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Status of Black Women in American Politics

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Status of Black Women in American Politics THE STATUS OF BLACK WOMEN IN AMERICAN POLITICS A REPORT BY THE CENTER FOR AMERICAN WOMEN AND POLITICS FOR HIGHER HEIGHTS LEADERSHIP FUND ABOUT HIGHER HEIGHTS s s s ABOUT THE CENTER FOR AMERICAN WOMEN AND POLITICS (CAWP) s TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ii-iii INTRODUCTION 1 BLACK WOMEN RUNNING AND WINNING 2-19 CONGRESS 4-9 STATEWIDE ELECTED EXECUTIVE OFFICE 10-13 STATE LEGISLATURES 14-18 MAYORS 19 BLACK WOMEN IN THE ELECTORATE 20-22 CONCLUSION 22-23 SOURCES 23-26 APPENDICES 27-29 Authored by Kelly Dittmar, Ph.D, Assistant Research Professor, Center for American Women and Politics, Rutgers University i EXECUTIVE SUMMARY BLACK WOMEN ARE CRITICAL FOR IMPROVING COMMUNITIES. t #MBDLXPNFOESJWFUIFFDPOPNJDBOEFMFDUPSBMQPXFSPG#MBDLDPNNVOJUJFTOBUJPOXJEF » #MBDLXPNFOESJWFTQFOEJOHPGDFOUTUPFWFSZEPMMBSJOUIF#MBDLDPNNVOJUZ » #MBDLXPNFOBSFPGUIFWPUFSTJO#MBDLDPNNVOJUJFT t #MBDLXPNFOIBWFSFHJTUFSFEBOEWPUFEBUIJHIFSSBUFTUIBOUIFJSNBMFDPVOUFSQBSUTJOFWFSZ FMFDUJPOTJODF.PSFPWFS UIFZTVSQBTTFEBMMPUIFSSBDFBOEHFOEFSTVCHSPVQTJOWPUFSUVSO- PVUJOBOE t 0ODFJOPGGJDF #MBDLXPNFODIBNQJPOUIFJOUFSFTUTPG#MBDLDJUJ[FOTBOEVOEFSSFQSFTFOUFE QPQVMBUJPOT TVQQPSUJOHQSPHSFTTJWFBHFOEBTBSPVOEFEVDBUJPO IFBMUIDBSF BOEFDPOPNJDEF- WFMPQNFOU t #MBDLXPNFOUZQJDBMMZSFQSFTFOUFENPSFEJWFSTFBOEVSCBODPNNVOJUJFTUIBOUIFJSOPO#MBDL DPVOUFSQBSUT BLACK WOMEN ARE UNDERREPRESENTED AT ALL LEVELS OF POLITICAL OFFICE. t #MBDLXPNFOBSFPGUIF64QPQVMBUJPOBOEPGUIFFMFDUPSBUF)PXFWFS UIFSFBSFPOMZ #MBDLXPNFOJO$POHSFTT #MBDLXPNFOJOTUBUFXJEFFMFDUFEFYFDVUJWFPGGJDF #MBDLXPNFOJOTUBUFMFHJTMBUVSFT BOE#MBDLXPNFONBZPSTJODJUJFTXJUIQPQVMBUJPOT PWFS 0OMZPOF#MBDLXPNBOTFSWFTBTNBZPSPGPOFPGUIFMBSHFTUDJUJFTJOUIF 6OJUFE4UBUFT t #MBDLXPNFOBSFPGUIF#MBDLQPQVMBUJPOBOEPGUIF#MBDLFMFDUPSBUF)PXFWFS UIFZ SFQSFTFOUKVTUPG#MBDLNFNCFSTPG$POHSFTT PG#MBDLTUBUFXJEFFMFDUFEFYFDVUJWF PGGJDJBMT BOEPG#MBDLTUBUFMFHJTMBUPST t )JTUPSJDBMMZ POMZ#MBDLXPNFOGSPNPOMZTUBUFTIBWFeverTFSWFEJOUIF64$POHSFTT POMZ #MBDLXPNFOGSPNTUBUFTIBWFeverTFSWFEJOTUBUFXJEFFMFDUFEFYFDVUJWFPGGJDFT BOEGPVS TUBUFTIBWFTUJMMOFWFSFMFDUFEB#MBDLXPNBOUPUIFJSTUBUFMFHJTMBUVSF t 8IJMFCFUUFSSFQSFTFOUFEBNPOHDPOHSFTTJPOBMDBOEJEBUFT #MBDLXPNFOBSFTJHOJGJDBOUMZVOEFS- SFQSFTFOUFEBTDBOEJEBUFTBOEOPNJOFFTGPSTUBUFXJEFPGGJDFTUIBUBSFPGUFOGFFEFSTGPSHVCFSOB- UPSJBM PSFWFOQSFTJEFOUJBM CJET ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY BLACK WOMEN CONFRONT DISTINCT POLITICAL REALITIES. t #MBDLXPNFOGBDFEJTUJODUIVSEMFTUPQPMJUJDBMQBSUJDJQBUJPO » #MBDLXPNFOBSFMFTTMJLFMZUPCFFODPVSBHFEUPSVOGPSPóDF BOEBSFNPSFMJLFMZUPCFEJT- DPVSBHFEGSPNSVOOJOH UIBONFOBOEXIJUFXPNFO t #MBDLXPNFOOBWJHBUFSBDFBOEHFOEFSTUFSFPUZQFT BOEUIFJOUFSTFDUJPOTUIFSFJO XIJMFSVOOJOH GPSBOETFSWJOHJOPóDF » #MBDLXPNFOSFQSFTFOUMFTTBõVFOUEJTUSJDUTBOEBSFMFTTMJLFMZUPCFQBSUPGNPOFZFEOFU- XPSLT QPTJOHIVSEMFTUPGVOESBJTJOH #MBDLXPNFOCSJOHEJTUJODUBEWBOUBHFTUPDBOEJEBDZBOEPóDFIPMEJOH » #MBDLXPNFOTDPOöEFODFBOEQPMJUJDBMFYQFSJFODFTJODPNNVOJUZXPSLBOEBDUJWJTNIBT DPOUSJCVUFEUPUIFJSQPMJUJDBMBNCJUJPOBOETVDDFTT » #MBDLXPNFOFOHBHFBOEESBXGSPNNVMUJQMFDPNNVOJUJFTPGWPUFSTBTDBOEJEBUFTBOE PóDFIPMEFST BLACK WOMEN FACE GREAT OPPORTUNITIES FOR GROWTH IN POLITICAL VOICE AND REPRESENTATION. t #MBDLXPNFOFOHBHFBOEJOTQJSF#MBDLDJUJ[FOTUPQBSUJDJQBUFJOQPMJUJDT BDUJOHBTSPMFNPEFMTGPS NPSF#MBDLXPNFOUPSVOGPSPóDF t #MBDLXPNFOTSFQSFTFOUBUJPOBMHSPXUIIBTPDDVSSFEQSJNBSJMZJOUIFQBTUUXPEFDBEFT XJUIUIF USFOEMJLFMZUPDPOUJOVFVQXBSEBTNPSF#MBDLXPNFOSVO » 0GUIF#MBDLXPNFOXIPIBWFTFSWFEJO$POHSFTT IBWFFOUFSFETJODF » 0GUIF#MBDLXPNFOXIPIBWFTFSWFEJOTUBUFXJEFFMFDUFEFYFDVUJWFPóDF IBWFFO- UFSFETJODF » 4JODF UIFHSPXUIJO#MBDLTUBUFMFHJTMBUPSTDBOCFXIPMMZBUUSJCVUFEUP#MBDLXPNFO XIPIBWFJODSFBTFEUIFJSOVNCFSTCZOFBSMZ5XP#MBDLXPNFOIBWFTFSWFEBT4QFBLFST PG4UBUF)PVTFTTJODF » 5IFöSTUCJHDJUZ#MBDLXPNBONBZPSXBTOPUFMFDUFEVOUJMBOEBUMFBTUNPSF#MBDL XPNFOIBWFMFECJHDJUJFTJOUIFQBTUUXFMWFZFBST t #MBDLXPNFOTMFHJTMBUJWFSFQSFTFOUBUJPOBMHSPXUIUPEBUFIBTCFFOQSJNBSJMZJONBKPSJUZNJOPSJUZ EJTUSJDUT MFBWJOHNVDIPQQPSUVOJUZGPSHSPXUIPVUTJEFPGUIFTFEJTUSJDUT XIJDIBSFMJNJUFEJOOVN- 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hile not extensive, the literature on Black women’s political representation provides important insights into Black women’s paths to office, challenges and opportunities on the campaign trail, and experiences and impact as legislators. Numerous studies demonstrate that the pathways women of color take to public office are somewhat different from those of non-Hispanic white women. In their survey of state legislators, Carroll and Sanbonmatsu (2013) find that women of color confront additional obstacles beyond those faced by white women running for political office.2 They are less likely to be encouraged to run and more likely to be discouraged from running. More specifically, women of color are less likely to be recruited to run, and that recruitment matters more for women than for men (Carroll and Sanbonmatsu 2013). Party leaders’ doubts about candidate electability present an additional challenge to women of color in recruitment and securing campaign resources from the political establishment to help launch a candidacy, especially outside of majority-minority districts (Sanbonmatsu 2006). Shames (2014) research further highlights the potential deterrents to candidacy for women of color well-situated to run, finding them among the most likely to perceive running for office as having high costs and low rewards. Once candidates, women are more likely than their male counterparts to face primary competition and report fundraising as a hurdle on their paths to elected office (Carroll and Sanbonmatsu 2013). Previous research has also pointed to racial differences in fundraising, noting that Black candidates often raise less money, rely more often on small donations, and are more likely to need to seek campaign donations from outside of their districts, which are less affluent – on average – than those of white candidates (Singh 1998; Theilmann and Wilhite 1989). An initial look into fundraising disparities between Black men and women in Congress Table 1. Average Total Contributions to Congressional Black Caucus Members in 2012, by gender indicates that Black women may struggle even 1 more than their male
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