp. 25--7. 28. Introductorium maius, 1.2 (Augsburg, 1489) fol. a5v. I have used this edition (by Ratdolt) of the translation by Herman of Dalmatia, for convenience, although the unpublished translation made by John of Spain is in fact more commonly encountered in the extant manu• scripts. 29. See Appendix IV. 30. Bouche-Ledercq, L'Astrologie Grecque, pp. 324-5. The doctrine of the macrocosm and microcosm has been the subject of much leamed interest, particularly to historians of the Renaissance. The most eloquent testimony to the force of the idea in medieval cosmology is the small corpus of poems associated with the twelfth-century Pla• tonists Bemard Silvestris, Alan of LilIe and WilIiam of Conches, though Adelard of Bath's De eodem et diverso and Daniel of Morley's Philosophia can legitimately be seen as products of the same impulse. For this group see especially Winthrop Wetherbee, Platonism and Poetry in the Twelfth Century (Princeton, N.J., 1972) and for Bemard Silvester, Brian Stock's Myth and Science in the Twelfth Century (Prince• ton, N.J., 1972). For the medieval development of the microcosml macrocosm theme see M. T. d' Alvemy, 'Le Cosmos Symbolique du XIIe Siede', Archives d'histoire doctrinale et litterature du Moyen Age 28 (1953) 31-81; F. Saxl, 'Macrocosm and Microcosm in Medieval Pic• tures', in Lectures pp. 73-84; and for the Renaissance, S. K. Hennin• ger, Jr., Touches of Sweet Harmony. Pythagorean Cosmology and Renaissance Poetics (San Marino, Califomia, 1974); Rudolf Allers, 'Microcosmus. From Anaximander to Paracelsus', Traditio 2 (1944) 319-407; George P. Conger, Theories of Macrocosms.and Microcosms in the History of Philosophy (New York, 1922). I would like to thank 168 Notes

Professor Brian Vickers for these references. For an Arabic account of the theory of astral power, see Al-Kindi's De Radiis (or Theorica artium magicarum) ed. by M. T. d' Alverny and F. Hudry in Archives d'histoire doctrinale et litterature du Moyen Age 41 (1974) 139-260. 31. The best introduction to this topic is the monograph by T. O. Wedel, The Mediaeval Attitude toward Astrology. Yale Studies in English LX (New Haven, 1920). Astrology is also central to Edward Peters, The Magician, the Witch and the lilw (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1978). For the dassical debate the central study is D. Amand's Fatalisme et liberte dans l'Antiquite grecque (Louvain, 1945), but see the artide by A. A. Long, 'Astrology: arguments pro and contra', in Science and Speculation. Studies in Hellenistic Theory and Practice ed. Jonathan Barnes (Cambridge, 1982) pp. 165-92. The topic is also treated in the vast literature of c1assical astrology. See ego A. Bouche• Ledercq, L'Astrologie grecque, pp. 57(kl09; idem, Histoire de la divina• tion dans l'antiquite, 4 vols (Paris, 1879-82) I; Franz Boll, 'Studien über Claudius Ptolemäus. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der greichischen Philosophie und Astrologie', Jahrbücher für classische Philologie, supp. xxi (1894) 47-244, pp. 181-238; F. Boll and C. Bezold, Sternglaube und Sterndeutung. Die Geschichte und das Wesen der Astrologie, 1st ed. 1917; 4th ed., ed. W. Gundei, (Leipzig and Berlin, 1931). Franz Cumont, Astrology and Religion among the Greeks and Romans (New York and London, 1912) pp. 15~61. For an excellent account of early Christian objections to astrology see M. L. W. Laistner, 'The Western Church and Astrology during the Early Middle Ages', Harvard Theological Review 34 (1941) 251-75. Laistner points out that the Church's official condemnation of astrology was always subsidiary to her attack on various superstitions and pagan practices, which she rightly recog• nised as the real enemy, ibid., p. 265. For later periods see M. J. Fontaine, 'Isidore de Seville et l'astrologie', Revue des etudes latines 31 (1953) 271-300; Joshua D. Lipton, 'The rational evaluation of astrol• ogy in the period of the Arabo-Latin translations ca. 1126-1187 A.D.', Dissertation of University of California-Los Angeles (California 1978); M.-T. d' Alverny, 'Astrologues et theologiens au XIIe siede', Melanges offerts aM.-D. Chenu (Paris, 1967) pp. 31-50; idem, 'Un temoins muet des luttes doctrinales du XIIIe siede', Archives d'hist. doct. litt. Moyen Age 17 (1949) 22~8; R. C. Dales, 'Robert Grosseteste's View on Astrology', Mediaeval Studies 29 (1967) 357-63; Eugenio Garin, lil zodiaco della vita: La polemica sull' Astrologia dal Trecento al Cinquecento (Rome, 1976), published in English under the title Astrology in the Renaissance: The Zodiac of Life, trans. C. Jackson and J. Allen (London, Boston etc., 1983); G. W. Coopland, Nicole Oresme and the Astrologers: A study of his 'Livre de Divinacions' (Liverpool, 1952); Fran<;oise Bon• ney, 'Autour de Jean Gerson: Opinions de theologiens sur les super• stitions et la sorcellerie au debut du XVe siede', Moyen Age 77 (1971) 85-98. 32. I am also sceptical about any of the daims made by astrologers, past and present. Notes 169

33. See the account by Ibrahim Madkur, 'Astrologie en terre d'Islam', in Arts liberaux et philosophie au Moyen Age, pp. 1041-7. 34. See George Sarton, Introduction to the History of Science III (Baitimore, 1947) pp. 899-900 (Ibn al-Akfani); p. 1773 (Ibn Khaldun), for two Arabic dassifications of the sciences which indude astrology. 35. For examples of the arguments raised by either side to the dispute see M. A. F. Mehren, 'Vues d' Avicenne sur l' astrologie', Le Museon 3 (1884) 383-403; J.-c. Vadet, 'Une defence de l'astrologie dans le madhal d'abu Ma'sar al Balhi', Annales is/amologiques 5 (1963) 131-80. 36. Toufic Fahd, La divination Arabe (Leiden, 1966). 37. For this concern see M.-T. d'Alverny, 'Astrologues et theologiens'. 38. St Anselm's Proslogion, ed. and trans. by M. J. Charlesworth (Oxford, 1965) pp. 116-7. 39. For Augustine on astrology see his Oe diversis quaestionibus PL 40, 28-9; Oe Ooctrina Christiana, ii.22, PL 34, 51-2. R. C. Dales 'Robert Grosseteste's Views on Astrology' Mediaeval Studies 29 (1967) 357-63. R. W. Southern, Robert Grosseteste: the growth of an English mind in medieval Europe (Oxford, 1986) pp. 101-7. 40. Charles Trinkaus, 'Coluccio Salutati's Critique of Astrology in the Context of His Natural Philosophy' Speculum 64 (1989) 46-67, at pp. 65-7. . 41. Trinkaus (ibid.) traces the origin of Salutati' s 'proto-scientific' critique to a work of Andrea da Sommaia, as noted by Lynn Thorndike, History of Magie, III, pp. 597-89. 42. Edward Grant, 'The condemnation of 1277. God's absolute power, and physical thought in the late Middle Ages' Viator 10 (1979) 211-44; John F. Wippel 'The condemnation of 1270 and 1277 at Paris', Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies 7 (1977) 169-20l. 43. Oresme's interest in the rationality of astrology is stressed by Stefano Caroti, 'Nicole Oresme' s Polemic against Astrology in his Quodlibeta', in Astrology, Science and Society: Historical Essays, ed. Patrick Curry (Woodbridge, Suffolk, 1987) pp. 75-93, against the usual charge (by Thorndike and Coopland) that he defends astrology more than he attacks it. See also G. W. Coopland, Nicole Oresme and the Astrologers (Liverpool, 1952). Henry of Langestein's Tractatus contra astrologos coniunctionistas de eventibus futurorum and Oresme's Tractatus contra astrologos are edited by Herbert Pruckner, Studien zu den astrologischen Schriften des Heinrichs von Langestein, Studien der Bibliothek Warburg 14 (Leipzig, 1933). John D. North, 'Celestial InfIuence - the major premiss of astrology' in '''Astrologi Hallucinati": Stars and the End of the World in Luther's Time, ed. Paola Zambelli (Berlin, 1986) pp. 88-96. D. J. Fitzgerald, 'Some notes on Picds disputes with astrology', Arts liberaux et philosophie au Moyen Age, Actes du 4e Congres International de Philosophie Medievale (Paris, 1969) pp. 1049-55. 44. See below, pp. 98-105 45. The various statutes have been edited by H. DenifIe and A. Chate• lain, Chartularium Universitatis Parisiensis (Paris, 1889) I, 543-60. 46. M.-T. d' Alverny, 'Un temoins muet des luttes doctrinales du XIII siede'. 170 Notes

47. See for example the questions indexed by Palernon Glorieux, La Litterature Quodlibetique de 1260 a 1320, 2 vols, (Paris, 1925--35). For some English questions on these topics see below, p. 179 n. 87. 48. See below for King Richard and the hermit William Norham. 49. Symon de Phares, Recueil, and see Chapter Six. 50. Peters, Magician, the Witch and the Law pp. 118-37. W. R. Jones, 'Political Uses of Sorcery in Medieval Europe' , The Historian 34 (1972) 670--87. 51. Peters, Magician, the Witch and the Law, pp. 122-3. 52. R. I. Moore, The Formation of a Persecuting Society: power and deviance in Western Europe, 950--1250 (Oxford, 1987). 53. Dales, 'Robert Grosseteste'; Stuart Jenks, 'Astrometeorology in the Middle Ages', Isis 74 (1983) 185--210. 54. See Chapter Eight for these astrologers and their fates.

2 THE ROYAL ART: ASTROLOGY BEFORE 1376

1. For further development of this theme see Robert Eisler, The Royal Art of Astrology (London, 1946). This curious book is as much an attack on the principles of astrology in the tradition of Pico della Mirandola as an historical study. 2. R. Bonnaud, 'Notes sur l'astrologie latine au VI siede' Revue be/ge X (1931) 560. These are the theories of Isidore of Seville (Patrologia Latina series (hereafter PL) 82, 109), Cassiodorus and Gregory the Great. Caxton's Mirrour of the World ed. O. H. Prior (London 1913) Early English Text Society (EETS), Extra Series (ES) 110, p. 156. 3. Encyc/opaedia of Religion and Ethics, XII, p. 93. 4. Richard Lemay, Abu Ma'shar and Latin Aristotelianism in the Twelfth Century (Beirut, 1962) p. 45. 5. Oxford MS Bodleian 943, fol. 84v. The text is edited by Margaret E. Schofield, University of Paris thesis, 1936. 6. Caxton's Mirror, pp. 40, 150, 156. 7. See Southem, Robert Grosseteste, pp. 83--96 for a balanced assessment of the hostility to the work of Laon and Paris expressed by Adelard and Daniel of Morley. 8. See North, Horoscopes and History, pp. 96--7 for abrief chronology of the appearance of tables of astrological houses in England from 1126 to 1178. 9. Ibid., pp. 1-69 for a definitive account of the mathematical principles involved in the calculation of the various systems for determining the astrological houses. 10. Southem, Robert Grosseteste pp. 102-7. 11. Ibid. p. 104, quoting from BL MS Royal 12 E xxv, fol. 172v. 12. John of Salisbury, Policraticus, ed. C. C. J. Webb, 2 vols. (London, 1909-32). 13. William of Malmsbury on Gerbert of Aurillac. 14. The Historia Regum Britanniae of Geoffrey of Monmouth, XII, 4 ed. Acton Notes 171

Griscom (London, 1929) pp. 516-17. For the dating of the Historia, ibid., p. 83. For Edwin's conversion see Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People ed. B. Colgrave and R. A. B. Mynors (Oxford, 1970) II.xiü. 15. Historia Regum, IX.12, p. 452: 'Preterea ginnasium ducentorum phyloso• phorum habebat qui astronomia ceterisque artibus eruditi cursus stellarum dilligenter obseruabant & prodigia, eo tempore uentura regi arturo ueris argumentis predicebant.' 16. J. S. P. Tatlock, The Legendary History of Britain (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1950) p. 367. 17. Ibid., pp. 360-9. 18. Historia Regum, pp. 417-18. 19. Ibid., VII.lO, p. 410: 'Non sunt revelanda huiusmondi mistria nisi cum summa necessitas incubuerit. Nam si ea in derisionem siue vanitatem proferrem taceret spiritus qui me docet et cum opus superveniret recederet.' 20. John of Salisbury, Policraticus, ed. C. C. J. Webb, 2 vols, (London, 1909-32). 21. Ibid., I. 65-165. 22. Ibid., n. 113: 'Signa siquidem hominibus data sunt ad eruditionem, non illis qui celestium conscii secretorum nullis indigent signis.' 23. Ibid., 11. 107-8. Cited by Richard Lemay, Abu Ma'shar and Latin Aristotelianism in the Twelfth Century (Beirut, 1962) p. 303 n.1. Accord• ing to Lemay, 'The truth is that John is visibly embarrassed by the aneient strlctures placed on mathesis by the Fathers', idem p. 303. Lemay forgets that the Fathers had also allowed the utility of certain astrological practices, espeeially in medieine. 24. Ibid., 11. 111. 25. See Policraticus, ed. eit. Introduction I, xxi-xlvii for a discussion of sources. 26. J. D. Lipton, 'The Rational Evaluation of Astrology in the Period of Arabo-Latin translation' Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, 1978, pp. 210 ff. Cited by North, Horoscopes and History, p. 97. 27. Richard Lemay, Abu Ma'shar and Latin Aristotelianism in the Twelfth Century (Beirut, 1962). 28. For Adelard of Bath see conference papers ed. C. Burnett, Warburg Institute Survey and Texts, 14 (1987), and North, Horoscopes and History, pp. 96-107. 29. London, British Library MS Royal App.85, fos lr-2v. Reproduced by North, Horoscopes and History, Plates 1-3, pp. 98-100. 30. North, Horoscopes and History, p. 107. 31. C. H. Haskins, 'Seience at the Court of Emperor Frederick n: in Studies in the History of Mediaeval Science 2nd ed. (Cambridge, Mass., 1927) pp. 242-71. First published in 1922. Note also Lynn Thorndike, The Horoscope of Barbarossa' s First-Born', American Historical Review 64 (1958/9) 319-22. 32. Haskins, 'Frederick II', p. 259, i.e. the Physiognomy, Liber introducto• rius and Liber particularis. 33. Ibid., p. 247, n.21, 258. 172 Notes

34. Haskins, 'Frederick 11', p. 258. 35. Ibid. 36. Ibid., pp. 258--9. 37. For other examples see Thorndike, History of Magic, 11 passim; B. Boncompagni, pella vita e delle opere di Guido Bonatti (Rome, 1851) in Atti dell'Accademia Pontificale IVA58 ff. 38. Southern, Robert Grosseteste, p. 107. The figures are in Bodleian Savile MS 21, fol. 158. Southern supports R. W. Hunt's suggestion that this is the earliest example of Grosseteste's handwriting. 39. Peters, Magician, the Witch and the Law, pp. 8~7; R. C. Dales 'Robert Grosseteste's Views on Astrology', Mediaeval Studies 29 (1967) 357-63. R. W. Southern, Robert Grosseteste, ibid. 40. Peters, Magician, the Witch and the Law, pp. 86-7; Lynn Thorndike, Michael Scot (London, 1965); Dante, Divine Comedy, Inferno, canto 20. 41. V. H. Galbraith, 'The literacy of the medieval English kings', P.B.A. 21 (1935) 201-38; K. B. McFarlane, 'The education of the nobility in later medieval England', in his The Nobility of Later Medieval England (Oxford, 1973) 228--47. 42. Catalogue of the Royal and King's Manuscripts in the British Museum by G. F. Warner and J. P. Gilson, 5 vols, (London, 1921) I.xi. 43. Secretum secretorum is the most common Latin version of the title, although Secreta secretorum, which also occurs, is a more accurate translation of the original Arabic. See M. A. Manzalaoui, 'The "Sec• reta secretorum" in English Thought and Literature from the Four• teenth to the Seventeenth Century', University of Oxford D.Phil. (1954) p. viü n.i. No doubt because of the formidable linguistic, textual and technical problems it presents, the Secreta has not at• tracted the critical attention it merits. Manzalaoui's thesis, which primarily concerns the English versions, is the fullest account, but see also the introduction to Robert Steele's edition of the longer Latin version, in Opera hactenus inedita Rogeri Baconi (Oxford, 1909-40), Fasc.5. All quotations are from this edition. See also M. A. Manzala• oui, 'The pseudo-Aristotelian Sirr al-Asrar and three Oxford thinkers of the Middle Ages' (Le. Roger Bacon, Bradwardine and Wyclif) in Arabic and Islamic Studies in Honour of H. A. R. Gibb, ed. G. Makdisi (Leyden, 1965) pp. 481-2. For the early transmission see M. Grignas• chi, 'L' origine et metamorphoses du Sirr al-Asrar (Secretum secre• torum)', Arch. hist. doct. litt. moy. age 43 (1976) 7-112. The shorter Hispalensis version of the Latin text has been edited most recently by J. Brinkmann, Die apo~hen Gesundheitsregel des Aristoteles für Alexan• der den Grossen in der Ubersetzung des Johann von Toledo (Leipzig, 1914). The English versions have been edited by M. A. Manzalaoui, Secre• tum secretorum. Nine English versions: Vol. I Text (Oxford, 1977) EETS, 276, Commentary forthcoming; and Fetcham's Anglo-Norman ver• sion ed. by O. Beckerlegge, Le Secre dez Secrez (Oxford, 1944) Anglo• Norman Text Society. The MSS are listed by R. Förster, 'Handschrif• ten und Ausgaben des pseudo-aristotelischen "Secretum secre• torum'", Centralblaat für Bibliothekswesen 6 (1889). 44. Southern, Robert Grosseteste, pp. 13-19. Notes 173

45. Secretum secretorum p. 58: 'Ut Henricus filius Willelmi regis qui dicebatur "bastardus" solebat dicere pa tri et fratribus, "Rex illiteratus est asinus coronatus",' This is one of Bacon's marginal additions to the text. William of Malmsbury first attributed the saying to Henry I 'Beau• clerk' , and it became something of a cliche. See Galbraith, 'Literacy of English Kings', pp. 212-13, 232, nn.20-4. 46. Secretum secretorum, Introduction, p. vii. Steele notes four MSS of Bacon's version. 47. Ed. M. R. James, Walter de Milemete's De nobilitatibus, sapientiis et prudentiis regum (Oxford, 1913) Roxburgh Club. Now Oxford MS Corpus Christi College 92 and British Library MS Additional 47680: the Secreta and the De nobilitatibus may have been bound separately, but were clearly always intended as companion volumes. 48. British Library MS Royal 12 C. v; Bodleian Library MS Bodley 581 and MS Ashmole 4. 49. For the English transmission of the Secreta see Manzalaoui D.Phil. thesis, pp. 205-389. For Beauchamp's books, Henry S. Todd, Illustra• tions of Chaucer and Gower (London, 1810) pp. 161-2. 50. Ed. Robert Steele, Three Prose Vers ions of the Secretam Secretorum (London, 1898) EETS ES 74, pp. 121-248. 51. lohannes de Caritate. De Priuyte of Priuyteis in Secretum secretorum. Nine EngUsh Versions, pp. 114-202. 52. The Works of lohn Metham, ed. Hardin Craig (London, 1916) EETS 132. 53. Lydgate and Burgh's Secrees of old Philisoffres ed. Robert Steele (London, 1894) EETS ES 66. Steele suggests that British Library MS Sloane 2464 may be connected with Margaret, sister of Edward IV, ibid. p. xiv. 54. Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Museum MS Additional 261. 55. The English Works of lohn Gower, ed. G. C. Macaulay (London 1900) 4 vols, EETS ES 81, 1.4. 56. Hoccleve's Works; III The Regement of Princes, ed. F. J. Fumivall (Lon• don, 1897) EETS ES 72. 57. British Library MS Additional 5467, fol. 211. 58. British Library MS Royal 12 E.xv. See Catalogue by Gilson and Wamer for details. 59. British Library, MS Royal 17. D.iii. This is probably the presentation copy. The direct source is not the Secreta but the De Regimine Princi• pium of Giles of Colonna, which made full use of the Secreta. This was also a very popular book among noble book owners, especially in translation. Simon Burley, Richard II's tutor, owned a copy as did Thomas of Woodstock, the Duchess of Gloucester, and Sir Thomas Charleton (d. 1465). See M. V. Clarke, Fourteenth-Century Studies (Oxford, 1937) p. 120 n.2; K. B. McFarlane, art. eit., p. 237. R. H. Jones, The Royal Policy of Richard II (Oxford, 1968) p. 161, n.45 also notes copies in several monastic and collegiate libraries. Signifi• cantly, just as the astrological parts of the Secreta were considerably abbreviated in translation, the French translation of the De Regimine Principium only mentions astrology in order to advise princes not to indulge in it. Noted by G. W. Coopland, Nichole Oresme and the Astrologers (Liverpool, 1952) p. 186, n.33. 174 Notes

60. Warner and Gilson's Catalogue lists sixteen full and partial versions in Latin, French and English in the Royal and King's collections. 61. British Library MS Sloane 323. 62. Oxford, Bodleian Library MS Rawlinson C.538; MS Hertford College D.2. 63. Förster, 'Handschriften des Secretum secretorum'. A number of me• diaeval critics questioned the attribution to Aristotle, but without affecting the work's popularity. Manzalaoui D.Phil., pp. 217-18. 64. Secretum secretorum, p. xxviii. 65. Ibid., pp. 3-12; 'De istis scienciis naturalibus que vocari possunt inproprie geomancia, ydromancia, aeromancia, piromancia, que sunt vere partes philo• sophie, intendit Aristötiles in hoc libro, set translator non habuit in Latino nomina propria istis scienciis, ideo accepit nomina scienciarum magicarum que sunt similes aliquibus veris scienciis.' Ibid., p. 12. 66. Secretum secretorum p. 9: 'Et hec maxime debent fieri in regibus et filiis eorum et in aliis principibus, et eciam prelatis et omnibus viris magnificis, non solum propter eorum utilitates, set propter utilitates subditorum ecclesie et tocius mundis.' 67. Ibid. p. 60: '0 Rex clementissime, si fieri potest, non surgas nec sedeas nec comedas nec bibas et nichil penitus facias sine consilio viri periti in arte astrorum.' 68. A. G. Molland, 'Roger Bacon as a Magician', Traditio 30 (1974) 44~0 traces the development of this idea in the Renaissance.

3 THE ASTROLOGERS: BOOKS, LIBRARIES AND SCHOLARS

1. N. R. Ker, Medieval Libraries of Great Britain: A list of surviving books, 2nd ed. (London, 1964) p. xi. 2. Ker, Medieval Libraries, pp. x-xv. 3. See, for example, C. H. Josten, Elias Ashmole 1617-1692, 5 vols (Oxford, 1966); M. R. James, 'Manuscripts formerly owned by Dr John Dee', Transactions of the Bibliographical Society Supplement 1 (1921). A. G. Watson, The manuscripts of Henry Savile of Banke (Lon• don, 1969). 4. Ker, Medieval Libraries. 5. See Appendix I. 6. Dorothea Waley Singer, 'Hand-List of Western Scientific Manu• scripts in Great Britain and Ireland dating from before the sixteenth century', deposited in the British Library in 1920, with microfilms in the Library of Congress and the Warburg Institute, London. Only the section relating to alchemy was ever published. 7. Lynn Thorndike and Pearl Kibre, A Catalogue of Medieval Scientific Writings in Latin, rev. ed. (London, 1963) Addenda: Speculum 40 (1965) 116-122; 43 (1968) 78-114. 8. Thorndike, History of Magie. Also Thorndike's many articles, usually describing particular MSS. There is a bibliography of Thorndike's writings from 1905-52 in Os iris 11 (1954) 8-22; C. H. Haskins, Studies in the History of Mediaeval Science, 8 vols (New York and London, 1923-58). Notes 175

9. Catalogus codicum astrologorum graecorum. F. Foll, F. Cumont, G. Kroll et al. 11 vols (Lamertin, Bruxelles, 1898-1912). 10. F. J. Carmody, Arabic Astronomical and Astrological Sciences in Latin Translation. A critical bibliography, (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1956). 11. Fritz Saxl, Verzeichnis astrologischer und mythologischer illustriertes Handschriften des lateinischen Mittelalters 4 parts: 1. In römischen Bi• bliotheken (1915) 2. Die Handschriften der National-Bibliothek in Wien (1925) 3. Manuscripts in English Libraries (ed. Harry Bober) 2 vols, (London, 1953) 4. Manuscripts in Italian Libraries (other than Rome) ed. Patrick McGurk (London, 1966). 12. H. S. Bennett, 'Science and Information in English Writings of the Fifteenth Century', Modern Language Review 39 (1944) 1-8. The up• dating of Wells' Manual of the Writings in Middle English 1050-1400 by A. E. Hartung et al. has not yet reached Middle English scientific writings. 13. R. M. Wilson, 'The Contents of the Mediaeval Library', in The English Library before 1700, ed. Francis Wormald and C. E. Wright (London, 1958) p. 103. 14. DNB. Lelandi de rebus Britannicis Collectanea ed. T. Heame (Oxford, 1715; 2nd ed. 1774). Vol. m of the first edition, which contains lists of manuscripts, is equivalent to Vol. IV of the second edition. 15. M. R. James, The Ancient Libraries of Canterbury and Dover (Cambridge, 1903). 16. M. R. James, 'The Catalogue of the Library of the Augustinian Friars at York', Fasciculus Joanni Willis Clark dicatus (Cambridge, 1909) pp. 2-96. The instruments listed on p. 61 are: 1. Horologium auricalcium; 2. Astrolabium cum 7 laminis; 3. Quadrans prefacii iudei; 4. Spera auricalcia; 5. Cloke eneum; 6. Astrolabium. 17. M. R. James, Trans. Leics. Archaeol. Soc. xix (1936-37), p. 126. William Charite may well be the same as the William Cheryte, MA, described by Emden BRUO p. 405, a monk of Hyde Abbey, Winchester, who supplicated for the degree of Bachelor of Theology, after twelve years of study at Oxford and elsewhere, in 1507 and again in 1512. Perhaps an over-enthusiasm for the science of the stars contributed to his apparent lack of success as a theologian. 18. Catalogue of the Library of Syon Monastery ed. Mary Bateson (Cam• bridge, 1898). Syon had twelve books on astrology and astronomy, of which Steyke left six, out of a total of 1421. Steyke's astrological books in the sixteenth century catalogue are as follows: B45 Tabule equacionum planetarum B46 Haly Abenragel, De iudiciis astrorum B47 Ptolemy, Quadripartitum with commentary by Haly B48 Guido Bonatti, De iudiciis astrorum B49 Albumasar, De nativitatibus Note also B16, Regule quedam astronomie, presented by John Brace• bridge, c.I428. 19. Cambridge, MS St John's College 109(E.6). For Betson, who gra• duated in Common Law before entering Syon, see Emden BRUO p. 59; A. I. Doyle, 'Thomas Betson of Syon Abbey', The Library 11 (1956) 115-18. Betson is the author of two English devotional tracts, and the 176 Notes

donor of four other books to the abbey. A rather similar notebook, which also includes occasional notes on astrology, was compiled by the London Dominican Jaspar Fyloll in the early sixteenth century. See Cambridge, Magdalene College MS 4.13(13); fos 13, 14, 15, 17, 18. 20. Alfonso Sammut, Unfredo duca di Gloucester e gli umanisti Italani (Padua, 1980) Medioevo e Umanisimo 41. For a fifteenth-century cata• logue of some 367 books given to All Souls' after 1440 by Chichele, including twenty-one astronomia, see E. F. Jacob, 'Two Lives of Archbishop Chichele', Bull. lohn Rylands Libr. xvi (1932) 469-81. 21. Arthur F. Leach, 'Wykeham's Books at New College', Oxford Ris. 50c. Collectanea III (1896) 211-44. A number of other books on astronomy were added to the library after Wykeham's original bequest. See ibid., p. 244. 22. Wykeham's Register, ed. T. F. Kirby, 2 vols (London, 1896-9) 11,382-4. Wykeham wrote in a letter dated 20 May 1386 to the then Master insisting that Masters of Arts should, without further delay, apply themselves to their studies in the faculty of theology or astrology, referring to Rubric xxvi of the founder's statutes. Cited by Kirby, p. 383 n.1. 23. Ker, Medieval Libraries p. 148. Oxford, Bod. Lib. MS Auct. 3. 5. 29(2635) 13-14c. This book was given by the executors of Henry Jolypace, canon of St Paul's, in 1431. 24. Oxford MS New College 282. For Dryfeld see Emden BRUO pp. 596-7. 25. C. L. Shadwell, 'A Catalogue of Oriel College Library', (AD 1375) Oxt. Rist. 50c. Collectanea I (1885) 66-70. For Cobbledik see Emden BRUO, pp. 449-50. 26. See Appendix II for details of these books. 27. Ker, Medieval Libraries, p. xi. 28. This is true for the Oxford colleges of Durham and Lincoln. For lists of books sent from Durham in 1315, c.1400, and 1409, see H. E. D. Blakiston, Oxf. Rist. 50c. Collectanea III (1896) 36-41. In c.1390-14oo a list of 109 books sent to the college contains some philosophy as weIl as theology. See 'Catalogue of the Books of Durham College, Oxford, c.1390-1400', ed. by W. E. Pantin in H. E. Salter, Formularies c.1204-1420 vol. I Oxford Rist. 50ciety, n.s., IV (1942) 240-45. The charter of foundation of Lincoln College aimed at the formation of theologians, not lawyers. See R. Weiss, 'The earliest Catalogues of the Library of Lincoln College', Bodl. Quart. Rec. 8 (1937), p. 346. 29. Leland, Collectanea III. 64. 30. W. A. Pantin, Canterbury College, Oxford, Oxtord Rist. 50c. n.s.6 (1947) nO.36. 31. Treatises on medical astrology were owned by: Boxley, Cisterian Abbey (Cambridge, MS Corpus Christi 37); Durham, Benedictine cathedral priory (Cambridge, MS Magdalen Pepys 1662). Richard de Segbrok; Coupar Angus, Cistercian abbey (Edinburgh, U.L. MS 126); Coventry, Benedictine cathedral priory (London, B.L. MS Royal.12. G.iv. Owned by 'fr lohannes de Grenborough, infirmarius'; Thurgarton, Augustinian Priory (London, MS Royal College of Physicians 358); Notes 177

Bridlington, Augustinian Priory (Oxford, Bod. Lib. MS Digby 53); Coventry, Franciscan convent (Oxford Bod. Lib. MS Rawl. D.238); and Worcester Cathedral priory, (Gloucester Cathedral MS 25) Tho• mas More. 32. London, MS Royal College of Physicians 358. 33. Ibid. fol. 50v • For prognostics of this kind, and of illness by the age of the moon or the day of the week, see M. Förster in Archiv für das Studium der neueren Sprachen, cxxix.30-36, cxxviü.296-308, cxx.296-301. Cited by Ker, Medieval Manuscripts in British Libraries; I London (Ox• ford, 1969) p. 208. 34. John of London owned Oxford, Bod. Lib. MS Bodley 679 (2596); MS Rawlinson C.U7; MS Rawlinson C.328, and bequeathed fourteen books to St Augustine's in the fifteenth-century catalogue, and two to Christ Church, all on astrology, a1chemy and related topics. Michael Northgate owned Cambridge, Univ. Lib. MS Ii.I.15; Oxford, Bod. Lib. MS Bodley 464 (2458); Oxford, MS Corpus Christi College 221. William of St Gara owned Oxford, Bod. Lib. MS SeIden supra 25, 26 and Oxford, MS Corpus Christ College 283, both of which he carried with him to St Augustine's in 1277. 35. Oxford, Bod. Lib. MS Digby 92, fol. 15. 36. Emden BRUO, p. 966; Talbot Medical Practitioners, p. 81. 37. Emden BRUO, p. 783. 38. For Cory see BRUO, p. 493. Cory's almanac is in Oxford, MS Lincoln College Cod. Lat. 182, fos 1-53, 60-105 (not Magd. Coll. as in Emden). 39. Oxford, Bod. Lib. MS Auct. F.5.23(2674); Oxford, Bod. Lib. MS Rawl. C.677 (with a tract on palmistry); Oxford, MS St John's College 178 respectively. 40. The name of another Durham monk, W. Hertylpulle, occurs on London, Brit. Lib. MS Arundel 332, which inc1udes on fol. 52v , Probationes de astronomia practica. We simply note that a Robert Hartil• pole, described by Emden BRUO, p. 882, was appointed to Durham College Oxford as a secular scholar by Durham priory on 8 October 1434. 41. Emden BRUO, p. 604, 1212-13; Oxford, Bod. Lib. MS Douce 129 (21703). 42. Emden BRUO, p. 644. Aubrey Gwynn, The English Austin Friars (London, 1940) pp. 129-38. 43. T. Wright, Political Poems and Songs (London, 1859-61) R.S. I, 123-215. 44. For Ergum's library see M. R. James, 'The Catalogue of the Library of the Augustinian Friars at York', in Fasciculus loanni Willis Clark dicatus (Cambridge, 1919) 2-96. Nos. 597-646 belonged to Ergum. 45. Emden BRUO, pp. 1075, 771. 46. Oxford, Bod. Lib. MS Ashmole 1522. 47. Emden BRUO p. 29. Oxford, Bod. Lib., MS Auct. F.3.13. 48. Oxford, MS St John's College 172. 49. Oxford, Bod. Lib. MS Digby 57. For Philipp see Emden BRUO pp. 1476-77. 178 Notes

50. North, Richard of Wallingford, III. 132, 'Equatorium eneum cum epiciclo in dorso cum volvellis Solis et Lune'. 51. Oxford, Bod. Lib. MS Digby 72; for Carre see Emden BRUO p. 362. 52. Oxford, Bod. Lib. MS Auct. F.29(2635). 53. Oxford, MS Corpus Christi College 44. 54. Cal. Close Roll (1435-41) pp. 347, 349-50. Noted by Emden BRUO, p. 1294. 55. Cal. Close Roll (1435-41) p. 349. For Richard Monk see G. V. Coyne (ed.) Gregorian Reform of the Calendar (Vatican, 1983). 56. Oxford, Bod. Lib. MS Ashmole 1976; for the knowledge of Richard of Wallingford's instruments at St Alban's see John North, Richard of Wallingford, 11. 311-12, 361-70. 57. Dublin, MS Trinity College 444; Oxford, Bod. Lib. MS Ashmole 304. 58. Oxford, MS Corpus Christi 243. 59. Emden BRUO, pp. 2032-4. 60. Emden BRUO, p. 305. 61. Bale Index, p. 433. 62. For Bacon's reputation see A. G. Molland, 'Roger Bacon as a Magi• eian', Traditio 30 (1974) 445-60. 63. For Somer see A. G. Little, Grey Friars in Oxford (Oxford, 1892) Oxf. Rist. Soc. 20, pp. 244-5; Emden BRUO p. 1727. 64. Emden BRUO, pp. 1194-5. 65. Oxford, MS Corpus Christi College 123. Leland Collectanea IV. 19 ascribes Somer to the Bridgwater convem, surely wrongly. 66. Oxford, Bod. Lib. MS Ashmole 360. fols 49-88, 113, 114. 67. Oxford, MS Trinity College 17. 68. Oxford, Bod. Lib. MS Digby 93. For Notingham see Emden BRUO, p. 1377. Like Bungey, Notingham's writings reveal an exclusive interest in theology. 69. Emden BRUO. 70. Cambridge, MS Univ. Lib. ILl.l; London, MS Royal Astronomical Soeiety QB.7/1021. 71. This ineident will be described more fully in Chapter Seven. 72. Oxford, Bod. Lib. MS Ashmole 789, 15c, fol. 371, 'Ista tabula equacionis kalendarij, anno Christi 1432 composita per simplicem sacerdotem aliqualiter in arte astronomie informatum, docet equale stabilire et confirmare kalendar• ium nostrum ad cursum solarum.' For Bothe see Emden BRUO, p. 77. 73. C. H. Talbot, Medicine in Medieval England (London, 1967) pp. 68-70. 74. The evidence for the teaching of astronomy/astrology in the thir• teenth century is assembled by Pearl Kibre, 'The quadrivium in the 13th-century Universities', pp. 175-97. The evidence for the later period is discussed in a full and careful article by Richard Lemay, 'The teaching of Astronomy in Medieval Universities prineipally at Paris in the Fourteenth Century', Manuscripta 20 (1976) 197-217. 75. Carlo Malagola, Statuti delle Universita e dei College dello Studio Bolog• nese (Bologna, 1881) p. 276, trans. and summarised by Lynn Thom• dike, University Records and Life in the Middle Ages (New York, 1971) 1st pub. 1944, pp. 279-82. 76. Statuti Bolognese, ed. eit. p. 264; University Records p. 282. Notes 179

77. Lemay, 'The teaching of astronomy', pp. 199-200 and esp. 204-6. See also Rashdall's Mediaeval Universities edd. F. M. Powicke and A. B. Emden (Oxford, 1936) I, pp. 238, 243, 24~9 for astrology in medieval universities. 78. The original statutes of the college were edited in Bulletin de la Societe des Antiquaires de Normandie 31 (1916) 182-329. The foundation charter is dated 1371 though it was probably operating, with papal approval, well before this. Lemay, 'The teaching of astronomy', pp. 2~1. 79. Reeeuil des plus celebres astrologues et quelque hommes doetes faict par Symon de Phares du temps de Charles VIII, ed. Ernest Wickersheimer (Paris, 1929). For Symon's description of the foundation of the college ibid. p. 228. He also gives two inventories of the college's collection of instruments, ibid. pp. 4, 288. Cited by Lemay, pp. 'The teaching of astronomy', pp. 200-1. 80. Lemay, ibid, pp. 206-9. Lynn Thorndike, 'The Study of Mathematics and Astronomy in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries as Illus• trated by Three MSS', Seripta Mathematiea 23 (1957) 65-76. 81. Lemay, ibid, pp. 210-12. 82. Guy Beaujouan, 'Motives and Opportunities for Science in the Me• dieval Universities', in A. C. Crombie, ed., Scientifie Change, p. 223. Quoted by Lemay, ibid, p. 215. 83. James A. Weisheipl, 'Curriculum of the Faculty of Arts at Oxford in the early fourteenth century', Mediaeval Studies 26 (1964) 14~; 'Developments in the Arts Curriculum at Oxford in the Early Four• teenth Century', Medieval Studies 28 (1966) 151-75. 84. Weisheipl, 'Curriculum', p. 161. 85. Weisheipl, 'Curriculum', pp. 172-3. The other books listed by Weisheipl are: Ptolemy, Almagest; Theoriea planetarum ascribed to Gerard of Cremona; Sacro Bosco, De sphera; Grosseteste, Compotus; Robertus Anglicus, Traetatus quadrantis; astronomical tables for Ox• ford; Tractatus de proportionibus. 86. See for example the questions indexed by Palemon Glorieux, La Litterature Quodlibetique de 1260 a 1320, 2 vols (Paris, 1925-35). 87. See for comparison: Oxford, Bod. Lib. MS Canon misc. 191, fol. 1: 'Questiones octo astrologieae alieque, seiliciter, 1. Utrum quis possit astrorum vera loea iudieare, et subinde futura previdere, ubi velit, ete.' Oxford, MS Corpus Christi College 116, fol. 1: 'Disputationes et suppo• sitiones quorundam Ineeptorum in Artibus Oxoniensium, in physies et logieis. Ine., 'Utrum a speris eelestibus eontinue mutabilibus motu eireulare luminosis radiis.' For a question of the Oxford theologian, William Woodford, 'Is it due to fate or to the stars whether we are good or bad?', in which Woodford cautiously opposes the view of Thomas Bradwardine, see J. I. Catto, 'William Woodford, O.F.M. (c.133O-c.1397)' (Oxford, 1970) MS D. Phil. d. 4877, p. 116. 88. Printed at Venice in 1489. 89. James, Aneient Libraries. 90. Numbers refer to James' edition 1009, 1026, 1060. 14-18, 1175. 91. 1165, 1147. 92. 1136.22, 1137.23-4, 1151. 180 Notes

93. 1161. 94. 1157, 1173. 95. 1130, 1142. 96. 1131.15, 1277. 97. 1166. 98. 1135, 1144, 1145, 1146, ·1147; 1141, 1158, 1161, 1167; 1141, 1147, 1166, 1181; 1161, 1163, 1165; 1152, 1161, 1166; 1156; 1161, 1171; 1161, 1162, 1163, 1155. 99. 1135.20; 1142; 1132, 1129. 100. See Appendix 11. 101. E. F. Jacob, 'Two lives of Archbishop ChicheIe', Bull. lohn Ry/ands Lib. 16 (1932) Appendix, pp. 477-80 includes the items on astronomy. Most of the books seem to have been collected by Chichele himseif. There are sixteen astronomia, perspectiva and geometria, four geomancia and four other works on occult disciplines. 102. Alfonso Sammut, Unfredo duea di Gloueester egli umanisti Italiani (Padua, 1980) Medioevo e Umanismo 41, pp. 68-9. 103. Ibid. pp. 85-94. 104. Sammut, Unfredo di Gloueester pp. 115-116 no. 26; Roberto Weiss, 'Portrait of a bibliophile XI. Humphrey, duke of Gloucester d. 1447', The Book Collector 13 (1964), p. 164. The manuscript was copied in Oxford in 1423 by the scribe Frederick Naghel of Utrecht. In 1577 it was owned by John Dee. 105. See M. J. Barber, 'The Books and Patronage of Leaming of a 15th Century Prince', The Book Collector 12 (1963), 312; Amundesham. An• nales Monasteri S. Albani, ed. H. T. RiIey, R.S. no. 28, II 256. 106. See Appendix II for medieval catalogues of these libraries and the lists of Bale and Leiand.

4 THE HIGH AND NOBLE SCIENCE: ASTROLOGY AND THE MERTON CIRCLE

1. Thomdike, History of Magie, III, p. 334. Cited from Summa judieialis II.12; Oxford, MS Oriel College 23, fol. 224v. 2. Merton Muniments ed. P. S. Allen and H. W. Garrod (Oxford, 1928), p.21. 3. For the 'Merton School', see especially the thesis of James A. Weisheipl, 'Early Fourteenth-Century Physics of the Merton School', University of Oxford unpub. D.Phil. thesis (d. 1776). For the founder's intentions see ibid, pp. 44-5. 4. F. M. Powicke, The Medieval Books of Merton College (Oxford, 1931) p.26. 5. Ibid. For the instruments of Merton College, see North, Riehard of Wallingford, Appx 15, III, 132-5. 6. Ibid, p. 49, nos. 44, 47; pp. 103-4, nos. 91, 94. 7. Ibid, pp. 103-4. PtoIemy's treatise on the Planisphere with the Almag• est was held by Hugh de Staunton in 1372, and by Robert Hedeshaie in 1375; Liber septem planetarum was held by Richard Baron in c.1410 and another master in 1452. Notes 181

8. Powicke, Medieval Books, p. 67 nos. 6, 7. 9. Ibid, p. 67 no. 12; p. 191 no. 692. 10. Ibid, p. 69 no. 81; p. 191 no. 691. 11. Ibid, p. 79 no. 87; p. 197 no. 807. 12. For Roger Gates see Emden BRUO p. 748. In c.1410 he held Librum Medicine and 'Equatorium ligneum cum epiciclo' with ten other books. Powicke, Medieval Books, p. 68 nos. 26-37; Emden BRUO p. 1479 notes that William Philipps M A supplicated for BM after four years of study in medicine and astronomy on 27 March 1462, so the connection between the two disciplines seems to have been established formally by the second half of the fifteenth century. 13. Medieval Books, pp. 28-32. 14. For Bury see Emden BRUO pp. 323--6; N. Denholm-Young, 'Richard de Bury', Trans. Royal Hist. Soc., 4th sero 20 (1937) 135-68. 15. Historiae Dunelmensis Scriptores Tres, ed. James Raine, Surtees Society IX (London, 1839) pp. 127-30. 16. Denholm-Young, 'Richard of Bury', p. 165, gives a complete list of Bury's intellectual cirele. 17. Ibid, p. 151. Foedera 11, ü. 892. 18. For Maudith see Emden BRUO, pp. 1243-4, which lists the manu• scripts of his Tabulae mathematicae composed in Oxford in 1310. A copy of these tables was in the library of the York Austin Friars, no doubt one of the MSS of John Ergum. 19. Emden BRUO, pp. 1039-40. 20. Part of Oxford, Bod. Lib., MS Digby 176; Oxford, MS Merton College C.2.1O(259). 21. For Bredon see Emden BRUO, pp. 257-8; also C. H. Talbot, 'Simon Bredon (c.I300-1372), Physician, Mathematician, and Astronomer', British Journal for the History of Science 1 (1962-3) 19-30. 22. For Bredon's writings see Talbot, 'Simon Bredon'; Bale, Script. Illust. Bryt., pt.i, pp. 488-9. 23. Powicke, Medieval Books, pp. 84-5. For Merle see Emden BRUO, pp. 1264-5. 24. Printed by Powicke, ibid, pp. 82-92. 25. See for comparison, the will of William Rede, Powicke, Medieval Books pp. 87-91, who simply leaves 'one hundred books of various faculties', or 'fifty precious books of theology and canon law', or something similar, to various Oxford colleges. He does however specifya very large number of individual beneficiaries (forty-three), though most of these are members of his household rather than personal friends. 26. Emden BRUO, pp. 344-5; E. A. Synan, 'Richard of Camsale: An English Theologian of the fourteenth century', Mediaeval Studies 14 (1952) 1-8. Camsale received from Bredon's will the following items: 'i. 20 shillings; ü. A silver cup without a cover; üi. A small book ('quater• num') containing: Profatius Almanac; Opus de sinibus; Albumasar Minus introductorium; John Maudith Tables; A book which begins, 'Que in gloriosissimis' [ie. the Astrology addressed to Robert de Beaumont, Earl of Leicester, see Incipits 1184]; Albertus Magnus De herbis lapidibus et animalibus; Experimenta concerning serpents' skin; Battani Centiloquium; 182 Notes

and Arzaehel Canons; iv. Abumasar Maior introductorium; v. Martin Chroniele; vi. My prayerbook ('iurnale') 'de laudibus et horis'; and vii. My better robe.' 27. London, Brit. Lib. MS Royal 12 E.xxv. This MS also eontains the 'Optimus tractatus de astronomia' eomposed for the Earl of Leicester. 28. For Rede's work see J. D. North, 'The Alfonsine Tables in England', in Prismata. Festschrift für Willy Hartner ed. Y. Maeyama and W. G. Saltzer (Wiesbaden, 1977) pp. 269--300, at p. 277. I thank Professor North for this deseription of Rede's tables. 29. Oxford, MS Lineoln College Cod. lat. 182; Bod. Lib. MS Digby 92; London, Royal Astronomical Society MS QB.7/l021. 30. See Appendix I for details. 31. Emden BRUO, 644.- 32. The Canons have the ineipit, 'Volentibus futuros effectus planetarum .... Thomdike and Kibre's Incipits, 1709, lists ten manuseripts. 33. Listed by Emden BRUO, p. 1558. 34. Oxford, MS Balliol College, 285; Oxford, Bod. Lib. MS Digby 176; Oxford, MS Merton College 259; 281; 294. See Appendix I for brief descriptions of these MSS. 35. Powicke, Medieval Books, pp. 167-8 (no. 537): 'This MS. is, at least from the personal standpoint, the most interesting of Rede's books.' 36. Powicke, Medieval Books, p. 167. 37. Ibid. 38. Digby 176, fol. Iv. 39. Thomdike, History of Magic, III, p. 343. 40. North, 'The Fortunes of Churehes', pp. 208--9, nn.50 and 51, reealcu• lated six of Ashenden's eonjunetions and suggests that at least some of his figures may have been 'eovertly borrowed', and that there is 'room for doubt' as to whether Rede is the author of the ealculations aseribed to hirn in the index of Digby 176. In any ease, the original ealculator seems to have used the Alfonsine rather than the Toledan tables. 41. Emden BRUO, p. 210. 42. Leland, Comment. de Script Brit., p. 429, noted a eopy in Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge; there are three eopies of the Kalendarium for three nineteen-year cydes from 1330-86, in Cambridge, MS Cor• pus Christi College, Parker 37, fol. 27; this MS once belonged to the Cisterian abbey at Boxley; London, Brit. Lib. MS Sloane 286, 14c, fos 15-24; Oxford, Bod. Lib. MS Fairfax 27, 14e, fos 71-79. Incipits 1245, 1277. The eanon had the incipit, 'Quidam homines multum affectant scienciam astronomie.' There are many copies of the calendar of Nicho• las of Lynn, who deseribes in the prefaee his debt to Walter Elvedene. I take the text from Oxford, Bod. Lib. MS Laud. mise. 662, fol. 1. This is a particularly fine version, which at one time belonged to 'Johanis ... monachus de Holand in co. lyncoln', aeeording to an erased fifteenth-century inscription on fol. üi, i.e. the Gilbertine house of Holland Brigge: 'Ego frater Nicholaus de Lenea ordinis beate marie genitricis dei de monte carmeli inter lectores sacre theologie minimus et indignus, composui anno eiusdem domini nostri Jhesu Christi 1386 per quatuor cielis decemnovenalibus immediate sequentibus. Et incipiet istud kalendarium ter• minato kalendario Reverendi Magistri Walteri Elwedene videlicet anno Christi Notes 183

1387 primo die mensis Januarii, prima eurrente per unum. Et durabit per 76 annos videlieet, usque ad annum domini 1463.' See the edition Nieholas of Lynn. Kalendarium, ed. Sigmund Eisner (London, 1980). 43. Cambridge, MSS Gonville and Caius College 54, 78, 95, 115, 147, 242(?), 254, 468, 483(?). For the astrolabe see J. Venn, Bigraphieal History of Gonville and Caius College 1349-1901, 3 vols (Cambridge, 1897-1901) I.2. Cited by M. R. James in his catalogue of the college library (Cambridge, 1907). At tlte end of Gonville and Caius MS 54 are two letters, addressed 'wip gret loue' to Margaret. Evidently Elvedene's career was not all'[aw and astronomy. 44. For the system of planetary dignities, which depend ultimately on Ptolemy's Tetrabiblos, I. 17-22, 23, see J. D. North, Riehard of Walling• ford, II. 10&-111, and references. 45. For the 'lord of the month', and also the 'lord of the year', 'lord of the hour' and a reference for the planetary week, see ibid. II. 121-2. 46. Printed by North, ibid, III. 17; See also 11. 119-21. Note however that Elvedene seems to use slightly different values from those prescribed by Richard of Wallingford. 47. Digby 176, fol. 19. 48. Digby 176, fol. 22v. 49. See North, Riehard of Wallingford, 11, 121 for the procedure of selecting the lord of the year. 50. Oxford, Bod. Lib. MS Fairfax 27(3907), fol. 78. Some of the words are unc1ear, but the first sentence seems to read: 'Quidam homines multum affectant seieneiam astronomie seire, et ne ab aliis seire . .. offerre omnia affectant, propter eontrivium et exaetium istius seieneie me rogaverunt ut adeo leve opus eis faeerem, quorum preeibus inclinatus eomposui unum kalendar• ium, quo possunt seire eoniunetiones soZis et lune, et ineeptiones earum et finem earum.' 51. Riehard of Wallingford, Appendix 19; III. 140-41. 52. Emden BRUO, pp. 1086-7; For Lamboume's letters see Digby 176, fols 40-1v; 50-53. 53. Thomdike, History of Magie, III. 345; Digby 176, fol. 53v. Thomdike lists some medieval Johns, connected in manuscripts with the natural and occult sciences, in History of Magie 11. 94-8, inc1uding several Johns of London. For other English scholars of this name see Emden, BRUO, BRUC. North, Riehard of Wallingford 11. 118, notes another in connec• tion with London, Brit. Lib., MS Royal 12.C. xviü. 54. Thomdike, History of Magie, II. 96 notes that the latest written works among London's books were treatises by Jean de Linieres and William of St Cloud, who made astronomical observations between 1285 and 1321. He thus cannot be the same as the John of London praised by Roger Bacon, as suggested by James, Medieval Libraries, pp. 1xxiv-w and p. 540. See also DNB, xxix, p. 448. 55. The prefaces are reproduced by Thomdike, ibid, III, pp. 34!H), nn.44 and 46. 56. Digby 176, fol. 50. Lamboume's Latin can best be described as tortu• ous in this passage. This is the complete text of the preface: 'Magister mi reverende et dilecte in Christo, et sub Christo domine. Quia me diseipline iam tarde eoram reverentia vestra eonstitutum, votivus desideriis, pulsastis ut 184 Notes

vobis aliquid traderem incriptis de hiis que mihi videntur futura significari inferiori huic mundi, prefiguras eclipsales celi futuras hoc anno instantis domini nostri Jhesu Christi 1363° scilicet mentibus Martii et Septembris, in luminare minori scilicet Luna. Curo nunc sicut tenior pro veribus votis vestris parere, et quantum mei permitati ingenii datur in talibus huc usque sapere, premissis primo figura introitus anni una, etiam secundum ambabus figuris dictarum eclipsium consequenter earum significationes vobis insumendas, conabor in his scriptis exprimere. Ita sane hoc dixerim, ut ego non tantum paratissimus sim, si quid in hiis iudiciis, vestra profunda discretio Magistren indiscrete seu erronee dictum deprehenderat, me humiliter accepere, contra sententiates, aut de correxione mea, aut de responsa benevolentia, gavisurus verum, etiam hoc a vobis postulem ac flagitem obnixius.' 57. See additional note, pp. 187-8 above for Lamboume's figures. 58. Digby 176, fol. 23. 59. For the effect of a planet being retrograde, see e.g. Richard Walling• ford in his Exafrenon, eh. 4; Richard of Wallingford, 1.210. 60. Digby 176, fol. 5Ov. 61. Ibid. fol. 51: 'Tertio dico quod significatio huius eclipsi continget plurimum in statibus aeris et proprie in hiis qui nascitur de terra.' 62. Digby 176, fol. 51v. 63. Ibid, fol. 52. 64. Ibid, fol. 52v. 65. Ibid, fol. 52v-53. 66. Digby 176, fos 40-41v contains the sole copy of Lamboume's tract. Ashenden' s version also occurs in only one manuscript, namely Ox• ford, Bod. Lib. Ashmole MS 393, fos 79-80, and a letter copy in Ashmole 192, fos 12-16v. 67. For astrological weather prediction see Stuart Jenks, 'Astrometeorol• ogy in the Middle Ages', Isis 74 (1983) 185-2. On p. 189, Jenks describes William Merle and John Ashenden as 'university professors of astrology' and Richard of Wallingford and Robert Grosseteste as 'men of the academy'. Whereas Ashenden in particular may weil have offered lectures on astrology, Oxford had neither achair in astrology nor research academies, and Jenks' terminology is therefore rather loose. See also North, Richard of Wallingford, 11, pp. 8>-9. 68. R. C. Dales, 'Robert Grosseteste's Views on Astrology', Mediaeval Studies 29 (1967) 357-63. 69. An excellent idea of the rise in importance of annual predictions can be obtained from the Index of Kibre and Thomdike's Incipits, 1890, which lists annual predictions, the earliest being for the year 1329, and the latest for 1500. Dividing this period into fifty-year blocks, we can count four surviving predictions for the years 1300-49, and 1350-99, twenty for the years 1400-49, and sixty-nine for the years 1450-1500, of which fifty-two concem the last twenty-five years (i.~. 1~75-1500). 70. For the later history of almanacs see E. F. Bosanquet, English Printed Almanacs and Prognostications: A bibliographical history to the year 1600. Bibliographical Sodety Illustr. Mon, no.17 (London, 1917). Additions in The Library, 4th sero 8 (1928) 456-77; 10 (1930) 361-97; Bemard Capp, English Almanacs 1500-1800: Astrology and the Popular Press (New York, 1979). Notes 185

71. For the Recueil of famous astrologers of Symon de Phares, see below, Chapter Five. 72. Emden BRUO, p. 56. Thomdike makes the intriguing suggestion that John Ashenden is the same as Reginald Lamboume's master, and recipient of his letter, John of London, History of Magie, III, p. 346. If this, in turn, is the same as John of London of Canterbury, it would at least explain Ashenden's absence from public life. For Ashenden there is also an unpublished Oxford D. Phil. by K. Snedegar which I have been unable to consult. 73. See additional note pp. 188-91 above for a list of the MSS of Ashen- den' s writings and their owners. 74. Thomdike, History of Magie, III, p. 330. 75. Cambridge, Univ. Lib. MS Ii.I.27(1719), fols. 61a-140. 76. Paris, Bib. Nat. MS Univ. Paris, 1037. 77. Pearl Kibre, The Library of Pico della Mirandola (New York, 1936) pp. 92-3, no. 166. 78. Cited by North, 'Fortunes of Churches', pp. 184-5 from Maximilian Curtze, 'Der Briefwechsel Regiomontans mit Giovanni Bianchini, Jacob von Speier und Christian Roder', Abhandlungen zur Geschichte der mathematischen Wissenschaften 12(1902), p. 306. 79. James, 'York Austin Friars', p. 58, nos. 376, 377; Digby 176; London, MS Royal College of Physicians 390; Cambridge, MS Emmanuel Col• lege 70; MS Gloucester Cathedral 21; Symon de Phares Recueil, pp. 222,225. 80. Oxford, Bod. Lib. MS Ashmole 393, fos 81v-86; 79-80. 81. London, Brit. Lib. MS Royal 12 F.xvii; The Lumley Library ed. Sears Jayne and Francis R. Johnson (London, 1955) p. 215, no. 1843. See Appendix H for copies in the medieval libraries of Oxford and Cam• bridge. 82. Oxford, MS Oriel College 23. It is reasonable to suppose that this is one of the medieval books of the College. 83. Thomdike, History of Magie III, p. 345, conc1udes his account of Ashenden's writings with this judicious assessment: 'It will have been noted that all of John of Eschenden's particular predictions, as weB as his more general Summa, were concemed with conjunctions and ec1ipses of the planets, and the universal accidents of the world, predictable from the revolutions of the years or annual entry of the sun into the sign Aries. He spoke slightingly of the departments of astrology known as interrogations and elections, to say nothing of the art of constructing astrological images which formed an adjunct to the latter. He does not seem to have drawn up any horoscopes for individuals or to have written treatises on nativities. We should regard hirn therefore as a specialist in the particular department of revolu• tions and conjunctions.' 84. For the manuscripts of Summa judicialis see the note below. An English version of this passage is cited by North, Richard of Wallingford, H. 87 from Cambridge, MS Trinity College 0.5.26, fols 146-7. I have taken the text from Oxford, Bod. Lib., MS Digby 225, a c1ear and well-written manuscript produced before 1406, and circulating in Oxford: fol. 1a: 'Set in hoc opere tam grandi et tam arduo, tria sunt que multipliciter me 186 Notes

perterrent et animum meum perturbant, seilieet invidia ae detestanda imperi• torum in astronomia detractio, et diffieilis ae miranda de aecidentibus mundi seeundum sententiam astronomie pronostieatio, aeeciam librorum astronomie et eontrarium opinionum astrologorum onerosa multitudo. Primum itaque istorum que me in hoe opere infestant et impediunt est invidia et detestanda imperitorum in astronomia detractio. Ista enim scientia astronomia tam nobilis est et tam alta, ut quotquot sibi inherent et eius fructus uberrimos adquirunt, tot habent despieientes quot ipsam scientiam sunt ignorantes.' 85. Summa judieialis, Bk.II, d.xii, ch. 3. Cited by Thomdike History of Magie, III, pp. 333-4. 86. Digby 176, fol. 38-38v. Cited by Thomdike, History of Magie III, p. 342. On the other hand, Ashenden himself makes a lengthy contribution to the business of calculating the length of time from the Creation to the Deluge, and from the Deluge to the Incamation in Bk.l, d.i. of the Summa judicialis. J. A. Robson, Wyclif and the Oxford Sehools (Cam• bridge, 1961) p. 102, tentatively identifies this lecturer with John Ashton, a fellow of Merton College in 1365. 87. M. W. Bloomfield and Marjorie Reeves, 'The Penetration of Joachism into Northem Europe', Speeulum 29 (1954) 775-780. For Ashenden's comments see North, 'Fortunes of Churches', pp. 196-7. 88. Noted by Thomdike, History of Magie, III, p. 339. 89. Digby 176, fol. 40: 'Isla scripsi de signifieationibus predietarum eoniune• tionum magnarum, ad eommunem valitatem studentium in astronomia, et precipue ad exercitium et solaeium sociorum meorum aule de Merton in Oxonia quos et domum nostram predictam eonservet dominus, dominus altissimus per infinita seeula. Amen.' 90. I.e. John Ashenden (fos 9-16); Levi ben Gerson (fos 16-17v); Jean de Murs (fos 17-18); Geoffrey of Meaux (fos 25-9). In other MSS, the treatise attributed to Jean de Murs is ascribed to Firminus de Bel• lavelle. Thomdike, History of Magie III, pp. 306-7. 91. Thomdike, History of Magie III, pp. 289-91; 303-17; 326-32. 92. Thomdike, History of Magie III, pp. 268, 289-92, 303-17. Other ac• counts of the plague and the conjunctions of 1345 were written by Giovanni Villani after Master Pagalo di ser Piero, Symon de Covino, John of Bassigny and Trithemius. By a grim irony, Villani fell victim to the plague in 1348. For Henry of Hesse' s objection to this theory see ibid., 498-9. 93. Digby 176, fol. 26: 'Rogatus a quibus amicis meis ut de causa huius generalis pestileneie aliquid scriberem eausam eius ostendendo naturaliter. Et quare eontingit tot provinciis. Et quare illis provinciis plus quam aliis. Et quare plus in quibusdam eivitatibus et villis earundum provinciarum quam in aliis predic• tarum. Et in eadem villa quare eontingit plus in uno vico quam in alio, ae etiam plus in una domo quam in alia. Et quare minus magnatibus et generosis quam alteri papulo.' Cited by Thomdike, History of Magie III, p. 289. 94. Digby 176, fol. 27v. 95. Digby 176, fol. 26v. 96. Oxford, MS Oriel College 23, fol. 222v. Cited by Thomdike, History of Magie III, p. 331 and n.11: ... prout eo scripsi anno Christi 1345. Quiequid enim tibi dixi iam de predictis effectibus, illud idem predixi tune seeundum sentenciam astronomorum. Et advenerunt predicta mala post sta- Notes 187

tim nimis habundanter, tanta enim fuit mortalitas in mundo anno Christi 1349 et 1348 quod totus mundus erat turbatus.' 97. Digby 176, fol. 30. Cited by Thomdike, History of Magie III, pp. 335-6.

ADDITIONAL NOTES TO CHAPfER FOUR

Digby 176, fol. 50

Reginald Lamboume's Figures for the Lunar Eclipses of 1363 Houses I. Figura introitus solis in Arietis 1 2 3 4 5 6 23 Gern. 29 Can. 20 Leo 13 Virg. 3 Lib. 17Scorp. Mars 21 Can. Jupiter 16 Leo.ret. 7 8 9 10 11 12 23 Gem.(sie) 29 Cap. 20Aq. 13 Pisc. 3 Ar. 17 Taur. Luna Mercur. Sol Venus 16Aq. 6 Pies. 1 Ar. 15 Ar. 11. Figura ec1ipsis lune universalis in Martio

29 March 1363, 17h.7m. tempus equalis 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ar. 8 Taur. 6 Gern. 3 Can. 2 Leo. 4 Virg. Mercur. Mars Jupiter Satum 8 Ar. 26 Can. no figure 6 Virg. Sol 18 Ar. 7 8 9 10 11 12 7 Lib. 8Scorp. 6 Sag. 3 Cap. 2Aq. 4 Pisc. Luna 18 Lib. 111. Figura ec1ipsis lune universalis in Septembris

23 September 1363, 8h.23m. tempus equalis 1 2 3 4 5 6 17 Gern. 5 Can. 23 Can. 5 Leo. 24 Virg. 8Scorp. Jupiter Mercur. Mars 13 Virg. 19 Lib. no figure Venus Satum 4 Virg. 12 Lib. Sol 4 Lib. 188 Notes

7 8 9 10 11 12 17 Sag. 5 Cap. 23 Cap. 5Aq. 24 Pies. 8 Taur. Luna 4 Ar. Planetary positions

I Horoscope Computed Difference

Satum 8 Lib.(ret) = 188° 187(rett -1 Jupiter 16 Leo.(ret) = 135° 136(rett 0 Mars 21 Can. = 111° 113° +2 Sun 1 Ar. 1° 360° -1 Moon 16 Aq. = 316° 317,5° +1.5 Venus 15 Tau. = 45° 44° -1 Mercury 6 Pisc. = 336° 336° 0 date 12 March 12 March time 12.08 am 4 pm G.C.T. 11 Satum 6 Lib. = 186° 186(rett 0 Jupiter ? Leo. ? 135(rett Mars 26 Can. = 116° 11~ +1 Sun 18 Ar. = 318° 16° -2 Moon 18 Lib. = 198° 189° -11 Venus 24 Tau. 54° 53.5° -1.5 Mercury 8Ar. 8° 4° -4 date 29 March 29 March time 5.07 pm. 4pm G.C.T. III Satum 12 Lib. = 192° 192° 0 Jupiter 13 Vir. = 163° 163° 0 Mars ? Scor. = ? 218S Sun 9 Lib. = 189° 188° -1 Moon 9 Ar. 9° 6° -3 Venus 4 Vir. = 154° 153° -1 Mercury 19 Lib. = 23° 203(rett +4 date 23 Sept. 23 Sept. time 8.23 am. 4 pm G.C.T. List of manuscripts of the writings of lohn Ashenden

Sourees (in order of comprehensiveness) Emden BRUO p. 56; Thomdike History of Magie I1I, pp. 325-6; 717-21 (Appendix 20); Incipits passim; James A. Weisheipl, 'Reportorium Notes 189

Mertonense', Mediaeval Studies 31 (1969) p. 175; Ernst Zinner, Verzeich• nis der astronomische Handschriften des deutsches KuIturgebietes (Munich, 1925); Lynn Thorndike, 'Notes on some Astronomical, Astrological and Mathematical Manuscripts of the Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris', Jour. War Court. Inst. 20 (1957) 161-2; IncunabuIa in American Libraries. A Third Census, F. R. Goff, (repr. New York, 1973) p. 231. I: Summa judicialis de accidentibus mundi

First part completed 20 July 1347; second part completed 18 December 1348. Printed by John Lucilius Santritter at the expense of Francis Bolanus, 7 July 1489. Inc. 'Intentio mea in hoc libro est compi/are senten• tias'. Text begins, 'Dicit Iulius Firmicus libro 3°, in principio.'

(1) Cambridge, Trinity College, 0.5.26(1307), late fourteenth• fifteenth century. Fragmentary. (2) Cambridge, Univ. Lib. Ii.I.27(1719), fols 61a-140. Revision by Thomas de Wyndfele, inc. 'Primus tractatus huius Summe Judicialis.' (3) Cracow, Univ. Lib. 565(DD.III.I7), 282pp; fourteenth century. Text anonymous. (4) Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Crawford 4.11, fols 1-150; mid fifteenth century. Copied in Germany. (5) Erfurt, Amplon. Fol. 207a(254 fols); fourteenth century. English provenance. (6) Erfurt, Amplon. Fol. 379, fols 99v-159; fourteenth century. (7) London, Brit. Lib., Arundel 88, fol. 54; fifteenth, sixteenth cen• tury. (8) London, Brit. Lib. Hadey 5082; fifteenth century. Imperfect. (9) London, Royal College of Physicians 390; fourteenth century. Belonged to John Holbroke and bequeathed to Peterhouse, Cam• bridge. (10) Milan, Bibliotheca Ambrosiana A.inf.201. (11) Munich, C.L.M. 221; fifteenth century. (12) Naples, Oratoriana XV, xi (Mandarini, chart. 49), fols 1-141; first half of fifteenth century. (13) Oxford, Bod. Lib. Ashmole 393, fols 91-123v; fifteenth century English translation of Tract 1, dist. 12 only. (14) Oxford, Bod. Lib. Ashmole 576. Edition of Venice, 1489, but with extensive corrections, probably from MS Bodley 714(2621) by Ri• chard Forster (1546?-1616). (15) Oxford, Bod. Lib. Bodley 369 (2479), fols 1-379v; mid-fifteenth century. (16) Oxford, Bod. Lib. Bodley 714 (2621), fols 1-235v; late fourteenth• fifteenth century. (17) Oxford, Bod. Lib. Digby 225, fols 1-243v; before 1406. (18) Oxford, Bod. Lib. Saville 25 (6571), fols 1-163; late fourteenth century. Tract 2 only. (19) Oxford, Bod. Lib., SeIden supra 79. (20) Oxford, Oriel College 23, fols 1-226; late fourteenth century. (21) Paris, Bib. nat., nouv. acq. 3034; 366 fols; fifteenth century. 190 Notes

Attributed to John de Oxonia, inc. 'Sicut dicit Aristoteles secundo (septimo) Ethicorum.' (22) Paris, Bib. nat., Univ. Paris 1037, 195 fols; fifteenth century. Copy of Charles VI of France. (23) Paris, Universitaire 598, fols 1-136; fifteenth century. (24) Pennsylvania University 598. (25) Rome, Vatic. Palat. 1443. (26) Rome, Vatican (Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana) 2880, fols 90a-114b. Incomplete. (27) Vienna, Latin 5387, 256 fols; anno 1336.

II: Abbreviation of Summa judicialis by John de Ponte of Lyons

Completed on Wednesday, 23 February 1379. Ine. 'Causa enim que me.' Text begins, 'Convenerunt astrologi quod initium orbis fuit ante diem Jovis.'

(1) Paris, Bib. Nat. 735, fols 1a-100bv. (2) Lyons, 329(262), fols 80-167. Copy by Stephanus de Rupe alias Villefranche. III: Pronosticationes cuiusdem eclipsis universalis et coniunctionum anno Christi 1345

Completed on 24 March 1345. Ine. 'Significatio eclipsis lune universalis iuxta sententiam Ptholomeum et Haly.'

(1) Cambridge, Emmanuel College 70, fol. 144v; fifteenth century. Belonged to John Dunstable. (2) Oxford, Bod. Lib., Digby 176, fos 9-16; fourteenth century. Be- longed to Nicholas Sandwich, William and others. (3) Paris, Bib. Nat., nouv. acq. 3034. IV: Pronosticationes de coniunctione Saturne et Martis et Jovis ac eclipsis Lune universalis anno 1349.

Completed 6 March 1349. Inc. 'Sicut dicit Haly 20 Quadripartiti Tholomei cao 60 cum fuerit eclipsis vel coniunctio.'

(1) Cambridge, Emmanuel College 70 fifteenth century. Belonged to John Dunstable. (2) Oxford, Bod. Lib. Digby 176, fols 30-3; fourteenth century. Be- longed to William Rede. V: Pronosticatio coniunctionis Saturni et Martis in Cancro anno Christi 1357 with Pronosticatio coniunctionis magne Saturni et Jovis anno Christi 1365

Completed 10 March 1357 Inc. 'Sicut dicit philosophus (Ptholomeus) in Centiloquio propositione SOa, Non obliviscaris.' Notes 191

(1) Cambridge, Emmanuel College 70, fols 4v-14v; fifteenth century. Belonged to John Dunstable. (2) London, Brit. Lib. Harley 637, fols 129av-138v; fifteenth century. (3) London, Brit. Lib. Royal 12 F.xvii, fols 172-80; fifteenth century. Formerly in library of Peterhouse, Cambridge, where seen by Le• land. Later owned by John, Lord Lumley. (4) London, Brit. Lib. Sloane 1713, fols 1-14; fifteenth-seventeenth centuries. (5) Oxford, Bod. Lib. Ashmole 192, pp. 1-106; Late sixteenth century. Copy of Ashmole 393. (6) Oxford, Bod. Lib. Ashmole 345; late sixteenth century. (7) Oxford, Bod. Lib. Ashmole 393, fols 81v-86; fifteenth century. (8) Oxford, Bod. Lib. Ashmole 1471; fourteenth century. (9) Oxford, Bod. Lib. Digby 57; fourteenth century. (10) Oxford, Bod. Lib. Digby 176, fols 42-49v; 34-40; fourteenth cen• tury. Belonged to William Rede and others. (11) Paris, Bib. Nat. 7443, fols 221-227v; c. treatise on conjunction of 13650nly. VI: De tribus coniunctionibus (Weather predictions for 1368-1374).

Completed in 1368. Inc. 'Carissime et Reverendissime, quoniam fide euius• dam eommunis utriusque'.

(1) Oxford, Bod. Lib., Ashmole 192.1, fols 12-16v; seventeenth cen• tury. Copy of Ashmole 393. (2) Oxford, Bod. Lib., Ashmole 393, fols 79-80; fifteenth century. Copied by Henry Gruftorreus, probably a monk of Christ Church Canterbury. Rejected

(1) Oxford, Bod. Lib. Digby 159. Contains Aristotelis eommentum in Astrologiam of which see Haskins, pp. 74-5; the front fly-Ieaf has the name 'Jo: Eschenden', and on fol. iii the title, 'Summa judicialis de aecidentibus mundi'. (2) Erfurt, Amplon. Quart. 383. Speculated by Thorndike History o[ Magie III, p. 719 to be Ashenden's Summa judicialis. (3) Oxford, Bod. Lib., Ashmole 1471, fols 102-4v; late fourteenth century. Actually treatise on causes of the plague by Geoffrey of Meaux. See Thorndike, History o[ Magie III, p. 716.D.

5 THE COURT OF EDWARD III: ASTROLOGY IGNORED

1. Ed. Jarnes Walter de Milemete, fol. 79v. 2. The scheme of illustration for BL MS Add. 47680 was never com• pleted, and the arrangement of the parts of the Seereta is rather disorganized. See Catalogue o[ Additions to the Manuseripts 1951-1955 (London, 1982). 192 Notes

3. Richard of Wallingford. Writings ed. J. D. North, 3 vols (Oxford, 1976). Text 1.555-563; Commentary H. 371-378. North notes five extant MSS but, 'there is not a single good text in these'. ibid., H. 273. 4. Ibid., 11. 372. 5. Richard of Wallingford, I. 555-63. 6. North, Richard of Wallingford: Exafrenon Pronosticacionum Temporis, Text I. 179--243; Commentary 11. 83--126; Diagram III. 17. 7. The Kalendarium of Nicholas of Lynne, ed. Sigmund Eisner (London, 1980). Eisner notes fifteen complete MSS but he overlooks British Library MS Harley 1811 and MS Sloane 636. See also North's short discussion of calendars, Richard of Wallingford H. 371-2, and much fuIler account in Chaucer's Universe, pp. 87-133. For John Somer and Nicholas of Lynn see ibid, pp. 91-5. 8. Eisner ed. Kalendarium, pp. 197-223. 9. Ibid., pp. 7-9. 10. Oxford, Bod. Lib. MS Laud misc. 674, fol. 24v. Also fos 42v, 99v, 102v. 11. For the aphets, see Hartner, 'Mercury Horoscope', p. 454. 12. Cal. Pat. Roll (1396--9) p. 532; (1399--1401) pp. 344, 434. For Somer's biography see Emden BRUO, p. 1727; A. G. Little, Grey Friars in Oxford (Oxford, 1892) Ox. Hist. 50c. XX. 244-5. An eIl is about 45 inches. 13. Oxford, Bod. Lib. MS Ashmole 192, fos 109v and 110; MS Rawlinson D. 1227, fol. 2v. Detailed times of birth, described as 'Radix nativitatis', of Edward III and Edward, Prince of Wales, are given in London, Brit. Lib. MS Royal 12 F.xvii, fol. 153v. 14. Recueil p. 201: 'En ce temp florit en Angleterre Thomas Bradvardin, singulier homme et grant astrologien. Cestui predist et prenostica pleusieurs choses de differans des princes et composa en astrologie ung traictE qui se commence, "Omne motum successivum alteri." Cestui prenostica au roy d' Angleterre, sur la revolusion de sa nativite, d'une grande maladie qui lui advint, dont il fut moult apprecie et estime des plus grans.' The work referred to by incipit is Bradwardine's De proportionibus. 15. H. A. Oberman and J. A. Weisheipl, 'The 5ermo Epinicius ascribed to Thomas Bradwardine (1346)', Archives d'historie Doctrinale et Litteraire du Moyen Age 25 (1958) 295-329. The argument Oberman and Weisheipl present as to Bradwardine's authorship seems to me to be quite convincing. 16. Oberman and Weisheipl, '5ermo Epinicius', p. 299; Emden BRUO, pp. 244-6. 17. Adam of Murimuth: Continuatio chronicarum ed. E. M. Thompson R.S. 50 (London, 1889) pp. 201-2. 18. Rymer, Foedera, III (London, 1825) pp. 1, 92. 19. Oberman and Weisheipl give a succinct summary of the sermon, '5ermo epinicinus', p. 304. 20. Ibid., p. 308: 'Primi sunt quidam vani astrologi, qui omnia que fiunt sub sole attribuunt germini hominum et virtute stellarum.' 21. Oberman and Weisheipl, '5ermo epinicius', p. 309: 'Quis astrologus prognosticasset huius? Quis astrologus preiudicasset hec fieri? Quis astrolo• gus talia predixisset? Verum, Karissimi, ecce prognosticacio una certa, que numquam potest faUere, numquam falli; quicquid Deus vult fore seu fieri, illud fiet; quemcumque Deus vult vincere, ille vincet; et quemcumque Deus Notes 193

vult regnare, ille regnabit ... Lieet igitur eelum et terra et quiequid eelo ambitu eontinentur fuerit vobis eontraria, si Deus sit vobis propieius, quid potest vobis noeere? Et lieet eelum et terra et quiequid eelo ambitu eontinetur fuerit vobis propicia, si Deus sit vobis eontraria, quid potest vobis valere?' 22. Oberman and Wisheipl, 'Sermo epinicius', p. 311. For the wheel or lot of fortune see Hartner, 'Mercury Horoscope', pp. 454-5. 23. Ed. Henry Saville (London, 1618) Li, cor.12-16, pp. 8--12; III.x-xii, pp. 678--9. 24. De Causa Dei IIl.xLcor., p. 688: 'Est insuper in bestiis forsitan libertas a neeessitate fati stellarum: Videtur enim quod si bestiae fuisssent ereatae perfectae primo die mundi ante ereationem stellarum, quod tune potuissent exereuisse suas actiones proprias naturales.' 25. De Causa Dei, III.xxi, p. 689. 26. De Causa Dei, III.xxi, p. 688: 'Hie autem ex praemissis patenter suboritur illa famosissima quaestio, aeerrimum axioma, diffieullimumque problem, Nun• quid seilieet omnia quae eveniunt, de neeessitate evenient?' 27. De Causa Dei, Epistola prior: 'Dilectis Fratribus et amieis Custodi as Seholaribus Aulae de Merton in Oxonia.' 28. Cited by Thomdike, History of Magie III, p. 331, n.lO, from Oxford, MS Oriel College 23, fol. 225v: 'Et quia auxillante deo iam in hoe tempore pestilentiali in quo totus mundus in maligno positus est, fessus a labore seribendi, non ex presumptione seu gloria inani sed fraterna earitate coactus huie summe iudiciali de aecidentibus mundi finem imposui.' 29. Thomdike, History of Magie III, pp. 32fr8. We have taken the text of this treatise from Digby 176, fols 9-16. 30. D.N.B., biography of Edward III by William Hunt. 31. The figure on fol. 12 actually provides two dates, and there is similar inconsistency for the date of the lunar eclipse, suggesting that Ashen• den's usual practice differed from that of William Rede. See North, 'Fortune of Churches', p. 208 n.50. Ashenden usually gives completed days, not dates, and times from midnight, except for his treatise on the conjunctions of 1357 and 1365 when he uses astronomical time, Le. starting the day and time horn the previous midday. Rede, or Ashen• den's calculator, apparently preferred to give the current day. 32. Digby 176, fol. 16. Cited by Thomdike, History of Magie III, p. 328. 33. Digby 176, fols 12v, 15: 'Item dicit Messahallah in Epistola sua de eoniune• tionibus, eapitulo lOa, quod si eoniunctio Saturni et Jovis fuerit in aliquo angulorum et precipue in 10a domo, signifieat elevationem regis in regionibus illius signi, et victoriam et dominationem eorum, si signum illud fuerit fortunatum. Sed sie est in propitio. Igitur reges earundum regionum victoriam et dominationem optinebat super alios reges, et erit malum aliis regionibus super reges eorum. Sed quia allevatum est primo per Albumasar, in eodem libro de eoniunctionibus, tract. 4, ditto lla, videlieet quod Aquarius domina• tur (fol. 15) super terras aquo ad specialiter, et longa fluviorum et marium, et regio nostra, scilieet Anglie, est quedam insula situata inter maria et cireum• data aquariis. Signifieat quod rex noster obtinebat vietoriam super inimieos suos, et eausa predicta.' 34. Digby 176, fol. 15v: 'Pro signifieatione eoniunctionis Saturni et Martis, est sciendum quod signifieatio speeialis illius eoniunctionis est ex guerris.' 35. Ibid., fol. 16. 194 Notes

36. Ibid.: 'Ista eoniunctio significat effeetum qui fit ex pluviis et nubiis et eorruptionem aeris. Verum multam addit super significationes predictas, et aliarum eoniunetionum in humiditas et precipue in caristia, eciam espeeialiter addit de guerra.' 37. Ibid.: 'Ex predietis patet quod effectus proveniens ex, et ex istis tribus eoniunetionibus, erit caristia breviter, et guerra, et prout dixit Messahallah, magna opera regnorum, et multe infirmitates et tempestates, in temporibus et locis predictis.' This appears to be the original condusion, but the word 'breviter' has been crossed out, and the underlined dause inserted in the margin. 38. See e.g. Oxford, Bod. Lib. MS Bodley 369, fol. 371v, the fascinating note, 'Ego fui in eodem loco iuxta Dunelmensis civitatem ubi Seoti erant interfecti et ubi terra deperdidunt multos eorum,'i fol. 333vi Digby 225, fol. 130ai MS Oriel College 235, fols 189, 219vi MS Bodley 714 (2621), fol. 229 carries the note: 'Edward and his sonne spoiled Harmony and all of Paris. David of Scotland came toward Engiand who was driven out by the Archbishop of York by an army spiritual and temperall', evidently referring to the Battle of Durham. The same note appears in Ashmole 576, p. 306/D3v. This latter manuscript is a copy of the edition of the Summa published in Venice in 1489, with painstaking corrections from another version by Robert Forster, MD (1546?-1616), the physician and astronomer. (D.N.B. VII.461). There are other notes in common, and it is evident that Bodley 714 was Forster's exemplum. The printed edition is fuU of errors, and Forster has put an appropriate axiom beside the publisher's note to the reader. 'Sanitas sanitas et omnia sanitas.' 39. Digby 176, fols 3~. 40. Digby 176, fols 42-42v. See Thorndike, History of Magie ill, p. 378. 41. Ibid., fol. 42v. 42. Ibid., fol. 42v: 'Ad habendum significationem istius eoniunctionis principali• ter 4 sunt hie eonsideranda. Primo videlicet ubi evenient effectus significa• tionis per hunc eoniunetione, 2° Quando venient effeetus, et per quantum tempus durabitur, 3° In quo genere rerum eveniet, Et 4° euius modi effeetus aecident ex ista eoniunctione sive bonus sive malus.' 43. Digby 176, fol. 43v. 44. Ibid., fols 44-6v. 45. Ibid., fol. 46. 46. Ibid., fol. 47. 47. Digby 176, fol. 47v: 'Et quia Mercurius eoniunctione super Franciam participabit in dom istius eoniunctionis, et loeus eoniunetionis est in domo amicitie, significabit multos falsos et fraudulentos et cantelosos tractatus de pace et amicicia, et precipue inter regno Anglie et Francie.' 48. Ibid., fol. 34. 49. Digby 176, fol. 34v: 'Et dicit Albumasar istius in libro suo de annorum revolutionibus quod Scorpio preest terre Scotie eo quod homines conveniunt ipsi scorpioni in moribus, sunt ei crudeles, superbi, elati, luxuria et bestiali• tati, falsi et subdoli, fidem et fidelitatem inflagrentos, et plus mori quam similia cupierit.' 50. Ibid., fol. 34v. 51. Ibid., fol. 35. Notes 195

52. Digby 176, fol. 36. 53. Ibid., fols 36v-37. 54. Ibid., fol. 37. 55. Ibid., fols 37-37v. In the Digby manuscript, Ashenden goes on to condemn certain uses of the prophecies of Joachim, and other dubious predictions heard in Oxford. See North, 'Fortunes of Churches', pp. 196-8. 56. For an account of this stage of the French wars see M. H. Keen, England in the Later Middle Ages (London, 1973) pp. 134-42. 57. North, Chaucer's Universe, pp. 7--8, 19, 286, 325, 452.

6 THE COURTS OF RlCHARD 11 OF ENGLAND AND CHARLES V OF FRANCE: ROYAL ASTROLOGY

1. Charles Jourdain, 'Nichole Oresme et les astrologues de la cour de Charles V', Revue des questions historiques 18 (1875) 139. 2. Thomdike, History of Magic III, p. 585. 3. Ibid., III, p. 590. 4. I. Samuel xxvüi.7. See, for example, the Vaticinium Bridlington, dist. 2, c.6, ed. Thomas Wright in Political Songs and Poems relating to English History R.S.14. (London, 1859) I, 166, which is almost cer• tainly intended as a rebuke to Edward II:

Rex Saul erravit quaerens occidere David, Quem Deus elegit, ejus mandatoque fregit, Sortilegis credens, et ab ejus lege recedens. In bello stratus fuit inde Saul sceleratus. Est opus inane Christo contendere vane.

5. Adam of Usk, Chronicon A.D. 1377-1421. ed. E. M. Thompson 2nd ed. (London, 1904) p. 36: 'Sed Roboe Salamonis filio, consilium juvenum quia insecuto, regnum Israel amittenti iste Ricardus merito poterit cum suis juvenibus consilariis assimulari: iij. Regum, xij capitulo. (1 Kings xii)' Thompson notes a similar sentiment expressed in Richard the Redeless, 3.254, ed. Thomas Wright in Political Poems and Songs, 2 vols, RS. 14. (London, 1859-61) I, 397--8. It is raised again by the Kirkstall ChronicIe, ed. John Taylor (Leeds, 1952) p. 127: 'Causa vero miserabilis casus regis Ricardi et procerum Anglie iudicio discretorum virorum hec erat precipua et principalis quod dominus rex Ricardus spreto consilio maiorum ducum dominorum seniorum et sapienciorum Anglie nimis adhesit et consiIiis iuvenum dominorum et aliorum virorum minus habiencium et valencium in altis iudiciis minime expertorum quemadmodum rex Edwardus de Karnar• van dictus secundus post conquestum: In his own day, Edward II had also been compared to Rehoboam, for similar reasons. See Hilda Johnstone, Edward of Carnarvon (Manchester, 1946) p. 1, n.3. 6. The charges laid against the Templars, which are repeated by Wal• singham, Historia Anglicanum, ed. H. T. Riley RS.28 (London, 1863) I. 127--8, exhibit the range of possible accusations. For numerous 196 Notes

other examples see the fascinating account by W. R Jones, 'Political Uses of Sorcery in Medieval Europe', The Historian 34 (1971-2) 670--687. 7. The portrait of Richard 11 drawn by the monk of Evesham in his Historia Vitae et Regni Rieardi Seeundi, ed. G. B. Stow (Philadelphia, 1977) p. 166, is a classk ülustration of the type. See also C. M. Barron, 'The Tyranny of Richard 11', B.I.H.R. 41 (1968) 1-2 and references. 8. Chronieon, pp. 29-30. Adam of Usk was one of the lawyers who drew up the deposition charges against Richard 11. 9. Hist. Angl.; Annales Rieardi Seeundi 1392-1399. ed. H. T. Riley, R.S.28c (London, 1866) pp. 55-281; Ypodigma Neustria pp. 911-1419 ed. H. T. Riley, RS.28g (London, 1876). 10. The standard biographies of Richard 11 are those of H. Wallon, Riehard II, 2 vols (Paris, 1864), and Anthony Steel, Riehard II (Cam• bridge, 1941). Despite the Freudian terminology, Steel's analysis of Richard' s character demonstrates the lasting influence of Lancastrian propaganda. For the historiography of Richard from Shakespeare to McKisack, see the well-balanced account of R H. Jones, The Royal Policy of Riehard II (Oxford, 1968) pp. 113--24. 11. Hist. Angl. I: 222, 306; 11: 68, 248; Annales, p. 338; Chron. Angl., pp. 61, 355. 12. Hist. Angl., 11. 126: 'Eodem tempore eonjunctio duarum maximarum planetarum facta est, videlieet Jovis et Saturni, rnense Maio; quam seeuta est maxima regnorum eommotio, prout patebit inferius, eom attigerit stylus loeum'; Chroniea Anglie p. 364; Ypodigma Neustriae p. 341. 13. Annales p. 229: 'signifieans, ut putatur, divisionem populi atque regni et defectionem a Rege Rieardo, quae eontigit eo anno.' 14. Annales pp. 231-2. 15. See the analysis by C. M. Barron, who suggests that Richard merited at least some of the deposition articles in 'The Tyranny of Richard 11'. Steel concludes, on the other hand, that Richard was a more reliable debtor than Henry IV, Reeeipt of the Exehequer (Cambridge, 1954) eh. 3. Cited by Barron art. eit. 1, n.5. 16. For Richard's designs on the imperial title, Annales p. 199; ibid. p. 233. '1399 Rex interea, lieet abundaret divitiis ultra omne praedeeessores suos, eontinue tarnen sibi peeunias aecumulare sategit, niehil omino curans quo titulo illas posset adquire de manibus (subidtorum). Deeipiebatur nempe eotidie per quosdam pseudo-prophetas, suggerentes sibi quod Imperatoris dignitate proeuldubio foret sublimandus, et maximus esse deberet inter prineipes totius mundi.' 17. Annales, p. 234: 'Et ut eoncludam brevitus, euneta quae prophetiis antiquis favorabilia possent elieere, suae personae mendaeiter applicabant.' 18. This explanation may be sound. On 14 December 1396 a messuage was granted to one of the king's physicians, John de Medylton, 'as well for his own abode as for the safe-keeping for the king's use of divers goods of the king in his custody'. Cal. Pat. Roll (1396), p. 258. Magdalen also had a London house which he forfeited with his other goods in 1400. See Cal. Pat. Roll (1399-1401), p. 190. 19. Annales, p. 301. Notes 197

20. Emden BRUC, p. 397. 21. Ed. John Webb, Archaeologia 20 (1824) 405: 'Qui resembloit si de certain/ Au bon roy richart de visage,/ De corps, de fait et de langage, Qui ce fust le roy anciien;/ Apelle estoit madelein: ibid., p. 409: 'Mais certainement pas ne croy/ Que ce fust le roy anciien;/ Ains croy que cestoit madelein,/ Son chappellain. ' 22. Cal. Close Rolls (1400) pp. 469, 548, 570; 1401, 999; Cal. Pat Rolls (1401-5), p. 126; Seleet Cases before the King's Council, ed. L. G. Leadam and J. F. Baldwin (Section Soc. 1918) p. xxxiv; See also Steel, Richard II, pp. 287-8. 23. Kirkstall Abbey Chronicles, ed. John Taylor (Leeds, 1952) pp. 127-8. 24. Adam of Usk, Chronicon AD 1377-1421. ed. E. Maunde Thompson (London, 1904) p. 42. 25. Ibid., pp. 24, 25, 28, 39. 26. Ibid., p. 24; Steel, Richard II, p. 252, n.3. 27. Ibid., pp. 40-1. 28. Chronicle of Dieulacres Abbey, 1381-1403, ed. M. V. Clarke and V. H. Galbraith in 'The Deposition ofRichard lI', B.J.R.L. 14 (1930) 173. The omen relied for its force, presumably, on an heraldic allusion to the royal leopards, leporarium, meaning both greyhound and leopard: 'Tunc quidem erant signa regalia tam cervi quam corone sub abscondito posita, unde creditur quod armigeri Ducis Lancastriae deferentes collistrigia quasi leporarii ad destruendum insolenciam invise bestie albi cervi per annum presignati sunt quodam presagio futurorum.' 29. For a fuller account of this considerable subject see: Rupert Taylor, The Political Prophecy in England (New York, 1911); George L. Kit• tredge, Witchcraft in Old and New England (Cambridge, Mass., 1929) esp. eh. XIV, 'The Seer', where the eonneetion between propheey and politics is described as 'almost primeval'; J. S. P. Tatlock, The Legendary History of Britain (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1950) W. R. Jones 'Sorcery'; Lucy Paton, Les Prophecies de Merlin (New York, 1926); Margaret E. Griffiths, Early Vaticination (Cardiff, 1937). For some English prophecies see Historical Poems of the XIVth and XVth Centuries ed. R. H. Robbins (New York, 1959) pp. xliv-xlv, 113-47, 307-317, and for Joachim of Fiore, the various studies of Marjorie Reeves, esp. The Influence of Prophecy in the Later Middle Ages (Oxford, 1969). 30. Wedel, Mediaeval Attitude toward Astrology, p. 4. 31. Robbins, Historical Poems, pp. xliv-xlv. 32. Ed. and trans. John Webb, Archaeologia 20 (1824) 1-423. The full title reads: 'Histoire du Roy d'angleterre Richard, Traictant particulierement la Rebellion de ses subieetz et prinse de sa personne. Composee par un gentil• hom'e franrais de marque qui fut a la suite dudiet Roy, avecq perm iss ion du Roy de france. 1399.' 33. J. J. N. Palmer, 'The authorship, date and historical value of the French chronic1es of the Lancastrian Revolution', B.J.R.L. 61 (1978-9), 145-181; 398-421. For Creton see 151-4. 34. Ibid., 421. 35. Creton, Histoire, pp. 374-5: 'Un autre ancien chevalier, qui estoit des 198 Notes

conseilles du duc henry, le quel me dist en chevaunchaunt a cestre, que la prise du roy et la destruccion avoient merlin et Bede prophecise des leur vivant; et que si iestoi en son chastel il le me monsterroit en la forme et maniere comme ie lavoie veu advenir, disant ainsi: Il aura en roy en albie, lequel regnera lespace xx a xxij ans engrant honneur et en grant puissance, et sera deffait es parties du nort en une place triangle. Ainsi me dist le chevalier quil estoit escript en un sien livre: la place triangle Illa proprioit ala vill de cornuay ... Ainsi tenoit le dit chevalier ceste prophecie vraie, et y adioustoit grant foy et creance; car il font de telle nature en leur pays, que en prophecies en fanthonnes et sorceries croient tres parfaitement; et en usent tres volentiers: Maiz il mest advis que ce nest pas bon fait; ains est grant faulte de creance'. See Symon de Phares, Recueil pp. 225--6, for Sir Thomas Dagworth, lieutenant in Brit~ny, who is said to have foreseen the rise to eminence of Bertrand Duguesclin by an analysis of key passages of Merlin's prophecies. 36. The phrase is May McKisack's, The Fourteenth Century (vol. V of the Oxford History of England) (Oxford, 1959) p. 496. McKisack's assess• ment is judicious, but she nevertheless accepts at face value Walsing• ham's slanderous account of the 'megalomania' of Richard's last years, including his alleged dependence on the pseudo-propheta, ibid, p.49O. 37. Kalendars and Inventories of the Treasury of His Majesty's Exchequer, ed. Francis Palgrave (London, 1836) III. 41. 38. I was alerted to this problem by Mr F. R. Maddison, curator of the History of Science Museum. See A Catalogue of European scientific instruments in the Department of Medieval and Later Antiquities of The British Museum by F. A. B. Ward (London, c.1981). Ward regards both quadrants as fakes. 39. A. P. Stanley, 'On an Examination of the Tombs of Richard 11 and Henry III in Westminster Abbey', Archaeologia 45 (1880) 309-27. 40. Stanley, 'Tomb of Richard 11', p. 327. 41. Margaret Rickert, The Reconstructed Carmelite Missal (London, 1952) pp. 76, n.2, 92; idem, Painting in Britain: The Middle Ages, 2nd ed. (Penguin Books, 1965) pp. 152-3; idem, English Illumination of the 13th and 14th Centuries (Oxford, 1954) P1.22a-d. Other representatives of the group are Cambridge, MS Trinity HaU 17, a copy made for Richard 11 of Dymok's Contra haereses; Cambridge, St John's 7, a book of English statutes made after 1387; Oxford, Bod. Lib. Ashmole 1831, a charter given by Richard 11 to Croyland Abbey in 1393; and two Westminister MSS, the 'Lytlington Missa}', and the Liber Regalis. There is certainly a marked resemblance between the portraits of a king in the St John's MS (fol. I), the Croyland charter, and Bodley 581. See Rickert, Carmelite Missal, Plates XLIV, XLVb. The miniatures on fos 15v-22v have been described by Fritz Saxl and Hans Meier, in Catalogue of Astrological and Mythological Illuminated Manuscripts of the Latin Middle Ages III ed. Harry Bober (London, 1953) 1.311-12, and represent the sixteen geomantie figures, and not 'fourteen figures of philosophers', as in Madan and Craster, Summary Catalogue, vol. 11, Notes 199

pt. 1, p. 252, or 'figure(s) from a horoscope' as in Pächt and Alexan• der, Illuminated Manuscripts in the Bodleian Library, III, p. 61, Plate LXX. The manuscript is also discussed by North, Chaucer's Universe, p. 242 and Fig.32. 42. For the earliest inventory of the royal books, dating from Feb. 153415, see H. Omont, 'Les manuscrits fran<;ais des Rois d' Angleterre au chateau de Richmond', in Etudes Romanes dediees aGaston Paris (Paris, 1891); Henry Savile of Banke, who once owned Bodley 581, probably copied certain parts of the older manuscripts into what is now Oxford, Bod. Lib. MS Ashmole 4. For Savile's other books see A. G. Watson, The Manuscripts 01 Henry Savile 01 Banke (London, 1969). In a private letter dated 10 September 1982 Dr Watson kindly informed me that he thought Ashmole 4 was probably one of Savile's books. 43. For the art historians, see n.1 on the previous page; Therese Char• masson, Recherches sur une technique divinatoire: la geomancie dans l'occident medieval (Geneva-Paris, 1980) provides the most enlighten• ing account of geomancy; Jean-Philippe Genet, Four English Political Tracts 01 the Later Middle Ages, Camden Soc. 4th sero 18 (London, 1977) gives the fullest discussion of the manuscript, and edits the tract on fos 1-3, pp. 31-9; Emilie Savage-Smith and Marion B. Smith, Islamic Geomancy and a Thirteenth-Century Divinatory Device (Malibu, 1980) p. 68, n.9; Lynn Thomdike, History 01 Magic III, p. 590, n.23, refers to MS Royal 12 C. v and, in error, to a non-existent copy in the Staats• Bibliothek, Munich; Thomdike and Kibre Incipits, 1098, lists the geomancy in both the Bodley and Royal MSS. 44. Gervase Matthew, The Court 01 Richard II (London, 1968) p. 40. 45. Royal 12 C. v, fol. 1. 46. Ibid. 47. Manzalaoui D.Phil., p. 377. 48. Edith Rickert, 'King Richard lI's Books', The Library 13 (1932) 144-7. 49. Froissart, Chroniques, ed. Kervyn de Lettenhove, 25 vols, (Brussels, 1867-77) XV.167. 50. E28 was paid on 12 September 1379 for a French Bible, the Romance 01 the Rose and the Romances of Percival and Gawain. Cited by M. V. Clarke, 'Forfeitures for Treason in 1388', Fourteenth-Century Studies, p. 122, n.1, from Devon, Issues, p. 213. 51. 'Rotulus expensarum diversarum in officio magne Garderobe domini regis', 9-11 Richard 11, P.R.O., E.101l401I15. Cited by Clarke ibid., n.2. The precise sum was f.2 1I6d. 52. Cited by Millard Meiss, French Painting in the Time 01 Jean de Berry 2 vols, 2nd ed. (London, 1969) I. pp. 64-5. 53. B. Soldati, La poesia astrologica nel quattrocento: Richerche e studi (Flor• ence, 1906). An earlier use of astrology is studied by A. C. Cawley, 'Astrology in the Owl and the Nightingale', M. L. R. 46 (1951) 161-74. Chaucer's use of the sciences has been studied extensively, but see now J. D. North, Chaucer's Universe (Oxford, 1988) and North's earlier' '''Kalenderes Enlumyned ben They". Some Astronomical Themes in Chaucer', Review 01 English Studies, NS XX, no.78 (1969) 129-54; 257-85; 418-44; Chauncey Wood, Chaucer and the Country 01 200 Notes

the Stars (Princeton, N.J., 1970); W. C. Curry, Chaueer and the Medieval Scienees (London, 1926). 54. See my 'Devout, literate laypeople and the pursuit of the mixed life in later medieval England', Journal of Religious History 14 (1987) pp. 361-81, for an account of lay acquaintance with mystical devotion in the same period. 55. Ed. Genet, Four Traets, pp. 31-9. 56. For physiognomy, the art of interpreting character from the size, shape, colour etc. of the physical features, see Richard Förster, Seriptores Physiognomici Graeci et Latini, 2 vols (Leipzig, 1893); there are also some useful notes in Roger Pack' s edition of Oe Physiognomia libellus. Auetoris ineerti in Areh. doet. et litt. du Moyen Age 41 (1974) 113--38. 57. For aversion of a similar book see A Mediaeval Oream Book, printed from the original Latin with an English translation, tr. by B. S. Cron (London, 1963). 58. The fundamental study is now Therese Charmasson, Geomaneie. 59. Bodley 581, fol. 1a; Genet Four Traets p. 31. 60. Bodley 581, fol. 11a. 61. Genet, Four Traets, p. 30, remarks, 'The author had astrange fond• ness for a curiously intricate Latin which is often barely understand• able, in the opening paragraphs for instance, he displays an open contempt for Latin grammar and classical vocabulary. Even by low medieval standards this is a poor piece of scholarship.' Genet does not favour the theory that one compiler is responsible for the entire MS. See ibid., p. 27. 62. Bodley 581, fol. 3a; Genet, Four Traets, p. 39. 63. Genet, Four Traets, pp. 25--6. 64. Bodley 581, fol. 1a; Genet, Four Traets, p. 31. 65. Genet, Four Traets, pp. 25--6. 66. Richard lI's Wardrobe accounts for 1393--4 have been published by W. P. Baildon, Arehaeologia 62 (1911) 497-514. There is no mention of books or book-makers. I have not seen the accounts for 1392-3 in the British Library MS Additional 35115. 67. Bodley 581, fol. 9a; Genet, Four Traets, p. 23. 68. Bodley 581, fol. 9a. 69. Bodley 581, fol. 9a: 'Oe verborum prolixitas, animum legentis duleedinem fruetus huiusmodi in amaritudinem eonuertendo desolaret'. 70. 'Ex Alberti Magni (1205-1280) Speeulo astronomieo excerpta libris licitis et prohibitis', ed. Fr. Cumont and Fr. Boll, Catalogus eodieum Astrolo• gorum Graeeorum V, pars I (Brussels, 1904) pp. 85-105. The complete text was published in an unsatisfactory edition by Augusti Borgnet, B. Alberti Magni Opera Omnia (Paris, 1891) X.629-650. For a discussion of the authorship of the Speeulum, which he regards as a genuine work of Albertus Magnus, see Thorndike, History of Magie 11, pp. 692-717 with an Appendix listing twenty-three MSS. The passage cited by our author occurs in Borgnet's edition, p. 650; ed. Cumont and Boll, pp. 104-5, and suggests the tone of the whole: 'Sunt Notes 201

praeterea quidam libri experimentales, quorum nomina neeromantia sunt eonterminalia, ut sunt geomantia, hydromantia, aeromantia, pyromantia, et ehironmantia, quae ad verum non merentur dici scientiae sed garrimentiae ... In geomantia vero nihil tale invenio, sed eonfidit in Saturno et domino horae, qui ei prop radiee ponuntur, gaudetque numeri, ratione tuleiri: et multi sunt qui ei testimonium perhibent.' 71. Thorndike, History o[ Magie, ibid. 72. Bodley 581, fol. 9a-9b. 73. Ibid., fol. 9b. 74. Ibid., fol. 9v. 75. Although generally attributed to Ptolemy, this frequently cited aphorism does not occur in either the Quadripartitum or the pseu• donymous Centiloquium. 76. Charmasson, Geomancie, p. 206. Charmasson discusses Richard II's geomancy on pp. 206--7. 77. Bodley 581, questions from fos 24-74

1. Oe querente de intencione querentis vtrum insalubriter, 2. Oe querente Regem, 3. Oe querente vtrum justicia sibi flet in causa, 4. Oe querente vtrum erit diues uel non, 5. Oe querente vtrum acquiret rem quam optat uel non, 6. Oe querente de matrimonio proposito utrum flet uel non, 7. Oe querente de pregnancie mulieris et quid paritura sit, 8. Oe querente de inflrmo si euadet uel non, 9. Oe querente de divitate obsessa utrum capietur uel non, 10. Oe querente de prole si habiturus sit, 11. Oe querente vtrum recuperabit rem furatam uel amissam uel non, 12. De querente de viagio proposito utrum flet uel non, 13. Oe querente utrum absens redibit uel non, 14. Oe querente de incarcerato utrum liberabitur uel non, 15. Oe querente de pluuia et cetera, 16. Oe querente utrum res sit occulta in loco uel non, 17. Oe querente in vendicione empcione et aliis negocionibus, 18. Oe querente de processu exercitus et cetera, 19. De querente de motu excercitus ad certum locum, 20. Oe querente de victoria duorum excercituum, 21. Oe querente naturam rei occulte, 22. Oe querente de peregrinacione si flet uel non, 23. Oe querente de pugna, 24. Oe querente de caristia victualium et cetera, 25. Oe querente qualiter annus disponetur.

These questions are repeated for sixteen sets of answers: fols 24-7, 27-30V (Populus), 3Qv_3v, 33V -5V (Via), 35v_9v , 40-3 (Fortuna minor) , 43v--6, 46--9(Fortuna major), 49v_52v , 52V -5V (Acquisitio), 55v--8V (Amissio), 62-5, 65v_8v (Carcer), 68v-7P, 72-5(Coniuncio). 202 Notes

78. For geomancy see North, Chaueer's Universe, pp. 234-54. See also Stephen Skinner, Terrestrial Astrology: Divination l7y Geomancy (Lon• don, Boston etc., 1980) pp. 167-230. This is not an academic study but mentions a number of medieval geomancies, induding Richard II's (p.112), and is a readable account of the art. 79. Charmasson, Geomancie, pp. 200-4; Incipits 452, 'Dixit famulus abdallah ... ' 80. Charmasson, Geomancie, p. 204. 81. A. L. Rowse, The Case Books of Simon Forman (London, 1976); Keith Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magie (London, 1971), esp. chs 10--11. 82. Thomas Favent, Historia sive narracio de modo et forma Mirabilis Par• liamenti ed. May McKisack, Camden Miscellany XIV (London, 1926) p.18. 83. Thorndike, History of Magie III, pp. 590--1, discusses Vienna MS 2352 (Philo.201). The MS is dated 1392 and 1393 and besides the geo• mancy, contains a treatise on the constellations, the Alfonsine Tables, a list of fixed stars and some notes on portents. The physiog• nomy is preserved in British Library MS Sloane 323. 84. Cambridge, MS Trinity College 1447. Charles V's library is known to have contained many more. 85. British Library MS Arundel 66. 86. The geomancy occurs in British Library MS Royal 12 C.xvi; MS Sloane 3487 and Oxford, Bodleian Library MS Ashmole 434. The physiognomy occurs in British Library MS Royal 12 C.xv and 12 G.xii. For Scriptoris, see Therese Charmasson, 'Roland l'Ecrivain, medecin des ducs de Bourgogne', in Actes du 101e Congres national des Soeietes savantes (Lille, 1976): Sciences, fasc. III, pp. 21-32. 87. Pearl Kibre, 'The intellectual interests reflected in libraries of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries', Journal of the History of Ideas 7 (1946) 257-97, esp. 285--7. 88. British Library MS Arundel66. See Thorndike, History of Magie, II, p. 121. 89. Meiss, French Painting, p. 287. See ibid., pp. 352-3, for bibliography of inventories of Valois, Visconti, and other important late-medieval private inventories. 90. The dassic studies of the library of Charles V were made by Leopold DelisIe, Reeherehes sur la librarie de Charles V (Paris, 1907) 3 vols; idem, Le Cabinet des manuscrits de la Bibliotheque Imperiale vol. I (Paris, 1868); More recently, La Librarie de Charles V, Bibliotheque Nationale (Paris, 1969), an illustrated inventory of the extant MSS, does not supersede DelisIe. 91. BibI. Nat. MS fr. 24287, fol. 1; Oxford, MS St John's College 164, fols 1 and 33. For the portraits of Charles V, see C. R. Sherman, The Portraits of Charles V of France (New York, 1969). 92. Brussels, BibI. Royale MS 9505--6, foI. 2v. 93. BibI. Nat., MS fr. 1348. See Thorndike and Kibre Incipits, 1148, 1406, 1687. 94. BibI. Nat., MS fr. 1349. This was probably inherited. Notes 203

95. BibI. Nat., MS fr. 1348. Quoted by Delisie, La Librarie de Charles V, pp. 114-15. 96. Cambridge, MS Trinity College 1447. 97. Bruxelles, BibI. Royale de Belgique MS 10319 foI. 3; C. Gaspar and F. Lyna, Les principaux manuscripts a peintures de la Bibliotheque Royale de Belgique (Paris, 1937) I. 337-8, Plate LXXII. 98. Ibid., foI. 3. 99. This has been a much-discussed MS: L. Delisie, Recherehes I. 266-69; idem, Cabinet des MSS. III. 336; La librarie de Charles V, pI. 5 (foI. 158v); E. Poulle, 'Horoscopes princiers des XIVe et XVe siecles', Bulletin de la societe des antiquaires de France (1969) 63-9. 100. Thorndike, History o[ Magie III, pp. 586-7. 101. Oxford, MS St John's College 164, foI. 33. Quoted by Delisie, Recher• ehes I, pp. 267-8 from the prologue to Pelerin's treatise on the twelve houses. 102. E. Poulle, 'Horoscopes princiers', pp. 63-77. 103. The five extant copies of the inventories of books taken in 1373, 1411, 1413 and 1424, are tabulated by Delisie, Recherehes 11, pp. 3-200. Items relating to astronomy, astrology, geomancy, chiromancy and nigro• mancy are listed at nos. 556-771. 104. On the other hand, it certainly constitutes one of the largest classes of books in the collection. If we separate the 379 books of scripture, commentaries, prayer and service books, occult books are out• classed only by the 211 romances. Other large groups are saints' lives (seventy), law books (sixty-one) and books on astronomy (seventy). 105. Symon de Phares, Recueil, p. 4. 106. Delisie, Recherehes I, pp. 122-3. 107. Philippe de Mezieres, Le Songe du Vieil Pelerin, ed. G. W. Coopland (Cambridge, 1969) I. 517: 'Le chevelaire doit souverainement garder son ost de toutes sorceries, de signes, divinations, de sciences deffendues, et de tous jugemens d'astrologie encontre franc arbitre; desquelx jugemens plusieurs grans seigneurs et autres se sont trouvez deceuz.' 108. Ibid., I. 518. 109. Philippe de Mezieres: Letter to King Richard II, ed. G. W. Coopland (Liverpool, 1975). The 'letter' was completed in 1395. 110. Letter to King Richard II, pp. 56-7. Text, 130: 'Encores, de la dicte trouble [ontaine partoient iiii. ruissiaux principaux, dont tous les habitans, ou la plus grant partie, communement estoient abuvrez. Par le premier ruissiau les habitans estoient enclins a diverses heresies; par le second a supersticions et villaines sorceries; par le tiers a /'art magiques et invocacion des demons; et par le quart as jugemens advenir qui cheent en franc arbitre aus jugemens d' astrologie. Le premier ruissiau estoit appele paour continuelle, le second labour sanz repos, le tiers deffaulte de tous biens, et le quart mescognoissance et ingratitude envers Dieu.' 111. G. W. Coopland, ed. Nicole Oresme and the Astrologers. A Study o[ his Livre des Divinacious (Liverpool, 1952). For Oresme's other writings see A.D. Menut, 'A provisional bibliography of Oresme's writings', Medieval Studies 28 (1966) 279-99. 204 Notes

112. History of Magie III, p. 404. Quotlibeta is the title adopted in one MS and used by Thorndike. 113. Coopland, Nicole Oresme, pp. 39-41. Coopland's introduetion is an exeellent and suecinet aeeount of the astrology debate in the middle ages. For Oresme on astrology and divination see also Charles Jourdain, 'Nicolas Oresme et les astrologues de la eour de Charles V', Revue des questions historiques 18 (1875) 136-59; Thorndike, History of Magie III, pp. 398-471. 114. Quotlibeta eap. 13. Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Canon Mise. 248, foI. 32v: 'Dieo quod prineeps et quilibet alter vero studentes in astrologia facientes tabu las observationum et regulas de iudiciis examinatores multum debent honorare et eos qui sciunt naturas rerum eonsiderare per rationes verum a falso diseernendo.' Quoted by Thorndike, History of Magie II, p. 416, n.77. 115. Contra judieiarios astronomos, eap. 6, BibI. Nat. MS lat. 10709., foI. 57v. 116. Jean Gerson, Oeuvres Completes, X. 'L'Oeuvre poll~mique' ed. Mgr. Glorieux (Paris, 1963) pp. 75-121. For Gerson and d'Ailly's writing on astrology see Thorndike, History of Magie IV, pp. 101-31. 117. Quoted by Coopland, Nicole Oresme, p. 40: 'Intendo Domino Regenti scribere ut eaveat a talibus superstitiosis ad quod motus sum ego ex iis quae super audivi.' 118. Trilogium, ed. Glorieux, pp. 90-1. 119. See Chapter Two for an aeeount of 'royal astrology'. 120. Ed. Ernest Wickersheimer (Paris, 1927); For Symon see also Thorn• dike, History of Magie IV, pp. 544--61; Alexander Murray, Reason and Society in the Middle Ages (Oxford, 1978) pp. 207-9. 121. Thorndike, History of Magie IV, pp. 544--61. 122. Reeueil, pp. 4, 37, 135, 228. 123. See above, p. 134. 124. For Ashenden, see Reeueil, pp. 222, 225 ('Jehan de Vishindem'), and perhaps 'Johannes Wosfigram' on p. 219. 125. Recueil, pp. 216-28. See the predictions ascribed to Martin Hamel of Rouen, Guillaume de Mehung sur Loire, Cardinal Guido de Bou• logne, Symon de Cuvo, Henri de Malinis, Gervais Chrestien, Charles V's physician, Symon de Bussy, Jaeques de Saint Andre. 126. Reeueil, pp. 231, 232, 234, 240, 244. See the predictions of George Seorf, William Derby, Thomas Scropz, Pierre d'lliaeq, Edouart Wih• rell, and Eustanee de Fregin. 127. Recueil, pp. 233, 242-3. See the aeeounts of Pol de Berthol, Denis Plusdore and Patriee Beriulz. 128. Recueil, p. 229. 'Cestui surnome de Saint Branehier fut expert en la partie des ellections de astrologie pour bailler et eslirejours propres aguerroyer son ennemyon adifferer, fut aussi ala deseonfiture et deffecte de 30000 Anglois que menoit Jehan de Montfort, filz aisne du duc de Bretagne, ne ou eastel de Lerminer, duquel il savoit la nativit€ et aussi du duc de Lenclastre, Anglois; a eeste cause, pour ce qu'ilz estoient ehefz par jours infortunez en leurs nativitez, furent assaillis et destruiz, exeept€ environ 6000 qui se sauverent par la garene en la mer.' 129. Recueil, p. 231: 'Maistre George Seorf, Englois, fut en ce temps pansionaire Notes 205

du roy Riclulrt d'Angleterre, qui fut prince de Galles, residant lors a Bordeaux, moult expert en la science des estoilles. Cestui predist au roy qu'il seroit prins en hayne de ses vassaulx en celui an et tantost apres icellui roy Richart fist la redicion de la ville et chastel de Brestz au duc de Bretaigne et aussi le redicion de Cherbourg au roy de Navarre, qui fut la cause pourquoy les Anglois prindrent leur dit roy Richart en hayne merveilleuse, jar;oit ce qu'il, eust regne sur eulx paisiblement, environ vingt deux ans.' 130. Ibid., p. 232. 131. Emden BRUO, p. 570. 132. Recueil, p. 234; Wickersheimer, Dictionnaire, p. 599. 133. E. Curtis, Richard II in Ireland (Oxford, 1927). 134. Recueil, p. 240. 135. Ibid. 136. Ibid., p. 244. 137. Ibid. 138. J. J. N. Palmer, 'The authorship, date and historical value of the French chronicles on the Lancastrian Revolution 11', Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 62 (1979) 399-400. 'Sir Peter Exton', who is otherwise unknown, is probably the product of confusion with Sir Peter Buxton, one of Richard II' s goalors. 139. Recueil, p. 233. 140. Ibid., pp. 242-3. 141. Ibid., p. 257. 142. Ibid., pp. 242-3. 'Nostre reverand Patrice Beriulz, natif du royaulme d'Escosse, de l' ordre de Saint Franr;ois, fut en ce temps, lequel estudia aParis et fut a Losenne soubz Marende comme aucuns dient, cestui fut en ce temps, suivant aucuns nobles envoyez avecques madame Ysabeau de France, royne d'Angleterre et espouse du bon roy Richard. Cestui, ainsi que j'ay veu par intitullacion expresse en certaine nativite dist l'infortune et miserable adven• ture qui advint a ung encien baron, nomme Thomas BIont, et a plusieurs autres.' 143. Recueil, p. 241: Wickersheimer, Dictionnaire, p. 179, gives de Phares as sole authority. He is not noted in Talbot and Hammond, Register, who name among Henry IV's physicians: Elias Sabot, Geoffrey Melton, John the physician, John Malveme, John Middleton, Laur• ence Gomes, Louis Recouches and William Bradwardine. 'Maistre Geuffroy de Lestainx, docteur en medicine, natif de Rouen et regent en l'Universite de Oxornfort, souverain astrologien et pensionaire du roy Henry de Lenclastre. Cestui prenostica sur la revolucion de l'an 1399 choses merveilleuses, qui advindrent par le monde, par especial en Angleterre.' 144. Recueil, p. 250: 'Maistre Henri Seldem fut moult expert astrologien en ce temps et moult subtilleur carculleur, Cestui fist une nouvelle verifficacion des estoilles fixes, l'an 1430, qui est moult precize. Cestui estoit bien usage es cothidiennes experiences et jugemens de astrologie, tant des nativites que elecions. Touteffois il prenostica sur la revolucion de L'an 1419 la venue du roy Henri et le siege de Rouen.' Thomdike and Kibre Incipits, 398 list two works ascribed to Henry Selder or Salder, Nomina stellarum verifica• tarum ad annum ... 1340: BibI. Nat. 7277, fos 2r-v; 828 Canones tabularum Alphonsinarllm; Brussels, BibI. Royale, MS 930, 15c, fols 206 Notes

125ra-151vb. H the date 1340 on the Paris manuscript is correct, it is of course impossible that Master Geoffrey could have been a pen• sioner of Henry of Lancaster. 145. Recueil, p. 257: 'Cestui Richard fist puis moult grant bruit et gouverna le roy Henry d' Angleterre moult paisiblement et lui prenostica moult de choses, que j'ay veUes escriptes aParis en ung sien livret que j'ay de sa main, comme l'on dit.' 146. Murray, Reason and Society, p. 209.

7 HOROSCOPES AND HENRY V: ASTROLOGY IN THE ASCENDANT

1. A dear description of this system is provided by C. A. Nallino in his artide, 'Astrology - Muhammaden', in Encydopaedia of Religion and Ethics XII, pp. 88-101. For astrology in fourteenth-century England see North, Chaucer's Universe, pp. 192-255. North's account is based on the commonly-encountered treatise by Alkabucius, Introductorium ad scienciam astrologie judicialis, translated into Latin by John of Spain in 1144. 1a. See North, Chaucer's Universe, pp. 134-91 for an account of the calcula• tions needed to establish this information. North, Horoscopes and History, is a detailed analysis of the mathematics of the mundane house system. 2. Ptolemy Tetrabiblos, trans. F. E. Robbins (Loeb, 1980) III. 10, 274-7; See Bouche-Ledercq, Astrologie grecque, pp. 289-96, for the Lot of Fortune. Pingree, 'Cairo Geniza', p. 142, glosses: 'Lot. A point on the ecliptic as distant from some other point as are two other variable points (nor• mally planets) from each other. The Lot of Fortune is as distant from the ascendant as the Moon is from the Sun.' The dassical source for many of the lots is the poem of Dorotheus of Sidon (fl. 25-75 AD), known through the Arabic translation of 'Umar ibn al-Farrukhan (c.800) ed. David Pingree, Dorothei Sidonii Carmen Astrologicum (Teub• ner, Leipzig, 1976); the index lists nineteen different lots. 3. See Appendix IV. 4. Ptolemy Tetrabiblos III, 2, pp. 230-35. The Annimodar is taken as the degree of the planet or point which maintains the greatest dignity over the new or full moon (syzygy) immediately preceding the nativity. 5. Ptolemy Tetrabiblos III. 1, 244-7; see below Chapter Eight, for the Trutina Hermetis.

6. E. Poulle, I Astronomie theoretique et astronomie pratique au moyen äge', Conference donnee au Palais de la decouverte D119 (Paris, 1967). 7. F. S. Benjamin and G. J. Toomer, Campanus of Novara and Medieval Planetary Theory: Theorica planetarum (Madison, Wisconsin, 1971). 8. For the equatorium, see E. Poulle, Les instruments de la theorie des planetes se/on Ptolemee: Equatoires et horlogerie planetaire 13e au 16e siede, 2 vols (Paris, 1980); J. D. North, 'The Place of the Albion in the History of the Equatorium', in Richard of Wallingford, 11, 249-86; E. Poulle, Notes 207

'Astronomie theorique et astronomie pratique', pp. 17-32. For a verna• cular treatise on the instrument, see The Equatorie 01 the Planetis ed. D. J. de Solla Price (Cambridge, 1955). Chaucer's association with this treatise is discussed by North, Chaucer's Universe, pp. 156-81. See above p. 134 for an equatorium and astrolabe belonging to Henry V. 9. E. Poulle, 'Astrologie et tables astronomiques au Xlle siede: Robert le Febre et les tables de Malines', Bulletin philologique et historiques (1964) 793-831. 10. Lynn White, Jr., 'Medical Astrologers and Late Medieval Technology', Via tor 6 (1975) 295-308. 11. London, Brit. Lib. MS Royal 12 F.xvii, fol. 153v • 12. For Greek horoscopes see Otto Neugebauer and H. B. van Hoesen, Creek Horoscopes, Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society, no. 1 48 (Philadelphia, 1959). For Islamic and Byzantine horoscopes see the artides and editions of David Pingree, 'Gregory Chioniades and Pa• laeologan Astronomy', Dumbarton Oaks Papers 18 (1964) 135-60; At p. 138, n.29 Pingree discusses horoscopes for the coronations of Alexius I Comnenus in 1081 and Manuel I Comnenus in 1143; idem, 'The Astrological School of John Abramius', Dumbarton Oaks Papers 25 (1971) 191-215, concerns the activities of the astrological advisor to Andronicus IV in the last quarter of the fourteenth century. At p. 193 Pingree discusses the attempt of the patriarchal court to suppress the practice of the occult sciences, induding astrology. Although there are a number of horoscopes of imperial Byzantine coronations, there is only one example of an imperial nativity, that of Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus, for which see Dumbarton Oaks Papers (1973) 219-31. Pingree suggests that the lack of further examples, 'must be due to fear of the police', ibid. p. 230, n.12. Judging by the examples edited by Pingree and others, Islam also favoured horoscopes on the occasion of the coronation rather than the birth of kings, and used them as opportunities for political comment. See the eleven ninth-century horoscopes cast by al-Quasrani in David Pingree and Wilfred Made• lung, 'Political Horoscopes relating to Iate ninth century 11 Alids"', Journal 01 Near Eastern Studies 36 (1977) 247-75. However, few horo• scopes have been preserved from the Islamic period outside literary compilations, and actual practice may have been more concerned with the individual. Six such personal horoscopes are edited by B. R. Goldstein and David Pingree, 'Horoscopes from the Cairo Geniza', Journal 01 Near Eastern Studies 36 (1977) 113-44. For astrological history or the horoscopes of places see David Pingree, 'The Horoscope of Constantinople', in Prismata. Festschrift für Willy Hartner ed. Y. Maeyama and W. G. Saltzer (Wiesbaden, 1977), pp. 305-15. 'Historical Horoscopes', Journal 01 the American Oriental Society 82 (1962) 487-502. An example of such a history, commencing at the Deluge and ending in the year 828, is The Astrological History o[ Masha'allah ed. and trans. E. S. Kennedy and David Pingree (Cambridge, Mass., 1971). See also The Thousands 01 Abu Mashar ed. David Pingree (London, 1968). There was less interest in astrological history in the Latin west but see North, 208 Notes

Chaucer's Universe, p. 377, and 'Astrology and the Fortunes of Chur• ches', Centaurus 24 (1980) 181-211, for the influence of the astrological doctrine of the great conjunctions. 13. Poulle, 'Horoscopes princiers', pp. 69-76. 14. Oxford, Bod. Lib. MS Canon mise. 24. This volume is now very faded and scarcely legible in parts, even with the aid of ultra-violet light. 15. Poulle, 'Horoscopes princiers', p. 76. 16. Ibid., pp. 76-7 and n.4. 17. Handbook of English Chronology, p. 37, gives the date of the coronation as 5 November 1429. 18. London, Brit. Lib. MS Sloane 407, fos 223--6. See also Cambridge, Univ. Lib. MS Ee. III. 61, fos 108v-116 (Canon), 108v-120 (Tables). 19. Cambridge, Univ. Lib. MS Ee. III. 61, fol. 108: 'Hec etenim opusculum secundum distanciam cenith alme mater universitatis Oxonie a polo artico est calculatum. ' 20. Camb. Univ. Lib. MS Ee.III.61 21. For one contemporary account of Friar Randolf' s affairs see Chronicle of London, ed. C. L. Kingsford (Oxford, 1905), pp. 73, 80, 273 and 298, n.5. 22. Rotuli Parliament IV. 118. Randolf accused the queen of having planned the king's death, 'en le plus haute et horrible manere qui l'en purroit deviser.' 23. Chronicon Rerum Gestarum in Monasterio S. Albani ed. H. T. Riley (London, 1870) I. 38. For the nefarious habits of other minorite friars and their predelic• tion for sorcery see Thomae Walsingham Historia Anglicana ed. H. T. Riley RS.28/1 (London, 1864) 11. 249, 250, 251. For Randolf see also K. H. Vickers Humphrey of Gloucester (London, 1907) p. 276 and n.1.; Tones, 'Sorcery' pp. 682-683. 24. Cambridge Univ. Lib. Ee. III. 61, fol. 108: 'Incipit prologus in tabulas illustrissimi principis et nobilissime domini ducis Gloucestrie. Effectus planetarum preteritos et futuros pronosticare volentibus, domorum cuspides, signorum et graduum ascensiones, ac radiorum proiectiones per singulas domos, necesse est ad tempus introitum aut propositum certissime perscrutari. Sed omnibus diligenter inspectibus qui ad premissa pertinant, nullas adquisitas priores tabulas repperi, pro quas non nisi cum tedio et labore invenio.' Randolf goes on to claim that the tables are named for Duke Humphrey, 'quia ad eius complacentiam pariter et instantiam, incep• turn fuerat et perfectum'. He then asks the reader to correct any errors he might notice, according to the principles laid down in the treatise. The main purpose of the tables was to compile in a handy compen• dium all the information required in order to calculate the precise time of any event, such as a nativity, which was to be scrutinised by te astrologer. 25. Poulle, 'Horoscopes princiers', pp. 66-77. 26. Nicholas of Lynn: Kalendarium, pp. 98-9. 27. See Appendix III for details of horoscopes, nos 1, 2 and 5. 28. Goldstein and Pingree, 'Cairo Geniza', p. 114, remarks on the slight Notes 209

interpretation that generally accompanies horoscopes in antiquity, Byzantium and Islam: 'This must have been provided orally by the astrologer to his client - certainly a safer procedure than committing himself in writing.' 29. MS Ashmole 192, fol. 109v , 'Erat hoc schema in Fenestra Domus, quae aliquando fuit Mri Bruen Canonici de Windsor.' See Appendix III, no. 3. 30. D.N.B. However, .Bruen is not described as Canon of Windsor in Ashmole's own The Antiquities of Berkshire (London, 1719) III. 260-1. 31. The Victoria County History of Berkshire ed. P. H. Ditchfield and William Page (London, 1907), II. 106. 32. Ca/. Pat. Rolls 3 Henry VII, p. 219; 7 Henry VII, p. 365. Cited by Pearl Kibre, 'Lewis of Caerleon, Doctor of Medicine, Astronomer and Math• ematician' Isis 43 (1952) 102-3. 33. According to a third opinion, Edward III was born about half an hour earlier. See Oxford, Bod. Lib. MS Rawlinson D. 1227, fol. 46v: 'Radix nativitatis regis Edwardi secundi post conquestum anno Christi 1313° com• pleto, 12 die, 17 hora 10 minuta et 56 secondis, de mense Novembre, et erat hora Veneris.' 34. The astrological interpretation follows the guide of Hartner, 'Mercury Horoscope.' 35. Hartner, 'Mercury Horoscope.' 36. Jean Seznec, The Survival of the Pagan Gods 7&-83; Fritz Saxl, La fede astrologica di Agostino Chigi; interpretazione dei dipinti di Baldassare Peruzzi nella sala di Galatea della Farnesina, pub. by the Reale Accademia d'Italia (Rome, 1934). 37. Ashmole 192, fol. 110. 38. D.N.B. 39. The Catalogue of the Diglly Collection ed. W. D. Macray (Oxford, 1883). 40. Oxford, Bodleian Library MS Rawlinson D. 1227, fol. 47, 'Radix nativi• tatis principis primogenitus dicti Edwardi regis, anno Christi 1330, 15 die Junii, et erat sexta hora completa post meridiem diei precedenti, 21 hora, 36 minuta, secundum regionem London.' The reference to London is mys• terious as Edward, the Black Prince, was born in Woodstock, unless the astrologer made use of London astronomical tables. 41. See Appendix III, nos 4, 7, 8, 9, and 10. 42. The Anonimalle Chronicle 1336-1381 ed. V. H. Galbraith (Manchester, 1927); The Historians of the Church of York and its Archbishops, ed. James Raine, 3 vols, RS. 71 (London, 1879-94). 43. Leland Collectanea ed. T. Hearne, 6 vols (Oxford, 1715) I. 22; Anonimalle Chronicle, p. xiv. 44. For the Annimodar see North Chaucer's Universe pp. 213-4. 45. Rawlinson D. 1227, fol. IV. See Appendix III, no. 7. According to Bryant Tuckerman, Planetary, Lunar and Solar Positions A.D.2-A.D. 1649 (Philadelphia, 1964), the moon did not approach 20° Capricorn (=290° until 8 January 1367. The astrologer must have made some error, perhaps for 20° Virgo. Applying Ptolemy's rule, to find the Annimodar we determine which planet maintains the greatest dignity over the point of the conjunction or opposition of the Sun and Moon, in this case 20° Capricorn, considered under five heads: triplicity, 210 Notes

house, exaltation, term, and phase or aspect, Tetrabiblos III. 2, 228--35. Referring to Ptolemy Tetrabiblos I. 18, 17, 19, 2~21, and 13, 20° Capricom is dominated in the following form:

Trine House Exaltation Term ('Egyptian') Aspect Moon (n.) Venus (d.) Mars (companion)

It is evident from the nativity of Richard 11 that the astrologer chose Jupiter (16° Sagittarius) to be the Annimodar of the ascendant (16° Gemini). This is quite inexplicable since from the tableabove Mars is so clearly the ruler of the syzygy in question. For a fourteenth-century English explication of the system, which differed somewhat from Ptolemy and drew heavily from Albumasar's Introductorium, see Rich• ard of Wallingford I. 2~5 and commentary 11. 108--11. According to the points system used by Wailingford, tabulated for Capricom, ibid. I. 204-5, 208--9, Mars scores 6 as to 5 for Satum and 4 for Venus. Jupiter is nowhere evident. Evidently the astrologer has exercised his discretion in effecting his interpretation of the two horoscopes, or perhaps he was unsure of the rules. 46. Rawlinson D. 1227, fol. Iv. The central square reads, 'Figura nativitatis eiusdem Ricardi anno et mense predicto, die 6a hora la. Sol est Yleg, Saturnus Alcocoden, Cauda primus significator, secundus Mars, tertius Saturnus, quam evadere non patet per naturam.' A note at the foot of the page adds, 'Vel secundum alios 25° Tauri fuit ascendens, et 2a minuta Sa. (? last three words) foret figura.' With 25° Taurus in the ascendant on 6 January 1367, the time was 12 midday. If an astrologer had no idea of the time of the native's birth and was therefore unable to devise an ascendant from the Annimodar, he might weil set his horoscope for midday. Froissart, cited by Harvey, Black Prince, p. 108. At 10 a.m. Pisces would be ascending. Obviously it would be less than cautious to rely on these horoscopes to verify the historical times of the births of their subjects. 47. Yleg and Alcocoden were determined from the aphetic points for which see Hartner, 'Mercury Horoscope', p. 454. The significators were the planets, usually three, which held the greatest dignity in the hor• oscope. North, Chaucer's Universe, pp. 214-17. For significators see ibid., p. 217. 48. Rawlinson D. 1227, fol. 2: 'Utrum Ricardus de Burdegal. possidebat regnum Anglie. Hec questio cum sua figura facte erant cita post mortem Edwardi principis Wallis et ante mortem Edwardi regis tertii post conques• tum.' See Appendix III, no. 10. 49. Rawlinson D. 1227, fol. 2: 'Vide quod eventus rei correspondet figure secundum libros iudiciales de interrogationibus.' Treatises on interroga• tions were written by Zael, Omar and Messahallah, among others. See Thomdike and Kibre Incipits for details. 50. Civitas Dei Bk V. Notes 211

51. Poulle, 'Horoscopes princiers', pp. 69-76. Paris, Bib. Nat. MS lat. 7443; Bib. Nat., MS nouv. acq. lat. 398, fols 9a-3. 52. Ibid., pp. 69-70; Thorndike History 01 Magie IV, p. 99. Poulle suggests that the collection was probably compiled or at least copied by Simon de Boesmare, prior of Saint-Jean de Beaumont-Ie-Roger, and arbitrator in the celebrated astrological dispute between Roland Scriptoris and Laurent Muste in 1437, ibid., p. 70. 53. Ibid., p. 72; Poulle does not specify the type of conjunction. The doctrine of great conjunctions was popularised in the west by Albu• masar, especially the widely diffused De magnis eoniunctionibus. For a discussion of the doctrine, particularly as it relates to the concerns of the later medieval church see J. D. North, 'Astrology and the Fortunes of Churches'. 54. Handbook 01 English Chronology ed. F. M. Powicke and E. B. Fryde, 2nd ed. (London, 1961), p. 448, only notes the birth of Salisbury as 'before 14 June 1388'. Sir John Fastolf is more usually said to have been born in 1380. See D.N.B. and Poulle, 'Horoscopes princiers', p. 75. 55. Poulle, 'Horoscopes princiers', p. 68, n.2; Bib. Nat. MS lat. 7443, fol. 80 and MS nouv. acq. lat. 398, fol. 90. 56. Ibid., pp. 75--6. E. Wickersheimer, Dictionnaire biographique, p. 737. 57. A list of 104 books belonging to Henry V is printed by K. B. McFarlane in Lancastrian Kings and Lollard Knights (Oxford, 1972) Appendix C, pp. 233-235, contains no astrological books. But as the books formed part of the spoils of the French war it is not to be expected that they would reflect the kings personal taste. Wylie, Henry V, I, p. 50 n.5 notes a Livre de Spera owned by the Duke of Berry. 58. Poulle, 'Horoscopes princiers', p. 73; Bib. Nat. MS lat. 7443, fols 73v-78v. 59. Oxford, Bod. Lib. MS Ashmole 393, fols 109-11. 60. Oxford, Bod. Lib. MS Ashmole 192, fols 26-36. 61. Handbook 01 English Chronology p. 435, n.2. J. H. Wylie, History 01 England under Henry IV (4 vols, London, 1884-98) III, pp. 323-4, notes arguments for August 1386. K. B. McFarlane, Laneastrian Kings and Lollard Knights (Oxford, 1972) p. 17, citing J. H. Wylie and W. T. Waugh, The Reign 01 Henry V (3 vols, Cambridge, 1914-29) III, pp. 427 (App. B) prefers 16 September 1387. Henry V was born in Monmouth. For Henry V's political career, see Henry V. The Praetiee 01 Kingship ed. G. L. Harriss (Oxford, 1985). 62. Appendix III, no. 11. 63. On the surface it would have been more convincing simply to adjust the predicted time of death, but this would have conflicted with all the astrological indicators. A note in Ashmole MS 192, fol. 25v, in Ash• mole' s hand, reveals he was aware of the problem of the date of birth but failed to pursue the obvious solution, though he was himself an accomplished astrologer: 'There is great diversity among our His• torians concerning the Nativity of Henry the 5th. According to Speede the Brook Yorke Herald, he was born anno 1388, anno 11 Richard 2. The old Chronic1e in Bibliotheca Cotton. sub Effigie Vitelü A.16 saith anno 10 Richard 2. Saith Daniell, Sir R. Baker, of Holinshed, he dyed 212 Notes

the last of August 1422 in the 38th year of his age. But by the following seheame of his nativity it appears to be 1376, anno 50 Edward 3. If so he was 46 years old when he died.' 64. Ashmole 393, fol. 109. 65. Hartner, 'Mereury Horoseope', p. 458. 66. For the aphets see ibid., p. 454 and n.38. 67. The author of our treatise opens by explaining that he is abandoning the usual method of those who write on nativities, which is to proeeed by order of the houses, in order to adopt a more natural order: Ashmole 393, fol. 109. For the mundane house system see Hartner, 'Mereury Horoseope', pp. 449-51. 68. The 'house of enemies' is the twelfth house whieh is oeeupied by Seorpio, the domicile of Mars: Ashmole 393, fol. 210. 69. Ashmole 393, fol. 210. 70. The First English Life of King Henry the Fifth, ed. C. L. Kingsford (Oxford, 1911) 17. Cited by MeFarlane, Lancastrian Kings, p. 123. 71. MeFarlane, Lancastrian Kings pp. 123-4; Wylie, Henry V, I, pp. 199-201. Bishop Courtenay told Jean Fusoris in 1415 that he believed that the king had remained ehaste sinee his aeeession to the throne. This is mentioned in the aeeount of the trial ofJean Fusoris, Le Proces de Maftre Jean Fusoris (ed. Leon Mirot) in Memoires de la Societe de l'Histoire de Paris 29 (1900) 137-287, at p. 243. 72. Ashmole 393, fol. 1l0V. 73. Ibid. 74. MeFarlane, Lancastrian Kings, pp. 128--9. 75. For a biography of Fusoris see E. Wickersheimer, Dictionnaire biogra• phique des medecins en France au mayen age (Paris, 1936) I, p. 403, and for an aeeount of his instruments and other writings see Emmanuel Poulle, 'Un eonstrueteur d'instruments astronomiques au XVe siecle• Jean Fusoris', BibI. de l'Ecole des Hautes Etudes IVe Section, fase. 318 (Paris, 1963). The incident as it relates to Henry V is deseribed in eonsiderable detail by Wylie and Waugh, Henry V, I, pp. 498--510 et passim. 76. Proces, pp. 143-4, 182, 231. Fusoris also eame to the notiee of Charles V of Franee, whom he says took great pleasure in the instruments of astrology and wished to leam more of their scienee, ibid. p. 231. 77. Proces, pp. 173-4 (Dep. Jean Fusoris 7 Sept. 1415), 231-232 (2° Dep. Jean Fusoris 26 Mar. 1415). Also present at these eonversations were Pierre de Milan, a physician, the librarian and bookseller Renaut du Montet, Ambroise des Milles, seeretary to Charles VI of Franee and a 'quidem juvenis vocatus Guillermus, multum habilis in sciencia predicta'. 78. Proces, p. 233. 79. Proces, pp. 24~ (Dep. Jean Fusoris 31 Mar. 1415) Fusoris forgot to mention this incident in his earlier deposition. 80. Proces, p. 186 (Dep. Jean du Berle Sept. 1415). 81. Proces, pp. 245-6 (Dep. Jean Fusoris 31 Mar. 1415). 82. Proces, p. 236 (2° Dep. Jean Fusoris 26 Mar. 1415). 83. Proces, p. 244 (Dep. Jean Fusoris 28 Mar. 1415) Courtenay presented Fusoris with this introduction, deseribing his gifts: 'Domini mi, ecce Notes 213

magistrum Johannem Fusoirs, qui composuit instrumenta vestra septem planetarum, de quo sum vobis locutus; qui credens repperire statum pacis vel tractatus, apportavit composicionem spere vestre solide, compositionem in• strumenti septem planetarum in quo possunt videri motus omnium plane• tarum, conjunctiones, opposiciones et aspetus eorum cum figura celi continue et omni hora, de quo instrumento alias loquebar vobis; apportavit eciam astrolabium mediocris quantitatis, cum ejus practica quam composuit et eciam sixternum de enigmatibus, que presentat regie majestati vestre.' 84. Ibid. Courtenay had instructed Fusoris to bring these items to show the king if he decided to come to England. Proces, p.237. 85. Proces, p. 245. 86. Rot. ParI., IV. 225. 'Item. 1 asterlabe d'argent.' Weight: 3 pounds 3 ounces; price per pound: 22s 40.' Noted by Wylie, Henry V, I, p. 505, n.2. who miscalculates the price as f3 5s 9lhd. 87. Proces, pp. 173-4. 88. Ashmole 393, fol. 110v • 89. Ibid. 90. Ibid. 91. Ashmole 393, fol. 110. 92. Wylie, Henry V, I, p. 503, n.9. 93. Emden BRUO, pp. 1081-2. 94. Oxford, Bod. Lib. MS Bodley 463(2456). 95. Proces, p. 243 (Dep. Jean Fusoris 28 Mar. 1415) Fusoris describes this man as 'unus gratus homo, doctor in theologia'. 96. Proces, p. 219 (Dep. Me Jean Andre 25 Feb. 1415). 97. Statutes of the Realm, ed. A. Luders et.al. (London, 1916) 11. 144. 98. E. F. Jacob, Oxford History of England, V, The Fifteenth Century 1399-1485 (Oxford, 1961) p. 480.

8 ASTROLOGY AND DISASTER AT THE COURT OF HENRY VI

1. Oxford, Bod. Lib. MS Ashmole 369, fol. 182v ; see Appendix III, no. 12. 2. London, Brit. Lib. MS Egerton 889, fol. 5; see Appendix III, no. 12. 3. This discussion of these Henry VI horoscopes was included in my doctoral thesis, submitted in 1984. They have now been considered, in a rather different context, by North, Horoscopes and History, pp. 142-9, along with some others. North gives a very interesting commentary on the computational conventions adopted in these schemes. Note in particular North's discovery that, despite some very elaborate claims to the contrary, the astrologers responsible seem to have consistently used planetary and house tables that were convenient rather than tables relevant to their astrological subjects or even the tables they claimed to be using! See Appendix III below for details. My schemes 12, 13, 14 and 15 equal North's G, A, E, and B respectively. 4. Cambridge, Univ. Lib. MS Ee. III. 61 (1017) fols 159-175; see Appendix III, nos. 13, 14. 5. Jones, 'Political Uses of Sorcery', pp. 683-4; Kittredge, Witchcraft, pp. 81-4. The trial is described in numerous contemporary sources, for which see Kittredge, Witchcraft, p. 416, n.4O. I have relied on the 214 Notes

version in the English Chronicle ed. J. S. Davies, Camden Soc. old sero 64 (1856), pp. 57-60. 6. Six Town Chronicles, ed. Ralph Flenley (Oxford, 1911) p. 102. 7. Select Cases in the Court 01 King's Bench under Richard II, Henry IV and Henry V, ed. G. O. Sayles (London, 1971) SeIden Soc. 88, pp. 111-14. 8. Ibid., p. 251. 9. See Kittredge, Witchcraft, and Jones, 'Political Uses of Sorcery', for other examples. Note Jones' judicious comment, 'Like royal counsel• lors and papal courtiers, members of princely branches of the royal families of France and England were also vulnerable to accusations of using magic for political purposes. This was particularly true of those great ladies, often the mothers-in-Iaw of kings, whose role in govem• ment was ambiguous, and whose political influence was real but subtle, and incapable of being constitutionally defined and regular• ised.' Ibid., p. 679. 10. For Southwell's biography see Emden BRUO, pp. 1734--5; Talbot and Hammond, Register, p. 356. 11. See Cal. Pat. Roll Henry VI (1441-6) pp. 3, 7 for the parcelling out of Southwell's prebend in St. Stephen's and his moveable goods to John Delabre, the king's almoner, in the year after Southwell's death. 12. City 01 London Letter Book K ed. R R Sharpe p. 11; cited by Emden BRUO, p. 1735. 13. Talbot and Hammond, Register, pp. 61-2, translated from Roll A.52j memb. 5 (Cal. 01 Pleas and Mem. RoUs, London, 1413--57, pp. 174-5): 'The arbitrators . . . found that the complainant William Forrest on 31 January last past, the moon being consumed in a bloody sign, to wit Aquarius, under a very malevolent constellation, was seriously wounded, in the said musdes and on 9 February, the moon being in the sign of Gemini, a great effusion of blood took place ... With the consent of the patient and the lack of another remedy [they] finally staunched the blood by cautery, as was proper, and thus saved his life.' 14. K. B. McFarlane, 'William of Worcestre: A Preliminary Survey', Studies presented to Sir Hilary Jenkinson (Oxford, 1957) pp. 196-221, at pp. 206-7, demonstrates that Worcestre is not the author or the scribe of the bulk of the manuscript, as Heame rashly assumed. Printed as Annales Rerum Anglicarum from Heame' s edition of College of Arms, Arundel MS 48, by Joseph Stevenson in Letters and Papers illustrative 01 the Wars 01 the English in France, II, pt ii (London 1864) RS. 22c, pp. 762-3. For Worcestre see also William Worcestre: Itineraries, ed. J. H. Harvey (Oxford, 1969); Emden BRUO, pp. 2086-7. 15. Annales, p. 763. 'Et quidam clericus, lamossimus unus illorum in toto mundo in astronomia et arte nigromantica, magister Rogerus Bolyngbroke, arrestatus fuit, et in coemiterio Santi Pauli publice cum indumentis suis nigromanticis et imaginibus cereis, et quam pluribus aliis instrumentis nigromanticis, sedebat in quodam alto solio, ut ab omnibus viderentur opera ejus; postea tractus, suspensus, et quartarizatus erat, et caput ejus super pontem Londoniae positum. Iste magister Rogerus erat notabilissimus clericus unus illorum in toto mundo, et accusatus est propter praedictam dominam Elianoram cui Notes 215

eoneiliarius erat in arte magiea, post eujus mortem multi lamentabantur valde nimis.' 16. MS Gloueester Cathedral21, fols 100-104v. For a eomplete description of this manuscript see Ker, Medieval Manuscripts in British Libraries (Oxford, 1977) 11, p. 953. 17. Gloueester Cathedral 21, fol. 100: 'Et anni sunt determinati in capitulo planetarum in tractatu quem eomposui predilecte et reverendissime mee domine in lingua materna de prineipis arlis geomantie.' 18. Gloueester Cathedral21, fols l00-3V • 19. Ibid., fol. 103v: 'Capitulum unieum octave domus. Si vis seire de quolicet homine qua morte morietur, hoc seies seeundum naturam aseendentis. Si Leo fit in Ba domo, fera perissima devorabit eum, vel mordet usque ad mortem. Si Seorpio est in Ba domo eum domino Ba domus, vel si Saturnus est in Cancro vel Piseibus, in aqua morietur, vel per aliquam rem frigi de nature et humide. Sed si Mars est in Ba domo vel eum domino Be domus, ex febre morietur, vel ex aliquo morbo ealide vel sieee nature. Et si Cauda draeonis est eum domino Be domus, vel in Ba domo, morle mala et pudibunda morietur et eetera. De aliis planetis est intelligendum quod morte sua morietur seeundum naturas plane• tarum, seeundum bonitatem vel malieiam eorum.' 20. Ibid., fols 104-104v. 21. Gloueester Cathedral21, fol. l04v. 22. Ibid., fol. 105v. 23. Camb. Univ. Lib. Ee. III. 61, fol. 171: 'Completum est hoc opusculum anno domini m.eeee.x1f, xviii" die mensis Julii, magistris meis specialibus, Magi• stro Johanni Somersett et Magistro Johanni Langton, in vigilia assumptionis Beate Marie eodem anno mense Augusti in familia regis apud Shene, per manus meas liberatum.' 24. Pearl Kibre, 'Lewis of Caerleon; Doetor of Medicine', Isis 43 (1952) p.103. 25. For Woreestre see above p. 214, n. 14; Oxford, Bod. Lib., MS Laud tat. mise. 674; text fols 81-99v; fol. 99v: 'Explieiant 1022 stelle fixe ad presens verificater per Willelmum Woreestre aliter dietus Botoner de villa Bristoll Wigornensis, et pro anno Christo 1440 seeundum tabulas Alfonsi et erudi• eionem fratris Radulphi Hoby, Professor Theologie ae diseiplinam librorum fratris Johannis Somour ordinis minorum videlieet utrique eorum.' For Hoby, who is otherwise unknown, see Emden BRUO, p. 939. 26. For Kymer see Emden BRUO, pp. 1068-9; Talbot and Hammond, Register, pp. 60-3. 27. For Marshall see Emden BRUO, pp. 392-3; Appendix for Marshall's indexes; Talbot and Hammond, Register, pp. 314-15. 28. Camb. Univ. Lib. Ee. III. 61, fol. 16r; Also cited by Tanner, Bibliotheea, pp. 4Ofr7: 'Istam figuram estimarem ego valde bonam ... Erat enim, ut plurimi norunt, in magisterio iudieiorum exellens in astronomia speeulativa, estimo quia inter omnes quos Anglia eontinet astronomos similem vix reliquit, non mea eomprobandus laude, euius fama gravissima viget et viguit unde• quaque.' V 29. Camb. Univ. Lib. Ee. III. 61, fol. 161 : 'Ad maiorem huius figure eonfirma• tionem faeit aliud, quod ipsomet referente didieeram, erat enim tune capella• nus illustrissimi regis Henriei Quinti, qui tune moram trahens in partibus 216 Notes

Galicanis, hunc magistrum Johannem Holbrok, ob magnam [iduciJlm quam circa eum habuit, transmisit in Angliam cum certis sandorum preclaris reliquiis erga tempus nativitatis proposite, et ut ore eius suscepi, ipse primus erat saltem masculus, qui nunc natum inclitissimum oculis conspexit.' 30. Camb. Univ. Lib., Ee. III. 61, fol. 161: '&perl nempe figuram quandam magistri Johannis Holbrok manu propria conscriptum, et rectificavit gradum ascendentis ad instar Iovis, et non gradum medium celi sicut ista figura.' This method of verifying the ascendant is evidently rather different to that described by Ptolemy, and may have some relevance to the difficulties encountered in the nativity of Richard 11 in MS Rawlinson D. 1227. See above, Chapter Six, p. 126. 31. Emden BRUC, pp. 351-2. 32. Emden BRUC, pp. 540-1. 33. Camb. Univ. Lib. Ee. IIT, 61, fols 159-159v • 34. Ibid., fols 160-1. 35. Ibid., fol. 161. 36. Camb. Univ. Lib., fols 16JV-162. 37. Camb. Univ. Lib. Ee. IIT. 61, fols 173-4. V 38. Camb. Univ. Lib. Ee. III. 61, fol. 175 : 'Veritatis indatum totaliter insis• tens fideli quam amicitia quacumque preponendum Aristotilica sanciunt auc• toritas premissorum singula, pro ut ingenioli tenuitas suppetiit qualitate qua decet disserui que sincere caritatis affectione cuiuslibet inspectura reverenciJl paternalis oro suscipiat. Sub supportatione clipeo favorabili patientie que regenda minime cum non est superbie aut elationis seu cuiusquam presump• tionis temerarie detruentur, seu urna, quia potius ex preclare veritatis cogni• tionis appetitu inscitiabili laboriose permitentur ut concultata falsitatis tramite veritas dilucidata intestat et error enerosa multium refutata vere sciencie diledoribus via veritatis clarius ministretur. Amen.' 39. Emden BRUC, p. 309; D.N.B.; Thomas Tanner, Bibliotheca Britannico• Hibernica (London, 1748) pp. 406-7. The remains of an effigy of Holbroke in academical dress are noted by Mill Stephenson, A List of Monumental Brasses in the British Isles (London, 1926) p. 59, in the church of St Mary-the-Less, Cambridge. The inscription began, 'Quem tegit iste lapis cavus cognomine torrens (Hollowbrook).' 40. Gloucester Cathedral MS. 21, fol. 163. 41. Oxford, MS Corpus Christi College 151; written in Oxford in 1380 by the Carmelite friar Peter Bekklys, Emden BRUO, p. 145; London, MS Royal College of Physicians 390; London, Brit. Lib. MS Egerton 889; partly written by Holbroke. A note on fol. 6v states: 'Notandum quod Magister Johannes Holbrook, quondam alme Universitatis Cantabrigiensis Cancellarius, Sacre pagine professor, ac in artibus liberalibus precipuus, in astronomia tamen peritissimus, et magister Collegii Sancti Petri Cantabri• giensis, contulit ad collegio antedido, in festo Sancti Valentini, anno domini 1426, hunc librum astronomicum.' 42. Full or partial versions of Holbroke' s works occur in the following manuscripts: Cambridge, Peterhouse 267, fols 3v; Univ. Lib., Ee. IIT. 61 (1017), fols 53--69 (Lewis Caerleon); Gloucester Cathedral 21, fols 163--87v Oohn Argentine); London, Brit. Lib. Egerton 889, fols 109-10; 133v (Holbroke's own manuscript); Oxford, Bod. Lib. Ashmole 340, Notes 217

fol. 78; Ashmole 346 (both MSS contain extracts by Thomas Scalon) Bodley 300, fol. 132v. Preface to Opus primum only, inc. 'Quoniam eelestium motuum'. The list of contents indicates that the volume used to contain both versions of Holbroke's tables; owned by John Ingham, Emden BRUC, p. 326. 43. For the method employed by Holbroke to obtain these figures see North, 'Alfonsine Tables', pp. 27H, where he states, 'The radices are in principle non-terminating sexagesimals, and there was no limit to the spurious accuracy to which an astronomer might lay claim by deriving radices in thls way.' 44. Thorndike, History of Magie IV, p. 98. The mistake is rectified in Thorndike and Kibre Incipits, 444. 45. L. Thorndike, 'Notes on some Manuscripts of the Bibliotheque Na• tionale, Paris', Journal o[ the Warb. and Court. Inst. 20 (1957) 128-9. Thorndike notes other copies in four Paris MSS. For the subject see also Thorndike, History o[ Magie IV, p. 100. Holbroke's text seems closer to Bib. Nat. 7307 than to Bib. Nat. 7316. 46. Trutina Hermetis, inc. 'Loeus lune in nativitate est ipse gradus aseendens'. See Thorndike and Kibre Incipits for MSS. 47. Ptolemy: Quadripartitum III. 1, pp. 222-3. 48. Centiloquium Verb. 51, h.1, 'Locus lune in nativitate est ipse gradus ascendens in cireulo hora casus spermatis in matrieem. Et loeus lune hoc casus spermatis est gradus aseendens hora nativitatis.' For Ptolemy's theory see Bouche-Leclerq, Astrologie greeque, pp. 376, 379.

9 ASTROLOGY IN THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY

1. E. W. Talbert, 'The Notebook of a Fifteenth- Century Practising Phys• ician', University o[ Texas: Studies in English 22 (1942) 5-30. 2. Ibid., p. 13. 3. For these almanacs see C. H. Talbot, 'A Mediaeval physician's Vade meeum', Journal o[ the History o[ Medicine (New York) 16 (1961) 213-33. For an excellent account of certain iconographical aspects of these MSS see Harry Bober, 'The zodiacal miniature of the Tres Riches Heures of the Duke of Berry - Its sources and meaning', Jour. War. Court. Inst. 11 (1948) 1-34. 4. North, Horoseopes and History, pp. 149-53. 5. Oxford, Bod. Lib. MS Sloane 428; Keith Thomas, Religion and the Decline o[ Magie, p. 357, n. 81. 6. Indictments of Thomas Burdett, esq., John Stacy and Thomas Blake of constructive treason in Third Report o[ the Deputy Keeper o[ the Publie Reeords (London, 1842) Appx. 11. 213-14; Rotuli parliamentorum VI. 193-195. 7. English Chronicle, p. 69; see also Kittredge, Witehcraft, pp. 227-8, 534, n.22. 8. For Stacy and Blake see Emden BRUO, p. 197, 1749. 9. Cat. Pat. Roll (1476-85), pp. 40, 43. 10. For Caerleon see Emden BRUC, p. 117; Talbot and Hammond, Regis- 218 Notes

ter, pp. 203-4; Pearl Kibre, 'Lewis of Caerleon'. Kibre's article includes a list of Caerleon's writing, and those he collected by other writers. 11. Not of course 'the work of Duke Humphrey', as Kibre suggests, ibid., p.104. 12. Camb. Univ. Lib. Ee. III. 61, fol. 47. Caerleon does not question Walter's authorship of this table, as Kibre states, ibid., p. 103, fol• lowed by Emden BRUO, p. 1972 and North, Horoscopes and History, p. 126. For Walter's universal tables and his conventional tables see ibid., pp. 126-30. 13. For the works by Holbroke collected by Caerleon see Kibre, 'Lewis of Caerleon', p. 107, n.29; North, Horoscopes and History, pp. 130-1. 14. For this 'love of calculating' see North, Richard of Wallingford, 11. 387. 15. Cal. Pat. Roll (1485-94) pp. 75, 145, 219, 365. 16. For Argentine see Emden BRUO, pp. 15-16; D. E. Rhodes, 'Provost Argentine of King's and his Books', Trans. Camb. Bib. Soc. 2 (1956) 105-12; idem, 'The princes in the Tower and their Doctor', E.H.R. 77 (1962) 304-6; J. M. Fletcher, 'Addendum to "Provost Argentine of King's and his Books"', Trans. Camb. Bib. Soc. 3 (1961) 263. There are additional notes on Argentine, ex inform. N. R. Ker, in the copy of Emden's BRUC in Duke Humfrey's library, Oxford. 17. Stephenson, Monumental Brasses, p. 57. 18. C. H. Cooper, Athenae Cantabrigiensis, 2 vols (Cambridge, 185~1) I, p.12. 19. The Usurpation of Richard the Third: Domenicus Mancini ad Angelum Catonem de occupatione regni Anglie per Riccardum Tercium libellus, ed. and trans. C. A. J. Armstrong (London, 1936) p. 112; see Rhodes 'The princes in the Tower', pp. 304-5. 20. Rhodes, 'The princes in the Tower', p. 305. 21. The Usurpation of Richard III; quoted by Rhodes, ibid. The translation is Armstrong's with the emendation suggested by Rhodes. V 22. MS Gloucester Cathedral 21, fol. 9 • See Appendix III, nos. 16, 17. 23. See additional note on p. 317-18 for a list of Argentine's books. 24. Oxford, Bod. Lib. MS Ashmole 1427, fols 11-30v ; 1-20v ; pp. 21-181. 25. Oxford, MS Corpus Christi College 255, fols 43-4. This is a sixteenth• or seventeenth-century MS, not 'the original' as Rhodes describes it, 'The princes in the Tower', p. 206. The other copy is London, Brit. Lib. MS Cotton Julius F.vii.37, fol. 165. 26. Corpus Christi 255, fol. 43. 27. For some prosaic representations of the same genre, but from an earlier period, of which Argentine's poem seems to be a florid, poss• ibly Italianate development, see P. Osmund Lewry, 'Four graduation speeches from Oxford manuscripts (c.1270-131O)', Mediaeval Studies 44 (1982) 138-80. Note that the first speech reveals that the incepting master had an interest in astronomy, ibid., pp. 168-70. 28. Ker, Medieval Manuscripts in British Libraries 11, pp. 952-5. Ker's meticulous cataloguing of this MS was an invaluable aid in the study of Argentine's astronomical and astrological studie.,. Argentine's name occurs on fols 11v, 13 and 33 (Greek), 68, 188, 197v, 219, 219v. 29. Oxford, Bod., Lib. MS Ashmole 344. Notes 219

30. Ashmole 344, fols 3--23. The problems are mostly end-games, es• pecially those opposing rooks and knights. It bears no resemblance to the more complex problems in King Alfonso' s Chess Book, for which see below n. 34. 31. For the mIes of Arithmomachia or Ludus philosophorum which remained in play in England until at least the early seventeenth century, when it was mentioned by Robert Burton (Anatomy of Melancholy (1621) II.i.iv), see H. J. Murray, A History of Board-Games other than Chess (Oxford, 1952) pp. 84-7. John Shirwood, Bishop of Durharn, taught his version of the game to Richard Nevill, Earl of Warwick, in 1472 when his patron was confined in Calais enduring a temporary set-back in his career. The tract, which is addressed to Marco Bobo, Patriarch of Aquileia and Cardinal of St Mark, was printed in Rome by Plannck. Argentine's copy appears to be the only manuscript copy, and is further evidence of his contact with humanist circles. For the text see P. S. Allen, 'Bishop Shirwood of Durharn and his Library', EHR 25 (1910) 445--56. 32. Ashmole 344, fols 72-83; Inc.: 'Sume tabulam latam et planam in qua describis circulum.' 33. Proces pp. 237, 244--5. 34. Published in facsimile by Karl W. Hiersemann, Das spanische Schach• zabelbuch des Königs Alfons des Weisen vom Jahr 1283 (Leipzig, 1913); Alfonso elSabio Libros de Acedrex, Dados eTablas. Das schachzabelbuch König Alfons des Weisen, edited by Arnald Steiger (Geneva-Zurich, 1941) Romanica Helvetica 10. For the astronomers' game see pp. 370--83; fols 95--97. Unfortunately, Steiger's commentary is entirely linguistic. For the mIes of this game and an illustration of the board see Murray, Board Games, pp. 156-7. 35. Oxford, Bod. Lib. MS Ashmole 346, fol. 21-9. 'Incipit Ludus Astrono• morum optime et subtilissime.' In the same MS. fol. 18a-b, Scalon seems to have copies of the tables missing, though they are mentioned in Argentine's copy, which would be an essential aid to a novice playing the game. 36. DNB L, pp. 416-17; Talbot and Hammond, Register, pp. 413--14; Wickersheimer, Dictionnaire, p. 264. According to Millar, as quoted in D.N.B, 'William Schevez is invariably described by historians as a scheming time-serving prelate, who obtained ascendancy over James III by astrological quackery.' For the case of Master John Damian, a French leech educated at Bologna, who spent some time at the court of James IV of Scotland from about 1501 to 1513, practising alchemy and attempting to fly, see Dunbar's amusing poem, 'The Fenyeit Freir of Tungland', pp. 67-70 in The Poems of William Dunbar, ed. W. Mackay Mackenzie (London, 1970). 37. G. Portigliotti, 'G.B. Boerio aHa Corte d'Inghilterra', L'Illustratzione Medica Italiana 1 (1923) 8-10; Talbot and Hammond, Register, pp. 117-19. 38. P. S. Allen, Opus Epistolarum Des. Erasmi Roterdame, 12 vols (Oxford, 1906-58) Ep. 261. Quoted by Talbot and Hammond, Register, p. 118. 39. Talbot and Hammond, Register, pp. 118-19. 220 Notes

40. C. A. J. Armstrong, 'An Italian Astrologer at the Court of Henry VII', in Italian Renaissance Studies, ed. F. F. Jacob (London, 1960) pp. 433-54. 41. Ibid., p. 433. 42. H. S. Bennet, English Books and Readers 1475-1557, 2nd ed. (Cam• bridge, 1969) pp. 118-19; E. F. Bosanquet, English Printed Almanacs and Prognostications, Bibliographical Society Monographs 17 (London, 1917) p. 70. See Armstrong, 'An Italian Astrologer', for the attribution of this fragment to Parron. 43. Besides the annual prognostications, Armstrong discusses the follow• ing treatises written by Parron: De astrorum vi fatali compieted 15 October 1499. What was probably the presentation copy is preserved as Oxford, Bod. Lib. MS SeIden Supra 77. Anni MD Pronosticon. Dated in Pynson's edition 24 December 1499. Uber de optime fato Henrici Eboraci ducis et optimorum ipsius parentum. Probably completed for Christmas 1502. What could be two presentation copies survive as Brit. Lib. MS Royal 12 B. vi; Paris, Bib. Nat. MS. Latin 6276. 44. Armstrong, 'An Italian Astrologer', p. 453. 45. M. J. Barber, 'A fifteenth century Prince', pp. 311-12. Appendix I: Manuscripts Dating from c.1250-1500 of Known Provenance with Texts Concerning Astrology, Divination, and Some-Related Matters, with their Owners, Donors or Readers

This Appendix is based on a complete survey of the printed cataIogues of EngIish manuscript collections, and Ker's Medieval Libraries. Place names follow Ker's conventions, and the names of medieval authors and books generally follow the conventions of the index of Thomdike and Kibre' s Incipits. Biographical details have deliberately been kept to a bare mini• mum. An asterisk (.) indicates amention in Ker' s list of donors, Medieval Libraries pp. 225--321. Manuscripts are listed under the type of institution which originally owned them. Entries appear divided between two col• umns: the first describes the MS in question, and the second gives details of individuals known to have owned the MS, and other relevant informa• tion.

ABBREVIATIONS

BL = British Ubraryi Bod. Ub. = Bodleian Ubraryi Univ. Ub. = Univer• sity Ubraryi 14c (etc) = fourteenth century (etc)

I AUGUSTINIAN CATHEDRAL PRIORY

Carlisle: 1. Durham Cathedral B.IV.38i 15c. Prognostic (f.86) Daniel's Dream Book (f.86v) At end figures for phlebotomy and chiromancy 221 222 Appendix I

11 AUGUSTINIAN PRIORIES

Bridlington: 2. Oxford, Bod. Lib. Digby 53; 12c late. Unfortunate times for phlebotomy (f.18)

Kirby Bellars: 3. Cambridge, Trinity 1144 (0.2.40); .. William Wymond• late 15c. harn Prognostics (fols 1-7) canon of Kirby Bellars Calendar (fols 63--8v) See Roger Yonge de Extracts from Ptolemy, Haly Abenragel Sutton, BRUC p. 568.

Merton: 4. Oxford, Bod. Lib. Ashmole 1522; 14c. .. John Gysborne, Astronomy BRUO p. 77l. .. John Kyngestone, BRUO p. 1075 . 5. Oxford, Bod. Lib. Digby 147; 15c. .. John Gysborne, see Notes on the age of the moon and the no.4. twelve stars (fols 68, 69) Simon Bredon, Arsmetrica (f.92) William Merle, De pronosticatione aeris (f. 125) with Haly De radiis (f.117v) etc.

Thurgarton: 6. London, Royal College of Physicians 358; 15c. Astronomical and astrological notes on planets, astronomical instruments, prognostics etc.

III Benedictine Abbeys

Bury St Edmunds: 7. Cambridge, Gonville and Caius 225; 13c. De fato puerorum s. lunam (f.142) Prognostic (U64)

Canterbury, St Augustine's: 8. Cambridge, Univ. Lib., Ii.l.15; 13-14c. .. Michael Northgate, Profatius Judaeus, New quadrant (f.3) monk of Tabula ad sciendum quis planeta dominetur St Augustine' s. (f.46v) with other astronomical texts. 9. Cambridge, Corpus Christi 466; 12c. .. Laurence Lenham, Somniale Danielis (fols 131, 228) with monk of medical texts St Augustine's. Appendix I 223

10. Cambridge, Gonville and Caius 456; 12, 13c. Biruni, Commentary on rabIes of AI-Khwarismi (f.l) and astronomical tables 11. Glasgow, Hunterian Museum 253; .. John of London, 13-14c. monk of Alchemical tracts attributed to Rases, St Augustine' s. Hermes, etc. 12. London, BL Harley 1; 13-14c. Albumasar, Flores (f.24) and Revolutions (f.31) 13. London, BL Harley 13; 13c. Ptolemy, Centiloquium Alkindi, De radiies (f.I42) etc. 14. London, BL Harley 647; mid-lOc. Aratus (f.14) Ex opere Ciceronis de astronomia (f.2v) 15. Oxford, Bod. Lib. Ashmole 341; 12-13c. Astronomy Hermes, De quindecim stellis (f.12Ov) 16. Oxford, Bod. Lib. Bodley 464(2458); .. Michael Northgate, c.1318 see no. 8. Alcabitius, Introductorius (f.98) Grosseteste, Impressionibus aeris Amald of Villanova, Introd. ad judicia astrologie quantum pertinet ad medicum with other astronomical and astrological pieces. 17. Oxford, Bod. Lib. Bodley 679(2596); .. John of London, see end 13c. no.11. Sacro Bosco on the sphere (f.56v) .. Clemens Grosseteste, Compotus (f.65) Canterbury, BRUO, Adelard of Bath, Quaestiones naturales p.350. (f.108) 18. Oxford, Bod. Lib. Rawlinson C.1178; .. John of London, see 13-14c. no. 11. Campanus, Compotus (f.l) Profacius tables and almanac Alkindi, Theorien (f.157) 19. Oxford, Bod. Lib. Rawlinson C.328 James Burdet. Astrological medicine in flyleaves 20. Oxford, Bod. Lib. SeIden supra 25, .. John of London, see 26(3414) late 12; 13c. no. 11. Arithmetic .. William of St Clare, On Satum (f.l0l) monk of St Augustine' s. 21. Oxford, Corpus Christi 125; 13, 14 and .. Thomas 15c. Wyvelesburgh, monk 224 Appendix I

Alchemy· of 5t Augustine's, Hermes on the lunar mansions (f.162) Canterbury 22. Oxford, Corpus Christi 221; 12, 14c. .. Michael Northgate, John Folsham, De natura rerum (f.2) see no. 8. 23. Oxford, Corpus Christi 248; 13c. Albumasar, Introductorium 24. Oxford, Corpus Christi 283; 11, 13c. .. William of 5t Clare, Cicero, De natura deorum see no. 20. On the astrolabe 25. Longleat, Marquess of Bath 177; 12c. Astrology On the astrolabe

Ceme: 26. Cambridge, Trinity College 1149 (0.2.45); 13c. Once formed part of BL Egerton 843. Spera Pythagore (f.l) The Egerton M5 contains: 5acro Bosco (f.l) On the cylinder (f.27) Prognostics (fols 31, 31v)

Crowland: 27. London, BL Arundel230; 12-13c. Table on unlucky days in each month (f.230) in French

Hyde: 28. London, BL Arundel 60; 11c. Table of days for phlebotomy (f.l)

Muchelney: 29. Oxford, Bod. Lib. Ashmole 189.11; 15c. .. Richard Coscumbe Astrological tables and notes in English alias WraxaU, prior of Muchelney. 30. Oxford, Lincoln Cod. Lat. 182, fols 1-53, .. Thomas Cory, BRUO 60-105; 15c. p.493. Tables of Batecombe, John Walter, William Rede. English tract on astrology

Pershore: 31. Oxford, Bod. Lib. Rawlinson C.81; 15c. .. 'Hic liber fuit quondam On the 12 signs in English (f.13v) H.R. de T.' On periIous days (f.58v, 32)

Ramsay: 32. Cambridge, Univ. Lib. Hh. VI. 11; .. fr. R. de Olneya, 1~14c. monk of Ramsay Appendix I 225

Signs of the weather attributed to prophet Ezra (f.67) Thunder prognostic in verse (f.68 v)

St Alban's: 33. Dublin, Trinity College 444; 13c. Astrological and astronomical tables 34. London, BL Cotton Julius D.vii; 13c. .. John de Wallingford, Astronomy abhot of St Albans's, Richard of Wallingford etc. d.1213. 35. Oxford, Bod. Lib. Ashmole 304, 13c. Bernard Silvester, Experimentarius Prognostic of the twelve sons of Jacob (f.52v), Pythagoras (f.56) and the seven planets (f.64) 36. Oxford, Bod. Lib. Ashmole 1796; 14--15c. .. fr. John Loukyn, see De sphera ascribed to Accursius (f.l) North, Richard 0/ Richard of Wallingford, Exafrenon (f.l7) Wallingford, IL pp. Albion, and other texts. 311-12, 316.

Westminster: 37. Oxford, St John's 178; 13-14c. .. Thomas Lynne, Sacro Bosco on the sphere monk of Westminster, Lunar mansions d.1473-4.

IV BENEDICTINE CATHEDRAL PRIORIES

Canterbury, Christ Church: 38. Cambridge, Trinity 987, 'Canterbury Psalter'; c.1l50. Notes on palmistry by scribe Eadwin (f.285) 39. Oxford, Bod. Lib. Ashmole 393. I; 15c. .. Thomas Goldstone, Albumasar, Flores (f.95v) and Intro. BRUO p. 783. Henry Ashenden (fols 79, 81v) Gruftoreus alias H. C. Horoscope of Henry V (f.109) .. Henry Cranebroke, BRUOp.50. 40. Oxford, Bod. Lib. Ashmole 1525; 13c. Ptolemy, Centiloquium (illustrated) 41. Oxford, Bod. Lib. Digby 28; 14c. Hippocrates, Prognosticon (f.81v) Planimetria (f.108) Liber de tempestatibus et presagiis (f.l36) Merlin, Prophedes (fols 162, 168) 42. Oxford, Bod. Lib. Digby 92; 14c. John Trendeley, monk Haly, De dispositione aeris (f.5) of Christ Church. Tables for 1374--86 and the Canons of William Rede (f.ll) 226 Appendix I

John Trendeley, Nota de aequatione planetarum (f.15) with other astrological notes (f.16 ff.)

Coventry: 43. London, BL Royal 12 G.iv; c.1300. .. John Grenborough, Astrological tables (fols 132, 160) with infirmarius. notes on medical astrology, alchemy, physiognomy etc. 44. Oxford, Bod. Lib. Auct. F.5.23(2674); 13, .. Robert Everdone, 14c. monk of Coventry. Secreta secretorum (f.87) with a note on the moon (f.109v) Sacro Bosco on the sphere (f.207)

Durham: 45. Cambridge, Jesus Q.B.8(25); 12c. Tract on the day and night stars (f.l) 46. Cambridge, Magdalene Pepys 1662; early 15c. Folding medical calendar 47. Cambridge, St John's 112(E.9); 13c and late 15c. Thunder prognostic (f.401) 48. London, BL Arundel 332; 13c. .. William Hertylpulle, Probationes de astronomica practica (f.52v) monk of Durham. 49. London, BL Arundel 507; 13-14c. .. Richard of Segbrok, Medical astrology (f.91) monk of Durham (fl. 1396). 50. Oxford, Bod. Lib. Douce 129(21703); 15c. .. Thomas Dun, monk Sacro Bosco, Compotus (f.2) of Durham, BRUO Astrological and calendrical tables (f.26) p.604. .. John Manby, BRUO pp. 1212-13.

Norwich: 51. Cambridge, Univ. Lib. Gg.VI.3; 14c. John Maudith, Tract. super quatuor tabulis mirabiliter inventis (f.45) Roger Hereford, De judiciis astronomiae (f.139) with astronomical and astrological tracts by Zael, Grosseteste, Jean de Linieres, Richard of Wallingford (f.273) etc. 52. London, BL Egerton 2724; 15c. Folding calendar

Winchester: 53. Oxford, Bod. Lib. SeIden supra 76(34647); 13c. Appendix I 227

Roger Hereford (f.3) Alkindi, de radiis

Worcester: 54. Gloucester Cathedral 25; 13c. .. Thomas More, monk. Treatises on the astrolabe (f.5) of Worcester. Physiognomy (f.23v)

V. BENEDICTINE PRIORIES

Luffield: 55. Cambridge, Univ. Lib. Ee.l.1; 13c, 14c. 'Les diuinemenz de le jur de Nouel' (f.1) 'Le interpretaciun de Songes' (Uv)

Tynemouth: 56. Oxford, Corpus Christi 144; 14, 15c. Alfonsine Tables Richard of Wallingford

VI BRIDGETIINE ABBEY

Syon: 57. Cambridge Univ. Lib. Hh. V.18; 13c end. Canons and astronomical tables, notes on the astrolabe and other instruments etc. 58. Cambridge, Magdalene F.4.13(13); early Jaspar Fyloll, a 16c. London Dominican. Astrological notes (fols 13, 14, 15, 17, 18) .. Elisabeth Crychley of Syon (nun in 1539) . 59. Cambridge, St John's 109(E.6); 15c. .. Thomas Betson, Astrological notes (fols 25v, 26, 67v, BRUC p. 59. 86v, 115v)

VII CARMELITE CONVENT

Halifax: 60. Oxford, Bod. Lib. Rawlinson C.895 Hamman Gabrell Calendar of Nicholas of Lynn (f.2v).

VIII CATHEDRAL CHURCHES

Exeter: 61. Oxford, Bod. Lib. Bodley 463(2456); early .. Edmund Lacy, 14c. bishop of Exeter, Alcabitius, Introductorius (f.l) BRUO pp. 1081-2. 228 Appendix I

Ptolemy, Centiloquium (f.59) with astrological pieces by Thebit, Alfraganus and others 62. Oxford, Bod. Lib. Rawlinson C.677; 14c. 'liber W. Exton, prioris'. Palmistry (f.1) Jac. Ware. Sacro Bosco on the sphere 63. Oxford, Corpus Christi 224; 12, 13, 14c. Alfraganus, Theorica planetarum

IX CISTERCIAN ABBEY

Boxley: 64. Cambridge, Corpus Christi 37(1.2); early * John Heriettsham. 14c. * John Renharn, rector Campanus, Theorica planetarum (f.2) of Holyngboume. Calendar of Walter Elvedene (f.27) with other calendars and tables

X CLUNIAC PRIORIES

Bermondsey: 65. Oxford, Bod. Lib. Ashmole 342.1, fols * dom John, monk of 69-94; early 14c. Bermondsey. Prognostic by thunder (f.88v) Tract on qualities of the signs (f.74v)

Bromholm: 66. Oxford, Bod. Lib. Ashmole 1523; 14c. Calendar with verses on evil days (f.l)

XI COLLEGIATE CHURCH

Tattershall: 67. London, BL Royal 12 E.xxv; c.1300. Condemned propositions of Tempier (f.2) and Kilwardby (f.2) Kilwardby' s letter on Oxford errors (f.115) Tract. de astronomia for Robert de Beaumont (f.l72v) with short pieces on the quadrant, the planets, 'Spera Pictagore' etc. XII DIOCESAN REGISTRY

Hereford: 68. Oxford, Bod. Lib. Ashmole 789. VIII; * Charles Bothe, c.1432. bishop of Hereford, Calendar for simple priests BRUC p. 77. Spera Pictagore (f.367) Appendix I 229

xm FRANCISCAN CONVENTS Babwell: 69. Cambridge, Univ. Lib. ILI.1; I4c. .. fr. Nicholaus Perscrutator, De impressionibus aeris (f.I3) (Richard) de Richard of Wallingford, Exafrenon (f.25) Hepworth. Roger Hereford, De iudiciis (f.40) with other astrological tracts 70. London, Royal Astronomical Society .. fr. Nicholaus de QB.71102I; I4c. Hepworth, see no. 69. Astronomical tables of William Rede (f.I) with other Oxford tables

Bodmin: 71. Oxford, Bod. Lib. Ashmole 360. fols .. fr. Richard Pole, 49--88, 113, 114, I5c. O.F.M., fl. 1374. Albumasar, Flores Gerard of Cremona, Theorica planetarum (f.71) Prognostic by the signs (f.113) Coventry: 72. Oxford, Bod. Lib. Rawl.D.238; I4c. Tables of John Walter (f.2) Astrological medicine

Oxford: 73. Oxford, Bod. Lib. Digby 93, fols 1-8; .. fr. Thomas Ruvel, I4c. BRUC p. 1377. Sem filli Haym on Saturn (f.I) .. fr. Roger de Theorica planetarum (f.2v) Nottingham, BRUC p.I377. 74. Oxford, Trinity 17; I2c. .. Robert Grosseteste, Boethius BRUO pp. 830-3. Physiognomy

Shrewsbury: 75. Oxford, University 41; I4c. Astronomical treatises by Grosseteste, Profatius, Sacro Bosco, Thebit and others. Haly, De impressionibus aeris (f.33) Almanac of Profatius for Oxford meridian (f.52)

XN GILBERTINE CONVENT

Holland Brigge: 76. Oxford, Bod. Lib. Laud. Misc.662; I4c. John, monk of Holland Calendar of Nicholas of Lynne Brigge. 230 Appendix I

xv PARlSH CHURCH

Barbrooke: 77. Cambridge, St John's 37 (B.15); 14, 15c. Master Gent, rector of Prognostics (ff.51v, 54) Barbrooke church in Essex.

XVI TRINITARIAN CONVENT

Knaresborough: 78. Cambridge, Trinity 943; early 15c. .. John de Foxton, Calendar with prognostications (f.ö) chaplain (fl. 1408). Liber cosmographie by Foxton (f.l), with illustrations of the temperaments, zodiac man, planets etc.

XVII UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES Cambridge, aare College: 79. Carnbridge, Gare College 15(Kk.4.2); John Dewe, BRUC c.I280. p.I86. Astrological texts by Arabic authors John Dewe, BRUC including Alkindi, Haly, Japhar etc. p.186. Albumasar, Flores (f.170) John Bamby, BRUC, p.39. Roger Marshall, BRUC pp. 392-3; Talbot, Register pp. 314-15. so. Oxford, Bod. Lib. Bodley 300(2474); 15c. Richard of Wallingford, Quadripartitum (f.64v) John Holbroke, Canons (f.132v) Formerly contained works of Jean de Linieres, William Rede, John Walter and Holbroke's rabies 81. Oxford, Bod. Lib. Digby 178, fols 15--87; .. In hand of Simon 14c. Bredon, BRUO pp. Richard of Wallingford, Quadripartitum 257-8. (f.15) Simon Bredon on the Almagest (f.42) 82. Oxford, Bod. Lib. Digby 183; 14c. Lewis of Caerleon, Alkindi, De radiis (f.38) BRUCp.117. Albertus Magnus, De mineralibus (f.l)

Cambridge, Gonville and Caius College: 83. Cambridge, Gonville and Caius 35(141); John Beverly, BRUC 15c. p.6O. Ptolemy, De compositione astrolabii (fols 137v-139) Appendix I 231

84. Cambridge, Gonville and Caius 110(179); Roger Marshall, see 13-15c. no.79. Astronomical tables and canons by Jean de Linieres, John of Saxony etc. Oe radiationibus (f.27) 85. Cambridge, Gonville and Caius 141(191); early 14c. Astronomical tables and canons Albumasar, Flores (f.585) and Oe revolutionibus (f.610) 86. Cambridge, Gonville and Caius 181(214); Roger Marshall, see 13-15c. no.79. Hermes on alchemy (f.219) with other alchemical tracts 87. Cambridge, Gonville and Caius John Argentine, BRUC 198(1040); 14, 15c. pp. 15-16; Talbot Augurial diagram in flyleaf with medical Register pp. 112-15. tracts 88. Cambridge, Gonville and Caius 249(277); John Harryson, BRUC c.1464. p.290. Prophecies and chronicles Note of celestial appearance in 1472 (f.l44v) Prognostic (f.246) 89. London, BL Harley 531; 12-14c. Roger Marshall, see Liber novem judicium (f.139) nO.79. Perscrutator (f.163)

Cambridge, Peterhouse: 90. Cambridge, Pembroke 227; 14, 15c. William Wodcoke, Firminus de Bellavalle, Oe mutatione aeris BRUC p. 644. (f.5) Roger Marshall, see Liber novem judicium (f.107) nO.79. Guido Bonatti, Oispositione aeris (f.116) Zael, Revolutionibus nativitatum (f.133) etc. 91. London, BL Egerton 889; 15c. .. John Holbroke, Astronomical tables BRUC p. 309. 92. London, Royal College of Physicians 390; .. John Holbroke, see 226 fols; 14c. no. 91. Ashenden, Summa judicialis .. Thomas Cloughe, BRUCp.143.

Oxford, University Library: 93. Oxford, Bod. Lib. Digby 40; early 13c. Abraham ibn Ezra, De astronomia (f.52) Albategni, De sciencia astrorum (f.116) 232 Appendix I

Oxford, St John's College: 94. Oxford, St John's 172; 15c. John Alwort, BRUO Divination p.29. Dreams

Oxford, Balliol College: 95. Oxford, Bod. Lib. Digby 29; 15c. " Richard Stapleton, Medical astrology (f.174v) BRUO p. 1766. Tract on the sun dial (f.118v) Hippocrates, Prognostica (f.167) Spera Pythagore (f.193) etc.

Oxford, Corpus Christi College: 96. Oxford, Bod. Lib. Rawlinson C.543; 14, William Ludham, 15c. BRUCp.377. Alfraganus, Compendium astronomie

Oxford, Lincoln College: 97. Oxford, Lincoln Cod. Lat. 114; 15c. Edmund Audley, Julius Firmicus, Astronomia (f.133) bishop of Salisbury, BRUO pp. 75-6.

Oxford, Merton College: 98. London, BL Royal 12 B.iü; 14c. " Walter Stanton, Medical astrology in margins (f.9Ov, BRUO p. 1770. 163v) 99. London, BL Royal 12 E.xxv; c.1300. " Richard Camsel, See no. 67 BRUO pp. 344-5. Richard Philyp. 100. Oxford, Bod. Lib. Digby 67, fols 85-116; " John Reynham, 14c. BRUO pp. 1570-1. Hermes, Liber de causis (f.85) 101. Oxford, Bod. Lib. Digby 176; 14c. " William Rede, BRUO Astrological tracts by various Merton pp. 155fHJO. masters, William Rede, Ashenden, Nicholas Sandwich, Reginald Lambourne BRUO pp. 1639-40. Thomas Bradwardine, BRUO pp. 244-56. " Richard Camsale, see no. 99. 102. Oxford, Bod. Lib. Digby 212; 14c. Julius Firmicus, Astronomicon (f.11) Abraham ibn Ezra, De nativitatibus (f.30) 103. Oxford, Merton C.2.1O(259); 13c. " William Rede, see A1cabitius, Introductorius (f.56) no.101. Albümasar, Flores (f.94v) Nicholas Sandwich, Astronomical tables and other works of see no. 101. Arabic astronomy and astrology Appendix I 233

104. Oxford, Merton 0.3.1(281); 14c. .. William Rede, see Albumasar, De magnis coniuctionibus and no.l01. Introductorium Bks. ü-iv (f.215) Nicholas Sandwich, see no. 101. John Gilden, BRUO p.768. 105. Oxford, Merton K.1.3(294); 14c. " William Rede, see Coneordanee of philosophy aeeording to no. 101. Aristotle, Plato, Albumasar etc. Nicholas Sandwich, see no. 101.

Oxford, New College: 106. Oxford, Bod. Lib. Auct. F.5.29(2635); 13, " Henry Jolypace, 14c. canon of St Paul' s Haly, De nativitatibus (f.l) (d.I431). Albumasar, Flores (f.32) with William de astronomical and astrological tracts by Hachecumbe. Alexander of Villa Dei, Sacro Bosco, Byrkyn. Abraham ibn Ezra ete. 107. Oxford, New College 162; 15c. William Worcestre, Chiromancy (f.48) BRUO pp. 2086-7. Weather prediction (f.64v) 108. Oxford, New College 282; 1423 Thomas Dryffeld, Ptolemy, Quadripartitum (f.l) BRUO p. 597.

Oxford, Oriel College: 109. Oxford, Bod. Lib. Auct.F.5.28(3623); 13c. .. John Cobbledik, Various scientifie treatises including Liber BRUO pp. 449-50. de occultis from Dorotheus (f.72v) 'De fato William Bridby, BRUO puerorum secundum Lunam' (f.l86v); p. 271. Rases, Physiognomy (f.209v) .. Elias de Trykyngham, BRUO pp. 1905--6; Talbot Register p. 43. 110. Oxford, Bod. Lib. Digby 37; 14c. " Elias de Ptolemy on images (f.43) Trykyngham, see no.109. 111. Oxford, Bod. Lib. Digby 161; 14c. Abraham ibn Ezra, De revolutionibus (f.l) On critical days (f.84) 112. Oxford, Oriel College 23; 14c. Ashenden, Summa judicialis (224 fols) Appendix II: Books on Astrology and Some Related Matters in the Medieval Libraries of the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge

For the bibliographical details of the medieval catalogues and the compen• diums of Leland (after 1533) and Bale (after 1547), see Ker's Medieval Libraries.

Library Date and total Text no. oi items in catalogue 1. Cambridge, 1473/120 None University 1424/330 Secreta secretorum (no. 66)

2. Cambridge, c.1440/11 2 astronomia (nos. 24, 25) Clare College 1496/87 William Rede, Canons (no. 5) Albumasar, Introductorium (no. 6) Leland/29 John Somer, Opuscula Alkindi, Iudicia Simon Bredon, Tabule Lewis of Caerleon, Tabule Messahala, Revolutionibus annorum mundi Dorotheus, Occultis Haly, Flores de electionibus Stephanus Messala, Flores de judiciis Alkindi, Radiis stellatis Albertus Magnus, Mineralibus

234 Appendix II 235

Richard of Wallingford, Quadripartitum Alcabitius, Introductorium with commentary of John of Saxony Geber, Speculativa astronomia John Maudith, Corda recta et umbra Simon Bredon, Tabula latitudinis 5 planetarum Richard of Wallingford, Albion Roger Hereford or Robert Grosseteste, Theorica planetarum Bale/18 John Ashenden, Summa iudicialis John Holbroke, Canones astronomici Lewis of Caerleon, De eclipsi solarie et lunari etc. Richard of Wallingford, Albion etc. Roger Bacon, De utilitate astronomiae et operatione fidei etc. Roger Hereford, Theorica planetarum De ortu et occasu signorum Simon Bredon on the Almagest Tabule cordarum Calculationes cordarum

3. Cambridge, 1376/55 none Corpus Christi College c.1439/76 Roger Bacon, Secreta secretorum (nos. 19, 63) Sompniale delucidarium Pharaonis (no. 67) On the sphere (no. 70) Bale/7 John Somer

4. Cambridge, Leland/23 Walter of Oddington, Motus Gonville and planetarum and Almanach Caius College Profatius Judaeus, Tabula motus octavae sphaerae Campanus, De inventione annorum Arabum Walter Elvedene, Calendarium 236 Appendix II

Jean de Linieres, Equatorium Robert Grosseteste, Calendarium and other works Stanton on the canons of the tables of Arzachel (see Ineipits 1408).

5. Cambridge, 1452/175 Astronomical tables (no. 130) King' s College Liber arithmetriee (no. 131) Liber geomancie (no. 132) Haly Abenragel, Iudieiis (no. 133) Liber septiformi intelligenciarum (no. 134) Avicebron, Liber (no. 135) Tractatus eomputi (no. 136) Boethius, Musica (no. 137) Richard of Wallingford, Albion (no. 138) Euclid, Geometria (no. 139) 1556--7/84 none Bale/13 William Sutton John Killingworth, Canones tabularum and other works Thomas Stacy Perscrutator

6. Cambridge, c.1364--1484/158 Theoriea planetarum et eanones Pembroke tabularum eum tabulis (no. 80) College Firminus de Bellavalle, De mutatione aeris with other texts on astrology by Guido Bonatti, Zael, Albumasar, Geoffrey of Meaux etc. (no. 105) Leland/7 none Bale/12 none

7. Cambridge, Leland/26 Helias, Alehemy Peterhouse Alphidius, Alchemy Roger Hereford, Rebus metallicis Liber alehimiea Roger Bacon, Alehemy Epistola alehimiea Rosini ad Anehesiam Theodosius, Spheris Simon Bredon: Tabule; Astronomia ealeulatoria; Astronomia judieiaria Appendix 1I 237

Hermes Trismegistus, Leges astrorum Ptolemy, Comets Abraham ibn Ezra, Luminaribus Alkindi, Impressionibus Thebit ben Chorat, Motu octavae spherae Alkindi, Umbris et Aspectibus Campanus, Computus John de Sacrobosco, Algorismus John Walter, Tabule John Killingworth, Algorismus Jean de Linieres, Diverse tabule eclipsium John Ashenden, Conjunctio Martis et Satume John Holbroke, Opus primus; Opus secundus Jean de Linieres, Canones Simon Bredon, Arithmetica Tabule Humphredis ducis Gloucestrie John Somer (probably the Calendarium) Liber alchimicus

8. Cambridge, 1472/224 none Queen's College Leland/44 John Peckham, Sphera Robert Grosseteste, Theorica planetarum; Sphera Alfraganus, Motibus celestium rorporum with Euc1id, Geometria

9. Oxford, Duke 1439/270 Haly Abenragel (nos. 98-9) Humfrey's Egidius, De cometiis (no. 100) Zael, Deiudiciisastrorum(no.l0l) Albumasar, Introductorium (no. 102) Tabule medie conjunccionis soZis et lune (no. 103) Liber astronomie, (no. 104) Zael, de vita hominis (no. 105) Ptolemy, Almagest (no. 106) Thebit ben Chorat (no. 107) Ashenden, (no. 108) Ptolemy, Tripartitum (no. 109); Tabula de motibus planetarum (no. 116) 238 Appendix II

1441/10 none 1443/135 none

10. Oxford, All After 1440/382 Jean de Linieres (p. 477) Souls' College Book of Nine Judges Hermes, de xii signis Tractatus spere Commendacio antiquorum PtoIemy, Quadripartitum Astronomia Halsam (7 Al Hazen) Ashenden, Summa iudicialis PtoIemy, Almagest Liber astronomie (3) Canones Azar (7 ArzacheI) Alecenus in perspectiva (7 Al Hazen, Optica) Theorica planetarum Geometria 5 Astronomia (pp. 478-9) Geomancia Gerard of Cremona, Geomancy Liber geomancie Liber iudicum Capud diaboli Geomancia Alkemia Abbas (7Haly Abbas)

11. Oxford, 1315/37 none Durham College c.1390/109 Notule super librum de planetis et de celo et mundo cum aliis (no. 58)

12. Oxford, Lincoln 1474/135 none College 1476/37 Liber plurimum tabularum in paupero

13. Oxford, Merton early 14c1140 PtoIemy, Almagest (no. 86) College PtoIemy on the planisphere with the Almagest (no. 87) Alfarabius, De ortu scienciarum (no. 88) Tractatus de celestibus (no. 88) Toledan Tables (no. 92) An astrolabe (no. 93) Appendix II 239

Liber 7 planetarum atque draconis (no. 94) Theorica planetarum (no. 95) Al Hazen, Optics (no. 96) Euclid, Geometry (no. 97) An astrolabe (no. 98) 1368 Will of Simon Bredon, canon of Chichester (d. 1372): Geomancia (no. 382); Ptolemy, Quadripartitum (no. 383); Haly Abenragel, De iudiciis astrorum (no. 384); Geber, Astronomy (no. 385); Minuta introductoria astronomie (no. 386); Larger astrolabe (no. 387) 1372/376 Thomas Swynham held Exposicio spere (p. 60) Hugh de Stanton held Ptolemy on planisphere with the Almagest (no. 87) 13851100 Bequest of William Rede, bishop of Chichester: a book on the quadrant with Grosseteste on the sphere (no. 531); William Merle, John Ashenden and other Merton treatises on astronomy and astrology (no. 537), MS Digby 176 Arabic astrology (no. 546), MS Merton C.2.10(259) Albumasar (no. 566), MS Merton 0.3.1(281) c.1410/185 Thomas Martyn held a Book of Astronomy (no. 690) and an astrolabe (p. 67) William Duffield held the Alfonsine rabies (no. 692) and an instrument (no. 67) Robert Brygham held Ptolemy' s Quadripartitum (no. 691) Richard Baron held a Book of Astronomy (no. 94) Various instruments were held by masters William Warde, Roger Gates, William Johns, 240 Appendix 11

Richard Pedyngton and Walter Lugardyn (pp. 68-69) 140~7/153 John Wodward held a brass quadrant (p. 77) 1452/228 A certain master held a work of John Ashenden (no. 807) and possibly a number of other books on astronomy and astrology ego nos. 88, 128, 189, 194. Various instrumentsl were held byeleven other masters. 2 1483/68 ?Ashenden(no.807) Rede' s book of astronomy (no. 537) Geomancy (no. 1036) A book of necromancy (no. 1053) 260ct. 1490 Lewis of Caerleon deposits copy of his astronomical tables (no. 1090)

14. Oxford, 14-16c1297 William of Wykeham left New College Tractatus de spera (p. 234) William Rede left Arsmetrica Boecii cum aliis (p. 235) 2 books on astronomy (p. 244)

15. Oxford, Oriel 1375/about Includes books donated by College 100 John Cobbledik (d. by May 1337) Arzachel, Canones astronomie (p.68) Book o[ 9 Judges (Cobbledik) (p.68) Canones astronomie (Cobbledik) (p. 68) Alfraganus (p. 70) I, 2. For details of the instruments of Merton College see North, Richard o[ Wallingford Appx 15, 01. 132-135. Appendix 111: Horoscopes in Medieval Englisll Manuscripts

A 'horoscope' is a representation of the heavens at a particular moment in time with lines and points of astrological significance superimposed upon it. Medieval astrologers did not use direct observation to ensure the accuracy of their charts, but relied on tables or instruments to calculate the planetary positions and the boundaries of the twelve astrological houses. The fo11owing tables contain summaries of the seventeen individual horoscopes which I have located in English manuscripts in the course of my research. In fact a11 relate to the personallives of male members of the English royal family, usua11y their births. English astrologers, as I have been at pains to point out in the course of this book, were not computational whizz-kids. They made many errors of a quite basic kind in calculating these horoscopes. I have made a rough check on their calculation of planetary longitudes by drawing on the ephemeris of B. Tuckerman, Planetary, Lunar and Solar Positions AD 2 to AD 1649 (Philadelphia, 1964), using simple linear interpolation. These calcula• tions are summarised in Table 3. Since the accuracy of the original hor• oscopes is not very great (eg. no. 4!), and most if not all were drawn up with the aid of the Toledan (eg. no. 2) or Alfonsine Tables modified for Oxford use, or in other cases, York (no. 11), Paris (no. 13) and Norwich (no. 16), I have ignored differences in time and place, and taken the short cut of calculating my planetary longitudes as of 4 p.m. Greenwich Civil Time. Very approximately, since the planets do not move with a constant daily speed, the margin for error in the case of each of the planets in my calculations is as folIows:

Satum ±O.03°, Jupiter ±O.08°, Mars ±0.46°, Sun ±O.98°, Venus ±O.6°, Mercury ±4.09°, Moon ±12.19°per day

These figures represent the synodic period of the planets divided by the number of days in an earth year. The actual error is rather larger owing to the effect of the Earth's own movement, which also causes a11 the planets, with the exception of the sun and moon, to appear to slow down, reverse and then speed up again. John North has further investigated these horoscopes, which were origina11y apart of my Oxford D.Phil thesis submitted in 1984, and concluded on the basis of an examination of the cusps of the planetary houses that a11 were probably calculated with the aid of Oxford tables. I have incorporated North's figures for the derived latitudes of the horo-

241 242 Appendix III scopes into Table 1: see his Horoscopes and History, pp. 139--40, for further infonnation. With the aid of the computer programme North provides in this study it can be confinned that all the houses were calculated according to North's 'standard' system. Horoscopes are presented in chronological order of their subjects, from the nativity of Edward 11 (1284) to the nativity of Edward V (1470). This is no indication of when and where the original charts were drawn up. In the manuscripts, horoscopes are invariably laid out in the traditional square diagram, for which see North, Horoscopes and History, p. 2. Symbols for the planets first appear in English manuscripts from the last years of the fourteenth century. Symbols for the zodiacal signs are definitely a later development. Both sets of signs derive from Byzantine usage, and were popularised by printed books. See Fred Gettings, Dictionary of Occult, Hermetic and Alchemical Signs (London, 1981). When the time is not stated in the text of the manuscript, I have generally worked it out from the ascendant with the help of a kit astrolabe (available from the Greenwich Maritime Museum) using a plate for the longitude of London. This is the 'Stated Time' in Table 1. Medieval astrologers expressed celestial measurements as degrees, minutes and sometimes seconds (or less) of are. I have reproduced these measurements in the fonn '12; 3' with the minutes following the semi-colon. In my own calculations I have adopted the modern system of decimal, rather than sexagesimal degrees, in the fonn '12.3' using the usual decimal point. Finally, in order to convert medieval celestiallongitudes, which made use of the constellations of the zodiac, to modern usage, it is only necessary to add the sum indicated to the relevant sign:

Aries (+0); Taurus (+30); Gemini (+60); Cancer (+90); Leo (+ 150); Virgo (+ 150); Libra (+ 180); Scorpio (+ 210); Sagittarius (+ 240); Capricorn (+ 270); Aquarius (+330); Pisces (+330).

Figures for derived latitudes of nos. 1-11, 16-17, are taken from North, Horoscopes and History, p. 140. The manuscript references follow the abbreviations used bfThorndike and Kibre's Incipits. Appendix 3, TABLE 1 Summary o[ [ourteenth and fifteenth-century English royal horoscopes

Number Date Time Occasion Place True Lat. Derived /at. Min. Mean Max 1 25.04.1284 8h28m am nat.Edw.II Caemarvon 53;08° 50;48 51;12 52;04 2 13.11.1312 5h43m24 am nat.Edw.III Windsor 51;29 51;15 52;05 53;47 3 13.11.1312 5h39m am nat.Edw.III Windsor 51;29 48;02 50;06 50;54 4 23.01.1327 12h4m pm cor.Edw.lII Westminster 51;30 51;15 51;38 52;20 5 15.06.1330 9h30m am nat.Black Pr. Woodstock 51;52 50;37 51;47 54;32 6 15.06.1330 10ham nat.Black Pr. Woodstock 51;52 47;48 49;17 52;43 7 1.01.1367 9h25m am Prep. for 8 Bordeaux 44;50 51;22 52;24 53;03 8 6.01.1367 Iham nat.Ric.II Bordeaux 44;50 51;24 51;48 52;29 9 15.07.1377 8h 18m am cor.Ric.II Westminster 51;30 50;55 52;44 56;55 10 5.07.1376 9h8m am question Ric.II Westminster 51;30 49;10 51;25 52;26 11 16.09.1386 11h22m am nat.Hen.V Monmouth 51;50 52;08 53;11 53;37 12 (North G) 05.12.1421 3h20m56s pm nat.Hen.VI Windsor 51;29 13 (North A) 06.12.1421 3h41m pm ibid.(Cum rerum) ibid. ibid. 14 (North E) 06.12.1421 4h18m pm ibid.(RB and TS) ibid. ibid. 15 (North B) 06.12.1421 3h24m pm ibid·GH) ibid. ibid. 16 28.04.1442 2h22m32 am nat.Edw.IV Rouen 49.26 52;26 52;44 52;55 17 02.11.1470 3h33m pm nat.Edw.V Westminster 51.30 51;41 51;48 51;59

1t t

Appendix 3, TAßLE2 Cusps 01 hauses

Number Cusps 01 houses 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 16 Can.(l06) 6 Leo 26 Leo 15 Virg. 25 Lib 10 Sag. 2 6 Seor.(216) 16 Sag. 16 Cap. 20 Aqu. 15 Pi. 11 Ar. 3 6 Seor.(216) 12 Sag. 16 Cap. 18 Aqu. 15 Pise. 12 Ar. 4 18 Gern.(78) 6Can. 24Can 12 Leo. 25 Virg. 9 Seor. 5 6 Virg.(156) 5 Lib. 2 Seor. 28 Seor. 29 Sag. 2 Aqu. 6 9 Virg. 8 Lib. 6 Seor. 3 Sag. 4Cap. 5 Aqu. 7 20 Aqu.(320) 29 Pise. 8 Taur. 14 Gern. 6Can. 27 Can. 8 16 Gern.(76) 4Can. 22 Can. 10 Leo. 23 Virg. 7 Seor. 9 15 Virg.(165) 15 Lib. 14 Seor. 10 Sag. 11 Cap. 12 Aqu. 10 17 Virg.(167) 18 Lib. 17 Seor. 13 Sag. 13 Cap. 14 Aqu. 11 28 Seor.(238) 6Cap. 13 Aqu. 24 Pise. 17 Ar. 8 Taur. 12 (North G) 15;54 Gern.(75-54) 3;34 Can. 21;22 Can. 9;52 Leo 22;29 Virg. 5;45 Seor. 13 (North A) 21;49 Gern.(81-49) 9;26 Can. 27;17 Can. 15;57 Leo 29;19 Vir. 12;45 Seor. 14 (North E) 22;35 Gern.(82-35) 9;45 Can. 27;28 Can. n.a. 29;31 Vir. 13;8 Seor. 15 (North B) 15;56 Gern.(75-56) 3;36 Can. 21;23 Can. 9;53 Leo. 22;30 Virg. 5;47 Seor. 16 3.33 Pise.(333-36) 11 Ar. 18 Taur. 30;7 Gern. 14 Can. 8 Leo. 17 14;19 Taur.(44-19) 6;30 Gern. 27;21 Gern. 18;35 Can. 26 Leo. 2 Lib. 7 8 9 10 11 12 MS ref. 16 Cap. 6 Aqu. 26 Aqu. 15 Pisc. 2S Ar. 12 Gern. BMr 12F.17f.153v 6 Taur. 16 Gern. 16 Can. 20 Leo. 15 Virg. 11 Lib. ibid. 6 Taur. 12 Gern. 16 Can. 18 Leo. 15 Virg. 12 Lib. BLas 192f.109v 18 Sag. 6 Cap. 24 Cap. 12 Aqu. 2S Pisc. 9 Taur. BLr D.1227f.2v 6 Pisc. 5 Ar. 2 Taur. 28 Taur. 29 Gern. 2 Leo. BMr 12F.17f.153v 9 Pisc. 8 Ar. 6 Taur. 3 Gern. 4 Can. 11 Leo. Blas 192f.11Or 20 Leo. 29 Virg. 8 Scor. 14 Sag. 6 Cap. 27 Cap. BLr D.1227f.1v 16 Sag. 4Cap. 22 Cap. 10 Aqu. 23 Pisc. 7 Taur. ibid. 15 Pisc. 15 Ar. 14 Taur. 10 Gern. 11 Can. 12 Leo. ibid., f.2r 17 Pisc. 18 Ar. 1317 Taur. 13 Gern. 13 Can. 14 Leo ibid. 28 Gern. 6Can. 13 Leo. 24 Virg. 17 Lib. 8 Scor. BLas 393f.109r 15;54 Sag. 3;34 Cap. 21;22 Cap. 9;52 Aqu. 22;29 Pisc 5;45 Taur. BLas 369, f.182v 21;49 Sag. 9;26 Cap. 27;17 Cap. 15;57 Aqu. 29;19 Pisc. 12;45 Taur. CU Ee.III.6lf.160 22;25 Sag. 9;45 Cap. 27;28 Cap. n.a. 29;31 Pisc. 13;8 Taur. CU Ee.III.61,f.160v-61 15;56 Sag. 3;36 Cap. 21;23 Cap. 9;53 Aqu. 22;30 Pisc. 5;47 Taur. CU Ee.III.61, f.161v 4 Virg. 11 Lib. 18 Scor. 20.7 Sag. 14 Cap. 8 Aqu. Glouc.Cath.21, f.9v 14;19 Scor. 6;30 Sag. 27;20 Sag. 18;35 Cap. 26 Aqu. 4 Ar. ibid.

~ N oj:>. Appendix 3, TABLE 3 P/anetary positions 0\

Number Stated Time Moon Mercury Venus Sun Mars ]upiter Saturn

1 8h28m am n.a. 53 64 42 126 267 304 Computed 4 pm GCT 151 59 54 42 127 268 297 2 5h43m24 am 29 250 229 238 229 56 278 Computed 4pmGCT 45 253 231 240 229.5 55 278 3 5h39m am 38 248 229 238 231 57.5 275 Computed 4pmGCT 45 253 231 240 229.5 54.9 278 4 12h04m pm 228 315 293 311 47 126 95 Computed 4pmGCT 295 298 284 310 41 126 97 5 9h30am 72 138 79 91 41 213 140 Computed 4pmGCT 74 78 82 91 40.5 213 141 6 lOham 70 78 79 91 41 212 136 Computed 4pmGCT 74 78 82 91 40.5 213 141 7 9h25m am 290 267 260 290 188 257 235 Computed 4pmGCT 293 270 260 289 182 256 235 8 lam 330 275 266 295 190 257 235 Computed 4pmGCT 2 278 266 294.5 191 257 235 9 8h 18m am 235 124 166 121 60 201 354 Computed 4pmGCT 226 127 166 121 59 202 354 10 9h8mam 333 92 76 111 148 173 333 Computed 4pmGCT 336 93 76 111 149 176 341 11 1h22m am 97 175 201 181 285 148 117 Computed 4pmGCT 98.5 180.2 201.13 181.59 285.08 144.22 116.74 12 3h24mpm 39.72 252.38 286.2 262.73 Computed 4pmGCT 39.43 252.23 286.12 262.54 235.63 135.92 190.62 13 3h41mpm 53.28 254.2 288.17 263.78 235.8 n.a. 190.73 Computed 4pmGCT 52.1 257.24 287.56 263.57 236.39 136.77 190.52 14 4h18m pm 113 284.11 n.a. 293.46 266.25 n.a. 220.45 15 3h24mpm 53 254.12 288.1 262.73 235.8 135.93 190.72 Computed 4pmGCT 52.1 257.24 287.56 236.57 235.39 135.93 190.52 16 2h22m32 am 256.6 61.73 32.33 46.1 126.67 28.75 65.27 Computed 4pmGCT 263.52 65.98 32.73 46.41 129.95 27.82 64.26 17 4h6m pm 338.4 235.52 193.83 229.2 224.32 177.08 55.83 Computed 4pmGCT 337.52 238.52 193.76 229.15 224.18 177.91 53.86

'I~ 248 Appendix III

1. Brit. Lib., MS Royal 12 F.xvü, fol. 153v; Nativity of Edward 11 of England, 25 April 1284. Born in Camarvon; d. 21 Sept. 1327.

Figura nativitatis Edwardi de Karnarvan anno Christi 1282 imperfecto, 25 die Aprilis in festo Sancti Marce evangeliste, aureo numero currente per 12, littera dominicali a. lsta nativitas est coniunctionalis 2, et ante meridiem.

1 2 3 4 5 6 16 Can. 6Leo 26 Leo 15 Virg. 25 Lib. 10 Sag. Mars: Luna Jupiter: 6 Leo 27Seg.

7 8 9 10 11 12 16 Cap. 6 Aqu. 26 Aqu. 15 Pisc. 25 Ar. 10 Gern. Satum: Sol: 12 Taur. 34 Cap. Mere. 23 Taur. Venus: 34 Taur.

2. Brit. Lib., MS Royal 12 F.xvü, fol. 153v; Nativity of Edward III of England, 13 November 1312, 17h 43m 248; Born in Windsor; d. 21 June 1377.

Figura nativitatis Edwardi de Wyndesouer, filius regis Anglie, anno Christi 1312 imperfecto, in festo Sancti Bricij, 13 die Novembris, in principio aurore, hora 17, minuta 43, secunda 24.

1 2 3 4 5 6 6Seor. 16Seg. 16 Cap 20 Aqu. 15 Pise. 11 Ar. Venus: Mere.: Luna: 19Seor. 10 Sag. 29 Ar. Mars: Cauda: 19Seor. 4Cap. Sol: Satum: 28Seor. 8 Cap.

7 8 9 10 11 12 6 Taur. 16 Gern. 16 Can. 20 Leo. 15 Virg. 11 Lib. Jupiter: Capud: 26 Taur. 4Can. Appendix III 249

3. Oxford, Bod. Lib., MS Ashmole 192, fol. 109v i Nativity of Edward IH, 13 November 1312. Erat hoc schema in Fenestra Domus, quae aliquando fuit Magistri Bruen, Canoni• cis de Windsor. Figura maximi Regis Edwardi Tertij hujus Collegij fundatoris Nativitatis, Anno domini 1312, Nov. 13.

1 2 3 4 5 6 6 Seor. 12 Sag. 16 Cap. 18 Aqu. 15 Pise. 12 Ar. Mere.: Saturn: 8 Seor. 5 Cap. Venus: 19 Seor. Mars: 21 Seor. Sol: 28 Seor.

7 8 9 10 11 12 6 Taur: 12 Gern. 16 Can. 18 Leo. 15 Virg. 12 Lib. Jupiter: 27.30 Taur. Pars fortunae: 26 Taur. Luna: 8 Taur.

4. Oxford, Bod. Lib., MS Rawlinson D. 1227, fol. ri Coronation of Edward III, 23 January 1327 (More usually 1326).

Figura coronacionis regis Edwardi 3 a conquesto prout repperi in libro monachi de eboraco.

1 2 3 4 5 6 18 Gern. 6 Can. 24 Can. 12 Leo. 25 Virg. 9 Seor. Saturn: Jupiter: Capud: Luna: 5 Can. 6 Leo. 2 Lib. 18 Seor. 250 Appendix III

7 8 9 10 11 12 18 Sag. 6 Cap. 24 Cap. 12 Aqu. 25 Pise. 9 Taur. Venus: Sol: Mere.: Mars: 23d Cap. 11 Aqu. 15d Aqu. 17 Taur.

5. Brit. Lib., MS Royal 12 F.xvii, fol. 153v; Nativity of the Black Prince, 15 June 1330. Born Woodstock; d. 8 June 1376. Figura nativitatis Edwardi de Wodestok, filius regis Edwardi tertij a conquesto, anno Christi 1330 imperfecto, 15 die Junij ante meridiem, in festo sanctorum Vici et Modesti, altitudo soZis 50 gradu.

1 2 3 4 5 6 6 Virg. 5 Lib. 2 Seor. 28 Seor. 29 Sag. 2 Aqu. Jupiter: 3 Seor.

7 8 9 10 11 12 6 Pisc. 5 Ar. 2 Taur. 28 Taur. 29 Gern. 2 Leo. Mars: Venus: Sol: Mere.: 11 Taur. 19 Gern. 1 Can. 18 Leo. Luna: Satum: 12.11.25 Gern. 20 Leo.

6. Oxford, Bod. Lib., MS Ashmole 192, fol. 110; Nativity of the Black Prince, 15 June 1330.

Nativitas Edwardi fiZij regis Edwardi tertii post conquestum 15° die Junij anno domini 1330. Ex manuscripto veteri Magistri Allen.

1 2 3 4 5 6 9 Virg. 8 Lib. 6 Seor. 3 Saq. 4 Cap. 5 Aqu. Satum: Caput: 2 Seor. 22 Cap. Appendix III 251

7 8 9 10 11 12 9 Pisc. 8 Ar. 6 Taur. 3 Gern. 4Can. 11 Leo. Mars: Luna: Cauda: Jupiter: 11 Taur. 10 Gern. 22 Can. 16 Leo. Venus: 19 Gern. Merc.: 18 Gern. Sol: 1 Can.

7. Oxford, Bod. Lib., MS Rawlinson D. 1227, fol. r; Figures for the nativity of Richard 11, 6 January 1367, 1h; Born in Bordeaux; d. bef. 17 February 1400.

Figura conjunctionis proximo precedans nativitatem regis Richardi 2; post con• questum, ad meridiem Toleti, Januarii et primis diebus, 21a hora 25° minuto, anno domini 1367'.

1 2 3 4 5 6 20 Aqu. 29 Pisc. 8 Taur. 14 Gern. 6Can. 27 Can.

7 8 9 10 11 12 20 Leo. 29 Virg. 8Scor. 14Seg. 6Cap. 27 Cap. Mars: Satum: Jupiter: Sol) 8 Lib 25 Scor. 16Seg. Luna): Venus: 20 Cap. 20 Sag. Merc.: 27 Sag.

8. Ibid. Figura nativitatis eiusdem Ricardi anno et mense predictis, die 6a hora 1a. Sol est Yleg, Saturn Alcocoden, Cauda primus significator, secundus Mars, tertius Saturn, quem evadere non patet per naturam. 252 Appendix III

1 2 3 4 5 6 16 Gern. 4Can. 22 Can. 10 Leo. 23 Vir. 7Seor. Capud: Mars: Saturn: 8 Leo 1OUb. 25 Scor.

7 8 9 10 11 12 16 Sag. 4 Cap. 22 Cap. 10 Aqu. 23 Pisc. 7 Taur. Jupiter: Merc.: Sol: Luna: 17 Sag. 5 Cap. 25 Cap. 30 Pisc. Venus Cauda: 26 Sag. 8 Aqu.

9. Oxford, Bod. Ub., MS Rawlinson 0.1227, fot 2v i Figure for the coronation of Richard 11, 15 July 1377, 20h 18m.

Figura coronacionis regis Ricardi 2i Londonii, 1SO die Julii, hora 20a, minuta ur, anno domini 1377.

1 2 3 4 5 6 15 Virg. 15Ub. 14Scor. 10 Sag. 11 Cap. 12 Aqu. Venus: Jupiter: Luna: Capud: 16 Virg. 21 Ub. 25Scor. 14 Cap.

7 8 9 10 11 12 15 Pisc. 15 Ar. 14 Taur. 10 Gern. 11 Can. 12 Leo. Saturn: Mars: Sol: 24 Pisc. 30 Taur. 1 Leo. Merc.: 4 Leo:

10. Oxford, Bod. Lib., MS Rawlinson 0.1227, fot 2i Judicial question concerning Richard 11 for 5 July 1376 at about 9.08 A.M.

Vide quod eventus rei correspondet figure secundum libros iudiciales de interroga• tionibus. Appendix III 253

Utrum Ricardus de Burdegal. possidebit regnum Anglie. Hoc questio cum sua figura facte erant cito post mortem Edwardi principis Wallie et ante mortem Edwardi regis tertii post conquestum.

1 2 3 4 5 6 17 Virg. 18 Lib. 17 Seor. 13 Sag. 13 Cap. 14 Aqu. Jupiter: Luna) Pise. 23 Virg. Satum)

7 8 9 10 11 12 17 Pise. 18 Ar. 17 Taur. 13 Gern. 13 Can. 14 Leo. Venus: Sol: Mars: 16 Gern. 21 Can. 28 Leo. Mere: 2 Can.

11. Oxford, Bod. Lib., MS Ashmole 393, fol. 109; MS Ashmole 192, fol. 26. Nativity of Henry V, 16 September 1386 (more usually 1387). Born in Monmouth; d. 31 Aug.-1 Sept. 1422.

Figura celi presentis nativitatem ad latitudinem 54° graduum, 1376 incompleto, 16° die mensis Septembris, 22 minutis post 11 horam completam. et hec figura facta ad latitudinem 54 graduum.

1 2 3 4 5 6

28 Seor. 6 Cap. 13 Aqu. 24 Pise. 17 Ar. 8 Taur. Pars vite: Mars: Pars regis atque 1 Sag. 15 Cap. victorie atque Pars filiorurn: Cauda: regni: 1 Sag. 16 Cap. 20 Taur. Pars nobilitatis: Pars amicorum: Pars inimicorum: 16 Sag. 15 Cap. 16 Taur. 254 Appendix III

7 8 9 10 11 12 1 28 Gern. 6 Can. 13 Leo. 24 Virg. 17 Lib. 8Scorp. Luna: Jupiter: Sol: Venus: 2 7 Can. 28 Leo. 1 Lib. 21 Lib. Satum: Pars Yleg: Mercur.: Pars 27 Can. 10 Virg. 25 Virg. excellentie: Caput: Pars planete Pars regni 16 Lib. 16 Can interficientes: atque 3 11 Leo. victorie: Pars mortis: 24 Virg. 4 27 Leo. (Pars fortune: 4 Virg.)

In nomine saneta et individue Trinitatis, Patris et Filij, et Spiritus Sancti, incipit judicium nativitatis cujusdam nobilissimi regis Anglie, scilicet Henrici Quinti, qui natus est anno domini millesimo cee lxix ineompletus (5) 16° die Septembris, 22 minutis post 11am horam completam. (1) Ashmole 192: 28 Taur. (2) ibid.: 28 Virg. (3) ibid.: Noted in eighth house. (4) ibid.: 25 Can., ie. the eighth house. (5) Ashmole 393 has the date corrected in the top margin to '1xxvj'; Ashmole 192: 1376.

12. (North G): Oxford, Bod. Lib., MS Ashmole 369, fol. 182v ; London, Brit. Lib., MS Egerton 889, fol. 5. See also Cambridge, MS Univ. Lib. 1017 (Ee.III.61), fol. 160v ; Nativity of Henry VI, 5 December 1421, 3h 20m 56s PM; Born in Windsor; d. 21 May 1471. Nativitas Henrici Sexti, sed secundum Suthwell ascendens nativitatis fuit 22.23 Geminorum, cuius ascentiones 48 g 25 ma. Figura nativitatis Henrici Sexti anno Christi imperfecto 142r, 5a die Decembris post meridiem, 3 hora 20 minuta 56 secunda, die Veneris, hora Saturni. Hec nativitas fuit diurna et est rectificata per Annimodar ad Instar Jovis domus et Alumbtas coniunctionis precendentis ipsam nativitatem. Arcus equacionis domorum 42 ga 20 ma. Locus coniunctionis precedentis est 13 gradus Sagittarii, et nota quod in hac figura, cuiuscumque domus cuspis est minutam proximam in ordinem ad minutam scriptum in angulo. (This effect is not reproduced below.) Appendix III 255

1 2 3 4 5 6 15.54 Gern. 3.34 Can. 21.22 Can. 9.52 Leo 22.29 Vir. 5.45 Seor. Jupiter: Satum: Mercur.: 15.55 Leo. 10.37 Lib. 12.23 Sag. Caput: Pars fortune: Mars: 25.7 Leo. 2.53 Seor. (1)25.38 Seor.

7 8 9 10 11 12 15.54 Sag. 3.34 Cap. 21.22 Cap. 9.52 Aqu. 22.29 Pisc. 5.45 Taur. Sol: Venus: Cauda: Luna: 22.44 Sag. 16.12 Cap. 25.7 Aqu. 9.43(2) Taur.

1. Ashmole 369: 21.53 Lib. 2. Ashmole 369: 9.41 Taur.

13. North A: Cambridge, MS Univ. Lib. Ee.III.61(1017), fol. 160; Nativity of Henry VI, 6 December 1421, 3hr 41m PM, by author of 'Cum rerum mofu'.

Figura nativitatis illustrissimi principi Regis Henrici Sexti, anno Christi 1421 incomp1eto, post meridiem sexti diei Decembris, hora 3a minuto 4JO. Arcus equationis . . .

1 2 3 4 5 6 21.49 Gern. 9.26 Can. 27.17 Can. 15.57 Leo. 29.19 Vir. 12.45 Seor. Jupiter: Satum: Mars: 10.43.44 25.48 Seor. Caput: Lib. Mere.: 25.7 Leo. 14.12 Sag. Pars fortune: 21.19 Seor.

7 8 9 10 11 12 21.49 Sag. 9.26 Cap. 27.17 Cap. 15.57 Aqu. 29.19 Pise. 12.45 Taur. Sol: Venus: Cauda: Luna: 23.47 Sag. 18.1 Cap. 25.7 Aqu. 23.17 Taur.

Hec figura rectificata est per Annimodar medij celi ad Instar Jovis domini, et A1umptaz coniunctionis precedentis istam nativitam, cuius locus erat 13 gradus Sagittarii. Hec autem figura et equatw domorum calculata est in gradibus et minutis secundum tabu1am ascensionum signorum Magistri Johannis de Lineriis elevatum super 1atitudinem 51 graduum, quam estimo precisiorem pro loco nativitatis et magis accedentem ad veram latitudinem eiusdem 100 latitudo. 256 Appendix III

14. Cambridge, MS Univ. Lib. Ee.III 61(1017), fols 160v-161; Comparison of nativity of Henry VI cast by author of 'Cum rerum motu' (see no. 13), and Roger Bolingbroke and Thomas Southwell.

(North E) (See 13) Cusp R.B. and T.S. 'Cum rerum' Difference Aseendent/7 22.25 Gern.lSag. 21.49 Gern.lSag. +0.36 1 3 2/8 9.45 Can. ICap. 9.26 Can. ICap. +0.21 2 4 3/9 27.28 Can. ICap. 27.17 Can. ICap. +0.11 4/10 15.57 Leo/Aqu. Sill 29.31 Vir. /Pies. 29.19 Vir. /Pise. +0.12 6/12 13.8 Seor. !Taur. 12.45 Seor. !Taur. +0.23 1,2,3,4. MS: Taur.

15. North B: Cambridge, MS Univ. Lib. Ee.III. 61(1017), fol. 16r; Nativity of Henry VI attributed to John Holbroke by author of 'Cum rerum mo tu'. Figura Magistri Johannis Holbrok quam rectificauit per Annimodar medij celi cum confirmatione eiusdem. Figura nativitatis Henrici Sexti secundum Magistrum J. Holbroke, cuius archus ascensionis est 42 ga 22ma, et est cuiusque domus cuspis minutam proximam ad minutam scriptum in angulo.

1 2 3 4 5 6 15.56 Gern. 3.36 Can. 21.23 Can. 9.53 Leo. 22.30 Vir. 5.47 Seor. Jupiter: Saturn: Mere.: 15.56 Leo. 10.43 Lib. 14.12 Sag. Caput: Mars: 25.7 Leo 25.48 Seor.

7 8 9 10 11 12 15.56 Sag. 3.36 Cap. 21.23 Cap. 9.53 Aqu. 22.30 Pise. 5.47 Taur. Sol: Venus: Cauda: Luna: 22.44 Sag. 18.1 Cap. 25.7 Aqu. 23.0 Taur.

16. Gloucester Cathedral, MS 21, fol. 9v; Nativity of Edward IV, 28 April 1442, 14h 22m 32s. Born at Rouen; d. April 1483. Nativitas Edwardi Quarti verificata secundum viam Ptholomei, anno Christi 1442 imperfecto, in Aprilis, completis 27 diebus, 14 horis, 22 minutis, 32 secundis, Appendix III 257 secundum calculationem Magistri Johanni Arg. sed calculabat secundum tabulas Norwici. Littera dominicalis fuit g., hora Veneris. Sed nota hic quod tempus ascendentis fuit falsam per unam horam . . .

1 2 3 4 5 6 3.33 Pise. 11 Ar. 18 Taur. 20.7 Gern. 14 Can. 8 Leo. Jupiter: Satum: Cauda: 18.45 Ar. 5.16 Gern. 20.41 Can. Venus: Mere.: Mars: 2.20 Taur. 1.44 Gern. 6.40 Leo. Sol: 16.6 Taur.

7 8 9 10 11 12 4. Virg. 11. Lib. 18 Seor. 20.7 Sag. 14 Cap. 8 Aqu. Pars fortune: Luna: Caput: 23 Virg. 16.36 Sag. 20.41 Cap.

17. Gloucester Cathedral, MS 21, fot. 9V j Nativity of Edward V of England, 2 November 1470,4.06 P.M. Born in Sanctuary at Westminsterj rnurdered by September 1483. Nativitas Edwardi, promogeniti Edwardi Quarti regis Anglie, fuit die Veneris, scilicet 2° die Novembris, post meridiem completis 3 horis 33 minutis. Alumtaz coniunctionis precedentis Mars, anno domini 1470 imperfecto. Tempus equalum die 2, hora 4, minuta 6.

1 2 3 4 5 6 14.19 Taur. 6.30 Gern. 27.21 Gern. 18.35 Can. 26 Leo. 2 Lib. Jupiter: Satum: Venus: 25.50 Taur. 27.5 Virg. 13.50 Lib.

7 8 9 10 11 12 14.19 Seor. 6.30 Sag. 27.20 Sag. 18.35 Cap. 26 Aqu. 4 Ar. Mere.: Luna: 25.50 Seor. 8.24 Pise. Sol: 19.12 Seor. Mars: 14.19 Seor. Appendix IV: Bibliographical Guide to Tecnnical Practice of Astrology

The purpose of this appendix is to provide a guide for anyone who might wish to understand or duplicate the astrological interpretation of the schemes and situations discussed in this book. The authorities relied on by medieval English astrologers are not available in modern critical editions, with a very few exceptions. 1 will give an indication here of the most important classical Greek and Latin, Arabic and medieval authorities. The books which English astrologers used to teach them their craft can be checked from Appendices 1 and 11. Classical authors clearly remained authoritative and the works of Ptolemy, Dorotheus, and Firmicus Mater• nus appear, though just as popular are pseudonymous works such as the Centiloquium attributed to Ptolemy, or Aristotle's supposed Secreta secre• torum. Despite the continued respect for classical Greek and Latin astrol• ogy which this indicates, medieval astrology is based essentially on Arabic authorities. The three 'most held' authors would appear to have been Albumasar, Alcabicius, and Alkindi, with Messahalla, Haly Abenragel and Abraham ibn Ezra bringing up the rear. As might be expected, shorter compendiums, such as Albumasar's Flores astronomiae, which takes the prize as the most-held text among the manuscripts listed in Appendix I (seven copies), seems to have been more popular than more developed and 'harder' texts, such as Albumasar's Introductorium in ariem astronomiae. Of these texts, few are readily available, but see Ptolemy's Tetrabiblos, known in its Latin translation as Quadripartitum, ed. and trans. by F. E. Robbins, Loeb Classics (Cambridge, 1940), which lays down the principles of the science of judicial astrology. The fundamental study of classical astrological practice remains that of A. Bouche Leclercq, L' Astrologie grecque (Paris, 1889) repr.1963, Culture et Civilisation, Brussels. Among the Arabic astrologers, a taste of Albumasar is available in a text which was never translated into Latin, The Thousands of Abu 'Mashar, ed. David Pingree ~London, 1968) and similarly The astrological his tory 01 Masha 'allah ed. and trans. E. S. Kennedy and David Pingree (Cambridge, Mass. 1971). The other texts are only available in fifteenth-century editions, which are listed in F. J. Carmody, Arabic Astronomical and Astrological Sciences in Latin Translation (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1956). One of the more interesting features of medieval English library hold• ings on astrology is the popularity of contemporary English authorities such as William Merle, Robert Grosseteste and John Ashenden, all notable 258 Appendix IV 259

writers on astrological weather prediction. Writers associated with the 'Merton School', discussed in Chapter Four, such as Simon Bredon, Richard of Wallingford and William Rede are also much in evidence, largely because of their useful service in customising astrological and astronomical tables for English use. The Calendar of Nicholas of Lynn has been edited by Sigmund Eisner (London, 1980) and a short astrological tract by Richard of Wallingford, the Exafrenon, has been edited with commentary by John North in his Richard of Wallingford, 3 vols (Oxford, 1976) 1.179-243; 11.83--126. Medieval scientific astrology was fiendishly difficult. Among twentieth• century writers, the most enticing introduction to at least apart of the medieval world-view determined by astrology is C. S. Lewis's The Dis• carded Image (Cambridge, 1963), especially the opening chapters. But astrology was much more complicated than Lewis' s elegant essay indi• cates. A more useful guide to the basic principles of scientific astrology is provided by Patrick Curry in hls Prophecy and Power (Princeton, New Jersey, 1989). Those who wish to really understand medieval astrological practice must consult the works of John North. North provides a short guide to astrology and geomancy, based on what the poet Geoffrey Chaucer may have known, in Chaucer's Universe (Oxford, 1988). North bases his account on the Introductorium written, or rather compiled, by Alcabicius in about 948/9. This is an excellent choice, given the prominence of Alcabicius on medieval English library shelves. North gives detailed attention to the astrological house system in Horoscopes and History (London, 1986) and to the theory of the great conjunctions in 'Astrology and the Fortunes of Churches', Centaurus 24 (1980) 181-211. North's other articles, listed in the Bibliography, should be consulted for the astronomy whlch was the essential precursor and companion to all astrological interpretations in the middle ages. Willy Hartner gave a comprehensive account of the astronomical and astrological interpretation of a horoscope in his imposing article, 'The Mercury Horoscope of Marcantonio Michlel of Venice' in Oriens-Occidens. Festschrift zum 6O.Geburstag (Hildesheim, 1968), pp. 440-95. I have relied on North and Hartner for my (always implicitly tentative) interpretations of astrological data. There are other useful guides to astrological practice listed in Chapter Seven, n.12. Mastery of astrology was rare in the Middle Ages and difficult even today when the burden of calculating planetary positions and house boundaries can be delegated to a computer program. Those who attempt to check medieval schemes on modem software should note the modem complication of standard time zones and errors introduced by adopting tables calculated for some place other than that associated with the scheme, and precession. Modem astrological practice is different in many respects to that of medieval astrology, particularly in the manner of calculating the house boundaries on which so much depended. Having made these warnings, I add another. Medieval astrology is infectiously involving and can wipe years off the span of your research career! Bibliography

MANUSCRIPT SOURCES

Brussels, BibI. royale, MS 930; BibI. royale, MS 9505--6; BibI. royale, MS 10319 Cambridge, MS Corpus Christi College C.37; Fitzwilliam Museum, MS Additional 261; MS Gonville and Caius College 84; MS Gonville and Caius College 198; MS Magdalene College F.4.13(13); Magdalene Col• lege, MS Pepys 1662; MS Peterhouse 267; MS St John's College 7; MS St John's College 109; MS Trinity College 987; MS Trinity College 1447; MS Trinity Hall 17; Univ. Lib., MS Ee.ill.61; Univ. Lib., MS Ii.I.15 Dublin, MS Trinity College 444 Edinburgh, Univ. Lib. MS 126 Gloueester Cathedral MS 21; MS 25 London, Brit. Lib., MS Additional 5467; MS Additional 47680, MS Arundel 66; MS Arundel332; MS Cotton Julius D.vii; MS Cotton Julius F.vii; MS Egerton 889; MS Harley 1811; MS Royal 12 B. vi; MS Royal 12 C. v; MS Royal 12 C.xv; MS Royal 12 C.xvi; MS Royal 12 E.xv; MS Royal 12 F.xvii; MS Royal 12 G.iv; MS Royal 12 G.xii; MS Royal 17 D.iii; MS Sloane 323; MS Sloane 407; MS Sloane 428; MS Sloane 636; MS Sloane 2464; MS Sloane 3487 London, MS Royal Astronomical Society QB.7/1021; MS Royal College of Physicians 358; MS Royal College of Physicians 390; MS Society of Antiquaries 39 Oxford, Bod. Lib., MS Ashmole 4; MS Ashmole 192; MS Ashmole 304; MS Ashmole 340; MS Ashmole 344; MS Ashmole 346; MS Ashmole 360; MS Ashmole369; MS Ashmole 393; MS Ashmole 434; MS Ashmole 576; MS Ashmole 789; MS Ashmole 1427; MS Ashmole 1437; MS Ashmole 1522; MS Ashmole 1796; MS Ashmole 1831; MS Auet. F.3.13; MS Auet. F.5.23; MS Auct. F.5.29; MS Bodley 300; MS Bodley 369; MS Bodley 463; MS Bodley 464; MS Bodley 581; MS Bodley 679; MS Bodley 714; MS Canon mise. 24; MS Canon mise. 191; MS Digby 53; MS Digby 57; MS Digby 72; MS Digby 92; MS Digby 93; MS Digby 176; MS Digby 225; MS Douee 129; Laud lat. mise. 674; MS RawI. C.117; MS RawI. C.328; MS RawI. C. 538; MS RawI. C.677; MS RawI. D.238; MS RawI. D.1227; MS RawI. G.25; MS SeIden sup. 25, 26; MS SeIden sup. 77 Oxford, MS Corpus Christ College 44; MS Corpus Christ College 92; MS Corpus Christ College 116; MS Corpus Christ College 123; MS Corpus Christ College 151; MS Corpus Christ College 221; MS Corpus Christ College 243; MS Corpus Christ College 255; MS Corpus Christ College 283 Oxford, MS Hertford College D.2; MS Lineoln College Cod. lat. 182; MS New College 282; MS Oriel College 23; MS Oriel College 235; MS St

260 Bibliography 261

John's College 164; MS St John's College 172; MS St John's College 178; MS Trinity College 17 Paris, Bib. nat., MS fr. 1348; MS fr. 1349; MS fr. 24287; MS lat. 6276; MS lat. 7277; MS lat. 7443; MS lat. 10709; MS nouv. acq. lat. 398 Westminster, 'Lytlington Missal'; 'Liber Regalis'

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Arabic names are indexed according to their most convenient and fre• quently encountered Latin form. Medieval names are indE!Xed by their forenames, with some cross-referencing to well-known surnames.

Abdallah, 104-5 Ashenden, John, see John Abraham ibn Ezra, 54, 109, 258 Ashenden Adam, 112 Ashmole, Elias, 38, 122, 129, 174 Adam of Usk, 93-4, 195, 196, 197 astrology, Adelard of Bath, 10, 27, 28-31, annual predictions, 51, 184 167, 170, 171 and anthropology, 8-10 Alan of Lille, 167 medieval books and readers of, Albertus Magnus, 55 37-57 Speculum astronomie, 15, 44, 103, debate, 11-15, 44-5, 50, 168-9 200 dignity, 130, 183 Albumasar, 7, 13, 25, 26, 30, 47, disputation 53, 179 50, 54, 55, 86, 209, 210, 258 elections, 117 Introductorium maius, 76, 90, 209, games of, 134, 159-60 258 houses, 130, 170 Alcabitius, 47, 51, 54, 63, 108, 109, interrogations, 117 135, 206, 258, 259 judicial questions, 105, 126 alchemy, 38, 47, 54, 136, 174 Lord of the Year, 68, 183 Alcocoden, 130, 144, 210 lots, 118, 123, 206 Alfonso X, King of Castile and manuscripts, 38-9, 174-5 Leon, 111, 160 modern scholars of, 39 Alkindi, 54, 168, 258 and National Socialism, 166 Introductorium, 103, 100, 101, nativities, 117 see also 100-1 horoscopes Allen, Thomas, 38, 124 resistance to, 75-6 almanacs, 46, 184 revolutions, 73, 117 Alumptez, 130 Pars Vite, 144 Andalo di Negro, 151 technical practice, 258-9 Annimodar, 118, 125, 127, 146, 148, traditional origins of, 25-6 209 weather prediction, Anselm of Canterbury, 12,84 (astrometeorology) 73, 80, Aomar,54 90, 170 Argentine, John, see John astronornical instruments, 41, 46, Argentine 47, 61, 64, 97, 175, 178, 179, Aristotle, 6-8, 26, 28, 35, 148, 167, 180, 198, 212, 258 astrolabe, 27, 63, 133, 134, 175, arithmomachy, 159, 218 183,212 Arthur, legendary king of equatorium, 47, 134 England, 28 quadrant, 175, 198

273 274 Index astronomical and astrological Caxton, William 26 tables, 27, 45, 47, 50, 51, 55, Charles V, King of France, 15, 20, 60, 61, 62, 64, 65, 68, 147, 22, 52, 93, 108, 110, 116, 120, 150, 156, 170, 179, 180, 181, 121, 202, 203, 212 182, 188--91, 202, 216, 241 Charles VI, King of France, 74, 92, astrological tokens, 103, 106-7 97,114 Augustine, 12, 24, 83, 127, 169 Charles VII, King of France, 111, Averroes, 7, 11, 169 128 Avicenna, 11, 169 Charles VIII, King of France, 52, 112,116 Bacon, Roger, see Roger Bacon Charles Bothe, 5~1 Baghdad,2 Chaucer, Geoffrey see Geoffrey Bale, John, 40, 74 Chaucer Bartholemew Anglicus, 40 chess, 218, 160, 218 see also games Bartholomew of Pairna, 109 Chigi, Agostino, 124 Bede, 28--9, 97, 112, 171 chiromancy, 41, 65, 203 Belle, Simon, 128 Cicero, De natura deorum, 54 Bernard Silvestris, 167 Coifi,28 Bertrand Duguesclin, 198 Coluccio Salutati, 13,14 Boerio, John Baptista, 161, 163, compotus, 38 219 conjunctions Bolingbroke, Roger, see Roger 1345, 76-7, 85-7, 88, 90, 186, Bolingbroke 190 Bologna, University, 51, 53, 178 1349, 190 Bonatti, Guido, 109, 109, 172 1357, 74, 87, 19~1 Book of Nine Judges, 55, 107 1365, 74, 87, 88--9, 19~1 Bredon, Simon see Simon Bredon 1368-74, 191 Bruerne, Richard, 122-3, 208 1385,94 1437,128 Caerleon, Lewis of, see Lewis of courts, 106, 110 Caerleon Creton, Jean, see Jean Creton calendars, 22, 80, 81, 182, 259 Cum rerum motu, 138, 145-7, 149, Cambridge University, 44, 51-3, 150, 151, 156, 157, 255--6 150, 156, 163, 234-7 Curry, Patrick, 5 Clare College, 43, 56, 64, 234-5; Corpus Christi College, 235; Daniel of Morley, 27, 167 Gonville and Caius College, 40, Dante, 32, 17232 56,67,235; Dee, John, 38, 120, 174, 180 Gonville Hall, 146; Digby, Kenelm, 38 King's College, 55, 56; Dionysius Areopagite, 6 King' s Hall, 44, 236; Dorotheus of Sidon, 54, 206, 258 Pembroke College, 146, 136; dreams and dreambooks, 47, 54, Peterhouse, 40, 43, 56, 57, 64, 100,200 146, 150, 236; Duke of Berry and Auvergne, 23, Queen's College, 40, 237 26 Campanus of Novara, 118 Cassiodorus, 13, 25, 170 Edmund Lacy, 135 Catherine of Valois, 131, 132, 133, Edouart Wihrell, 114 134 Edward 11, King of England, 121, Index 275

122, 123, 195, 248 98, 99, 100, 102-7, 142, 162, Edward III, King of England, 9, 180, 198--9, 200, 201, 202, 203 15, 19, 21, 33, 46, 62, 67, 78, George Scorf, 113, 114, 204 79, 80-3, 85, 88, 89, 90, 91, George, Duke of Clarence, 155 92, 110, 113, 122, 123, 124, Gerard of Cremona, 109--179 136, 138, 152, 193, 208, 248-50 Gervais Chrestien, 52, 109, 112 Edward, the Black Prince, 119, Geuffroy de Lestainx, 115 122, 124, 127, 209, 250-1 Gilbert Kymer, 55, 140, 141, 145 Edward IV, King of England, 23, Giles of Colonna, 173 33, 146, 154, 157, 256 Giovanni Villani, 186 Edward V, King of England, 23, Gregory the Great, Pope, 170 157,257 Grosseteste, Robert, see Robert Edward VI, King of England, 60, Grosseteste 162 Guido Bonatti, see Bonatti, Guido Edward of Angouleme, 126 Edwin, King of Northumbria, 28, Halbourt de Troyes, Jean, 127 171 Haly Abenragel, 45, 47, 51, 52, 54, Egidius, 54, 55 55, 63, 71, 106, 107, 150, 151, Egyptian days, 84 258 Eleanor Cobham, Duchess of Henry I, King of England, 33, 173 Gloucester, 17, 138, 139, 140, Henry 11, King of England, 29--31 141, 142, 144, 145, 162 Henry III, King of England, 198 Elizabeth I, Queen of England, Henry IV, King of England, 97, 124, 161 115, 116, 127, 128, 130, 131, Elizabeth, Duchess of York, 156, 140, 152, 196, 205 162 Henry V, King of England, 24, Erasmus, 161 121, 127, 128, 129, 131, 132, Euclid's Geometry, 51 133, 134, 136, 137, 138, 144, 145, 146--7, 149, 151, 152, 160, Firminus de Bellavalle, 109, 186 162, 207, 210, 211, 212, 253-4 Forman, Simon, 105, 119, 202 Henry VI, King of England, 10, Frederick 11, Holy Roman 23, 54, 120, 127, 128, 138, 139, Emperor, 31, 111, 171 140, 144, 145, 146, 148, 149, friars, 28, 39, 49 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 156, Froissart, Jean, see Jean Froissart 157, 163, 213, 254-6 Fusoris, Jean see Jean Fusoris Henry VII, King of England, 2, games, 218, see also chess 123, 132, 157, 161, 162, 163, 164,219 Gautier le Breton, 100-1, 103, Henry VIII, King of England, 40, 104-7 161, Gazius, Antonius, 120 Henry Beaufort, 121 Geber, 63 Henry de Grosmont, Duke of Geoffrey, master, 206 Lancaster, 113 Geoffrey Chaucer, 47, 91, 136, Henry Gruftorreus, alias 199, 207, 259 Cranebroke, 45, 74 Geoffrey of Meaux, 77, 186, 191 Henry of Hesse, 186 Geoffrey of Monmouth, 28, 161, Henry Horne, 45 171 Henry Jolypace, 47 geomancy, 41, 54, 55, 60, 63, 65, Henry of Langestein, 13, 14, 169 276 Index

Henry, Earl of Richmond, 156 James III, King of Scotland, 160 Henry Seldem, 115, 205 James IV, King of Scotland, 219 Henry Selder (or Salder), 205 Japhar,54 Herman of Dalmatia, 167 Jaspar Fyloll, 176 Hermes, 54, 55, 104, 106, 107 Jean du Berle, 133 hermeticism, 38 Jean Creton, 94, 95, 97, 197-8 horoscopes, 3G-2, 47, 81, 10&-9, Jean the Fearless, 107 11&-19, 122, 127, 128, 137, Jean Froissart, 99, 126 138, 146, 155, 162, 165, 171, Jean Fusoris, 132, 133, 134, 136, 199, 203, 207, 213, 241-57 137, 160, 211, 212 of Charles V, King of France, Jean Gerson, 111, 168, 204 120 Jean the Good, 107, 106, 105 of Charles VII, King of France, Jean de Linieres, 51, 55, 183 128 Jean de Murs, 109, 186 of Edward II, King of England Joachim of Fiore, 76, 90, 186, 195, 119, 121, 122, 248 197 of Edward III, King of England Joan of Kent, Princess of Wales, 119, 122, 124, 125, 192, 22, 49, 8G-81 24&-50 Joan of Navarre, 50, 121, 136 of Edward the Black Prince, 119, Joan, Queen, 122 122, 192, 25G-l John I, of Aragon, 132 of Edward IV, King of England, John, King of France, 113 256 John XXIII, Pope, 132 of Edward V, King of England, John Alward, 47 257 John, Argentine, 17, 23, 56, 141, of Frederick II, Emperor, 31, 171 142, 143--4, 157, 160, 162, 163, of Henry II, 31 217 of Henry IV, King of England, John Ashenden, 21, 22, 47, 54, 55, 128, 131 56, 58, 65, 66, 69, 72, 73, 74, of Henry V, King of England, 75, 77, 79, 82, 85, 86, 88, 89, 127, 128, 129, 253--4 91, 93, 113, 137, 148, 150, 152, of Henry VI, King of England, 155, 162, 184, 185, 186, 127, 128, 144, 146-7, 254-6 18&-91, 193, 195, 204, 258 of John, Duke of Bedford, 128 Summa judicialis de accidentibus of John Fastolf, 128 mundi, 55, 58, 74, 85, 87, of Philip the Good, 128 90, 148, 150, 186, 18&-90, of Richard II, King of England, 202 124, 125, 126, 251-3 John Bamburgh, 47 of Richard Neville, 120 John, Duke of Bedford, 22, 47, 55, of Thomas Montague, 128 128, 162, 180 Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, John, Duke of Berry, 20, 99 22, 42, 49, 55, 74, 114, 120, John Cobbledik, 43 122, 128, 139, 140, 142, 156, John Crophill, 23, 154, 163 162, 176, 180 John Damian, 219 Hyginus, Astronomia, 54 John Ergum, 41, 45, 46, 177, 181 John Fastolf, Sir, 128, 145, 210 Isabella (Isabeau) of France, 106-7, John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, 113, 116, 205 50,80,91 Isidore of Seville, 13, 25, 168, 170 John Gisbaume, 46, 47 Index 277

John Gower, 100 Lewis of Caerleon, 23, 56--7, 120, John de Greenborough, 176 123, 128, 138, 145, 150, 156, John Harwe, 140 157, 162, 208, 217 John Hody, 139 libraries, medieval, 40-5, 48-51, John Holbroke, 56, 138, 145, 53-5, 56, 220-39 146-8, 150, 151, 153, 155, Lilly, William, 120 156--7, 21tHi, 217, 256 Livio, Tito, 131 John Huss, 16 Louis 11 of Anjou, 107 John Inglewood, 140 Louis, Duke of Orleans, 132 John Killingworth, 56, 156 John Kingestone, 46, 47 maeroeosm and mieroeosm, 167 John Langton, 144, 146--7, 153 magie and soreery, 94, 139-41, John Leland, 40, 175 152, 155, 166, 213 John of London, 41, 45, 70, 78, Malinowski, Bronislaw, 5, 8 177, 183, 185 Mancini, Domenieo, 157 John Loukyn, 49 Manilius,3 John Lydgate, 100, 173 manuseripts, 220-33 John Manby, 46 Brussels, BibI. Royale MS, 930, John Maudith, 56, 62 115, 205; BibI. Royale MS John de Medylton, 196 950tHi, 107, 202; BibI. John de Montfort, 113, 204 Royale MS 10319, 107, 203 John Philipp, 47 Cambridge, Corpus Christi John de Ponte of Lyons, 190 College, MS 37, 44, 176; MS John Randolph, friar, 23, 50, 221, 45, 177; MS 255, 218 120-2, 139, 140, 156, 162-3, Emmanuel College, MS 74, 208 185 John RusselI, 140 Fitzwilliam Museum, MS John Saero Boseo, 40, 46, 47, 51, Additional 261, 34, 173 52, 179 Gonville and Caius College, John of Salisbury, 29-38, 171 MS 54, 67, 183; MS 78, 67, Policraticus, 29, 84 183; MS 95, 67 183; MS 115, John Somer, 21, 22, 45, 49-50, 56, 67, 183; MS 147, 67, 183; 80, 81, 152, 156, 162, 192 MS 242, 67, 183; MS 254, John Somerset, 140, 144, 146--7, 67, 183; MS 468, 67, 183; 153 MS 483, 67, 183 John Stacy, 23, 155, 161, 217 Magdalene College, MS John Steyke, 42 F.4.13,42, 176; MS Pepys John Thorpe, 26, 33--6, 79, 100, 1662, 44, 176; 101, 102 St John's College, MS 7, 98, John Trendeley, 45 198; MS 109, 42, 175; John Walter, 46, 56, 156, 217 Trinity College, MS 0.5.26, John Whethamstede, 49, 55 75, 185; MS 1447, 106, 107, John Wyclif, 16, 172 202, 203, 213; Trinity Hall, MS 17, 98 Laet, Gaspard, 160 University Library, MS Laurent Muste, 210 Ee.III.61, 120, 138, 144, 145, Leland, John, 74, 125 208, 214, 254-6; MS Ii.I.15, Levi ben Gerson, 77, 86, 186 45, 177; MS IL1.27, 74, 185; Levi-Strauss, Claude, 6 MS ILI.1, 50, 178; 278 Index

Edinburgh, University Library, MS Ashmole 369,138,213, MS 126, 44, 176 254; MS Ashmole 393,72, Gloueester Cathedral, MS 21, 74, 129, 130-1, 184, 185, 74, 141-3, 150, 158, 185, 211, 253-4; MS Ashmole 214, 216, 25Cr-7; MS 25, 44, 576, 87, 194; MS Ashmole 177 789,51, 178; MS Ashmole London, British Library: MS 1427,218; MS Ashmole Additional 5467, 34, 173; 1522, 46, 177; MS Ashmole MS Additional 47680, 33, 1831, 98, 198; MS Ashmole 79, 173, 191; MS Arundel 1976, 49, 178; MS Auet. 66, 106, 202; MS Arundel 3.5.29, 42, 176; MS Auet. 332, 46, 177; MS Cotton F.3.13,47, 177; MS Auet. Julius F.vü, 218; MS F.5.23, 46, 177; MS Auet. Egerton 889, 138, 146, 150, F.29, 47, 178; MS Bodley 151, 213, 254; MS Hadey 369,87, 194; MS Bodley 1811; MS Royal App. 85, 31; 463, 135, 212; MS Bodley MS Royal 12 B. vi, 219; MS 581, 15, 17, 21, 33, 98-104, Royal 12, c'v, 33, 99, 173, 111, 132, 147, 161, 173, 199; MS Royal 12 C.xvili, 198-201; MS Bodley 679, 45, 69, 183; MS Royal 12.E.xv, 177; MS Bodley 714, 87, 33, 34, 173; MS Royal 12 E 194; MS Bodley 943, 26, xxv, 27, 64, 170, 182;MS 170; MS Canon mise. 24, Royal 12 F.xvii, 74, 81, 119, 120,208; MS Canon mise. 121, 122, 123, 124, 185, 192, 191, 53, 179; MS Digby 53, 207, 248, 250; MS Royal 12 44, 177; MS Digby 57, 47, G.iv, 44, 176; MS Royal 17 177; MS Digby 147, 47; MS D.üi, 34, 173; MS Royal Digby 92, 45, 47, 177, 178; App. 85, 31, 171; MS Sloane MS Digby 93, 50, 178; MS 286, 67, 182; MS Sloane 323, Digby 176, 63-77, 82, 85-9, 34, 106, 174, 202; MS Sloane 181-7,193-5; MSDigby 407, 120, 208; MS Sloane 225, 75, 185; MS Douee 129, 636,80, 192; MS Sloane 46, 177; MS Fairfax 27, 67, 2464, 34, 173; 68, 182; MS Laud.mise. 662, Royal Astronomical SOciety, 67, 182, 183; MS Laud mise. MS QB.7/1021, 50, 64, 178, 674,81, 192; MS Rawlinson 182; C.117, 45, 177; MS Royal College of Physicians, Rawlinson C.328, 45, 177; MS 358, 44, 176, 177; MS MS Rawlinson C.S38, 34, 390, 74, 185, 216 174; MS Rawlinson C.677, Oxford, Balliol College, MS 285, 46, 177; MS Rawlinson 64,182 D.238, 44, 177; MS Bodleian Library, MS Rawlinson D.1227, 81, Ashmole 4, 33, 99, 173, 199; 124-6, 126, 192, 209, 215, MS Ashmole 192, 72, 81, 249, 251-3; MS SeIden 122, 124, 129, 130, 184, 192, supra 25, 45, 177; MS 208, 209, 211, 249, 250, SeIden supra 26, 45, 177; 253-4; MS Ashmole 304, 49, MS SeIden supra 77,219 178; MS Ashmole 346, 218; Corpus Christi College, MS MS Ashmole 360, 50, 178; 44, 47, 178; MS 92, 33, 173; Index 279

MS 116, 53, 179; MS 123, Merton College, see Oxford SO, 178; MS 151,lSO, 216; Messahallah, 109, 258 MS 243, 49, 55, 178; MS Michael of Northgate, 41, 45, 177 255, 218; MS 283, 45, 177 Michael Seot, 31-2 Hertford College, MS D.2, Michiel, Marcantonio, 124 34,174 Mirandola, Pico della, 11, 13, 14 Lincoln College, MS monk of Evesham, 94,196 Cod.Lat.182,46, 64, 177, 182 Nativitas noctU17Ul, 129-36 Merton College, MS 259, necromancy, 108, 109 63, 65, 181, 182; MS 281, 65, Nennius,29 182; MS 294, 65, 182 Nicholas de Hepworth, 50 New College, MS 282, 43, Nicholas of Lynne, 22, 41, 50, 67, 176 BO, 81, 122, 152, 182, 192, 208, Oriel College, MS 23, 74, 259 77, 85, 185, 186, 193; MS Nicholas Sandwich, 21, 62, 65, 90, 235, 87, 194, 202 190 St John's College, MS 164, Nicole Oresme, 13, 14, 15, 103, 107, 108, 120; MS 172, 47, 107, 111, 168, 169, 195, 203-4 177; MS 178, 46, 177, 203 Tractatus contra astrologos, 110 Trinity College, MS 17, 50, Quotlibeta, 110, 169 178; MS 444, 49, 178 numerology,38 Paris, Bibliotheque Nationale, MS fr. 1348, 107, 202; MS occult revival, 165 fr. 1349, 107, 202; MS fr. Oldcastle Revolt, 136 1348, 107, 203; MS lat 6276, Oresme, Nicole, see Nicole 219; MS lat 7277, 115, 205; Oresme MS lat.7443, 127, 210; MS Oxford University, 14, 16, 51-3, nouv.acq. lat.398, 127, 210; 59, 62, 91, 140, 155-6, 163, Westminster, 'Lytlington 179,237-8 Missal', 98, 198; Liber All Souls College, 42, 54, 176, Regalis, 98, 198 238 see also manuscripts listed 188-91 Balliol College, 44 (MSS of John Ashenden) and Canterbury College, 44 220-33 (Appendix I) which Corpus Christi College, 44 have not been indexed. Duke Humphrey's Library, 42, Maudith, 181 237-8 Margaret, Countess of Richmond, Durham College, 46, 176, 238 156 Lincoln College, 176, 238 Margery Jourdemayne, 139 Merton College, 21, 40, 43, 47, Marshall, Roger, see Roger 57, 59, 64, 75, BO, 85, 87, Marshall 90, 149, 155, IBO, 193, 238, Mary Bohun, 129 259 Maternus, Firmicus, 258 Merton College masters, Hugh medical astrology 43,44,51,52, de Staunton, IBO; John BO, 154, 157-8, 161, 176, 177, Ashton, 186; Ralph Strode, 181, 207, 213-4, 215, 216 91; Richard Baron, IBO; melothesia, 13 Robert Brigham, 61, Robert Merlin, 29, 97 Hedeshaie, IBO; Roger 280 Index

Gates, 61, Thomas Martyn, prophecy, 20, 21, 33, 34, 91-94, 60, William Duffield, 61 see 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 161, 197 also John Ashenden, John Ptolemy, Oaudius, 3, 7, 47, 55, Kyngestone, John 151, 168, 201, 215, 258 Gisbourne, Reginald Almagest, 51, 53, 55, 60, 179, 180 Lambourne, Simon Bredon, Centiloquium, 51, 135, 201, 258 William Rede and Ptolemies of Egypt, 26 New College, 42, 43, 47, 176, Quadripartitum (Tetrabiblos), 43, 240 46, 51, 52, 54-5, 61, 63, 71, Oriel College, 43, 240 90, 151, 183, 201, 206 University Library, 40 Ralph Hoby, 145 palmistry, 36, 38, 54 Randolph Drewe, 55 Paris, University 16, 36, 51-2, 75, Rawlinson, Thomas, 38, 98 112, 135, 169 Raymond of Marseille, 27, 55 1270 Condemnations, 14 Reagan, Nancy, 2, 165 1277 Condemnations, 14, 32, Reginald Lamboume, 21, 65, 69, 170 70 71, 72, 78, 93, 183, 185, Parron, William, 161, 163, 219 187-8 Pastons, 23 religious houses (mostly Patrice Beriulz, 115, 205 conceming books and Paulinus, 28 libraries) Pelerin de Prusse, 103, 108,203 Canterbury, St Augustine's, 41, Pellitus, 28 43, 53-4, 175, 177 Perscrutator of York, 50, 54, 72, 74 Bodmin, Franciscan convent, 50 Peter Buxton, 205 Canterbury, Christ Church Peter Exton, 115,205 Benedictine cathedral Peter Lombard, 6 priory, 41, 43, 44, 45 Peter of Spain, 109 Coventry, Benedictine cathedral Phelippe de Bardiz, 114 priory,46 Philip the Good, Duke of Durham, Benedictine cathedral Burgundy,128 priory,43 Philip tl:e Hardy, Duke of Leicester, St Mary's, 41, 43 Burgundy, 104, 105, 107 Luffield, Syon Bridgettine Philip VI, King of France, 85 abbey,41,42,43,175 Philippe de Mezieres, 109, 110, Merton, Augustinian priory, 46 203 Muchelney, Benedictine abbey, physiognomy, 34, 38, 41, 50, 162, 46,64 200,202 St Alban's, Benedictine abbey, Pico della Mirandola, 44, 74, 169, 43,48-9 170, 185 Thurgarton, Augustinine priory, Pierre d' Ailly, 111, 204 44 Pierre d'lliacq, 114 York, Austin Friars, 41-2, 43, Pierre de Navarre, 132 45, 54, 175, 177 plague, 45, 76, 92, 186 Richard 11, King of England 20, Plato,6 21, 33, 34, 91-94, 96, 97, 110, Platonism, 167 111, 113, 114, 116, 126, 127, Pol de Berthol, 115 136, 138, 140, 147, 163, 170, Index 281

173, 196, 197, 198, 200, 203, Roger Oliver, 140 205, 209, 215, 151-3 see also Roland Scriptoris, 106, 107, 202, Oxford, Bod.Lib., Bodley 581 210 Richard ill, King of England, 23, 155, 156, 157, 217 Sacrobosco, see John Sacro Bosco Richard of Bury, 61, 62, 82, 85, 90, Salutati, Coluccio, 13, 14, 169 181 Savile, Henry of Banke, 38, 174, Richard Camsale, 64, 181 199 Richard Carre, 47 scholar king, 25, 111-12 Richard Courtenay, Bishop of Secreta secretorum, 26, 33--6, 53, 55, Norwich, 132, 133, 134, 136, 79, 111, 163, 172-3, 191, 258 137,211 Simon Bredon, 21, 56, 60, 62, 63, Richard, Duke of York, 47 64, 69, 78, 90-1, 156, 181, 259 Richard Magdelen, 94, 95, 96, 196 Simon Burley, 99, 173 Richard Monk, 47, 178 Simon Magus, 28 Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, Somerset, John, see John Somerset 120 Sommaia, Andrea da, 169 Richard Pole, SO Southwell, Thomas, see Thomas Richard Trewythian, 154--5, 163 Southwell Richard de Vinderose, 115 Spiricus the astrologer, 160 Richard of Wallingford, 47, 48, 50, Stacy, 156 54, 56, 72, 80, 81, 136, 156, Stephen Tempier, 15, 73, 84 162, 178, 184, 209, 259 Symon de Phares, 17, 52, 73, 74, ExafTenon, 67, 184, 259 81-82, 92, 93, 112-6, 127, 128, Canon supra kalendarium, 67, 80 137, 152, 179, 185, 198, 204 Robert Everdone, 46 Robert Godefroy, 107 Tempier, Stephen, see Stephen Robert Grosseteste, 12, 21, 32, 33, Tempier 40, SO, 54, 72, 67, 73, BO, 112, Templars, 195 168, 169, 179, 184, 258 Thebit, 40, 55 Robert Ho1cot, 62 Theodore, master, 31-2, 53 Robert Holyngbome, 44 Thomas, Betson, 42,175 Robert Kilwardby, 15, 73 Thomas Blake, 23, 155, 156, 217 Robert, Earl of Leicester, 27 Thomas Blunt, 115 Robert de Marmillion, 109 Thomas Bradwardine, 22, 62, 65, Robert Mamer, 140 81-4, 87, 90, 110, 112, 172, Robert Tresillian, 23, 105 192 Robertus Anglicus, 179 Sermo epinicius, 89, 192-3 Roger Bacon, 15,33, 35-6, 41, 49, Thomas Bungey, 49 54, 59, 93, 112, 161, 172, 174, Thomas Burdett of Arowe, 155, 178, 183 217 Roger Bolingbroke, 23, 138, 139, Thomas Chichele, 42, 54, 176, 180 140, 141, 143-5, 148, 149, 152, Thomas Cory, 45 ISS, 156, 161-3, 255 Thomas Dryfeld, 42, 176 Roger Gates, 181 Thomas Dun, 46 Roger Hereford, 47, 50, 54, 55 Thomas Favent, 94 Roger Marshall, 145-6, 153, 215 Thomas Fitzralf, 62 Roger de Nottingham, 50 Thomas Goldstone, 45 282 Index

Thomas Gosse, 48 Wharton, George, 122, 129 Thomas Hoccleve, 100 William Bateeombe, 46 Thomas Lynne, 46 William Bateman, 66-67 Thomas Kilwardby, 84 William Charite, 41, 175 Thomas Kyngesbury, 49 William Cheryte, see William Thomas Montague, 128 Charite Thomas Morstede, 140 William of Clara, 41 Thomas Ruvel, 50 William of Conches, 167 Thomas Samford, 139 William Derby, 114 Thomas Scalon, 150, 160 William Dunbar, 219 Thomas Scropz, 114 William of England, 51 Thomas SouthweU, 17,23, 138, William Exton, 46 139, 140, 141, 144, 145, 147, William Hunt, 193 148, 149, 152, 155, 161, 162-3, William Merle, 47, 63, 65, 184, 258 213,255 William of Moerbeke, 104, 106, Thomas Stanley, 139 107 Thomas Usk, 100 William Norham, 94, 95, 170 Thomas Walsingham, 94, 96 William Philipps, 181 Thorndike, Lynn, 174 William de la Pole, Duke of Toledo, 28 Suffolk, 155 treason, 199 William Rede, 21, 46, 54, 56 60-4, trutina Hermetis, 118, 151, 216 65, 66, 68, 69, 72, 75, 76, 77, 78, 81, 90, 147.. 150, 162, 181, University of Oxford, see Oxford 190, 191, 193, 259 University William Sadyngton, 42 University of Paris, see Paris William of St Clara, 45 University William of St Goud, 183 William Sehevez, 160, 163, 219 Walsingham, Thomas, see William Wodeoke, 64 Thomas Walsingham William of Wykeham, 42, 176 Walter Burley, 62 witchcraft, 98 see also magie and Walter Elvedene, 21, 56, 66, 67, soreery 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 182, 183 Woreestre, William, 81, 141, 144, Walter Hilton, 44 145, 162, 214, 215 Walter Map, 30-1 Wyelif, John see John Wyclif Walter of Merton, 59 Walter de Milemete, 79 Walter Oddington, 162 Yleg, 130, 144, 210 Walter Robert, 65 Yves de Saint Branchier, 113 Wedel, Theodore, 3 Weneeslaus 11, King of Bohemia, Zael, 47, 50, 54, 55, 109 20, 22, 34, 116