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Stereotypes and Stories: the Effect of Storytelling in the Political Arena

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Stereotypes and Stories: the Effect of Storytelling in the Political Arena Stereotypes and Stories: The Effect of Storytelling in the Political Arena By Myra Brielle Harbin Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Vanderbilt University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Political Science August 2016 Nashville, Tennessee Approved: Larry Bartels, Ph.D. Marc Hetherington, Ph.D. John Geer, Ph.D. Monique Lyle, Ph.D. Wendy Schiller, Ph.D. Copyright © 2016 by Myra Brielle Harbin All Rights Reserved. ii DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to the memory of Alan Zuckerman. Alan led the first seminar I took in graduate school at Brown: research design. Over the course of the semester, he challenged my thinking and gave me tools to think rigorously about concept formation, research design and how to move beyond methodological dogmatism. Alan was also a great source of support in my earliest days of graduate school. He encouraged me to draw on my experiences working in Washington and living abroad when forming research questions. I still remember going to his office one afternoon and nervously telling him that I wanted to forgo the typical path of Americanists in the department and study American and Comparative Politics. As I finished explaining why studying comparative politics was so important to me, I looked up at Alan who was smiling at me from across his desk. He told me that he was certain I had important things to say in both fields. He also told me he would do whatever he could to help me. Anyone who knew Alan likely understands why his words left such an impression on me. He was never one to mince words. In fact, I sometimes chuckle at memories of him telling someone he disagreed with “you’re wrong.” Alan passed away from pancreatic cancer a year after our conversation. While I remain deeply saddened by his death, I feel lucky to have known him. During some of the most difficult periods in my graduate school career, I wondered what advice Alan would have to offer in the situation. I wish he were here to see that I did what I said I wanted to do that afternoon. I hope you are resting in peace, Alan. Thank you for everything. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS One of the most important lessons I learned in graduate school is the importance of asking for help. There are so many people, too many to name, who generously offered their time, sense of humor, expertise, words of wisdom or sympathetic ear when I needed it. Each of you made this possible. I would first like to thank my mother, Teresa Harbin, who has always indulged my curious nature. Thank you for raising me to be both confident and fearless. Words cannot express my appreciation for all the emotional labor you put in to support me during this process. I know this journey took quite a toll on you. Thank you for always picking up the phone when I called. I could not have done this without you. I would also like to thank my aunt, Vanessa Harbin, who always provided love, laughter and a comfortable bed in Atlanta when I needed it. I am also grateful for my extended family cheering for me in Oakland, Oklahoma City and Los Angeles. I would also like to thank my two dissertation co-chairs, Marc Hetherington and Larry Bartels. I feel indebted to each of you for the level of care, support and mentorship you offered over the last three years. The two of you are shining examples of how it is possible to be brilliant, extremely successful and good people too. Thank you for believing in me. To Monique Lyle, I would not be here without you. Thank you for being a model of how to conduct thoughtful work with a deep attention to detail. My work is always made better by your point of view. Also, I would like to John Geer for serving on my committee despite his growing university administration responsibilities. I would also like to thank Wendy Schiller. I have always admired your fearlessness, resilience and passion for students. I learned so much from just watching you and listening to iv your stories. Thank you for supporting me in my move to Vanderbilt. Don Brunson, you taught me so much about academia. Thank you for being a mentor (even though you hate that word) and for always being willing to make a phone call to advocate on my behalf. Also, special thanks to several individuals who participated in a dissertation workshop I hosted my last semester at Vanderbilt: Hye Young You, Carrie Roush, Amanda Clayton, Molly Ritchie and Nara Pavão. My work benefited immensely from you each of you. Thank you for being so generous with your time. Finally, I would like to thank my chosen family who supported me in this journey. My fellow Smithies: Sarauna Moore, Mika Cade-Lopez, Hope Freeman, Neda Maghbouleh, Sky Chandler, Lillian Carrasquillo, Chloé Pascual, Cristina Jacobs, El Hatch and Janeen Smith. To Andrea Owens-Jones, thank you for taking me under your wing my first year at Brown. We’ve had so many adventures over the years, I feel lucky to know you and call you a friend. To my best friend, Carlotta Brown, thank you for being my cheerleader all the way from California. I appreciate you always reminding me that I can do anything I decide to do. I am also grateful for the lifelong friendships I made at Vanderbilt especially: Josh Everett, Chelsea Lunn, Mia Keeys, George Castle, Richard Blissett, Brittany Allison, Vivian Finch and Anna Carella. My life is better because each of you is in it. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Contents DEDICATION ................................................................................................................................ ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................... vi LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................ x CHAPTER ONE: AN INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL STORYTELLING ........................... 1 1.1 The Puzzle ........................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 The Argument ....................................................................................................................... 5 1.3 Existing Explanations ........................................................................................................... 6 1.3.1 Political Framing ............................................................................................................ 6 1.3.2 Metaphorical Reasoning ................................................................................................ 8 1.3.3 Political Heuristics ......................................................................................................... 9 1.3.4 Affective Reasoning..................................................................................................... 11 1.4 Outline of Dissertation ........................................................................................................ 13 CHAPTER TWO: STEREOTYPES, STORYTELLING AND PERSUASION IN THE POLITICAL ARENA ................................................................................................................... 15 2.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................. 15 2.2 The Cognitive Psychology of Storytelling .......................................................................... 17 2.3 The Components of Political Stories .................................................................................. 20 2.4 Disciplinary Perspectives on Narrative Persuasion ............................................................ 23 2.5 Conveying Political Stories to the Public ........................................................................... 28 2.6 Political Storytelling and Persuasion .................................................................................. 30 2.7 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 35 CHAPTER THREE: TWO CASE STUDIES OF STORYTELLING IN THE POLITICAL ARENA ......................................................................................................................................... 35 3.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................. 35 3.2 Why Drug Testing and Legalization of Medical Marijuana ............................................... 37 3.3 Background to Policy Case Studies .................................................................................... 41 3.3.1 Drug Testing for Welfare Benefits .............................................................................. 41 3.3.2 Legalization of Medical Marijuana .............................................................................. 45 3.3.3 Discussion of the Effect of Policy History on the Nature of Storytelling ................... 49 vi 3.5 Data and Methods ............................................................................................................... 49 3.5.1 Methodological Approach and Rationale .................................................................... 49 3.5.2 Content Analysis Coding
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