"Terminology and Definitions for Agricultural Tillage Implements"
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Conservation Tillage and Organic Farming Reduce Soil Erosion
Conservation tillage and organic farming reduce soil erosion Steffen Seitz, Philipp Goebes, Viviana Loaiza Puerta, Engil Isadora Pujol Pereira, Raphaël Wittwer, Johan Six, Marcel G. A. van der Heijden, Thomas Scholten To cite this version: Steffen Seitz, Philipp Goebes, Viviana Loaiza Puerta, Engil Isadora Pujol Pereira, Raphaël Wittwer, et al.. Conservation tillage and organic farming reduce soil erosion. Agronomy for Sustainable De- velopment, Springer Verlag/EDP Sciences/INRA, 2019, 39 (1), pp.4. 10.1007/s13593-018-0545-z. hal-02422719 HAL Id: hal-02422719 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02422719 Submitted on 23 Dec 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Agronomy for Sustainable Development (2019) 39: 4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-018-0545-z RESEARCH ARTICLE Conservation tillage and organic farming reduce soil erosion Steffen Seitz1 & Philipp Goebes1 & Viviana Loaiza Puerta2 & Engil Isadora Pujol Pereira3 & Raphaël Wittwer4 & Johan Six2 & Marcel G. A. van der Heijden4,5 & Thomas Scholten1 Accepted: 12 November 2018 /Published online: 18 December 2018 # INRA and Springer-Verlag France SAS, part of Springer Nature 2018 Abstract The impact of different arable farming practices on soil erosion is only partly resolved, and the effect of conservation tillage practices in organic agriculture on sediment loss has rarely been tested in the field. -
Choosing a Soil Amendment Fact Sheet No
Choosing a Soil Amendment Fact Sheet No. 7.235 Gardening Series|Basics by J.G. Davis and D. Whiting* A soil amendment is any material added not be used as a soil amendment. Don’t add Quick Facts to a soil to improve its physical properties, sand to clay soil — this creates a soil structure such as water retention, permeability, water similar to concrete. • On clayey soils, soil infiltration, drainage, aeration and structure. Organic amendments increase soil amendments improve the The goal is to provide a better environment organic matter content and offer many soil aggregation, increase for roots. benefits. Over time, organic matter improves porosity and permeability, and To do its work, an amendment must be soil aeration, water infiltration, and both improve aeration, drainage, thoroughly mixed into the soil. If it is merely water- and nutrient-holding capacity. Many and rooting depth. buried, its effectiveness is reduced, and it will organic amendments contain plant nutrients interfere with water and air movement and and act as organic fertilizers. Organic matter • On sandy soils, soil root growth. also is an important energy source for amendments increase the Amending a soil is not the same thing bacteria, fungi and earthworms that live in water and nutrient holding as mulching, although many mulches also the soil. capacity. are used as amendments. A mulch is left on the soil surface. Its purpose is to reduce Application Rates • A variety of products are available bagged or bulk for evaporation and runoff, inhibit weed growth, Ideally, the landscape and garden soils and create an attractive appearance. -
Farm Machinery Selection
Farm Machinery Ag Decision Maker Selection File A3-28 utting together an ideal machinery system long run; machinery that is too small may result in is not easy. Equipment that works best one lower crop yields or reduced quality. year may not work well the next because of P Ownership Costs changes in weather conditions or crop production practices. Improvements in design may make older Machinery ownership costs include charges for de- equipment obsolete. And the number of acres be- preciation, interest on investment, property taxes, ing farmed or the amount of labor available may insurance and machinery housing. These costs change. increase in direct proportion to machinery invest- ment and size. Because many of these variables are unpredictable, the goal of the good machinery manager should be Operating Costs to have a system that is flexible enough to adapt Operating costs include fuel, lubricants and repairs. to a broad range of weather and crop conditions Operating costs per acre change very little as ma- while minimizing long-run costs and production chinery size is increased or decreased. Using larger risks. To meet these goals several fundamental machinery consumes more fuel and lubricants per questions must be answered. hour, but this is essentially offset by the fact that more acres are covered per hour. Much the same is Machine Performance true of repair costs. Thus, operating costs are of mi- First, each piece of machinery must perform reli- nor importance when deciding what size machinery ably under a variety of field conditions or it is a is best suited to a certain farming operation. -
Rolling Harrow® Soil Conditioner
one pass soil conditioning as good as it gets ROLLING HARROW ® Soil Conditioners Models 1245, 1245D, 1645 and 1645D umequip.com SEEDBED TILLAGE one pass soil conditioning as good as it gets ROLLING HARROW ® Soil Conditioners Models 1245, 1245D, 1645 and 1645D umequip.com SEEDBED TILLAGE one pass soil conditioning Unverferth® as good as it gets ROLLING HARROW ® ROLLING HARROW® SOIL CONDITIONER Help ensure optimum performance from your high-value seed by preparing a seedbed that's as good as it gets. Hitch the Unverferth® Rolling Harrow® soil conditioner to your tillage tool, and the result is a ready-to-plant seedbed with coarse soil on top that resists crusting and finer particles at planting depth for greater seed-to-soil contact for quicker, more uniform germination and emergence. Choosing the correct Rolling Harrow soil conditioner to meet your needs depends on your operation and tillage practices. ALL MODELS FEATURE • Up to 22" of ground clearance during transport • Standard drop-leg jack for convenient hitching while contributing little additional weight to the lead and unhitching tillage tool for reduced stress and increased life • High-clearance, arched and oscillating roller frame • Telescopic tongue for easily matching the turning keeps both baskets or drums working the soil, even in radius of the lead implement the most extreme, rocky conditions • Only one set of tractor hydraulics required; dual • Basket arm pivot cover prevents rocks and debris hoses and/or selector valves are optional for from accumulating to ensure baskets follow models up to 45'; two sets of hydraulics on 47' and ground contours larger models • All hoses include end caps and are routed through mainframe for longer life IN THIS BROCHURE.. -
Short- and Full-Season Soybean in Stale Seedbeds Versus Rolled- Crimped Winter Rye Mulch
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln U.S. Department of Agriculture: Agricultural Publications from USDA-ARS / UNL Faculty Research Service, Lincoln, Nebraska 2013 Short- and full-season soybean in stale seedbeds versus rolled- crimped winter rye mulch Frank Forcella USDA-ARS, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdaarsfacpub Forcella, Frank, "Short- and full-season soybean in stale seedbeds versus rolled-crimped winter rye mulch" (2013). Publications from USDA-ARS / UNL Faculty. 1488. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdaarsfacpub/1488 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Department of Agriculture: Agricultural Research Service, Lincoln, Nebraska at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Publications from USDA-ARS / UNL Faculty by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems: 29(1); 92–99 doi:10.1017/S1742170512000373 Short- and full-season soybean in stale seedbeds versus rolled-crimped winter rye mulch Frank Forcella* North Central Soil Conservation Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 803 Iowa Avenue, Morris, MN, USA. *Corresponding author: [email protected] Accepted 6 November 2012; First published online 10 January 2013 Research Paper Abstract Stale seedbeds are used by organic growers to reduce weed populations prior to crop planting. Rye mulches, derived from mechanically killed (rolled and crimped) winter rye cover crops, can serve the same purpose for spring-planted organic crops. Both methods can also be employed by conventional growers who face looming problems with herbicide resistant weeds. -
Stale Seedbed Practices for Vegetable Production
HORTSCIENCE 36(4):703–705. 2001. tional tillage program. The intent was to deter- mine the best method for killing seedlings in stale seedbed systems and the usefulness of a Stale Seedbed Practices for Vegetable single weed removal pass vs. several passes Production with brief intervening fallow periods. Materials and Methods Brian Caldwell South Central New York Area Vegetable and Small Fruit Program, Cornell Studies were conducted at the NRCS Big Flats Plant Materials Center, at Big Flats, Cooperative Extension, Owego, NY 13827 N.Y., during the 1997 and 1998 growing Charles L. Mohler1 seasons. The soil type was a Unadilla silt loam (course-silty, mixed, mesic, typic Dystro- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, chrept), and the fields were nearly level. NY 14853 The fields had cover crops of winter-killed oats (Avena sativa L.) and were initially field Additional index words. weeds, cultivation, flaming, glyphosate, purslane, chickweed cultivated and harrowed in Apr. 1997 and May Abstract. Effects of several stale seedbed procedures on weed density and biomass were 1998. Treatments were replicated four times in evaluated on a silt loam soil in central New York. After an initial rotary tillage, weeds were a randomized complete-block design. Plots allowed to emerge and either single or multiple applications of glyphosate, propane flame, measured 3.6 × 3.6 m. spring tine weeder, springtooth harrow, or rotary tiller were used to kill the weeds over a Initial seedbeds were prepared with a tractor 4-week period. The last (or only) application occurred immediately prior to simulated mounted 1.5-m John Deere rotary tiller (Deere seeding of a crop performed by passing an empty seeder through the plots. -
Posters4research.Com”
Using the Best Land Preparation Leads to an Increase the Crop Productivity in Sudan Majdaldin Rahamtallah Abualgasim Mohammed¹, Hanadi Mohamed Shawgi Gamal² ¹ National Center for Research, Natural Resources and Desertification Inst., Sudan ² University of Khartoum, Fac. of Forestry; Forest Products and Industries, Sudan INTRODUCTION The following tillage implements were used: RESULTS Agriculture is considered as the mainstay of the 1. Disc plough (depth 20 cm) + leveling + ridging. The results recorded that the field efficiency of (chisel Sudanese economy and accounts for about 38.9% of 2. Chisel plough (depth 30cm) + leveling + ridging plough (90.5), disc plough (85.5), harrow plough (70.5), the GDP, provides about 80% of the country’s export, 3.disc harrow (depth 25 cm) + leveling + ridging Ridger plough (50.5) and the animal-drawn plough (15.5) and employs 62% of the labour force, with about 80% 4. Ridging only (depth 25 cm). respectively. the results showed that the fuel consumption of the population dependent on agriculture for 5. Animal drawn plough (depth 15cm). in litter/ ha recorded 6.50, 3.30, 2.60 and 2.10, livelihood and raw materials for the industries. respectively. Tillage is the practice of modifying the state of the soil DH+R 1 CH+R DP+R R An in order to provide condition favorable for plant Implement Draft EFC ha/hr TFC FE% Fuel m growth. Excessive tillage may increase the risk of (KN) ha/hr Consumptio water loss and soil erosion by wind and water. n L/ha Conventional tillage practices in the semi arid regions 1m often-burry excessive quantities of residues and reduce CH+R DH+R R An DP+R Chisel Plough 7.50 0.15 0.17 90.50 6.50 soil tendency for clodding and surface roughness. -
SB661 a Glossary of Agriculture, Environment, and Sustainable
This publication from the Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service has been archived. Current information is available from http://www.ksre.ksu.edu. A Glossary of Agriculture, Environment, and Sustainable Development Bulletin 661 Agricultural Experiment Station, Kansas State University Marc Johnson, Director This publication from the Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service has been archived. Current information is available from http://www.ksre.ksu.edu. A GLOSSARY OF AGRICULTURE, ENVIRONMENT, AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT1 R. Scott Frey2 ABSTRACT This glossary contains general definitions of over 500 terms related to agricultural production, the environment, and sustainable develop- ment. Terms were chosen to increase awareness of major issues for the nonspecialist and were drawn from various social and natural science disciplines, including ecology, biology, epidemiology, chemistry, sociol- ogy, economics, anthropology, philosophy, and public health. 1 Contribution 96-262-B from the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station. 2 Professor of Sociology, Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-4003. 1 This publication from the Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service has been archived. Current information is available from http://www.ksre.ksu.edu. PREFACE Agricultural production has increased dramatically in the United States and elsewhere in the past 50 years as agricultural practices have evolved. But this success has been costly: water pollution, soil depletion, and a host of human (and nonhuman) health and safety problems have emerged as impor- tant side effects associated with modern agricultural practices. Because of increased concern with these costs, an alternative view of agricultural production has arisen that has come to be known as sustain- able agriculture. -
Improving Garden Soils with Organic Matter, EC 1561
EC 1561 • May 2003 $2.50 Improving Garden Soils with Organic Matter N. Bell, D.M. Sullivan, L.J. Brewer, and J. Hart This publication will help you understand the • Tomatoes and peppers get blossom-end rot, importance of soil organic matter levels to good even if fertilized with calcium. plant performance. It also contains suggestions • Water tends to pool on the soil surface and to for suitable soil amendments. Any soil, no drain slowly, or it runs off the surface. matter how compacted, can be improved by the addition of organic matter. The result will be a nnnn better environment for almost any kind of plant. What makes a productive soil? nnnn A productive soil provides physical support, water, air, and nutrients to plants and soil- What gardening problems are dwelling organisms (see “What is soil?” caused by poor soil quality? page 2). Like humans, roots and soil organisms Many problems with home vegetable gar- breathe and require sufficient air and water to dens, fruit trees, shrubs, and flower gardens are live. As a result, a good soil is not “solid”; caused not by pests, diseases, or a lack of rather, between 40 and 60 percent of the soil nutrients, but by poor soil physical conditions. volume is pores. The pores may be filled with Symptoms of poor soil quality include the water or air, making both available to plants following. (see illustration on page 3). • The soil is dried and cracked in summer. The largest pores control aeration and move- • Digging holes in the soil is difficult, whether ment of water through the soil and are largely it is wet or dry. -
No-Till Guidelines for the Arid and Semi-Arid Prairies
No-Till Guidelines for the Arid and Semi-Arid Prairies Comparison of Systems Rotations: The place to begin Table 1 (Comparison of Agronomic & Economic Factors as affected by tillage system) Table 2 Part 1. (Crop Characteristics Important in Rotation Planning) ({physiological and morphological traits) Table 2. Part 2. (Labeled No-Till Herbicide Programs/Water Use) Table 2. Part 3. (Equipment Considerations) Equipment Weed Control Programs Disease and Insect Control Fertility Evaluation of the Crops Sorghum Soybeans Winter Wheat Spring Small Grains Flax Canola Safflower Sunflower Millet Peas, Lentils, Lupines, and Forage Legumes Alfalfa Rotations Again Conclusions Successful crop production, regardless of the methods used, is a careful piecing together of numerous components into a system. Simply replacing one piece with another is seldom successful. Often, a change in one place requires that other parts in the system also be changed. For example, we regularly read of farmers who replace gasoline engines in their pickups with diesels. We know that not only the engine has to be changed. The clutch, bell housing, linkages, gauges, etc. also need to be modified. Similarly, producers who want to switch to no-till techniques must design a no-till farming system that fits their situations. Most of the difficulties that have occurred in the past when producers attempted no-till can be traced to the fact that they tried to change only one component (tillage) of what was a working, conventionally tilled farming system. The following outline was prepared in late fall 1990 to define the primary components required to design a no-till farming system. -
Kelly Tillage System Offers a Wide Array of Ground Engaging Discs to Satisfy Your Year Round Tillage Spike Disc Chain Requirements
A Better Seedbed for a Better Bottom Line Kelly... ... Inspired by community Kelly Engineering is a family business with strong community values. We believe in servicing our customers well, caring for our staff and ensuring that our products contribute to sustainable agriculture. It is our aim to have satisfied customers promoting our products and contributing to our continued improvement. Our staff are critical members of the Kelly Engineering team and their dedication and pride is demonstrated in each and every product we sell. Sustainable Agriculture for us means improvements in soil structure and productivity. Build up of soil carbon, best use of soil moisture, integrated weed management and improved economic margins. We thank you for showing an interest in our products. If there is anything the team or I can do for you, please do not hesitate to contact us. Shane Kelly To view the full Kelly story go to http://www.kellyharrows.com/video-gallery/ Kelly Engineering is located on the family farm, 10km south of Booleroo Centre in the northern agricultural region of South Australia. Nestled in the foot hills of the rugged and picturesque Flinders Ranges, Booleroo Centre has a long history of agricultural innovation. The Kelly family connection with this area stretches back to 1875 when our forefathers settled on the farm where our factory now stands. One machine for year round tillage Kelly CL2 Disc Chain CL1 Disc Chain Kelly Diamond Harrow Kelly Tillage Chain System Whether it’s stubble management, weed control, moisture management or creating that perfect seedbed prior to planting, the unique diamond shaped Kelly Tillage System offers a wide array of ground engaging discs to satisfy your year round tillage Spike Disc Chain requirements. -
Tillage Implements Are Broadly Categorized Into Several Groups Depending on the Purpose for Which They Are Use: Primary Tillage Implements
Tillage implements are broadly categorized into several groups depending on the purpose for which they are use: Primary Tillage implements Implements used for opening and loosening of the soil are known as ploughs. Ploughs are used for primary tillage. Ploughs are of three types: wooden ploughs, iron or inversion ploughs and special purpose ploughs. Wooden plough or Indigenous plough Indigenous plough is an implement which is made of wood with an iron share point. It consists of body, shaft pole, share and handle. It is drawn with bullocks. It cuts a V shaped furrow and opens the soil but there is no inversion. Ploughing operation is also not perfect because some unploughed strip is always left between furrows. This is reduced by cross ploughing, but even then small squares remain unploughed. Soil Turning Ploughs Soil turning ploughs are made of iron and drawn by a pair of bullocks or two depending on the type of soil. These are also drawn by tractors. Mouldboard Plough The parts of mouldboard plough are frog or body, mouldboard or wing, share, landside, connecting, rod, bracket and handle. This type of plough leaves no unploughed land as the furrow slices are cut clean and inverted to one side resulting in better pulverisation. The animal drawn mouldboard plough is small, ploughs to a depth of 15 cm, while two mouldboard ploughs which are bigger in size are attached to the tractor and ploughed to a depth of 25 to 30 cm. Mouldboard ploughs are used where soil inversion is necessary. Victory plough is an animal drawn mouldboard plough with a short shaft.