This article was downloaded by:[Blauvelt, Timothy] [Blauvelt, Timothy] On: 29 May 2007 Access Details: [subscription number 779053340] Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK

Nationalities Papers Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713439073 Abkhazia: Patronage and Power in the Stalin Era

To cite this Article: Blauvelt, Timothy , 'Abkhazia: Patronage and Power in the Stalin Era', Nationalities Papers, 35:2, 203 - 232 To link to this article: DOI: 10.1080/00905990701254318 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905990701254318

PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE

Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.informaworld.com/terms-and-conditions-of-access.pdf This article maybe used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. © Taylor and Francis 2007 Downloaded By: [Blauvelt, Timothy] At: 09:11 29 May 2007 euei fc n rmto adalo h eet htacmayofiilpos- official accompany that for benefits return the in of patron client. all the the services (and for for promotion of itions) support and on exchange and office loyalty based the in personal alliances is tenure client, power. loose however, and gain to characteristic, patron to nepotism defining between clients by outright The net- and from interests. power patronage range shared their or can consolidate entities, to relationships factional leaders Client by These into used ties. bound are are personal works, hierarchy a through of members entities how factional on concentrates model patron–client The Clients the and during Patrons whole a as politics Soviet in and in region role period. prominent Caucasus the Stalin a south on played the republic there, of developed autonomous politics. politics that sunny Soviet the networks small, of political this the match why and chess Sea, and continuing Black away how the the holidays examine in where will extended piece haven paper took key This subtropical and a dachas a also grand and time Moscow, built same from lieutenants the his at and was leader era great Stalin the during Abkhazia 2007 May 2, No. 35, Vol. Papers, Nationalities SN09-92pit SN16-93online/07/020203-30 1465-3923 ISSN print; 0090-5992 ISSN ACTR [email protected] Education: Email: International for Councils American Blauvelt, Timothy omns ttsaeulk hs nohrknso ytmbcueo h nearly the of because system of kinds other in those unlike are states Communist networks: stable of cultivation the turn, in exercis- of requires, mode systems standard such The hierarchy. in the authority of ing officials levels Party to various the treatment at preferential individuals states giving other Party by and adherence Communist ideological in and loyalty orientation,” gain ideological can party’s the of quences O:10.1080/00905990701254318 DOI: sbt adradSel izarc mhsz,pto–letrltosin relations patron–client emphasize, Fitzpatrick Sheila and Walder both As conse- social “unintended the as to refers Walder Andrew that phenomenon a In at n sitga oisrl:acineitsse nwihpbi oat othe to loyalty public which in officials branch system party between clientelist loyalties clients. a personal the with their rule: by mingled and a is its maintained ideology is is to its result and that integral The party relations rewards. is other and patron–client and party of opportunities network career institutionalized in highly preference for support and ... Pat rnhsdvlpsal ewrso oa let,woecag hi loyalty their exchange who clients, loyal of networks stable develop branches [P]arty bhza arng n oe nteSai Era Stalin the in Power and Patronage Abkhazia: 2 1 ioh Blauvelt Timothy # 07AscainfrteSuyo Nationalities of Study the for Association 2007 / CESCutyDrco,Georgia. Director, Country ACCELS Downloaded By: [Blauvelt, Timothy] At: 09:11 29 May 2007 ucmsi lcin oPrycnrse hti unspotdteGeneral the supported turn in that required congresses the The ensure problems. Party to with networks to deal and and to Secretary. elections authority center provinces local in the the their to used between outcomes turn, elites assignments in central client clients, send rotate local to to and discipline,” regions, “party the of use the edrsatoiy ytmrfre ob oetV ail ste“iclrflow “circular the as Daniels the V. for Robert base by bureaucratic the to a of power.” referred maintain structures of system and informal a create and authority, to formal leader’s apparatus the Party of and to manipulation approach government Stalin’s the decision of was political essence The on control era. literature Stalin political the the in during theme recruitment recurring elite a and is making down top the from apartment, authority an finding etc. travel, married, trade, getting government: university, to with going interaction through only able o nls ouet n rte oiin ihu hc ucinn nnormal in demand functioning the which through citizens, without its positions citizens, a impossible. of written of became had lives and employer life and the documents only regulate goods the endless to of the nearly for tried distributor in was continuously official systems, (2) (3) political the production, and other was their Unlike (1) on deficit. government near-monopoly of the reality government state the distribution—a Stalinist around their and based resources state over and government the by control total BLAUVELT T. 204 edr osatysuh opooeteronpol,cde htwr personally Stalinist were argued, that has cadres Jowitt people, Ken own As their bosses. promote local to level sought lowest constantly the leaders to down way the well. too the only understood who game (or elites promote the ruthlessness, to of and necessary rules necessarily efficiency sometimes particular not was with is it implementing clients of tasks, it tolerate) interests and but the policies in authority, important But maintaining and cadres). difficult talented for most strategy circular the (the good developing threat at a a effective be is to capacity power the of lacked eliminated. who flow and men” sidelined “yes easily usually fairly were were elites and Later game, this of rules the own understood their fully institutions. create in to or ability regions the geographical with in elites either self- central networks, and rival client entrenched and system: this fiefdoms, to local threats sustaining principal two were There invulnerable. not uhrt o“eomn”cniae o oa at fcs oiflec upcoming influence to offices, Party the local through for cadres candidates “recommend” to authority h rcs htcnre h edrsonauthority. control own could leader’s Secretary) General the the confirmed as that Stalin Party process (and local center the of the appointment way, the and this direct organizations In to Party secretaries. ability local center’s over the primacy of hierarchy systematization Party Stalin’s central the give to 1919 of h xett hc h arncin eainhpfre h ai fpolitical of basis the formed relationship patron–client the which to extent The oiia arng a hrceitco l eeso oitlaes rmSai all Stalin from leaders, Soviet of levels all of characteristic was patronage Political never probably contemporaries Stalin’s were who luminaries revolutionary The was it but 1930, by power of flow circular the of system this established fully Stalin 6 4 hssse a omlzdb h eiino h t at Conference Party 8th the of decision the by formalized was system This nomenklatura 3 vrtigncsayaddsrbei al iewsavail- was life daily in desirable and necessary Everything ytm ogtrdo naifcoycinsthrough clients unsatisfactory of rid get to system, 5 tlnspwrrse nhis on rested power Stalin’s Downloaded By: [Blauvelt, Timothy] At: 09:11 29 May 2007 n h itiuino rvlgsaddfii eore.B urudn isl with himself surrounding By protection resources. for “ deficit return own and in privileges in his sub- loyalty of person dependants, demanded distribution the political they the of of whom and groups power from for and assistants, patrons status and an became the ordinates levels of all power from at and inseparable regions Leaders status in were charge. the Authority region personalistic: his. a entirely to or became tied institution turn, directly in were institutions, interests in whose and and boss their to loyal eo oaminimum. a to below arng ewr fhscin kk glde htSai tepe ouethe Beria. use of authority to personal attempted and Stalin network the Soviet the that supporting undermine the by Mgeladze, to well, power Akaki in as of client Abkhazia elsewhere flow in his circular and was of It Transcaucasus network threat. the long-term patronage a create throughout him (in to made geographically as ability Union), and Beria’s well institutionally But both as besides. network, tasks Abkhazia patronage other own fiefdom ambition many his Lakoba’s Beria’s for maintain eliminating Lavrenty and and for elite, came, Stalin time to rival the valuable a when very As him to authority. made challenge ruthlessness Stalin’s direct and of a base represented essential Stalin, with the relationship personal Lakoba’s their despite and elites of local functioning entrenched efficient the against other: networks. to networks the patronage against bases patronage one local power their the use to elite and of attempts rival elites both Stalin’s of and demonstrates central power, center it of time the flow circular same to the the threat At the elites. of local elements by networks patronage of preventing mobilizational and elites. monopolizing agendas, ethnic ethnic through alternative unsanctioned of control surfacing of the of expression policies the means local indiginization deterring by a resources, led Soviet as hierarchies based entrepreneurs regions. ethnically ethnic of minority development the national encouraged specifically in networks patronage ( select- locals were fellow leaders local chums, that “acquaintances, saying subordinates, 1937, March ing in Committee Central the of session neednefo oa raiain n,i o ie eti independence certain a like, you if Committee.” drag and, Central to organizations the mean from chums? it local does of “What from group networks: whole independence patronage a in threat oneself saw the with he and along motive that political authority underlying version own the draft his a emphasized to In Stalin successes.” while speech, about a same center and this the once of to and another reports one nauseating offend praising and not public, facile and in sending peace laundry in dirty live wash to or try another which one of big-shots members “Local the motives. ‘clans,’ objective defensive than creating rather are personal to according chiefs,” their ing etrLkb’ efsfcetlclfifo nAkai nte12sad1930s, and 1920s the in Abkhazia in fiefdom local self-sufficient Lakoba’s Nestor functioning and creation the well demonstrates period this in Abkhazia of case The of functioning the to element ethnic further a added policies nationalities Soviet Plenary the to speech his in fiefdoms local these criticized directly himself Stalin semeistvo ”alae ol eptrast i uhrt rciiimfrom criticism or authority his to threats keep could leader a ,” 7 8 9 ARNG N OE NTESAI ERA STALIN THE IN POWER AND PATRONAGE ... tmasta o’egtacertain a got you’ve that means It zemlyaki ,msesi flatter- in masters ), 205 Downloaded By: [Blauvelt, Timothy] At: 09:11 29 May 2007 usa–acsa asi 1864. in wars Russian–Caucasian usas soin,adGras n seilyb igeinGogasfrom Georgians Mingrelian 1880s. and Armenians, by 1870s Bulgars, especially the Greeks, in and as immi- Georgia Germans, such western the groups, and by ethnic in turn Estonians, other in resulted Russians, followed of that Turkey, Abkhazia 1877) to into and Abkhaz gration 1866 ethnic in of deportations (particularly large-scale administration Russian the against rdmnnl esn bhzpplto gis h erinMenshevik Georgian the the of support against the gain population to Abkhaz redistribution government. Abkhazian land peasant to of appeals promises used predominantly regions, made populated and minority nationalism other in practice Bolshevik fRsincnrl(n uodnto fAkai oteCuainadministrative Caucasian the to Abkhazia of as subordination district, (and control Russian of egt hs oee ag otoso h etr acssrne n ae had later and kingdoms. range, their and Caucasus princedoms At western Georgian princedoms. the other Colchid and of with Abkhazian ancient portions interactions Abkhazia the medieval close large case, to the covered any back these through In stretching height, day. continuing association present and historical the long kingdom of a disputes have territorial Georgia the by colored geographical ethni- also defined (and ethnically larger the Republic. an to Union also Republic Georgian Autonomous was defined) an cally It as 1931 empire. real- after Soviet attractive suborned most entity, former the of the some in it made estate agricultural there, its constructed with resorts along the flora, coast, and subtropical Sea capabilities and Black climate the outstanding on and Located geography Riviera.” “Soviet its the as described often was Abkhazia Riviera” “Soviet The BLAUVELT T. 206 oitpwrwsdcae nTiiio 5Fbur,adi h bhza capital Abkhazian the in and February, exile. 25 into on leadership Tbilisi its in driving declared 1921, was power February Soviet in Republic Democratic Georgian Georgian on than rather imperialism, such). the capitalist as and laying nationalism Menshevism Republic, (although of Democratic evils position the Abkhaz Georgian on the the blame supported of From strongly character armies. historiographies Menshevik occu- Russian Soviet unwelcome the an White were the Given Georgians the force. from the from Abkhazians, pying territory present-day and of traditional view Bolsheviks of its the point the protecting from was incursion under 1918) of threat in military existed elements Georgian Abkhazia the controversial view, that entered are of point 1821 (which Republic Georgian to the From 1918 Democratic disagreements. present-day from of Georgian Zhordania Noe independent chairman Menshevik the to dination fcal noprtdit usai 80 olwn h noprto fthe of incorporation the 1806, following in Mingrelia 1810, and 1801 in in Kingdom Russia Georgian Eastern into incorporated officially bhzassadn sasbeto eri sacnrvrilqeto htis that question controversial a is Georgia of subject a as standing Abkhazia’s sn h rtx fwre n esn piig,teRdAm nlyivddthe invaded finally Army Red the uprisings, peasant and worker of pretext the Using subor- its and Revolution Russian the of period the during Abkhazia of status The uhmkiotdel Sukhumskii 15 14 h bhza osei urlagroup guerilla Bolshevik Abkhazian The okpaeol fe h usa itr nthe in victory Russian the after only place took ) 12 hswsfloe ywvso bhzuprisings Abkhaz of waves by followed was This 13 11 lhuhconsolidation although Kiaraz 10 bhzawas Abkhazia nln with line in , Downloaded By: [Blauvelt, Timothy] At: 09:11 29 May 2007 erh a lce himno h oni Sve)o epe omsasof Commissars Peoples of following (Soviet) the Council of the February In of 1921. Chairman ( March elected Abkhazia in the was declaring Abkhazia he Lenin in to year power telegram triumphal Soviet the of of signatories victory three the among was and of leader a was omrsmnra ieSai,h a enivle nudrrudaiainin agitation underground Revolution. in 1917 the involved after been Russia southern had and he Grozny A Batumi, Ordzhonikidze. Stalin, Sergo Abkhazia, of like associate close seminarian a and former 1912) in Party the (joining Bolshevik h e gr oeeg ntelaesi fSve bhzawsNso Apollonovich Nestor Abkhaz was Abkhazia ethnic Soviet An of Lakoba. leadership the in emerge to figure key The Lakobistan “special a of basis the on retained republic” it “federal that a status a as ( Republic, Georgia treaty” Union union with a joined to from status being independent in declared until was equal Abkhazia nominally March 31 and On Georgia 1921. March 4 on Sukhumi of ae h sK n nLkb’ w arng ist tln aoabhvdin behaved sessions. its Lakoba of Stalin, any attend to to ties refusing organization, patronage Party own local the Lakoba’s of in defiance open and TsIK) the later 90 ebgnt aerglracs oJsfSai.I spsil htLkb and Lakoba that possible is It Stalin. Josef to access regular have to began he 1920s while (the Tbilisi, government to the of reported organs organs the in Party rested through the base control because power to susceptible Lakoba’s Perhaps less him and discipline.” made manipulation apparatus Party Party “party possible the central also in to is than vulnerable It rather Lakoba. government less of the authority in the Communist position to Lakoba’s the secondary that of First always Organization (officially was All- Abkhazian Secretary Georgia) the the of Party of of Party the Committee Congress his and Oblast 15th 1927); the throughout the December of congresses as Secretary in such Moscow and level, in conferences national Party the Party the Union in at addressed post (even important often leadership an he 15-year held never se, he per Although power- Party Abkhazia. a in created network Lakoba charisma, patronage and ful energy authority, personal his and Bolsheviks, nizatsiya aoahdvr ls iseryo ihSroOdhnkde n rmteearly the from and Ordzhonikidze, Sergo with on early ties close very had Lakoba in wrote Rikhter Zinaida journalist the As the of chairman as government the in base power his Using n yteetr ouain ord ioiv hnh a nAkai,jkdthat joked Abkhazia, in was he renamed when be Zinoviev, should Comrade Abkhazia population. entire the by and yasn l fca hnes ncranyta ewl erte u n aea make and out them hear will he thing, that little any certainty with come in The they channels, one, decision. on official one him all call simply bypassing peasants the as Nestor, [t]o fraieato oiis i ls esnlascainwt leading with association personal close his policies, action affirmative Sovnarkom sbisyzy dogovor soyuznyi osobyi predsovnarkom Kiaraz ttefis ogeso h bhza Soviets. Abkhazian the of Congress first the at ) n ebro h bhza eouinr Committee, Revolutionary Abkhazian the of member a and 17 oni h ilg fLkn n19,Lkb a nOld an was Lakoba 1893, in Lykhny of village the in born Lakobistan fAkai,CmaeLkb,i oe ytepeasants the by loved is Lakoba, Comrade Abkhazia, of nFbur 1922. February in ) . ARNG N OE NTESAI ERA STALIN THE IN POWER AND PATRONAGE 21 akznsihdnei nashikh Kavkaz 16 Sovnarkom n1924: in Sovnarkom 19 the , 18 Lakoba kore- 207 and 20 Downloaded By: [Blauvelt, Timothy] At: 09:11 29 May 2007 eebiti uat,Ohmhr n aii h ae12s n nteery1930s Tkvarcheli. early and the Sukhumi in in and plants 1920s, electrical late the large-scale in on Gali began and construction Ochamchira Gudauta, in built were al nti eid ln ihteifatutr frasadct aiiist service to facilities city and roads of infrastructure the with them. along period, this in cally utvtda mg fhmefa ientv ohsiae eoe fhspeople, Lakoba his saying. apparatus), of folk bulky beloved Abkhaz sophisticate, a pithy native of a wise with help a ready the as always himself with and of only image (hearing an deaf cultivated nearly and small rmr rtra h uea,gvn i rtclavnaei i tugefrthe for struggle his in advantage the critical was a Stalin him Thus giving period. succession. funeral, ensuing post-Lenin the the at and death. orator funeral Lenin’s primary essentially Lenin’s way—during entertained—and treat- Trotsky for the following keep Sukhumi of to for immediately asked out off was set Sukhumi Lakoba and 1924. illness, January in in persistent ment Lakoba a Trotsky from Nestor suffering isolate been employed using had to Trotsky intermediaries, Stalin, plan as that his Dzerzhinsky argues in E. Lakoba F. Stanislav there. and studying archive, After dachas Ordzhonikidze intrigues. Lakoba’s political various his Nestor Lakoba in Nestor in associate in an Lakoba, documents as regularly Stalin Stanislav by on historian vacation early Abkhaz recruited to was contemporary began the from and to he Caucasus, the According in onwards revolutionary Abkha- underground mid-1920s with an association as long the days a his had to Stalin back case, going any zia, In War. Civil the during met Stalin BLAUVELT T. 208 let n eadn hmwt rvlgs prmns ahs n cesto access and dachas, apartments, appointing Union: privileges, Soviet with the throughout them leaders rewarding as way and same clients the in fiefdom local inadtrasadubadn i uodntswt profanity. with subordinates his upbraiding and intimida- threats shouting, by and ruling leader tion rough-and-ready tireless the of Ordzhonikidze, by 1926, in 25.4% to 1923 in 10% from 1929. the increased in 28.3% Party of to the and nationalities, result in titular Abkhaz a of of government As and proportion patronage Party the 1920s. the Abkhaz Lakoba in the representation his increasing conditions, throughout increased of policy apparat climactic and the republic favorable within the Abkhazia’s network for as investment significant well gained as apparatus, resorts. central and agriculture subtropical as non-existent. such practically advantage Abkhazia, was for comparative low Industry of very apparatus comparatively areas was government in heavily overall the allocation even were in Budget they Party. Russians the and ethnic by in Abkhaz, especially and of and ethnic shortage Georgians to advancement. by the and unfavorable education outnumbered was remained their for balance first mechanism ethnic a The of The absence fiefdom. the his and Lakoba cadres 1920s for Abkhaz late the complications by center, several the of faced machinations political the from removed it kept n okbgno h rtmn hfsi 1930. in shafts mine first the on began work and aoasproa tl frl ifrdgetyfo h tlns da,embodied ideal, Stalinist the from greatly differed rule of style personal Lakoba’s the in figures key other and Ordzhonikidze, Stalin, with contacts close his Using status pseudo-independent and location peripheral Abkhazia’s general in Although 24 egahclsre okbgni h olrc eino kaceii 1926, in Tkvarcheli of region coal-rich the in began work survey Geographical 23 22 neteti eot n h nrsrcueicesddramati- increased infrastructure the and resorts in Investment 25 ml omnleetia stations electrical communal Small 28 eetees emngdhis managed he Nevertheless, 27 hsclyvery Physically korenizatsiya 26 Downloaded By: [Blauvelt, Timothy] At: 09:11 29 May 2007 nJnay13,adrpae nadcaaino h bhza sKtefollowing the TsIK Abkhazian the TsIK of Republican declaration Georgian a the in of repeated month. declaration and by 1930, given January was in Soviets rural and city of a omlzda h t ogeso h bhza oit n1 February 11 on Soviets Abkhazian the of Congress 6th the 1931. at formalized was h oit—aoaspwrbs) codn oteDce f1 pi 1930, April 17 of Decree the to According base). power purge. Soviets—Lakoba’s general the a was course, of intention, real the and general, drs ote4hSsino h SRTI nDcme 98 h pcfi re for order specific the ( 1928, campaign December checking” in TsIK and USSR “accounting the the of Session 4th the to address osmrgos n uihn hmb h heto eoa n h soitdloss associated the and removal privileges. of same threat these the by of them punishing and goods; consumer eoe,adrpae ihtewrs‘uooosRepublic.’” ‘Autonomous words ‘Treaty the title “the with reorganization, replaced this and con- with decree removed, conjunction same Pre- The the in Republic. to that, ( the over directive of which given Committee the (of functions Executive its tains Republic Central and Socialist the dissolved Abkhazian of be sidium the would of chairman) Commissars was Lakoba Peoples of Soviet the niae yhsrpr oteFrtSsino h t sebyo h Central the of Assembly 4th the of Session is 1927. First coming March 11 was the the on Abkhazia sort to of of the (TsIK) Committee report of Executive purging 1930–1931. something his in that and by Soviets forewarning the indicated reformation significant of had campaign the “re-election” Lakoba national the That involved and with autonomous coincide for program authorities to little central republics the the had by of ordered Plan Party Abkha- apparatus of All-Union government aspect the economy 15th of resort-based one and the aspects agricultural at zia, primarily industrialization the declared the for Plan, implication Although direct Year 1928. Five in First the Conference of plans tivization h cekn”etne eodteSvest rd nosadPrymmesin members Party and unions trade to Soviets the beyond extended “checking” The dogovornaya nte lmn fti rcs a h eraiaino h oenet(i.e. government the of reorganization the was process this of element Another nipnigcalnefrLkb’ ewr a h nutilzto n collec- and industrialization the was network Lakoba’s for challenge impending An h olo h cekn”cmag a fcal to officially was campaign “checking” the of goal The blt ocektefllmn fdmnso h lcoaeb h oit aein made Soviets the delegates by individual electorate of capability the work the of check to demands and of campaign election fulfillment previous the the check to ability lmnsi h iyadtecountryside the and city the in elements eosrcino h onrsd n h eiieatc ( attack socialist the decisive for the policy the and Five and countryside the economy of the national implementation the of the of in reconstruction development participation the their for and Plan Soviets the Year all of work the test ftewrigmse oati h teghnn n nieigo h oko h city the of work the activeness of growing enlivening the and Soviets. of strengthening rural the basis and attain the to on masses and working peasants the and of masses working the involve to and 35 31 eulc hthdbe nefc ic eray12 hudbe should 1922 February since effect in been had that Republic’ ) 32 29 ARNG N OE NTESAI ERA STALIN THE IN POWER AND PATRONAGE ... thoohopoeohaakampaniya otchyotochno-proverochnaya ogv h iewrigmse the masses working wide the give to nastupleniye 30 rcddb Kalinin’s by Preceded 34 ncapitalist on ) h decision The 209 33 ) Downloaded By: [Blauvelt, Timothy] At: 09:11 29 May 2007 opandaotLkb’ isln”attd oad h at raiainin organization second Party the often a TsK. towards they Georgian attitude although the to of Lakoba, “insolent” reports to Lakoba’s Secre- elimination deferential about First a Party largely of complained the the possibility remained and hierarchy the meanwhile, Party removed The taryship, while Deputies) hierarchy. government Peoples’ consoli- the of the Committee, within Soviet rival of the Presidium regular of Executive the (that of the chairmanship Chairman Central “elected” and was Abkhaz, he dated 1931 to February In addition atus. languages. of three in status all in official languages conducted the be given Georgian paperwork that useful, and exhortations been have Russian would the skills linguistic and education esta 0 fteoealpplto fAbkhazia. up of made population Russians overall period the this of during 10% that than considering less remarkable, are cadres Party ntePryfrteetr oitpro)t 85 seTbe1). Table (see 18.5% Abkhaz to of period) cadres percentage Soviet highest Abkhaz entire (the ethnic the 28.3% in for from Party drop 1931: the significant and in 1929 a years show the Abkhazia between in membership Party arng leverage. patronage ense sabo oLkb’ oiin ie h motneof importance also the has given position, that Lakoba’s decision to a blow cadres, a as Abkhaz seen ethnic been of republic. particularly the expulsions, within of authority numbers personal his on effect little have to appeared it fo 49 o2.%,teewsavr infiatices nRsincadres: Russian in increase it period significant as this very position in a 36.8%. slightly Lakoba’s was to increased to there 24.5% cadres damaging 25.3%), from Georgian as to of 24.9% been proportion (from have the not While might seems. this that however, o h cuaino soito ihLkb,b hna eeyo h people,” Abkhaz. the ethnic of were “enemy nationalism) an Abkhazian then afterwards by of and Lakoba, officials expression the with 1936 for of association in or majority of downfall overwhelming accusation Lakoba’s the the following that (on removed fact members the Party by and reflected is ethnicity on ciiu) ti ut osbeta aoawsltl ohrdb h change. the largely by was bothered reality little in was status Lakoba patronage, “union” that republic Abkhazia’s possible and Georgian that quite argued is the authority be it into can fictitious), of integrated it already (and nature was case personal any Abkhazia in which the to degree instruments, the legal and such of nature .BLAUVELT T. 210 aermie ut ih hl oto h usas n erin swl,were to well, appears as Georgians positions and positions. high Russians, secondary the number and in of assistant The clients) most to Georgians. while appointed Lakoba than high, importantly, threatening quite perhaps remained less more and have as abilities, (and, Abkhaz language Abkhaz ethnic and of by education seen their were for they valuable particularly were icn lwt siain ontoa independence. sig- national a as to Abkhazians aspirations contemporary by to seen blow is Republic Union Georgia nificant a within of one that Autonomous essentially from an status to in change The sources. available from aoaas per ohv eetdfo h eraiaino h oitappar- Soviet the of reorganization the from benefited have to appears also Lakoba h cekn”adrfraino h oit n h at ak e osignificant to led ranks Party the and Soviets the of reformation and “checking” The htLkb’ tiueadapoc oteecagswr sdfcl ojudge to difficult is were changes these to approach and attitude Lakoba’s What 38 h xett hc aoasptoaentok eebased were networks patronage Lakoba’s which to extent The 41 hs ecnae fehi usasaogAbkhazian among Russians ethnic of percentages These 43 nsc oiin h atrgroups’ latter the positions such In 42 36 ti osbeta Russians that possible is It ie h agl formal largely the Given korenizatsiya 40 39 ti possible, is It ttsisfor Statistics 37 Indeed, ohis to Downloaded By: [Blauvelt, Timothy] At: 09:11 29 May 2007 h ako kulaks. of lack the ofottoa oeo h ujc fdlyn collectivization. delaying of increasingly an subject on take the to began on republic own tone his in confrontational apparatus well Party as the role and Lakoba a republic. played the in have collectivization to of seem onset leaders the Kremlin delaying other in and Stalin to connections aino olciiainad“euaiain”btltl oceeato a proposed was taken. action concrete little stall. short- or but implemen- region’s “dekulakization,” eventual to and for the collectivization enthusiasm was discussed of and conviction tation collectivization Party planning, for and with need state the Whatever dealing and by base. comings or for decrees power and population, his strategy of declarations subject first networks Numerous client his Lakoba’s the reasons, of to damage the well-being potential the from the of stemmed for because collectivization concern implement is to convictions, It agriculture. reluctance ideological of Lakoba’s collectivization whether the was clear Lakoba not for problem intractable more The Collectivization am,tepriiat lopoetdaanttedvso fpaat nocascat- class into peasants of division the collective against ( the protested into egories also them force participants to the designed farms, measures other and appropriations Besides rnfrigRsinfrso oils osrcinot bhza soil.” Abkhazian onto construction mechanically socialist 1929 of of policy October forms the Russian sometimes In parti- imposing transferring specific situation, the defense. Abkhazian consideration the into Lakoba’s taking of “not cularities to of Party came Abkhazian the Ordzhonikidze accused Stalin and Stalin however, fLkn,a ela uisiadAhnai nteGduadsrc oprotest to district Gudauta the in Achandari, and Duripshi hometown as Lakoba’s collectivization. in well against gather as to began Lykhny, peasants of of crowds large February 20 Around mountaineers, demanded the meanwhile, methods, directive. Party, with the the heavy-handed of and from confrontation fulfillment Moscow refrained unconditional uprising. armed armed authorities an local in fearing the apparently Cauca- engaged north Abkhazia the NKVD in in Unlike however, the them. slaughtering towns, where or and prices, ravines low sus in very them for peasantry hiding off the mountains, them elsewhere, the selling happened into As livestock agitate kolkhozes. their to the driving center into the resisted, from peasants villages the the drive to help sent were and activists Party of Groups directive. a oe.PryadKmoo ebr eerqie ogv pterPrycards. Party their up Soviet give against to up required stand were to and members another Komsomol one and support Party to power. oaths took participants the and ( hi aiisadcide,o ano 0–0 ul n o kpigasession. a skipping for fine ruble from 100–300 away a classes of pain evening on attend children, to and women families their forced it because apparently campaign, otstalost eain ewe bhzaadtecne bt bls n ocw,adbetween and Moscow), and Tbilisi (both center the and Abkhazia between Relations h su aet edwt h ocle GduaIcdn”i eray1931. February in Incident” “Gudauta so-called the with head a to came issue The of form the in ultimatum, an as center the from stated was issue the 1931 January By bednyaki )o oa giutrlmtosad“rmtv technology,” “primitive and methods agricultural local of ’) 44 h fca xlnto a lclcniin, “backwardness” conditions,” “local was explanation official The , kulaki 46 u bhzasprpea oain n aoaspersonal Lakoba’s and locations peripheral Abkhazia’s But 49 t.,a ela gis h oenetsanti-illiteracy government’s the against as well as etc.), , vrtenx eea as h ieo h etnsgrew, meetings the of size the days, several next the Over ARNG N OE NTESAI ERA STALIN THE IN POWER AND PATRONAGE 47 45 Remarkably, 48 swl as well as 211 51 50 Downloaded By: [Blauvelt, Timothy] At: 09:11 29 May 2007 hstm a bet s fhscu,te‘os ( ‘boss’ the chum, his of ask to able was time this uaie.Teewsn ute icsino eeteett uky u sthe as but Turkey, to resettlement of discussion different further completely com- no e not a were was in horses and for There resumed deportations, Moscow no munalized. campaign and to “dekulakization” the no went was return Lakoba there manner: his continued. not upon col- was and the moment Nevertheless, negotiations, crimes. the unrelated were for with demonstrations charged drive the and of lectivization night leaders single the a later in weeks up several rounded then and settle, to passions twodays,andbegantodisperseonlyafterLakobapromisedtogoinpersontoMoscow. eafwt ocw n aoapoie od so. do to promised Lakoba and peas Moscow, assembled with The live behalf Moscow. would from they reso the come not where to could for Turkey, he had that care in there them resettled told fled and but had be crowd, love the who to his Abkhaz them brother praising allow their to Lakoba, with him to asked appealed and peasants people, The Lakoba. Nestor .BLAUVELT T. 212 hscam u h iigi tiig stesau eiinwsfiaie ttesame affair. the 1931. whole at February the gated in finalized Incident” was “Gudauta decision the status for of the evidence resolution as the documentary striking, as is no time timing is the There but Georgia. Abkhazia claim, of within this status Republic in reduction Autonomous the an to to acquiescing his was collectivization in leniency Ivanovich Yason Beria. Secretary First including oa edrhpi bhzafr“ekessi ls tugewt uas n lack and kulaks” with struggle class in “weaknesses for Abkhazia in the leadership in local role central a play would system. later whole decades the of that true manifes- collapse assertiveness early is ethnic an represent it such well if of very may tation but this imple- 1980s, then from center policy, the collectivization the deter its of to menting feeling national period Abkhaz mobilize perestroika to able the was Lakoba during that elites ethnic of demands hs olciemblztoa eore ol ntr eue sisrmnsof instruments as center. used the be against turn directed in assertiveness could resources ethnic institutions, would these mobilizational of that collective outside responsibility institutions entrepreneurs official these the ethnic alternative in assigned of system time emergence stratification the same distinct mobilizationalimpede the ethnically the at an over and create monopoly group to least in a ethnic at cadres their assigned indigenous without within were because resources did system argued, they ethno-federal has that Soviet Roeder scale Philip the the As approval. reached tacit have Lakoba’s could demonstrations the that eti leito o h socs’republic.” ‘showcase’ the for alleviation certain ´ migre h esns oe eei an oee.Tecnrlatoiisalwdtm for time allowed authorities central The however. vain, in were hopes peasants’ The codn oSailvLkb,Brablee htNso aoahdi atinsti- fact in had Lakoba Nestor that believed Beria Lakoba, Stanislav to According this for paid Lakoba price the that historians Abkhazian by argued been has It scene, the on arrived organization Party Georgian the of guns big the February 26 By lhuhtefia eoto h erinTKo h itracswsciia fthe of critical was disturbances the on TsK Georgian the of report final the Although 52 ´ usa itra .Dnlvwoe []prnl,N aoaaltesame the all Lakoba N. “[a]pparently, wrote: Danilov S. historian Russian u eeain rmtedmntaigp demonstrating the from delegations But 56 ned htble sntwtotmrt ti ifiutt believe to difficult is it merit: without not is belief that Indeed, aui n ertplc edLavrenty head police secret and Mamulia v h su nhsonadta permission that and own his on issue the lve ntenntet etr.Lkb calmed Lakoba century. nineteenth the in nsakdLkb oitreeo their on intercede to Lakoba asked ants 54 aat atdt pa onbd but nobody to speak to wanted easants 57 53 odrwswiigaotthe about writing was Roeder h eosrto otne for continued demonstration The khozyain ftecuty a country, the of ) 55 Downloaded By: [Blauvelt, Timothy] At: 09:11 29 May 2007 bhza,teitouto fmr bhzit oa edrhpsrcue,and language. structures, Abkhazian leadership the local in affairs into administrative Abkhaz local of more conducting of the introduction the Abkhazian, ntebsso oac rdcin hc a rdcdb niiulfarmers individual by produced were was Lakoba industry” which Nestor and production, agriculture farms. and collective in tobacco Abkhazia by success of than 1935 “outstanding rather basis for in the Lenin fiction, in of on collectivization a Order that the largely time awarded same was the republic at paradoxically the out, points Lakoba Stanislav i,adh i o a h ie aeidpnetacs oSai.Tu uha the such to Thus useful Stalin. be would to apparatus access Party independent Transcaucasian have the time) Republic.” of the Abkhazian head Abkha- (at the from not originally “as was rec- did person he to the young, he made advanced was and Lakoba Beria be Nestor that zia, should fact that the Chekist” argues on Lakoba energetic based Stanislav ommendation “young, position. the Party that leading a implies meeting the at fiilt aoai hta ouint hs rbesteTKodrdafurthering a ordered TsK the ben- problems was these incident to solution the a term as short of that the in in Lakoba peasants, to poorer eficial among work preparatory of tlnslte fciiimi coe 99 aoawsivsiae yajoint a by investigated was Lakoba 1929, October in criticism of letter Stalin’s a for asking 1929 September from Abkhazia. Lakoba papers in those to vacationing Among then Beria Lakoba. was through from who only Stalin, letter Stalin with meeting to a access was get there to able was from Beria far not Merkheuli, of village the in Abkhazia in Sukhumi. Beria born Georgia. Mingrelian, to addition ethnic in in 1931, an Republic Azerbaijan in Soviet was and Armenia Federal SSR included Socialist Georgian 1937 Transcaucasian the until the of which secret of 1932, Secretary as Secretary first First First power, as as to then then Beria 1926, and Lavrenty in of Georgia rise in early the chief the with police in coincides relevant period particularly the was as rivals 1930s, and adversaries of advantages relative The Beria of Rise Lakoba The though, moment, the Stalin. and For with people” standing death. the good his of in “enemy remained following an be have associates as would to his Lakoba and appears of rivals, of denunciation and purge the adversaries for his the pretext of hands the the as in used weapon powerful a become collectivized. been had 34.1% 1931, only by 1934 collectivized by to was Abkhazia are USSR in the figures 1932, in official agriculture in If all 61.5% 1936. of and in 52.7% death while believed, Lakoba’s be after until implemented seriously aoamyhv a ute esnfrbcigBrascniay ntewk of wake the In candidacy. Beria’s backing for reason further a had have may Lakoba first at that argues Lakoba Stanislav archive, Lakoba’s Nestor on based Again would issue the however, collectivization, suspending in success Lakoba’s Despite not was and Abkhazia, in slow remarkably remained collectivization of pace The korenizatsiia h eoa falsceaiso oa oit h i o speak not did who Soviets local of secretaries all of removal the : 62 60 ARNG N OE NTESAI ERA STALIN THE IN POWER AND PATRONAGE 61 aoaare,and agrees, Lakoba 58 59 213 As Downloaded By: [Blauvelt, Timothy] At: 09:11 29 May 2007 htLkb a ensraigdsnomto bu h omrsalgdinvolve- the 1920. alleged all in former’s intelligence shot the Azerbaijani) about (Independent have Musavat disinformation would in spreading ment been “Sergo has said me Lakoba for not Beria that was it that if Georgia that Ordzhonikidze in complains cri- Georgians Beria of told 1932, face December the 18 has in dated letter, himself Lakoba such validate one to In attempt Lakoba. an from in ticism Ordzhonikidze Sergo ties to sent close Beria and his him maintain to discredit time to long efforts a Beria’s for of Stalin. managed with all Lakoba despite authority, worsened, Yet his rapidly rivalry. two undermine the vicious between a relations decade in half resulting next the Over Stalin. to Beria commission. supplying investigating through Lakoba the on to pressure evidence put to withholding position or excellent an in been have would es n eas aoaadteAkainPryognzto a led publicly already had organization accu- Party the self-criticism. Abkhazian of sufficient the some demonstrated of and origins Lakoba “kulak” because “rehabili- the and of declared because sers, was evidence, Lakoba of lack and of dismissed because tated” were charges the ‘ toadyism,” elements of reaching degeneration, organization [Party] factionalism, Although Abkhazian relatives). the Lakoba’s in of to of presence relation one “the in killing found murder of committee of accused the persons accusation pos- two one his of (including of executions relatives abuse the avenge involving or 1929 a to protect considered 1922 to committee from ition Nazaretyan Lakoba the of against session 1930, accusations joint of April a number 11 to on presented Committees report Central its to these According Republics Nazaretyan. Transcaucasian Amayak and Georgian by the headed of Committees Central the of commission BLAUVELT T. 214 lmns h rtoewsfil id si eri vrl at membership Party overall Georgia “hostile” in and as “unwanted” mild, remove fairly and was documents one verify first to The center, elements. the of orders the of consideration the for note along passed handwritten be Committee. a to report Central In report this All-Union within. orders A from Beria system penetrating page, Abkhazia. first the were the earlier, undermine argued on as in to Lordkipanidze emigrate, order to population Tite in trying farms head of Greek collective instead chief Abkhazia, police the in Greeks secret the of Georgian that by issue Beria the to addressed was Lakoba promise in repression involvement the of for pretexts 1936). another accusation the after of been case associates another have yet Lakoba’s any was to of in life Stalin’s appears (and on Stalin shore, attempt Lakoba which supposed the this undermine on from boat to gunfire a attempt under which such came in passenger 1933, September a in was Abkhazia northern in Pitsunda ateo aktbigbtenBraadLkb seieti h etr that letters the in evident is Lakoba and Beria between backstabbing of battle A recommending in miscalculated seriously have to appears Lakoba case, any In n13–94ad13 w ute cek, or “checks,” further two 1935 and 1933–1934 In com- to means a as attention Beria’s attracted have to appears that situation Another of coast the off Stalin on attempt assassination apparent an of incident bizarre The 66 khozobrastaniye 65 63 sha fteGoga ertplc,Beria police, secret Georgian the of head As ... .I nte,fo 93 ei complains Beria 1933, from another, In ”. ’npts,adgopcohesion group and nepotism, ,’ proverki eecridoto the on out carried were , 64 Downloaded By: [Blauvelt, Timothy] At: 09:11 29 May 2007 raiaindcie y2%(r76pol)bten13 n 96(see 1936 and 1935 between people) 756 (or 28% 1). by Table declined organization this to due specifically Abkhazia in con fSai’ eouinr ciiisi h Transcaucasus. the in activities revolutionary Stalin’s of of publication account Transcaucasus the the moves: in behind Organizations ghostwritten) inspirations career Bolshevik the (and successful) of fabricated (and one largely sycophantic was Beria’s Stalin) most on Beria’s effect of its one (and endeavor this in success a eue y1.% hra h bhzPryognzto osntse ohave to seem all. not does at organization much Party affected Abkhaz been the whereas 16.2%, by reduced was rus oee,a osgicn hnei paeti h ecnae fnational- of percentages the in apparent is represented. change ities significant no as however, groups, acss hr 8 fcde eermvdfo h at a poe o9% to opposed (as violent Party the the the from in for strong removed preparation unusually were a USSR). was cadres the been checking throughout of have the 18% bloodless, to where still appears Caucasus, Although 1934, 1937. in of Kirov purges Sergei of tion rnfrt ocw otlkl sscesrt erk aoaa omsa of Commissar his as arrange Yagoda to by Genrikh tried sources, to and of successor Lakoba as number with direct likely a his frequently most have to war, Moscow, met According to civil to Stalin Abkhazia. continued transfer the mid-1936 in Lakoba was to in dachas And TsIK 1935 his achievements year. late All-Union at his same Stalin the for the to of Banner in access session Red decoration a the major at of second and Order Moscow the to awarded summoned was Lakoba past. his of interpretation the Lakoba. in by with appeared written book pleased foreword the a very with of Batumi, review in A period revolutionary Stalin’s about eetees tlnapast aecniudt ao aoa nDcme 1935 December In Lakoba. favor to continued have to appears Stalin Nevertheless, entitled Abkhazia in print to went book a 1934 In 901. 031. 527.9 5.2 11.8 10.8 9.8 15.2 10.3 15.4 13.5 11.2 11.4 9.5 19.4 9.1 16.3 8.8 29.1 35.2 35.1 40.3 36.8 48.2 24.5 26.3 25.0 Other 17.2 26.6 14.9 25.3 a Armenians 21.8 24.9 1940 17.6 1939 19.0 Russians 1936 18.5 1935 28.3 Georgians 1933 1931 Abkhaz 1929 Year rzivtsifrakh. v Gruzii opldfo nomto in information from Compiled AL ebrhpi h bhza at raiain 1929–1940 organization, Party Abkhazian the in Membership 1 TABLE 69 h xusosapa ohv endsrbtdeel cosethnic across evenly distributed been have to appear expulsions The 70 68 lhuhteeaen rcs ubr fmmesexpelled members of numbers precise no are there Although 67 h eodoe lhuhpandbfr h assassina- the before planned although one, second The bhzky bataaognztiakompartii organizatsiya oblastnaya Abkhazskaya proverka Bolshevik ARNG N OE NTESAI ERA STALIN THE IN POWER AND PATRONAGE h ebrhpi h bhza Party Abkhazian the in membership the , nteQeto fteHsoyo the of History the of Question the On n13,a urgosyexaggerated outrageously an 1935, in n13,adaprnl tlnwas Stalin apparently and 1935, in 71 tlniKahm 1901–1902 Khashim, i Stalin ti osbeta Lakoba’s that possible is It 72 a 215 , Downloaded By: [Blauvelt, Timothy] At: 09:11 29 May 2007 uhm h ht a ae n12,adi ulse eefrtefis time.” first the in for (right) here Lakoba published Abkhazian N. is SSR the and Abkhazian 1927, 1936 in the March taken of Ordzhonikidze, was 4 Stalin, TsIK photo “Comrades the on The text: of Union Sukhum. half; the Chairman with a a 1927 and of in and Mikoyan taken anniversary page photograph of edition a the a entire tained the to usually nearly up page Abkhazia: took anniversary a in gets power Republic Soviet of anniversary 96odrdteimdaelqiaino h ilglyeitn”rpeetto of representation existing” Moscow. “illegally in the TsIK of Abkhazian liquidation the immediate the ordered 1936 rg ie in given erage tt Security. State BLAUVELT T. 216 blow a as seen been with also form, has Georgian 1936 (the August Sukhumi in as Lakoba. ending) Sukhum against nominative of “i” city Georgian the the of renaming official The Party to other meant and was to Stalin 1927, transfer with text, Caucasus. association Lakoba’s the the close in in that by and given leaders meant surrounded long state date and paper, Lakoba’s It the the to And accident. understood attention of decided. no period draw page but was first all the the was Politburo, of Moscow on the bureaucrats Lakoba of Party of the members appearance the out, that points well Lakoba Stanislav As ihypae fcascm oAkai ob rsn ttefnrl ei i not did Beria funeral. many telegram. the a and send at Union, even present not Soviet be did the to all Stalin Abkhazia throughout by and to attend, sent from came were wishers officials telegrams well placed and highly and Flowers friends funeral. official of an manner for Sukhumi to returned famously) (and supposedly me!” up before poisoned further not has Hotel but snake, Orient morning, the the next at “Beria, the room gasping early his died to He returned perform- and street. the ill, the through opera feel Midway to Avenue. the Beria began Rustaveli Lakoba Lakoba, on attend ance, Theater dinner the Opera to After and in decided Ballet attended. and Tbilisi and wife Party relented Beria’s Georgian Lakoba the and December, of 27 TsK on home the in meetings official pravistel’stvo for Tbilisi to prote a installing victory, tactical a with favor scored of out Beria fallen year finally have that to in seems Lakoba Earlier worn 1936 have Stalin. of to half appears second patience the Stalin’s By his rejection, thin. sealed continuing Lakoba Lakoba’s doing accept so With to in fate. reason, entreaties own whatever Stalin’s For Moscow. as refused to Ezhov Lakoba transfer from purges, and over promotion continuing taking mean the would in bidding hangman Stalin’s chief do to that realized he because bo,apsto htutlta iehdawy enhl yLkb loyalists. Abkhazian Lakoba by the held of been always Secretary had First time as that until Agrba, that Aleksei position a officer Obkom, police secret former h as fdahwsgvnofiilya nuepce er tak h oywas body The attack. heart unexpected an as officially given was death of cause The summoned was Lakoba 1936 December in events, of series well-recounted a In perhaps or fiefdom, Abkhazian his up give to reluctance his of because perhaps But fe euigsvrlrqet yBraadhswf odn ttheir at dine to wife his and Beria by requests several refusing After . 73 77 Pravda nidcto fLkb’ tniga h iei ie ytecov- the by given is time the at standing Lakoba’s of indication An ietv fteGoga eta omte f1 November 19 of Committee Central Georgian the of directive A oLkb n bhzao h caino h 15th the of occasion the on Abkhazia and Lakoba to 78 75 79 Pravda mzechabuki hti oe h su con- issue the more, is What . “u ot” tthe at Youth”) (“Sun ´ ge ´ Dom the , 74 76 Downloaded By: [Blauvelt, Timothy] At: 09:11 29 May 2007 e,SaePoeuo .SoiaadPbi cue ihi eb,ldteshow the led Delba, followers. Mikhail Lakoba’s Accuser Public convicted and that Shoniya trials V. Prosecutor State men, a ntle yBraa edo h rncuainGUi 9113 (after 1931–1933 in Azerbai- the GPU of he chairman Transcaucasian made client: 1933–1934. then the Beria in was of GPU and prototypical position), jan head that a from as became promoted was Beria then Beria by and 1922, installed in was ChK oblast’ Abkhazian re n htatrbigciiie in criticized being after shot and tried oiin oteamnsrtr fcletv am,coeaie n eotcom- resort and cooperatives farms, collective government of from Beria, administrators plexes. to the loyal to Mingrelians) (primarily positions Georgians with filled now Chairman as Mirtskhulava Aleksandr the of later Presidium the and the the of Chichinadze of of K. Chairman and as Secretaries Soviet, Delba Mikhail First Supreme then Executive as and Central Chochua the key Baramiya A. of in Chairman Committee, Mikhail as clients Rapava installing Avksenti then organization, Abkhazia, Party and of Abkhazian control Bechvaya retained Kiril he but positions: Agrba, sacrifice to had omrascae eestaged. were associates former ewn bu h akwt atclrrtlsns,adnweemr ota in than so more nowhere decimated, and was ruthlessness, network well), particular Party as with entire network the patronage task The implement his Abkhazia. the to Although, threatened reluctant about 1937. potentially likely went of most they purges he was (as the Beria Georgia with while in coincide argued, purges structure, to has power sons, Knight and and Amy wife family as brother, extended his entire absence. to Lakoba’s his popular down by of so simpler elimination was much wholesale and made the be Stalin’s authority would such with follow had acting to Lakoba was and was personal orders. what side, Beria that direct his his Lakoba, Abkhazia in his just in murdering thorn on not a in not remove long likely, if so to consent, Most Beria Abkhazia, opportunity own. in another, the his network For the entire take install Abkhazia. one Lakoba’s precisely to in also destroy For up happy but to built too numbered. rival had specifically only clearly Lakoba designed be were that was would by fiefdom days 1937 graces regional his Stalin’s of of from Purge Moscow kind fallen Great to had the transferred he thing, once be causes, to outlandish natural by refusing was, of death result his if a Even coincidence, “overdetermined.” likely most was end Lakoba’s Lakoba: After fsvrllresaeplce f“ericto”o h eulc einn n1937, in Beginning republic. the of “Georgification” of policies large-scale several of aaframsino at ebr o h eid(e al 2). Table (see period the the for in members reflected Party clearly of is admission This for Russians. especially data and Abkhaz ethnic with compared h aoiyo motn oiin hogottesrcue fAkai were Abkhazia of structures the throughout positions important of majority The ei ntle i prote his installed Beria htwst olwwstedcaaino aoaa n“nm ftepol”and people” the of “enemy an as Lakoba of declaration the was follow to was What h xeso fBrascnrloe bhzatu onie ihtebeginning the with coincided thus Abkhazia over control Beria’s of extension The Sovnarkom 85 h ecnaeo erin mn at arsbgnt iesignificantly rise to began cadres Party among Georgians of percentage The Berievshchina . 83 ´ ge gb isl onas elvci otepre,adwas and purges, the to victim fell also soon himself Agrba ´ lke gb nLkb’ lc,adtomr fhis of more two and place, Lakoba’s in Agrba Aleksei Pravda ARNG N OE NTESAI ERA STALIN THE IN POWER AND PATRONAGE 82 gb a reybe h edo the of head the been briefly had Agrba adb xeso ytecenter). the by extension by (and 81 n hwtil fLakoba’s of trials show and 86 84 Beria 217 80 Downloaded By: [Blauvelt, Timothy] At: 09:11 29 May 2007 99teGoga ouaini bhzage y66,000. by grew Abkhazia in population Georgian the 1959 tsifrakh htteewsasgicn muto nemrig n nerltdes thus interrelatedness, and intermarriage of suggest high amount Abkhaz, fairly ethnic significant the among a also Mingrelian was and and surnames, there Abkhaz Mingrelian in that bilingualism and The of Abkhaz Mingrelians. degree as some themselves re-identify in to similarities managed Abkhaz ethnic of population banpeiefiue o h ubro eperstld u ouet fthe of constructed documents were settled. but buildings were apartment resettled, 2,410 households people 1950 2,443 of to 1937 and number from the that indicate for period figures precise obtain hne eoe h bhzadRsinlnugsfo uho ulclf in life public of much below). from see languages education; in Russian Russia— (especially especially and for republic Abkhaz, the Abkhaz Abkhazia the of left removed education, number changes in Krasnodar a document. involved or that to those Moscow difficult indicate either or are intelligentsia letters they the but dissident from well, and as here reports work KGB at factors demographic other 931991. 331. 639.5 7.9 6.8 7.9 5.2 16.3 6.3 10.9 15.2 15.4 17.1 22.3 10.9 19.4 16.3 43.3 51.2 50.8 40.3 48.2 13.8 12.3 20.6 17.2 14.9 1,919 1,179 992 1943 2,434 1942 842 (%) Other 1941 (%) Armenians (%) 1940 Russians (%) Georgians 1939 (%) Abkhaz members New Year BLAUVELT T. 218 col- 1937 after (and tempo) Abkhazia full in at farms in collective set the lectivization Georgian to the the regions from of workers mountain kolkhoz auspices fertile resettle the to less Mingrelians policy under the mainly Started Committee, motion. Administration Georgians, Land in Party of set was “resettlement” Georgia, voluntary western from of policy large-scale a a rto ftecnrlUS Rstlmn diitain ( Administration” “Resettlement USSR central the upravlenie of tration eete olciefr okr rigt saefo h oko n eunto return and kolkhoz the from escape of to reports homes. official trying original in workers their incidents farm numerous collective are There resettled collectivization. forced and of mid-1950s, aspect expanding minority. the titular the Abkhaz through redu- the further into republic, of continue the percentage in directly the would balances nationality cing the planted policy on impact were significant The have would kolkhozes. immigrants of new network the as lectivization, eeteetDprmn n sigt erstldi Abkhazia. in resettled be to asking and Department Resettlement opldfo nomto in information from Compiled h eeteetwsofiilyvlnay u ngnrli a ipyanother simply was it general in but voluntary, officially was resettlement The AL e ebr cetdit h bhza at raiain 1939–1943 organization, Party Abkhazian the into accepted members New 2 TABLE . ). 88 h eeteetplc a setal oolr flresaecol- large-scale of corollary a essentially was policy resettlement The 89 hr r te ae,hwvr fpaat peln othe to appealing peasants of however, cases, other are There krai bhzky bataaognztiakmatiGui v Gruzii kompartii organizatsiya oblastnaya Abkhazskaya 87 i re ocniu hi aer fe political after careers their continue to order —in a uodntdi a 99udrteadminis- the under 1939 May in subordinated was 91 essdt hwta ewe 99and 1939 between that show data Census 93 ti lolkl htasubstantial a that likely also is It 92 hr r otlikely most are There 90 Pereselencheskoe ti ifiutto difficult is It a Downloaded By: [Blauvelt, Timothy] At: 09:11 29 May 2007 ouaincnol eepandb xesv eeteetdrn h period. the during resettlement extensive by Georgian the explained of be increase and only the growth, Greeks, can and natural population Abkhaz through of predicted assimilation be the would despite data than therefore, Mingrelians 1959 census which in 1959 into incorporated) category and now (the 1939 Georgians were more comparing 48,172 in were there out, Abkhazia, points for Muller Daniel as Nevertheless, re-identification. facilitating vnatrbigsmoe oMso sFrtDpt himno h SRNKVD USSR Abkhazia, the in of and Chairman Deputy Georgia First in as fiefdom Moscow to his summoned over being after control even retained Beria accounts, all By Card Trump Abkhazian death. Lakoba’s after continued Lakoba, initiative with the struggle on his apparently in begun Beria Georgian, into of Russian place translating and and Abkhazian changing from general of a names policy minority of The and part Russification. republics as and national ones consolidation other Cyrillic of would by most policy replaced in Abkhazia replacing being when were 1944–1945. towards time alphabets a in Latin-based step at fruition regions case, to first unique brought a somewhat was a be delayed but to as war, was seem the move meant of This onset was Georgian. the with move with schools the in Abkhazian that and doubt Russian the little of was variant There adapted an by replaced was in alphabet. Abkhazian conducted Georgian of was Russian. script form in Latin-based taught 4th earlier were the subjects to all in up grades instruction higher now) then as but Abkhaz, (then schools Abkhaz In fsaebraso h bhza S sakolde ob h usa language.” Russian the be to Section acknowledged language is “The in SSR that Abkhazian formalized states the was which of of bureaus situation 6 state This Paragraph of government Constitution, Russian. 1925 of was Abkhazian the language and Abkhazia significant of language the in II Abkhaz although life practice the daily in and develop of vocabulary, to and cadres, sophisticated 1930s more Abkhaz and a 1920s ethnic was the introduce during Abkhaz advancing made for in were requirement efforts Lakoba official for the (and duplicate Although useful of amount involved. the and paperwork scripts, triplicate) three all in typewriters employees, trilingual lt oMnrla rRsint vi hsft,a i oeLzfamilies. Laz some did as fate, this avoid to nation- Russian official their or altered them of Mingrelian some that to likely is ality it and war, the during deported agaeo oenetdprmnsi bhzawudb bhz erinand Georgian state the Abkhaz, Georgia general be and would and Abkhazia Abkhazia national-cultural of in Russian. organs their departments development governing both government free the of the in of language for language agreement right by native and the their agencies,” guaranteed of are use SSR and Georgian the of minorities poe”ta h ale bhza lhbt br usfigcharacter.” Russifying a “bore alphabets Abkhazian earlier the that “proven” trigi 98 apino ericto ea nteshr flnug.The language. of sphere the in began Georgification of campaign a 1938, in Starting h 92Cnttto fteGoga oils eulcdcae ht“national that declared Republic Socialist Georgian the of Constitution 1922 The 97 hscue ra elo ifiut,i em ftelgsiso recruiting of logistics the of terms in difficulty, of deal great a caused This 99 tacneec fteAkainPryi a 97i was it 1937 May in Party Abkhazian the of conference a At 94 h aoiyo h re ouainwscollectively was population Greek the of majority The ARNG N OE NTESAI ERA STALIN THE IN POWER AND PATRONAGE 101 96 219 100 95 98 Downloaded By: [Blauvelt, Timothy] At: 09:11 29 May 2007 rus tlnms ieyapoe fCakin nta fBkaz sameans a Georgia. as in Bakradze of dominance instead Beria’s Charkviani in of reigning approved of likely most Stalin argues, ea oetbihhsonpltclmciei h republic.” the in II) machine War Suny, World political Grigor after own (particularly Ronald time his in establish to but Georgia, to According maintained in Beria’s, began Beria Beria. of of client to cult a as personality amenable acted the Charkviani be that suggest to developments “[l]ater appeared start the nCakin’ eri,i bhzateewsn uto ei.Tee nyone only There, Beria. of cult no name. was Beria’s there bore Abkhazia farm collective in Georgia, Charkviani’s in ore,Brahdtiduscesul opaehsprote his place to unsuccessfully newspaper position. had tried that the the and of was had Secretary, editor Party Beria Third as Georgian sources, career been the his previously of made had Secretary earlier who First Charkviani, as Nestor replacement 31-year-old His 1938. August in BLAUVELT T. 220 n ptesbetwt tlna i ah,bpsigetrl h ie fsubordination Committee. of lines Central the Party entirely Georgian bypassing bring- dacha, the his informally to at by Stalin republic with his subject for the is up improvements he ing which civic in and case vacationed investments after latter gain case the to with while able filled Stalin are memoirs to Mgeladze’s access dachas. personal Abkhazian regular at his on authority his based apparent replace fruition. his to to had use come Khrushchev, to purge and intended new Beria Stalin a as that for type such the plans the leadership” man,” client, generation “new of “second Stalinist type ideal the post-war the the as for characterized Stalin’s model been was has Mgeladze Mgeladze that Indeed, clear increasingly man. became it Mirtskhulava, Aleksandr and aaa el,Brawsls hnpesdb h omrsaccess. former’s the by pleased than less was Beria well), as lava eie ytePltuoi re oices h eulcspouto of Stalin production that is republic’s implication the clear been The increase had effort. from to appointment war appointment. call his the the order a behind that for was in him received vital Mgeladze’s himself told he was Politburo to Stalin post which According night. the tobacco, new the Secretary. by his of First assuming middle decided to as sum- the of being transferred in over days before been Stalin take three front, Komsomol, briefly Transcaucasian within to Georgian had the had memoirs, He the Abkhazia on ethnic concern. and commissar of to political oil An Abkhazia then moned a state in Mgeladze. as Komsomol, “Gruzneft” up army Abkhazian Akaki the the grew the of by Mgeladze later of the replaced province, and of head Guria Secretary was the Second the and from been of in promoted position Tbilisi, born the was in Georgian to Baramiya Party client Party Abkhazian Beria’s Georgian the 1943 of February Secretary In First weaken. to began position his for it from strength draw to Moscow. and in network Georgian his of control maintain uligu i w letntoki bhza glde ieLkb eoehim, before Lakoba like Mgeladze, Abkhazia, in network client own his up Building Delba Mikhail as such Abkhazia, in dependants his of some maintained Beria While ei lohdasldntoki lc nAkai,btdrn h a i grasp his war the during but Abkhazia, in place in network solid a had also Beria 102 hrvai naycs,atog notie oBrasntok at network, Beria’s to outsider an although case, any in Charkviani, 105 106 107 codn oMeaz adMirtskhu- (and Mgeladze to According 104 eetees ei otne to continued Beria Nevertheless, Komunisti ´ ge ´ codn oseveral to According . aeinBkaz in Bakradze Valerian 108 103 oevr unlike Moreover, sAyKnight Amy As Downloaded By: [Blauvelt, Timothy] At: 09:11 29 May 2007 e ooealdcessi hi dctoa ucs n potnte o higher for opportunities and success Georgian educational in their study in to inability decreases Georgian education. students’ the overall Abkhaz of to knowledge the teachers sufficient led with 220 having together than not more which for as positions language, regions, their Abkhaz of predominantly relieved in were schools of number the n1 ac 95teAkainOkmo h at prvdarslto to primary resolution year a Georgian. school approved in 1945–1946 conducted Party the was the with education of secondary beginning Obkom and and Abkhazian transition, the the 1945 implement March 13 On erypewrlevels. pre-war nearly utr,hsadrc nuneo taderce t”Tetasto fAbkhaz of transition The overdue.” it.” and “judicious enriches be and to considered it was Abkhaz on Georgian to in influence relation instruction to in direct schools higher a unquestionably national that has as of development Party culture, culture, the “Georgian Abkhazian on brake that the a and was to education culture, of presented program. system were current a the prepare “recommendations” that to stated day, 1944 same in pedagogues the the Abkhazian with On of resumed commission language Georgian a the of into convening education of conversion The Mgeladze. at raiain”adciiie yMeaz o bugosntoaim and nationalism” the “bourgeois “for for Abkhazian punished Mgeladze the of were by slander for criticized three “fascism,” and and VKP(b) the the organization,” of Although TsK Party the Party. of Georgian disinformation Abkhazian the at by attempt the actions these A. about of March A. complained and Secretary they leadership In Committee Shinkuba, which Central B. in nationalism. All-Union Moscow Dzindzaria, to in Abkhaz addressed G. Kuznetsov letter post-war intelligentsia, a wrote the new Shakryl, of K. a members of Abkhaz with three emergence replaced 1947 first and the levels provoked all at positions from the removed at Georgians. 3). being Georgians Table (see were percentages of period Abkhazians the this recruitment during in Party reflected of pro- the particularly into of rate is accepted unheard members minorities the new other previously of and in reached Abkhaz increase Party of expense the striking in The Georgians portions. ethnic of dominance and 150 stations, than railway more squares, the streets, 1952 of of to auspices names 1948 were the From as schools. under changed, Soviet. 1947 were Supreme March names Topo- Abkhazian place in of the created Transcription of was the for Presidium Areas” “Commission Populated special for A nyms coordination. of degree and reac ic h alo aoa n e h atr o uuesc pel by appeals such future for pattern hierarchy. the Party Georgian set the bypassing and Moscow, Lakoba, to directly of intellectuals Abkhaz fall the since grievance enhl,teGogfiainplce eu ale otne tfl ep under tempo full at continued earlier begun policies Georgification the Meanwhile, lhuhehi bhzwr eoigicesnl agnlzd hs policies these marginalized, increasingly becoming were ethnic Abkhaz ethnic that Although complaints repeated reflect period the from reports KGB Similarly, the appointments, cadre Party over control his consolidated Mgeladze as Similarly, urgency new a with resumed equivalents Georgian with toponyms of renaming The 112 111 115 114 h eeteeto erincletv amwrescniudat continued workers farm collective Georgian of resettlement The h etri motn stefis la ttmn fAka national Abkhaz of statement clear first the as important is letter the 113 ARNG N OE NTESAI ERA STALIN THE IN POWER AND PATRONAGE 110 hsldt euto in reduction a to led This 221 109 Downloaded By: [Blauvelt, Timothy] At: 09:11 29 May 2007 nwihSai rtczs“nufiinis nCakin’ erinParty Georgian Charkviani’s in “insufficiencies” criticizes Stalin apparatus. which in tsifrakh. in ocr uhpatcs u hycudhv endrce gis ei as Beria against directed been have could they Knight Chark- but to Amy signal practices, and a As as such appointees, well.” Georgia. intended curb been such in have to of to widespread said viani competence later especially were of was criticisms “[t]hese degree practice argues, the the of that regardless implied people, loyal of Komunisti 9396756. 42842.5 3.1 2.7 1.1 8.4 2.2 5.6 10.9 7.1 9.5 5.9 8.8 14.2 6.4 8.2 9.3 14.6 7.7 9.6 9.2 14.7 67.3 16.8 12.8 20.9 14.5 64.4 15.6 65.3 71.0 14.3 7.5 68.6 13.1 50.9 12.1 18.0 17.1 19.9 9.2 50.1 946 3.6 56.1 854 9.1 47.1 835 40.0 1953 531 14.9 1952 636 11.5 1951 748 11.0 1950 14.9 2,288 1949 2,185 1948 2,880 1947 (%) Other 2,358 1946 (%) Armenians (%) 1945 Russians (%) Georgians 1944 (%) Abkhaz members New Year BLAUVELT T. 222 a farwr gldespeeesr n ale poet nteAkainParty Abkhazian the in Mingrelian opponents the of earlier targets Beria), and main of the predecessors enemy of Mgeladze’s (an Most Stalin role. were Ignatiev important by chief affair an MGB initiated play USSR to was by goal came move first Mgeladze the the at with were Although orchestrated group and Mingrelia. who nationalist himself for were clients subversive Mingrelians) independence and Beria’s were gaining underground Georgia year of an in that “Mingrelian forming clients so-called Beria’s of of of the accused November many of (and in raising Mingrelians beginning the in ethnic was card which trump that in important of an Affair,” culmination been The have efforts. to seems those network Abkhazian Mgeladze’s and two the set to as well as Beria, of power other. the each restrict part against was to off Tbilisi game in balancing Charkviani long-term and Abkhazia a in of Mgeladze of networks patronage the of h bhza at,btMeaz sal ouehsfvrwt tlnt ntl his install to Stalin with of favor Secretary his use First position. to as that able replacement in is client Mgeladze’s Mgeladze own as but client Party, Abkhazian own the his place to attempted opldfo nomto in information from Compiled y15 tapasta tlnhdmd h eiint cieymv gis Beria, against move actively to decision the made had Stalin that appears it 1951 By encouragement even and for toleration Stalin’s that seem would it 1940s late the By AL e ebr cetdit h bhza at raiain 1944–1953 organization, Party Abkhazian the into accepted members New 3 TABLE 117 nhsmmis gldercut n nieti hc Charkviani which in incident one recounts Mgeladze memoirs, his In 119 htciiie h oiac flclbse n h ponmn ythem by appointment the and bosses local of dominance the criticized that 116 natceb gldeapae nteGoga newspaper Georgian the in appeared Mgeladze by article An 118 naohricdn,Meaz ecie conversation a describes Mgeladze incident, another In bhzky bataaognztiakmatiGui v Gruzii kompartii organizatsiya oblastnaya Abkhazskaya a Downloaded By: [Blauvelt, Timothy] At: 09:11 29 May 2007 n hrvaiscinswr elcdi oiin nteGoga at by Party Georgian the in positions in Party, replaced 1952 Georgian Abkhazia. March from the were clients of in Mgeladze’s clients Secretary process, First the Charkviani’s as to Mgeladze and conclusion with a Charkviani replaced as Stalin Then, Georgia. western throughout a eandaditroae nArl15,adwsrlae nyatrsgiga signing after only released was and 1953, April in self-denunciation. interrogated and detained was gldeadhsntok elcn i sFrtSceayo h erinParty Georgian the of clients. Mgeladze’s Secretary purging First and as Mirtskhulava him Aleksandr replacing with network, his and Mgeladze ntr aeAkaineie wehrehi bhza ntecs fLakoba’s tremendous of networks) case Mgeladze’s the and Beria’s in of as vis-a case privileges Abkhaz and the advantages ethnic in (whether elites Georgians high-level elites or pre- to access network Abkhazian frequent a direct the gave This as by there. turn and dachas status and paradise, in Abkhazia’s resorts resort in by a elites as center facilitated of and only sence producer was and tobacco period, This and Stalin citrus well. the crucial as through continued afterwards upon tactic likely restraint This a most as elites. Abkhazia Georgian used the center and the power, Georgia Soviet of beginning very the From Relations Center–Periphery and Networks Patronage Conclusions Mirtskhulava, Baramiya, as such Shoniya. apparatus, and Georgian Rapava the to moved been later had who ei’ egahclpwrbs nGogaa whole. a Tbilisi as Georgia in undermining in a in network base later became and Charkviani’s power Abkhazia, of geographical dislodging of turn, control Beria’s head in Beria in denying became first in network, importantly, he hands, more and, Abkhazia-based when Stalin’s 1938 in Mgeladze’s in tool after that Moscow. base powerful especially power in in his whole, role of NKVD a important control an the as the played to republic crucial also Georgian was and struggles the Abkhazia Beria), those in and in network Stalin Beria’s tool respect. (i.e. a elites as increasingly center value the were between clearly Abkhazia’s networks although relations USSR, such of the when of nature time parts confrontational a other in at out networks rooted patronage actively being extensive form to able were eta omte ftkn rbswieh a bhza is Secretary. First Abkhazian was he while bribes taking of Committee Central w new two entevciso h igeinaffair. had Mingrelian who clients the his reinstall of March and in victims death rehabilitate Stalin’s to after the was only moves it been first of control Beria’s regain of to One start 1953. to able was He Beria. for fteKtiioe gldewsal oisalhsoncin,S.D ei,a his as Getia, D. Secretary, Sh. client, First own Party his install Abkhazian to able as was Mgeladze replacement one. Kutaisi the of ttesm ie tlnicesdMeaz’ uhrt ydvdn eri into Georgia dividing by authority Mgeladze’s increased Stalin time, same the At h nemnn fhsGoga ewr ol nyhv enateedu blow tremendous a been have only could network Georgian his of undermining The oblasti h uas n Tbilisi and Kutaisi the , 125 120 ewspoone ulyi ueo htya yteGeorgian the by year that of June in guilty pronounced was He ` vsterpbi etri bls.Laesi Abkhazia in Leaders Tbilisi. in center republic the -vis 122 ARNG N OE NTESAI ERA STALIN THE IN POWER AND PATRONAGE oblasti 123 n aigMeaz stehead the as Mgeladze naming and , esmlaeul oe against moved simultaneously He 121 n oepn i network his expand to and 124 gldehimself Mgeladze 126 223 Downloaded By: [Blauvelt, Timothy] At: 09:11 29 May 2007 arng ewr ohsavnaewssrneti htpro hnhscontrol his when period Georgian-based that his in use strongest to was and advantage ability Lakoba’s his Beria’s both likely to expedience. most of network but political cases patronage tool, to the important secondary an In was was Stalinism. nationalism networks, ardent patronage his Mgeladze’s and instincts nationalist hrces(gldepoal oes hnBra,epcal ncmaio to comparison in especially Beria), than so more Stalin. probably (Mgeladze Union. characters advance- Soviet and the success in achieve to elsewhere try or ethnic to center or leaving home the at republic, in stay advancement union ment to to few but the elites option very within Abkhaz little with government of (which Abkhaz access and language the economics, Georgian restricting education, the of in primary means used a the turn, as beyond the in spoke) language most Abkhaz 1954 Russian elites, during (including the After Georgian schools case to elite. in The reverted the Georgian education grades. republic) was the and the to as in Cyrillic, balance ones to that, Georgian a reverted in very as alphabet the Moscow acted Abkhaz to it for the access fiefdom, useful direct though Lakoba’s with even be of figure coast, to period Lakoba-like Sea continued Black a the of This continuing to benefit top. their visits the by Abkhaz latter’s without helped of the were greatly during ability they was elites The central appeals 1989. to these until access communicate decade to every demonstrations, again, clockwork public elites, like by repeated followed to intellectuals, be writing period: Abkhaz would letter by of Soviet pattern Committee minority the The loyal Central majority. of a the local as rest chauvinistic leadership, potentially republican the a the by for bypassing threatened center, repeatedly the in use nationalist elites the would to of appeals emergence elites first the Abkhaz saw that also period strategy the system. But institutional group. Soviet ethnic Abkhaz the again the to up popped were that they they that power inherent fact how the of and of Terror, evidence sort Great is networks the the patronage afterwards during It regional Lakoba center. smash of of to the that pains manifestation as against such took such bear early Stalin to why understand bring an to could easy been is networks collectivization, patronage have to of ethnic implementation instrument local well the an entrenched forestall as may or agenda halt this ethnic to Abkhaz center then an the mobilize with deal to a able force was he Moscow. that from and or 1931, Tbilisi local from his directed use to policies able soften was or Lakoba were direction. derail policies same to nationalities the network Soviet in and worked and nationalism value Abkhaz difficult was pragmatic both is of case Lakoba internationalist any Whether Bolshevik in but committed nationality. say, a to Abkhaz or nationalist the Abkhaz on an primarily primarily centered policy, alities ntecs fLkb,teptoaentokwsbsdo the on based was network patronage the Lakoba, of case the In Ethnicity and Patronage BLAUVELT T. 224 ei n gldems ieyhdsrn erinntoaitsrasi their in streaks nationalist Georgian strong had likely most Mgeladze and Beria for nadir the was Mgeladze, under particularly and death, Lakoba’s after period The in uprisings Abkhaz popular the behind instigator the was Lakoba that true was it If 127 gldesesnvrt aese n otaito ewe i Georgian his between contradiction any seen have to never seems Mgeladze korenizatsiya nation- Downloaded By: [Blauvelt, Timothy] At: 09:11 29 May 2007 5 bhlv,“avty rmslnot bhzkiAS agd oeso lsi”36. vlasti,” sovetskoi gody za 37. ASSR Ibid. Abkhazskoi 26. promyshlennosti “Razvitiye Abshilava, 25. 4 h ubro vial pcsfrptet n aainr nrae rm10i 92to 1922 in 150 from increased vacationers and patients for spaces available of number The 24. 50–54. ty—Lakoba,” 23. a “Ya—Koba, Lakoba, Lakoba, in 22. included is article same The 54. ty—Lakoba,” a “Ya—Koba, Lakoba, 2006. in September Cited Lakoba, 21. S. with Conversation 20. 40. Ibid., 19. Bgashba, 18. Dzidzariya, and Abkhaziyu?” Anchabadze zaselit’ “Kem See Gogebashvili, 14. see Also Ibid. 13. Shariya, 12. 49–50. Ibid., 11. Dzindzariya, and Anchabadze 10. uhrt nAkai n nrlto oTbilisi. and to position relation his in strengthened and undoubtedly Abkhazia tenure in his authority Mgeladze Georgification during the in Although intensified positions, high-level both Mingrelians. that to networks, policies Abkhaz fellow ethic his his appointing clients of to on key opposed co-opt core not centered his the was to were of but able some beyond, Abkhaz), well above, and ethnic was out were Georgia pointed network Beria as Abkhazia proper. (and his Georgia groups in to ethnic as different of well clients as Abkhazia to extended 7 eeadesweeIue“bhz sa tncctgr (i.e. category ethnic an as “Abkhaz” use I elsewhere and Here 17. Lakoba, 16. al., et Anchabadze 15. .Ree,“oitFdrls n tncMblzto, 150–55. Mobilization,” Ethnic and Federalism “Soviet Roeder, 9. .Sec f5Mrh1937, March 5 of Speech 8. 109–14. Change,” Generational Jowitt, and 7. Processes 1917–1986.” “Political Executive, Daniels, Political 6. 109. Soviet Change,” “The Generational Rigby, and 5. Processes “Political Daniels, 4. Fitzpatrick, 3. Darasymiw, Walder, and Rigby 2. and 159–83; Union,” Soviet the in “Clientelism Willerton, 1. ,2 n13,ad360b 95 e Pritsker, See 1935. by 3,680 and 1930, most in in 1,420 impossible data it years, making numbers. thus across page book, comparison specific the reference for throughout to Therefore, from cases arranged category. assembled is by be work usually than this must in rather information year source, by useful primarily immensely an While 1921–1980 tsifrakh, 1980). v Alashara, Gruzii kompartii organizatsiya citation. oblastnaya al. Abkhazskaya et Iskander the to refer paper present the Abkhazii istorii politicheskoi Ocherki well. as Abkhazia of residents Abkhaz non-ethnically (i.e. citizenship include of can category that a as “Abkhazians” and “Abkhazian” and Stalinism Povsednevnyi soi bhzkg naroda abkhazskogo istorii Yugoslavia and USSR the in Relations Patron–Client and Selection ship h e ol Disorder World New The omns Neo-Traditionalism Communist cek oiihso soi Abkhazii istorii politicheskoi Ocherki bhzky tragediya Abkhazskaya etrLakoba Nestor osdeniStalinism Povsednevnyi soiaAkaso SR(1917–1937) ASSR Abkhazskoi Istoriia 44–45. , 14–17. , 110–11. , opeeWrs oeI oueXIV volume I, tome Works, Complete Druzhba ,9. p 121–58. pp. , Druzhba 89. , 0–0 n sotnctda uh aenmesin numbers Page such. as cited often is and 101–40, , NOTES 4 29–41. 14, , ,6. ARNG N OE NTESAI ERA STALIN THE IN POWER AND PATRONAGE 1;adAnchabadze, and 119; , 86. , soiakrro bhzkiSSR Abkhazskoi kurortov Istoriya 49–58. , abkhaz ie nFitzpatrick, in cited ; abkhazets , abkhazy ceketnicheskoi Ocherk . , nRussian), in abkhaztsy (Sukhumi: Leader- 44. , 225 ) Downloaded By: [Blauvelt, Timothy] At: 09:11 29 May 2007 4 bd,28 Orbt bhzkg boa”Rslto fte1t ofrneo the of Conference 12th the of Resolution obkoma,” Abkhazskogo rabote “O i 228; udeshevlenii Ibid., uproshchenii, 34. ob Abkhazii TsIK sozyva 5-ogo sessii III “Postanivleniye 33. Sagariya, 32. 6 codn oSailvLkb,Nso aoasi W aen uas oteeoethe therefore so kulaks, no have “We said Lakoba Nestor Lakoba, Stanislav to According 46. Lakoba, 45. 4 e,freape aoassece Onsihkoyitenk eohoah”a the of at 37.2% nedochyotakh,” khozyaistvennykh and nashikh Soviets, “O Regional speeches Lakoba’s of example, Chairmen for of See, 37.6% 44. up made Abkhaz ethnic 1931 In the of 43. Archive Party population. Abkhazian overall the of 6.2% up made Russians 1926 In 42. Ibid. 41. 40. Sagariya, 35. 9 e,freape h it fmr hn7 uhprosi h eoad and memoranda the in persons such 75 51–68. than Policy,” more Nationality of Soviet lists in the Response example, and for “Crisis See, Slider, 39. example, for See, 38. and “Historical wrote: point this on himself Lakoba out, points in Chervonnaya Ministers Sveltlana of As Council Abkhaz the 37. by Constitution “Treaty” 1925 the of re-institution The 36. Lakoba, Sagariya, A. N. 31. in gosapparata,” udeshevlenii i play 2006. uproshchenii Argun’s September “Ob Aleksei Lakoba, 30. in S. emphasized with is Interview Lakoba 29. of image This 28. Fitzpatrick, 27. BLAUVELT T. 226 aaognztiaKmuitcekipri rzivrzlusyk resheniyakh i rezolyutsiyakh in 1930, v April Gruzii partii Kommunisticheskoi organizatsiya 12–17 kaya Georgia, of Party Communist the of Organization Abkhazian materialov i dokumentov 131, sbornik 1922–1930 no. 1922–1937: document respubliki,” plenumov, upravleniya verkhovnogo ratsionalizatsii i konferentsii partiinykh oblastnykh 246–49. 1971), resheniyakh Alashara, (Sukhumi: i siyakh in gosapparata,” usino h iudto fteklka ls al wy”I .Lkb,“Ya—Koba, Lakoba, S. In away.” falls class a as 58. kulak the ty—Lakoba,” 67. of a d. liquidation 6, the op. of 14. question f. 55; p. 3516, d. 7, op. resheniyakh 14, i f. rezolyutsiyakh in KPG, 1930, v TsK February Partarkhiv Abkhazia, Gruzii of Speech partii CEC the kampanii,” Kommunisticheskoi of Session sel’skokhozyaistvennoi organizatsiya 2nd vesennei the at “O Chalmaz M. and by 290–324; 1987), Alashara, h bhza oit,34Arl12,bt nN .Lakoba, of A. Congress N. and 5th in 1928 both the July 1929, at 6 April Abkhazii” Georgia, 3–4 v of Soviets, stroitel’stva Party Abkhazian Communist kul’turnogo the the i of khozyaistvennogo Obkom “Puti Abkhazian the of plenum (12). 14. 38 Ibid., p. Committees. 3516, Executive d. Central 7, regional op. of 14, members the f. as KPG), to TsK referred (Partarkhiv officially Georgia Party—today of Communist Archive Georgian Presidential the of Committee Central 20–21). (ibid., cadres period Party of the number during the while continuously 1931, grew in 286 nationalities to other 1929 in of 390 from fell tsifrakh cadres 1947 Party v to Abkhaz Gruzii 1945 kompartii from organizatsiya MGB oblast’naya ASSR Anchabadze, Abkhazskaya Abkhazian and the of Lakoba Dept. in 5th given the of Chief Ubilava, Colonol okn asso bhzateqeto sasee neadfral bhzaand Abkhazia all: for in and Shadow Cited once Russian destiny.” answered the single is and question a whole the have single a Abkhazia Georgia form of Georgia masses and Abkhazia working that invasion. demand military conditions Georgian economic the for pretext apparent the was 1992 August 242–44. 1987), Alashara, ttiirechi i Stat’i oeso totlsv bhzi 1929–1937 Abkhazii, v stroitel’stvo Sovetskoe asoa’ogsdrtenesrie’tovAkai,1921–1931 Abkhazii, v stroitel’stvo Natsional’no-gosudarstvennoe oeso totlsv bhzi 1929–1937 Abkhazii, v stroitel’stvo Sovetskoe osdeniStalinism Povsednevnyi bhzky raiasy omnsihso atiGui rezolyut- v Gruzii partii Kommunisticheskoi organizatsiya Abkhazskaya 323. , Lno:Gti mg ulctos 94,42. 1994), Publications, Image Gothic (London: bhzkiarkhiv Abkhazskii 42–43. , oflc nteCuau:Goga Abkhazia Georgia, Caucasus: the in Conflict Skui lhr,17) 227–28. 1976), Alshara, (Sukhumi: 11–71. , 38. , 73;seas Ochistke “O also see 37–38; , tlnadLakoba and Stalin ttiirechi i Stat’i ttiirechi i Stat’i h culnme of number actual The . oeyAbkhazii, Sovety Abkhazskaya 143. , ... (Sukhumi: (Sukhumi: 200–04; , spravki ,205–06. Abkhazs- . o the For of Downloaded By: [Blauvelt, Timothy] At: 09:11 29 May 2007 4 bd aio’ 91rcutn fti nieti upre netniedti ydocu- by detail extensive in supported is incident this of recounting 1951 Danilov’s Ibid. 54. leave will we assets, non-movable our all leave will “We declared apparently peasants 27 The na 53. Gudraiona polozhenii o 12 no. svodka “Operativnaya 52. 8 bd aoahmefasee hsi i peha h t ogeso Communist of Congress 6th the at speech his in 2–3. this pp. answered 3516, d. himself 7, Lakoba op. 14, Ibid. p. 48. KPG, TsK Partarkhiv 47. 1 bd codn oteplc eot,tepaat eeas nap bu h eairof behavior the about unhappy also were goda” peasants 1931 the reports, marta police the 4 to ot According Ibid. GaVKK i 51. Raikoma Byuro zasedaniya ob”edinennogo “Protokol provodi- 50. preznaniya ne i krest’yan vozmusheniya voprosu Po zapiska: “Informatsionaya 49. hr sn r edrhp n o igeisei eovdwtotteparticipation the that without fact resolved the is issue from single seen Lakoba a is N. not which of and agreement felt, or leadership, be firm cannot no committee is Party there the of leadership the more give to time not it talking Is we’re Lakoba, N. Transcaucasus. when (In construction, the question? electrical troubling of this of to affair regions attention Transcaucasus the serious backwards the in in the trick organs dirty about republican the a the from construction from playing electrical around of are geniuses roaming The specialists visible. of not it’s camp far so but station, trical hni bhzatestainwt lcrclcntuto ed u otefc we fact the to but leads country, the construction of moon electrical the electrification with only the to situation and productive limited the industrialization are large-scale with as Abkhazia linked kolkhozes in of all then development of the first that is more true units relation seen is allocating been proposition this in not the In stingy have If being sovkhozes. steps not and visible worth less kolkhozes is or demonstration it organize opinion, to my objectively in resources are farms, conditions where collective places for those difficult In generally construction. and of cooperation strengthening forms aside cooperative brush any aside associations land—they the brush tractor of and arrogantly working associations joint sometimes for farms—machine center] collective the of [i.e. forms they fundamental farms collective organizing In ahrAraadhsdpte,i hc h uhr opanaotLkb n i hand- his and Lakoba about a complain and incident: authors committee, the is the Mamulia Party of which regional file, chief in ling Guduata deputies, that the Party his of of and Secretary Georgian Agrba the Zakhar by Kartvelishvili, 177–79 written Beria pages head chief police on Party vystupleniyakh secret GPU: interesting, Transcaucasian antisovetskikh Abkhaz. Also (“Informsvodki to vo 6 raione”). letter obkoma op. Gudautskom rukovodstve 14, v f. o krest’yan KPG, raikoma TsK Partarkhiv zapiska of dokladnaya In 267 state!” file Soviet from the ments of portable benefit only the us for over with give naroda.” take voluntarily we’ll Abkhazskogo will them, “Tragediya we to Danilov, rest added the been all has and that things, everything with (police houses traditions” our 267. our d. of 6, op. violation 14, a f. KPG, is TsK this manner— Gunba). Ktit unacceptable of organizer an them—all demonstration in by at dresses speech look their of wear to report and just relatives, offensive their it’s to listen don’t girls, raiain fteTasacsso 0Jl 1930: July 10 on Transcaucasus the of Organizations on bhzwmnudrteiflec ftePry W esnspoetaantthe against protest peasants “We Party: into the peasants of influence of the division under 31–38). women pp. Abkhaz 267, young d. 6, op. 14, f. KPG, TsK TsK 172–77). (Partarkhiv (Partarkhiv pp. 1931 267, February d. 6, 22 op. raionu,” 14, Gudautskomu f. po KPG, meropriyatii sele na mykh bednyaki ...... l h iei bhzacassrgl swtrddown, watered is struggle class Abkhazia in time the All o er ev enbaigtedu bu nelec- an about drum the beating been we’ve years For and kulaki ... ARNG N OE NTESAI ERA STALIN THE IN POWER AND PATRONAGE n ofrh oe,admil Abkhaz mainly and Women, forth. so and ttiirechi i Stat’i / I13 oa”i Partarkhiv in goda,” II-1931 342–43). , 227 Downloaded By: [Blauvelt, Timothy] At: 09:11 29 May 2007 3 Mlechin, 73. 69. 271. Ibid., 68. Suny, See 67. neobkho- i Abkhazii v derevni grecheskoi poloshenii politicheskom o zapiski “Dokladnye 66. (b) KP TsKK I KP(b) Mlechin, TsKK 64. ZKKK prezidiuma zasedaniya ob”edenennogo “Protokol 63. Ibid. 62. OGPU: Federation Transcaucasian the of Representative Authorized the of stationery the 58. On ty—Lakoba,” 61. a “Ya—Koba, Lakoba, 60. 6 Knight, 76. 66. Ibid. ty—Lakoba,” 75. a “Ya—Koba, Lakoba, 74. Amy, Knight, 63. See ty—Lakoba,” 72. a “Ya—Koba, Lakoba, 71. Ibid. 70. 77. event, this of explanation one offers 61–63) pp. ty—Lakoba,” a (“Ya—Koba, Lakoba 65. KPG, Sagaria, TsK Partarkhiv 59. voprosu,” Abkhazskomu po Gruzii KP(b) TsK Byuro “Rezolyutsiya 58. 169–70. Ibid., 57. Lakoba, ed., 56. Hewitt, George in 1917–1989,” “History: Lakoba, See Beria. of 55. client important an become to on go would Agrba surprisingly, not Perhaps .BLAUVELT T. 228 n o yadrcieo h etr bu hc hysentig hsattitude This nothing. see meeting. they the at which Lakoba about N. of center, appearance the organizations the of regional result of and the the collectivization directive was by masses the a just the among that out by masses carried not are the and campaigns among illiteracy strengthened of is liquidation attitude the our are kulaks, “you savior” that our said who are events, you Lykhny a recent sovereign, as the in and speaking measures, kulaks the repressive by evidenced to subject are economic-political Abkhaz to opposition no campaigns present that and free so themselves feel it kulaks the make consequence to try they and rs,19) 57–64. 1993), Press, bhzky bataaognzti opri rzivtsifrakh v Gruzii kompartii organizatsia oblastnaya Abkhazskaya 141, delo 7, opis 14, f. KPG, TsK Partarkhiv 1–5. 1932, pp. January 1 meropriatiyakh,” dimykh 1994). 11 ot Gruzii a return 60. In ibid., be Nodaraya. In would Comrade 27.9.29.” it recalled Beria. chance Lavrenty I’ve a Your this. Regards. get about coming. you very him is If I remind Chekist leaves. letter. can good the he you before for if you Koba good Comrade Thank wishes. very with best meet and to thanks want my much send I Nestor! Comrade “Dear ezhegodnik statisticheskii Yubileinyi bd,f ,o.1 .7,p.1–3. 12; pp. p. 72, 77, d. d. 1, 1, op. 5, op. f. 5, (ABIYaLI), f. History ibid., Literature Language of Institute Abkhazian the 1937–53 svidetel’stvuyut: dokumenty Abkhazia: in one different entirely an gives Sergo son Beria’s while 23–27. pp. 3516, d. 1, opis 14, fond 94. 1998), Press, Curzon (Surrey: Beria cek oiihso soi Abkhazi istorii politicheskoi Ocherki oeso totlsv Abkhazii v stroitel’stvo Sovetskoe KGB KGB ... h aigo h erinNation Georgian the of Making The / V3 . atrhvT P,f1,oi ,dl 56 p 1–3. pp. 3516, delo 7, opis f.14, KPG, Ts Partarkhiv g.” IV-30 72. , h uhrt ht[aoa nosi h pe eeso h onrsd is countryside the of levels upper the in enjoys [Lakoba] that authority The 199. , 193–94. , ei:Sai’ is Lieutenant First Stalin’s Beria: ... sarsl fti,adwt h ciespoto the of support active the with and this, of result a As Mso:FnnyISaitk,18) 35. 1987), Statistika, I Finansy (Moscow: 80; , 86. , 267. , Skui lsaa 92,4 rhv of Archive 4; 1992), Alashara, (Sukhumi: aonekoyitoSS a7 let: 70 za SSSR khozyaistvo Narodnoe Pictn J rneo University Princeton NJ: (Princeton, o Otets Moi h bhzas Handbook A Abkhazians: The 54. , Mso:EKSMO, (Moscow: Downloaded By: [Blauvelt, Timothy] At: 09:11 29 May 2007 8 atrhvTKKG .1,o.1,d 3 67) .257. p. (6777), 135 Mlechin, d. 68; ty—Lakoba,” 16, a op. “Ya—Koba, 14, Lakoba, f. 79. KPG, TsK Partarkhiv 78. 7 o9.%b 90 codn oofiilsaitc (Anchabadze, statistics official to according 1940, by 93.8% To 87. naroda.” 86. Abkhazskogo “Tragediya Danilov, 85. 84. 83. 8 e otnveien.14 oeaNrdyhKmsao ouaSRo 4September 14 of SSR Soyuza Komissarov Narodnykh Soveta 1447 no. Postanovleniye See 88. 1 ytelt 90,pol h ondtePryi 9313 aeu nyaot00%of 0.02% about 82. only up made 1933–1936 in Party the joined who people 1940s, late the By 81. 80. 8 ie nSab n Neproshin, and Shamba in Cited 98. Anchabadze, 97. Ibid. 96. 236. and Ibid., Lakoba 218–40. in 95. Lakerbaia, “Demography,” A. Muller, M. See and Geria E. 94. N. Gulia, D. G. on reports the particularly See 14. d. 93. 1, op. 58. 618, p. f. 5, TsGAA, d. also 85–92. 1, see pp. 92. op. 10; 1, 618, p. d. f. Ibid., 1, TsGAA, 91. op. 177; 618, p. f. Ibid., TsGAA, 90. 136; p. Ibid., 89. 9 Anchabadze, 99. bhzkg naroda Abkhazskogo yhv u h esne a er tako h ri oMso n h aesdisap- ten,’” papers i the “Nestor and arrested. (http: Moscow 4818 was to Kandalia v. train 2003, day November the following on the attack on heart and a peared, Lakoba’s Poskre- had to Beria, messenger papers these about the Abkhazia send to but Stalin join Kandalia byshev, asked to to Lakoba request RSFSR. Lakoba the a of from region and Krasnodar Affairs, the note Internal there that to of that a says Commissar second, kill containing become Kandalia and car to to fulfill), agreement effect. Kandalia his written to ordered take been in unable he briefcase was to he’d first, a he poison if ear: that was the laments as his Kandalia allow dirt, in (which things murderer to in his two order covered whispered in hotel Lakoba the city expiring their in before the in Late around home. Kandalia of Beria’s all to at retelling taken than brought rather different was ensemble, dance Lakoba completely well-known evening Sukhish- a of a home of the founder at offers the place took vili, dinner bodyguard, fateful the Kandalia, and to According death. Lakoba’s driver Lakoba’s Kandalia, bhzky bataaognztiakmatiGui tsifrakh v Gruzii kompartii organizatsiya oblastnaya 130). Abkhazskaya p. 209, ( d. Auditing 11, Party op. Abkhazian 14, the f. of head KPG, the later (1918–1934gg) and zionnaya Party, Zakavkaz’e Regional Gudauta v the of i 37–38. svidetel’stvuyut 2004), Kavkaze dokumenty Uzel’, Abkhazia: Kavkazskii Severnom and Memorial na (Moscow: VChK-GPU-OGPU Organy 1937. November SR”sge yMltv in Molotov, Sovnarkome by pri signed upravleniya pereselencheskogo SSSR,” voprosakh organizatsionnykh “Ob 1939, bhza ouet svidetel’stvuyut dokumenty ( tsifrakh Abkhazia: individuals v four Gruzii about kompartii i.e. organizatsiya Abkhazia, in membership Party total Beria h uno h etr yteRsinsliradlnus .K sa,adwsrpae ya by replaced was and Uslar, K. P. linguist and soldier Russian the by century the of turn the Anchabadze, sbornik Statisticheskii 45–48. ASSR: 1973), Abkhazskoi khozyaistvo Narodnoe 2–3. l.l. 7, d. 1, op. 214, f. (TsGAA), Abkhazia of Archive State ,67–86. ., omsin a lormvda n“nm ftepol”(atrhvTsK (Partarkhiv people” the of “enemy an as removed also was Commission, ) cekencekiistorii etnicheskoi Ocherk cekencekiitriAkasoonaroda Abkhazskogo istorii etnicheskoi Ocherk arkhiv Abkhazskii 118). , // . www.ogoniok.com bhza ouet svidetel’stvuyut dokumenty Abkhazia: Abkhazia 6–5 i rte ahrAra ale h head the earlier Agrba, Zakhar brother His 464–65. , 2.ACrli-ae lhbthdbe rae at created been had alphabet Cyrillic-based A 126. , 433–52; , ARNG N OE NTESAI ERA STALIN THE IN POWER AND PATRONAGE ). . KGB / win oesaaAbkhazia Sovetskaya 9.I eetitriw Davlet interview, recent a In 199. , / 200342 125. , cekencekiistorii etnicheskoi Ocherk / bhzky oblastnaya Abkhazskaya 42-60-63.html). . Tiii Metsniereba, (Tbilisi: 22;Central 22–23; , Ogonyok o 5,3 253, no. , o 42, no. , revi- 229 Downloaded By: [Blauvelt, Timothy] At: 09:11 29 May 2007 1.Se o xml,ScinIIo aoaadAnchabadze, and Lakoba of III Kolbaya Section 115. example, for See, 114. 1.Acrigt hre arak:“is tlnarydCakin’ letl and clientele Charkviani’s arrayed Stalin “First Fairbanks: Charles to According 116. 113. 1.AaiMeaz,“oldaazpsarkvdtlaGuiso S rukovoditelyu 112. SSR Gruzinskoi Kuraskua, rukovoditelya 111. zapiska “Dokladnaya Mgeladze, Akaki 110. 109. part, my for I, issues. various about called and me, received personally often “Stalin 108. 0.Tels gldegvsi i w rncito fhsitroaina h ad fBeria of hands the at interrogation his of transcription own his in gives Mgeladze list The 107. Montefiore, 106. of footage 1. has op. Gela 1, son f. Charkviani’s (PAAO), 20; Obkom Gruzii,” Akbhaz v sobytiiam the politicheskim of “K Archive Angeli, Party see 102. 486–89; Ibid., 101. 100. 0.Mgeladze, 105. Knight, 104. Suny, 103. .BLAUVELT T. 230 unrpae n12 yteLtnbsdapae fN Yakovlev. N. of alphabet in Latin-based was the alphabet by That 1926. 1929 in in Marr replaced Nicholas linguist turn the by designed alphabet Latin-based n gldewr loe ofll hi biain sptosb rmtn members promoting by patrons as obligations clienteles their their fulfill of Charkviani to both allowed stage were this Mgeladze At Zodelava’s). and and Baramiya’s (or Beria’s against Mgeladze’s svidetel’stvuyut dokumenty Abkhazia: ipae nfvro h poneso gldes”I CinaimadHge Politics Higher and “Clientalism Suny, In in Mgeladze’s.” cited of 1949–1953,” appointees Georgia, the in of favor in displaced 9. p. 822, d. 1, op. 1, svidetel’stvuyut d. dokumenty PAAO, Abkhazia: g.”; 1952 Abkhazii probleme o Stalinu I. SSSR ftm nise,adol hnmd eott tln”Ii. .28 lo interview Also, 248. p. Ibid., Stalin.” ahead to svidetel’stvuyut report agreed was dokumenty a always Abkhazia: made Beria had 2004. then April leadership problems. only Mirtskhulava, Georgian and with various The issues, resolved arrangement. on time of him of sort with this to together unused and cooperated personally edt tln h hnsy:“rf h rpsl ewl upr o. Mgeladze, you.” support will We the proposal. describes the Mgeladze case, znal “Draft ego each says: ya In invest- then kakim Gudauta. other who Stalin and many Stalin, and Afon water Zhoekvara, Novy to new River Station in Drama need a the Hydro-Electric resorts on Bagnari city, Sukhumi the bridge the the for a the of ments in Gagra, building of in parks the resorts building Gagra, public supplying for for and the plumbing housing and Besleti, Sukhumi residential line the River supply of for the building seawall Hydro- a the on Sukhumi pipeline, Theater, the water bridge of Sukhumi the the construction of the Embankment, building of the completion Station, following: Electric the includes 1953 in in remain he that insisted Beria but position, higher Bakradze the then transfer even of to Chairman an Mirtskhulava, wanted as to Stalin Georgia Aleksandr tele- that perhaps five-part 2004. said upcoming Moscow, Komsomol, an April Georgian to of the Tbilisi, part of be in Secretary will First Interview that 1994, documentary. in filmed vision this, repeating father his 186. p. svidetel’stvuyut dokumenty Abkhazia: etSai ni h alo 98 lhuhti em ahrulkl (Charkviani, unlikely rather seems this although not 1948, did Mgeladze of that fall memoirs naazrevi Party, da the his gantsdili in Abkhazian until claimed (inter- the choice Stalin Charkviani his 2004). of regretted meet later April Secretary who Tbilisi, Beria, then-Second by in appointed view fact the in was and Mgeladze that client insists Beria a Mirtskhulava, h aigo h erinNation Georgian the of Making The ei:Sai’ is Lieutenant First Stalin’s Beria: tal. et bhzky asoa’aaskl (1921–1958) shkola natsional’naya Abkhazskaya tlnkkmy g nl tais eang proshlogo nedavnogo stranitsy znal: ego ya kakim Stalin Stalin , aiitAbkhazii Labirint . ... 660). , ntescn tg ArlMy15)Cakin’ let were clients Charkviani’s 1952) (April–May stage second the In 256–61. , Sovnarkhom 12;AIaI f ,o.1 .7,p.1–10. pp. 72, d. 1, op. 5, pf. ABIYaLI, 21–22; , 531–36. , 2 9–1;TGA .21 p 1. op. 201, f. TsGAA, 496–518; 12, , 3 AO .1 p ,d 2,p.19–22. pp. 822, d. 1, op. 1, f. PAAO, 13; , 3 atrhvTKKG .1,o.1,d 208, d. 11, op. 14, f. KPG, TsK Partarkhiv 13; , h aigo h erinNation Georgian the of Making The 89. , neve nTiii pi 2004. April Tbilisi, in Interview . 278. , bhzkiarkhiv Abkhazskii 102–04. , 04.Aleksandr 40–43. , ,288. 99–142. , Downloaded By: [Blauvelt, Timothy] At: 09:11 29 May 2007 nhbde .V. Z. Anchabadze, Mgeladze, 125. 2.Mrshlv rt hth a fee h oiino is ertr fteGeorgian the of Secretary First of position the offered was he that wrote Mirtskhulava 124. nhbde .V,R .Bta n .A zdaia eds. Dzidzariya, A. G. and Butba, M. R. V., Z. Anchabadze, nhbde . n .Dzindzariya. G. and Z., Anchabadze, In vlasti.” sovetskoi gody za ASSR Abkhazskoi promyshlennosti “Razvitiye A. A. Abshilava, repeat- Mgeladze memoirs his in posterity, of sake the for exaggerated possibly Although 127. Knight, 126. nazyvae- tak o dela vedenii nepravil’nom o KPSS TsK prezidiym v Berii L.P. “Zapiska 123. Suny, 122. Mgeladze, 121. Aslanishvili, 120. 183–84. Ibid., 119. 1.Mgeladze, 118. 117. nei ado KpltcekmsbtimvGruzii.” v sobytiiam politicheskim “K Sandro. Angeli, gsb,Mikhail. Bgashba, (Aleko). Alven Aslanishvili, izarc,Sheila. Fitzpatrick, naroda.” Abkhazskogo “Tragediya S. In Danilov, Change.” Generational and Processes “Political V. Robert Daniels, Kandid. Charkviani, Aleksei. Argun, bhzky SRvbaso e’esvtkk narodov sovetskikh sem’ye bratskoi v ASSR Abkhazskaya 1972. (1917–1937) 20. SSSR Union Soviet the gorod at yMlno n huhhv u ea rtrfsdt cet u ei then Beria But accept. 6. to 1997, refused March first metkhua,” at else ar or he uari “accept but to Khrushchev, him and told Malenkov by Party eoe tlns oteedo i ie neve ihNtl gldei Tbilisi, his keep in 2004. to Mgeladze Mgeladze April enabling Tbilisi, pressure Natela so, in do under with to Interview was declined membership. Interview he but Party Party, that life. remained the says from his have Secretary, Mgeladze First to exclude of to Georgian appears end as and Mirtskhulava, the Georgia, 2004. to of March district Stalinist Kareli devoted the a in farm collective Bibnisi 2004. February Charkviani, Gela with Interview Moscow. in then oteie ftesprto fAkai rmGeorgia. from opposition Abkhazia his of and separation figures the cultural of and idea culture the Georgian to for support his emphasizes edly Sigachev, and Naumov in 1953, April Beria 8 Lavrentii gruppe,” natsionalisticheskoi mingrel’skoi moi ( “removed” being ( “relieved” officially Beria o 15) 2–12. (1951): 1 no. , ocw OSE,2001. ROSSPEN, Moscow: . 156–57. , h aigo h erinNation Georgian the of Making The Beria uhm:Aahr,1983. Alashara, Sukhumi: . tlnadLakoba and Stalin tlnkkmy g znal ego ya kakim Stalin tlnkkmy g znal ego ya kakim Stalin tlnkkmy g znal ego ya kakim Stalin erlasakme megrelta etrLakoba Nestor dtdb rheBon loigo:IdaaUiest rs,1989. Press, University Indiana Bloomington: Brown. Archie by edited , 187. , osdeniSaiim osa’aaitry oeso osiv3- gody: 30-e v Rossii Sovetskoi istoriya Sotsial’naya Stalinism. Povsednevnyi cekencekiitriakasoonaroda abkhazskogo istorii etnicheskoi Ocherk 29–37. , atdl anaazrevi da gantsdili Asaval-dasavali snyat osvobozhdyon erlasakme megrelta .Ltrh a bet otnehscre nUbksa,and Uzbekistan, in career his continue to able was he Later ). ... bls:sbht aateo 1965. sakartvelo, sabchota Tbilisi: . . uhm lsaa 2002. Alashara, Sukhum: . ”i Bra ktrdgmpthl,tea mdiunobaze tsekas gamaprtkhila, mkatsrad “Beriam in ,” rzb:ivcny,nerushimaya izvechnaya, Druzhba: REFERENCES Tiiiwel esae) o.14 o 0 4–19 10, no. 134, vol. newspaper), weekly (Tbilisi rmhsps,wihwsamc etrft than fate better much a was which post, his from ) 159. , 159. , bls:mrn,2004. merani, Tbilisi: . 4–1 gldeeddu scara fthe of chairman as up ended Mgeladze 248–61. , ARNG N OE NTESAI ERA STALIN THE IN POWER AND PATRONAGE bls:gmmsmoa“ste”2005. “tsotne,” gamomtsemloba Tbilisi: . eti nttt oiuhny soi kul’tury i istorii izucheniyu po Instituta Vestnik 8.A i o onsot hrvaiwas Charkviani out, points son his As 288. , beienikavkaz Ob’edinennyi uhm:Aahr,1972). Alashara, Sukhumi: . uhm:Aahr,1976. Alashara, Sukhumi: . soiaAkaso ASSR Abkhazskoi Istoriia oiia edrhpin Leadership Political uhm:Alashara, Sukhumi: . o My1953): (May 5 no. , 231 Downloaded By: [Blauvelt, Timothy] At: 09:11 29 May 2007 adr nrwG. Andrew Walder, Grigor. Ronald Suny, Vitalii. Shariya, In Mobilization.” Ethnic and Federalism “Soviet G. Philip Roeder, ilro,J .J.“letls nteSve no:A nta Examination.” Initial An Union: Soviet the in “Clientelism Jr. P. J. Willerton, oeahii ao.“e aei’Abkhaziyu?” zaselit’ “Kem Yakob. Gogebashvili, BLAUVELT T. 232 ——. ——, E. B. Sagariya, Kenneth. Jowitt, ldr arl.“rssadRsos nSve ainlt oiy h aeo Abkhazia.” of Case The Policy: Nationality Soviet in Response and “Crisis Darrell. Slider, Neproshin. Yu. A. and M, T. Shamba, eds. Darasymiw, Bohdan and In H, T. Rigby, 1917–1986.” Executive, Political Soviet “The H. T. Rigby, In 1917–1989.” “History: ——. ——, al. et Vakhtang Kolbaya, aoa Stanislav. Lakoba, aoa tnsa,adY.Acaaz,eds. Anchabadze, Yu. and Stanislav, Lakoba, rtkr .M. L. Pritsker, eds. Sigachev, Yu. and V, Naumov, Leonid. Mlechin, Akaki. Mgeladze, In ty—Lakoba.” a “Ya—Koba, ——. ——, B. V. Kuraskua, Amy. Knight, ulr ail Dmgah. In “Demography.” Daniel. Muller, Sebag. Simon Montefiore, A. N. Lakoba, nvriyPes 1994. Press, University oprtv Communism Comparative 1986. Press, California of University Berkeley: lsaa 1970. Alashara, 1877). (September–November 248–49 eta sa Survey Asian Central eniteta Context in Disintegration The Yugoslavia and USSR the in 1983. Unwin, & Yugoslavia Allen and George USSR London: the Darasymiw. in Relations Patron–Client 1992. Press, California s PSiduiedokumenty drugiye i KPSS TsK 1998. Press, Curzon 2001. memoir, published privately Tbilisi: Mgeladze. Tsentr Issledovatel’skii Moskovskii and 2003. Entsiklopediya” Abkhazovedeniya, “Abkhazskaya Tsentr Nauchnyi poligrafkombinata Abkhazii 1998. Press, Curzon Surrey: snrplga,2002. Tsentropoligraf, 2003. University, uhm:“bhzasrn uh”Itre ru,2003. group, Internet dushi” “Abkhazia—strana Sukhumi: . ai sadre l aiRpbi:IOSHKAR-OLA— Republic: Mari al. et Iskander Fasil , oeso totlsv bhzi 1929–1937 Abkhazii, v stroitel’stvo Sovetskoe ei:Sai’ is Lieutenant First Stalin’s Beria: ttiirechi i Stat’i soiakrro bhzkiSSR Abkhazskoi kurortov Istoriya asoa’ogsdrtenesrie’tovAkai,1921–1931 Abkhazii, v stroitel’stvo Natsional’no-gosudarstvennoe bhzky tragediya Abkhazskaya bhzky asoa’aaskl (1921–1958) shkola natsional’naya Abkhazskaya h e ol iodr h eiitExtinction Leninist The Disorder: World New The G:pesdtl rao eoansi askehny sud’by rassekrechennye besopasnosti: organov predsedateli KGB: tlnkkmy g nl tais eang proshlogo nedavnogo stranitsy znal: ego ya kakim Stalin cek oiihso soi Abkhazii istorii politicheskoi Ocherki omns e-rdtoaim okadAtoiyi hns Industry Chinese in Authority and Work Neo-Traditionalism: Communist 01 54. 2001, , h aigo h erinNation Georgian the of Making The ,n.4(95:51–68. (1985): 4 no. 4, aiitAbkhazii Labirint tln nteCuto h e Tsar Red the of Court the In Stalin: uhm:Aahr,1987. Alashara, Sukhumi: . 2(Summer 12 odn ereAln&Uwn 1983. Unwin, & Allen George London: . dtdb ahlDne.Budr O etiwPes 1992. Press, Westview CO: Boulder, Denber. Rachel by edited , ocw ehuaonifn Dmkaia”1999. “Demokratiya,” fond Mezhdunarodnyi Moscow: . h bhzas Handbook A Abkhazians: The arni ei.15:Seormaiu’kg plenuma iyul’skogo Stenogramma 1953: Beria. Lavrentii h bhzas Handbook A Abkhazians: The bhza rvveonv ouasvnot suver- i gosudarstvennosti osnovy Pravovye Abkhazia: uhm 1994. Sukhum: . / uun17) 159–83. 1979): Autumn edrhpSlcinadPto–letRelations Patron–Client and Selection Leadership bls:Primn fGoga 2000. Georgia, of Parliament Tbilisi: . rneo,N:PictnUiest rs,1993. Press, University Princeton NJ: Princeton, . o eds oah cek sovremennoi o ocherki gorakh: v serdtse Moe bhzkiaki:X vek XX arkhiv: Abkhazskii bls:Mtneea 1987. Metsniereba, Tbilisi: . iisi vestnik Tiflisskii uhm:Aahr,1990. Alashara, Sukhumi: . dtdb .H ib n Bohdan and Rigby H. T. by edited , uhm:Aahr,1986. Alashara, Sukhumi: . n d loigo:Indiana Bloomington: ed. 2nd . e ok np,2004. Knopf, York: New . h oitNtoaiyReader: Nationality Soviet The dtdb .Hwt.Surrey: Hewitt. G. by edited , uhm bhza State Abkhazian Sukhum: . edrhpSlcinand Selection Leadership dtdb ereHewitt. George by edited , o.29 1,243–46, 210, 209, nos. , ekly nvriyof University Berkeley: . zae’toMariiskogo Izdatel’stvo n d Moscow: ed. 2nd . dtdb Natela by edited , Sukhumi: . Moscow: . tde in Studies .