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The Gulf Cooperation Council's Foreign Policy Towards the Middle East Peace Process (1991-2005) with Special Reference to Qatar's Foreign Policy

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The Gulf Cooperation Council's Foreign Policy Towards the Middle East Peace Process (1991-2005) with Special Reference to Qatar's Foreign Policy The Gulf Cooperation Council's Foreign Policy towards the Middle East Peace Process (1991-2005) with Special Reference to Qatar's Foreign Policy A thesis submitted to the University of Gloucestershire in accordance with the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Relations Submitted by Ahmed Nasser Al Thani July 2017 Abstract This study examines the foreign policy of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and its member states, in particular Qatar, towards the peace process in the Middle East between1991 and 2005. The study aims to identify, and critically engage with, a set of internal and external determinants, which influenced the foreign policy orientations of the GCC states towards the Middle East peace process after the Madrid conference in 1991 and until 2005. This time frame was selected because significant changes took place in the patterns of alliances among leading Arab states after 2005. Moreover, the study focuses on the extent to which Qatar’s foreign policy has been consistent, or inconsistent, with the rest of GCC foreign policy, and the reasons for both consistencies and inconsistencies. The study posits three main questions. First, what are the main determinants, internal and external, facing the GCC states while formulating their foreign policies towards the Middle East peace process, particularly between 1991 and 2005? Second, what was the overall foreign policy agreed between the GCC states towards the Middle East peace process during the same period? Finally, to what extent was Qatari foreign policy convergent with, or divergent from, the foreign policy of the Gulf Cooperation Council with regard to the peace process?. To explore these questions, the study adopts a qualitative research methodology and archival document analysis strategy. A wide range of documents was used throughout the study, including UN documents, media data, official statements made by GCC ministers of foreign affairs, closing statements of GCC summits, speeches by the Emir of Qatar, and statements by Qatari diplomats and officials. The data analyses revealed, first, that the foreign policies of the GCC states and Qatar have converged when it ultimately came to supporting Palestinian rights and the US efforts on the peace process, and, second, that the foreign policies of Qatar and the GCC states have diverged on two significant issues: first Qatar’s desire to normalize economic and diplomatic ties with Israel, and, second, US and Qatari initiatives to push political reform agenda (democratization came first, among other objectives) in the region as a possible policy to resolve the Middle East conflict. ii Acknowledgment I would like to express my deepest gratitude to many people who helped, facilitated, and encouraged me at different stages of this research. Dr. Mohamed S.E.Saleim, Dr. Ahmed Yousef, and Dr. Nevine Mossaad, professors of political sciences at University of Cairo University, taught me the main principles, theories, and approaches of international relations. I would like to extend my gratitude to my professors, friends, colleagues, and the employees, of all the universities at which I received my education– Cairo University, the Institute of Arab Research and Studies, the University of Exeter, the University of London, and the University of Gloucestershire who always enriched my soul and thoughts, and provided me with assistance when it was needed. I would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge the sincere cooperation and every possible help that I received from the administration and the employees of Qatar House of Books (Dar Alkotb AlQatariyya), in the capital city of Doha. Without their kind and generous help and patience during the fieldwork stage of this research, it would not have been possible to complete this study. I would also like to acknowledge the translators– my cousin Maha Abouelela, and Sameh Al Nokaly who worked with me patiently for long hours, translating the primary data used in this research from the Arabic sources to English, which was the backbone of this work. My deepest feeling of gratitude is for Salem's family, for their support during my stay in London, without which this work could not have been completed. I would like to express my deep feeling of gratitude and thanks to my friends Rasha Al Naggar, Dr Khaled Adham, and Dr Yasser Sharaf, who read large parts of this thesis and gave me valuable advice during the writing-up stage. Last but not least, I am grateful to Dr Abdullah Sahin, my main supervisor, who kept his critical eye on my work throughout this study by offering a direct but always elegant style of criticism and suggestions. He never refrained from giving me the right advice and guidance whenever I needed it. His insistence on academic rigors made it possible for this research to see the light of day. Thank you very much. The long and arduous research journey is about to reach its final destination, and yet there are still many things to learn. iii Declaration I declare that the work in this thesis is carried out in accordance with the regulation of the University of Gloucestershire and is original except where indicated by specific reference in the text. No part of this thesis has been submitted as part of any other academic award. The thesis has not been presented to any other education institution in the United Kingdom or overseas. Any views expressed in the thesis are those of the author and in no way represent those of the University. Signed: Date: July 2017 iv Table of Contents Abstract I Acknowledgment II Declaration III Chapter One: Introduction 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Research context: The origins and evolution of the Arab- 2 Israeli conflict 1.3 The research problem, questions, and objectives 5 1.3.a Research questions 6 1.3.b Research objectives 6 1.4. The research focus and limitations of the study 6 1.5 Significance of the study 7 1.6 Organization of the study 8 Chapter Two: Literature Review 11 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Exploring the analytical concepts informing the related literature on 12 foreign policy studies 2.3 The literature exploring the Arab-Israeli conflict 15 v 2.4 Literature discussing the role of the GCC and Qatar in the peace 18 process 2.5 Studies examining regional democratization and peace in the Middle 24 East 2.6 Conclusion 27 Chapter Three: Methodology and Research Design of the Study 3.1 Introduction 29 3.2 On foreign policy definitions 29 3.3 Methodological concepts and orientations in political science 31 3.4Qualitative methodology 34 3.4.1Construction of the research design in the study 36 3.4.2 Engaging with the research questions 38 3.4.3Data sources and data collection/analysis procedures 41 3.4.4 Document analysis 41 3.4.5 Introducing the primary sources 42 3.4.5.a UN documents 43 3.4.5.b The Emir of Qatar addresses 43 3.4.5.c The Qatari press 45 3.4.5.d The statements of the GCC summits and GCC ministerial meetings 46 3.5 Data analysis procedures: identification of the main themes 46 vi 3.5.a Document summary form 47 3.5.b Engaging with the data: Discerning patterns of meaning from the 48 data 3.6 Research ethics 49 3.7 Conclusion 49 Chapter Four: The Internal Foreign Policy Determinants of the Gulf Cooperation Council towards the Arab-Israeli Conflict and the Peace Process (1991-2005) 4.1 Introduction 50 4.2 The concept of ‘determinant’ factors in foreign policy studies 50 4.3 The internal determinants influencing the political and security 51 cooperation of GCC countries 4.3.a Political cooperation among GCC countries 52 4.3.b Dilemma of Gulf defence and security arrangements in the region 56 4.3.b.i Sources of tension and instability in the Gulf 57 4.3.b.ii Security and defence cooperation among GCC countries 58 4.3.b.iii The three important different points of view concerning Gulf 58 security 4.4 The most significant GCC resolutions regarding security and military 61 matters between 1991and2005 4.4.a Joint Defence Agreement 62 vii 4.4.b Problems of political and military cooperation 65 4.5.a The dichotomy of the US and Iran, and the conflict of interests 68 4.5.b Conflicting Iranian attitudes towards American interests 69 4.5.c Public opinion and the Palestinian question in the GCC countries 70 4.5.d Methods and aspects of popular Gulf interaction with the Intifada 76 4.5.e Formation of anti-Israeli popular movements 77 4.6 The Palestinian leadership and the GCC policy towards the Palestinian 79 cause after the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait 4.6.a Various Palestinian attitudes 80 4.7 Conclusion 84 Chapter Five: The External Determinants of the Foreign Policy of the Gulf Cooperation Council between 1991 and 2005 5.1. Introduction 86 5-2.a The Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in August 1990 87 5.2.b The consequences of the Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait for the Arab-Israeli 90 conflict 5.3.a Plans towards democracy in the Middle East 94 5.3.b New Middle East peace plan 1991 94 5.3.c Broad Middle East initiative: March 2004 96 5.4.a Gulf-American relations 98 viii 5.4.b The second Gulf War and its impact on Gulf-American relations 98 5.4.c The American military existence in the Gulf region 99 5.4.d The security and defence agreements between GCC countries and the 100 United States 5.4.e Post-Gulf War American-GCC relations 102 5.4.f The events of 11 September and their impact on Gulf-American 104 relations 5.4.g The Arab-Israeli conflict, the Palestinian issue, and the 11 September 108 attacks 5.5.a Gulf-Israeli relations 110 5.5.b The nature of the Israeli approach towards GCC countries: An 111 overview 5.5.c The Israeli methods to approach the GCC countries 112 5.5.d The reactions of GCC countries towards the Israeli policy(1991- 115 2005) 5.5.e The role of international factors in Gulf-Israeli relations 120 5.6 Conclusion 123 Chapter Six: The Gulf Cooperation Council and the Peace Process Projects: From Madrid to Camp David II (1991-2002) 6.1 Introduction 127 6.2 The Madrid Conference 125 ix 6.3 Oslo Peace Accord (The Palestinian-Israeli Peace Accord) 128 6.4 The Palestinian-Israeli agreement on self-rule (First known as the 131 Gaza-Jericho Agreement).
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