Appendix from A. B. Phillimore Et Al., “Sympatric Speciation in Birds Is Rare: Insights from Range Data and Simulations” (Am

Appendix from A. B. Phillimore et al., “Sympatric Speciation in Birds Is Rare: Insights from Range Data and Simulations” (Am. Nat., vol. 171, no. 5, p. 000)

Table A1 Summary of the results obtained from speciation and range change simulations

Range Allopatric Proportion of Starting Rate of similarity Proportion of Proportion of Correlation with Correlation with mode of sympatric range Simulation range before and cases with cases with time since smaller range Bimodality speciation simulations sizea duration change after overlap p 0 overlap p 1 speciationb sizeb score

Vicariant 0 1,000 100 .5 .489 .605 .006 .038*** .140*** .015 Vicariant .1 1,000 100 .5 .491 .542 .037 .028*** .107*** .079 Vicariant .2 1,000 100 .5 .492 .478 .065 .026*** .068*** .123 Vicariant .3 1,000 100 .5 .490 .428 .092 Ϫ.017** .034*** .157 Vicariant .4 1,000 100 .5 .493 .365 .125 Ϫ.017* .005 .182 Vicariant .5 1,000 100 .5 .492 .312 .153 Ϫ.027*** Ϫ.019** .191 Vicariant .6 1,000 100 .5 .492 .255 .178 Ϫ.041*** Ϫ.028*** .181 Vicariant .7 1,000 100 .5 .491 .194 .206 Ϫ.053*** Ϫ.065*** .160 Vicariant .8 1,000 100 .5 .493 .137 .233 Ϫ.076*** Ϫ.098*** .128 Vicariant .9 1,000 100 .5 .493 .073 .269 Ϫ.096*** Ϫ.147*** .078 Vicariant 1 1,000 100 .5 .394 .012 .292 Ϫ.102*** Ϫ.182*** .014 Vicariant 0 1,000 200 .5 .396 .552 .015 .029*** .172*** .033 Vicariant .1 1,000 200 .5 .394 .510 .027 .016* .138*** .056 Vicariant .2 1,000 200 .5 .393 .444 .052 .000 .117*** .092 Vicariant .3 1,000 200 .5 .396 .404 .068 Ϫ.002 .083*** .110 Vicariant .4 1,000 200 .5 .394 .347 .083 Ϫ.010 .063*** .115 Vicariant .5 1,000 200 .5 .397 .299 .104 Ϫ.024*** .057*** .124 Vicariant .6 1,000 200 .5 .393 .246 .125 Ϫ.040*** .023** .123 Vicariant .7 1,000 200 .5 .396 .205 .137 Ϫ.060*** .006 .112 Vicariant .8 1,000 200 .5 .395 .151 .156 Ϫ.057*** Ϫ.011 .095 Vicariant .9 1,000 200 .5 .396 .099 .179 Ϫ.084*** Ϫ.040*** .071 Vicariant 1 1,000 200 .5 .591 .049 .190 Ϫ.105*** Ϫ.041*** .037 Vicariant 0 2,000 100 .5 .591 .614 .003 .055*** .097*** .008 Vicariant .1 2,000 100 .5 .589 .546 .045 .032*** .047*** .097 Vicariant .2 2,000 100 .5 .589 .487 .089 .018* .039*** .174 Vicariant .3 2,000 100 .5 .591 .426 .123 Ϫ.005 .010 .210 Vicariant .4 2,000 100 .5 .590 .365 .160 .007 Ϫ.006 .233 Vicariant .5 2,000 100 .5 .590 .301 .210 Ϫ.020** Ϫ.059*** .252 Vicariant .6 2,000 100 .5 .589 .243 .258 Ϫ.025*** Ϫ.091*** .251 Vicariant .7 2,000 100 .5 .591 .186 .282 Ϫ.037*** Ϫ.113*** .210 Vicariant .8 2,000 100 .5 .589 .121 .327 Ϫ.065*** Ϫ.177*** .158 Vicariant .9 2,000 100 .5 .588 .063 .358 Ϫ.063*** Ϫ.220*** .090 Vicariant 1 2,000 100 .5 .200 .004 .408 Ϫ.095*** Ϫ.269*** .006 Vicariant 0 100 100 .5 .198 .487 .028 .070*** .194*** .055 Vicariant .1 100 100 .5 .199 .452 .035 .056*** .194*** .064 Vicariant .2 100 100 .5 .198 .431 .045 .043*** .176*** .078

1 App. from A. B. Phillimore et al., “Sympatric Speciation in Birds Is Rare”

Table A1 (Continued)

Vicariant .3 100 100 .5 .199 .400 .048 .033*** .155*** .076 Vicariant .4 100 100 .5 .198 .367 .057 .020** .147*** .083 Vicariant .5 100 100 .5 .198 .348 .058 .016* .128*** .081 Vicariant .6 100 100 .5 .199 .316 .069 Ϫ.006 .120*** .088 Vicariant .7 100 100 .5 .199 .287 .075 .008 .128*** .087 Vicariant .8 100 100 .5 .200 .252 .076 Ϫ.018** .118*** .077 Vicariant .9 100 100 .5 .199 .227 .087 Ϫ.025*** .105*** .078 Vicariant 1 100 100 .5 .170 .195 .088 Ϫ.027*** .111*** .069 Vicariant 0 1,000 100 2 .169 .344 .049 .060*** .193*** .068 Vicariant .1 1,000 100 2 .170 .335 .057 .062*** .185*** .076 Vicariant .2 1,000 100 2 .170 .317 .062 .049*** .180*** .078 Vicariant .3 1,000 100 2 .172 .299 .065 .038*** .171*** .078 Vicariant .4 1,000 100 2 .170 .283 .063 .033*** .161*** .071 Vicariant .5 1,000 100 2 .169 .278 .069 .027*** .155*** .077 Vicariant .6 1,000 100 2 .171 .262 .072 .025*** .153*** .076 Vicariant .7 1,000 100 2 .171 .247 .079 .012 .138*** .078 Vicariant .8 1,000 100 2 .171 .243 .077 Ϫ.005 .155*** .074 Vicariant .9 1,000 100 2 .170 .222 .082 Ϫ.006 .139*** .073 Vicariant 1 1,000 100 2 .121 .200 .084 Ϫ.012 .137*** .067 Vicariant 0 1,000 200 2 .123 .264 .072 .060*** .206*** .076 Vicariant .1 1,000 200 2 .121 .257 .071 .043*** .185*** .073 Vicariant .2 1,000 200 2 .123 .257 .074 .059*** .182*** .076 Vicariant .3 1,000 200 2 .122 .251 .080 .042*** .187*** .080 Vicariant .4 1,000 200 2 .122 .249 .073 .043*** .186*** .072 Vicariant .5 1,000 200 2 .122 .240 .076 .041*** .182*** .073 Vicariant .6 1,000 200 2 .124 .233 .078 .031*** .193*** .072 Vicariant .7 1,000 200 2 .123 .226 .079 .023** .174*** .071 Vicariant .8 1,000 200 2 .124 .218 .081 .020** .178*** .071 Vicariant .9 1,000 200 2 .123 .219 .076 .013 .173*** .067 Vicariant 1 1,000 200 2 .212 .212 .082 .005 .162*** .070 Vicariant 0 1,000 1,000 .5 .215 .377 .043 .052*** .186*** .064 Vicariant .1 1,000 1,000 .5 .214 .357 .047 .058*** .182*** .067 Vicariant .2 1,000 1,000 .5 .213 .342 .056 .040*** .166*** .076 Vicariant .3 1,000 1,000 .5 .215 .321 .056 .037*** .159*** .072 Vicariant .4 1,000 1,000 .5 .213 .301 .061 .030*** .155*** .073 Vicariant .5 1,000 1,000 .5 .215 .280 .065 .012 .139*** .072 Vicariant .6 1,000 1,000 .5 .214 .258 .071 .004 .139*** .073 Vicariant .7 1,000 1,000 .5 .216 .239 .076 Ϫ.003 .135*** .072 Vicariant .8 1,000 1,000 .5 .214 .211 .080 Ϫ.022** .130*** .067 Vicariant .9 1,000 1,000 .5 .215 .202 .083 Ϫ.010 .127*** .067 Vicariant 1 1,000 1,000 .5 .407 .181 .094 Ϫ.033*** .097*** .068 Peripatric 0 1,000 100 .5 .418 .939 .004 .042*** .058*** .015 Peripatric .1 1,000 100 .5 .427 .847 .033 .010 .228*** .111 Peripatric .2 1,000 100 .5 .435 .756 .064 Ϫ.009 .286*** .195 Peripatric .3 1,000 100 .5 .443 .661 .092 Ϫ.003 .316*** .243 Peripatric .4 1,000 100 .5 .448 .567 .124 Ϫ.018* .312*** .282 Peripatric .5 1,000 100 .5 .458 .474 .152 Ϫ.028*** .294*** .288 Peripatric .6 1,000 100 .5 .467 .385 .181 Ϫ.035*** .236*** .279

2 App. from A. B. Phillimore et al., “Sympatric Speciation in Birds Is Rare”

Table A1 (Continued)

Peripatric .7 1,000 100 .5 .477 .288 .209 Ϫ.058*** .164*** .241 Peripatric .8 1,000 100 .5 .484 .198 .241 Ϫ.063*** .083*** .190 Peripatric .9 1,000 100 .5 .491 .107 .260 Ϫ.077*** Ϫ.036*** .111 Peripatric 1 1,000 100 .5 .335 .015 .300 Ϫ.107*** Ϫ.193*** .018 Peripatric 0 1,000 200 .5 .338 .908 .007 .044*** .093*** .024 Peripatric .1 1,000 200 .5 .344 .817 .025 .024** .174*** .081 Peripatric .2 1,000 200 .5 .351 .734 .044 .007 .200*** .128 Peripatric .3 1,000 200 .5 .356 .646 .061 Ϫ.004 .222*** .158 Peripatric .4 1,000 200 .5 .363 .559 .085 Ϫ.021** .209*** .191 Peripatric .5 1,000 200 .5 .369 .474 .100 Ϫ.029*** .203*** .190 Peripatric .6 1,000 200 .5 .377 .389 .121 Ϫ.059*** .172*** .188 Peripatric .7 1,000 200 .5 .383 .306 .137 Ϫ.049*** .147*** .167 Peripatric .8 1,000 200 .5 .388 .222 .160 Ϫ.062*** .084*** .142 Peripatric .9 1,000 200 .5 .395 .133 .175 Ϫ.091*** .019** .093 Peripatric 1 1,000 200 .5 .490 .051 .193 Ϫ.105*** Ϫ.060*** .039 Parapatric 0 1,000 100 .5 .493 .483 .015 .022** .090*** .029 Parapatric .1 1,000 100 .5 .492 .430 .041 .006 .082*** .071 Parapatric .2 1,000 100 .5 .492 .393 .073 .005 .045*** .115 Parapatric .3 1,000 100 .5 .493 .342 .098 .000 .022** .134 Parapatric .4 1,000 100 .5 .491 .302 .128 Ϫ.007 .000 .154 Parapatric .5 1,000 100 .5 .493 .256 .154 Ϫ.021** Ϫ.018** .157 Parapatric .6 1,000 100 .5 .493 .206 .178 Ϫ.037*** Ϫ.046*** .147 Parapatric .7 1,000 100 .5 .494 .153 .211 Ϫ.064*** Ϫ.080*** .129 Parapatric .8 1,000 100 .5 .492 .106 .243 Ϫ.069*** Ϫ.104*** .103 Parapatric .9 1,000 100 .5 .491 .061 .272 Ϫ.086*** Ϫ.157*** .066 Parapatric 1 1,000 100 .5 .395 .014 .303 Ϫ.109*** Ϫ.176*** .017 Parapatric 0 1,000 200 .5 .394 .469 .023 .026*** .160*** .043 Parapatric .1 1,000 200 .5 .395 .429 .040 .021** .117*** .068 Parapatric .2 1,000 200 .5 .393 .374 .057 .008 .090*** .085 Parapatric .3 1,000 200 .5 .394 .344 .073 Ϫ.001 .092*** .100 Parapatric .4 1,000 200 .5 .395 .298 .091 Ϫ.008 .052*** .109 Parapatric .5 1,000 200 .5 .394 .258 .105 Ϫ.033*** .040*** .108 Parapatric .6 1,000 200 .5 .398 .221 .123 Ϫ.037*** .013 .109 Parapatric .7 1,000 200 .5 .395 .178 .143 Ϫ.068*** Ϫ.013 .102 Parapatric .8 1,000 200 .5 .395 .135 .159 Ϫ.072*** Ϫ.013 .086 Parapatric .9 1,000 200 .5 .394 .091 .173 Ϫ.085*** Ϫ.036*** .063 Parapatric 1 1,000 200 .5 .047 .196 Ϫ.091*** Ϫ.065*** .037 Note: For full details of the conditions used for simulations and how indices were calculated, see “Methods.” a Summed size of the two species ranges at the time of speciation. b Kendall’s t correlations with proportion of range overlap. * Significance atP ! .05 . ** Significance atP ! .01 . *** Significance atP ! .001 .

3 App. from A. B. Phillimore et al., “Sympatric Speciation in Birds Is Rare”

Table A2 Summary of spatial, range overlap, and phylogenetic data

Information Island Holarctic Range 1e Range 2e Range Cyt b ND2 Species 1 Species 2 sourcea Hybridizeb endemicsc speciesd (km2) (km2) overlapf PDg PDg

Rhea americana Rhea pennata Taxonomy 6,540,342 1,095,590 .000 .062 Apteryx owenii Apteryx haastii Phylogeny 1, 2 195 8,772 .000 .02 Eudromia elegans Eudromia formosa Taxonomy 1,374,913 285,883 .034 Tinamotis pentlandii Tinamotis ingoufi Taxonomy 589,020 401,949 .000 Aptenodytes patagonicus Aptenodytes forsteri Phylogeny 25,017 86,687 .000 .067 Pygoscelis papua Pygoscelis antarctica Phylogeny 31,445 21,512 .417 .079 Rollandia rolland Rollandia microptera Taxonomy 4,838,180 81,827 .998 Poliocephalus poliocephalus Poliocephalus rufopectus Taxonomy 2 3,737,850 88,283 .000 Aechmophorus occidentalis Aechmophorus clarkii Taxonomy 1 1 4,866,510 2,116,840 .955 Diomedea melanophris Diomedea chrysostoma Phylogeny 1, 2 24,211 12,398 .915 .019 Diomedea albatrus Diomedea irrorata Phylogeny 1 9 547 .000 .044 Diomedea immutabilis Diomedea nigripes Phylogeny 1 1 3,507 437 .463 .018 Diomedea exulans Diomedea amsterdamensis Phylogeny 13,357 7 .000 .096 Phoebetria fusca Phoebetria palpebrata Taxonomy 1, 2 8,090 12,860 .975 .021 Fulmarus glacialis Fulmarus glacialoides Taxonomy 1 277,239 8,885 .000 .042 Bulweria bulwerii Bulweria fallax Taxonomy 1 10,539 46,678 .000 Calonectris diomedea Calonectris leucomelas Phylogeny 1 29,495 3,123 .000 .034 Puffinus pacificus Puffinus bulleri Phylogeny 2 434,516 1,941 .000 .035 Puffinus carneipes Puffinus creatopus Phylogeny 1 1 841 260 .000 .007 Oceanites oceanicus Oceanites gracilis Taxonomy 36,195 829 .000 Fregetta tropica Fregetta grallaria Taxonomy 1 2 29,442 202 .000 .074 Morus serrator Morus capensis Phylogeny 1 43,5735 505 .126 .017 Sula nebouxii Sula variegata Phylogeny 9,425 543 .058 .007 Nycticorax nycticorax Nycticorax caledonicus Taxonomy 1 1 49,516,300 5,198,030 .040 Mycteria cinerea Mycteria leucocephala Phylogeny 1 745,714 5,117,263 .386 .009 Anastomus oscitans Anastomus lamelligerus Taxonomy 1 4,530,650 16,685,900 .000 Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus Ephippiorhynchus Taxonomy 1 7,052,794 16,501,930 .000 .082 senegalensis Geronticus calvus Geronticus eremita Taxonomy 1 223,908 154,272 .000 .009 Eudocimus albus Eudocimus ruber Taxonomy 1 1 1,052,090 816,505 .278 Chauna chavaria Chauna torquata Taxonomy 143,533 3,503,687 .000 Aix sponsa Aix galericulata Taxonomy 1 6,238,800 1,795,479 .000 .095 Anas clypeata Anas rhynchotis Phylogeny 1 29,025,931 2,154,804 .000 .003 .002 Anas versicolor Anas puna Phylogeny 3,095,756 586,343 .000 .007 .008 Anas falcata Anas strepera Phylogeny 1 1 5,076,287 18,299,842 .531 .017 .016 Anas americana Anas sibilatrix Phylogeny 7,674,522 2,182,269 .000 .004 .007 Anas castanea Anas gracilis Phylogeny 1 1,685,617 5,538,552 .992 0 .001 Leptodon cayanensis Leptodon forbesi Taxonomy 12,049,400 230 .000 Henicopernis longicauda Henicopernis infuscatus Taxonomy 762,459 35,401 .000 Ictinia mississippiensis Ictinia plumbea Taxonomy 1 825,313 13,049,600 .000 Haliastur sphenurus Haliastur indus Taxonomy 1 6,169,990 7,482,430 .162 Haliaeetus vocifer Haliaeetus vociferoides Phylogeny 16,907,085 122,356 .000 .024 .018 Haliaeetus leucogaster Haliaeetus sanfordi Phylogeny 2 5,655,293 36,492 .001 .002 .001 Haliaeetus albicilla Haliaeetus leucocephalus Phylogeny 1 20,094,203 8,875,500 .000 .025 .022 Ichthyophaga humilis Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus Phylogeny 1 3,093,052 6,107,359 .931 .069 .064 Polyboroides typus Polyboroides radiatus Taxonomy 1 14,892,000 413,729 .000 Erythrotriorchis buergersi Erythrotriorchis radiatus Taxonomy 87,019 1,095,060 .000 Harpyhaliaetus coronatus Harpyhaliaetus solitarius Taxonomy 1 4,742,503 449,169 .019 .013 .016 Asturina nitida Asturina plagiata Taxonomy 1 9,680,000 995,000 .000

4 App. from A. B. Phillimore et al., “Sympatric Speciation in Birds Is Rare”

Table A2 (Continued)

Information Island Holarctic Range 1e Range 2e Range Cyt b ND2 Species 1 Species 2 sourcea Hybridizeb endemicsc speciesd (km2) (km2) overlapf PDg PDg

Milvago chimachima Milvago chimango Taxonomy 11,196,600 3,230,530 .233 Polihierax semitorquatus Polihierax insignis Taxonomy 2,684,320 1,380,640 .000 Aepypodius arfakianus Aepypodius bruijnii Taxonomy 225,783 3,143 .000 Pipile cumanensis Pipile pipile Phylogeny 1 3,849,772 4,757 .000 .003 .005 Chamaepetes unicolor Chamaepetes goudotii Taxonomy 22,012 280,305 .000 Crax alberti Crax daubentoni Phylogeny 121,530 364,710 .000 .047 .051 Crax blumenbachii Crax globulosa Phylogeny 219,381 2,145,030 .000 .036 .053 Crax alector Crax fasciolata Phylogeny 2,099,947 3,699,470 .000 .019 .02 Lagopus lagopus Lagopus mutus Phylogeny 1 1 24,308,500 14,532,400 .871 .056 .046 Tetrao urogallus Tetrao parvirostris Phylogeny 1 1 11,122,288 6,434,665 .422 .062 .047 Tetrao mlokosiewiczi Tetrao tetrix Phylogeny 1 13,554,773 14,698,160 .735 .036 .029 Tympanuchus cupido Tympanuchus phasianellus Phylogeny 1 1 488,427 6,080,582 .534 .004 .006 Cyrtonyx montezumae Cyrtonyx ocellatus Taxonomy 1 686,283 130,830 .000 Tetraophasis obscurus Tetraophasis szechenyii Taxonomy 1 271,545 595,821 .051 Alectoris philbyi Alectoris magna Phylogeny 1 100,746 208,796 .000 .038 Ammoperdix griseogularis Ammoperdix heyi Taxonomy 1 2,819,311 1,656,973 .000 Bambusicola fytchii Bambusicola thoracica Taxonomy 1 835,332 1,696,588 .000 Tragopan satyra Tragopan blythii Phylogeny 1 1 74,480 165,592 .115 .066 Tragopan temminckii Tragopan caboti Phylogeny 1 1,239,340 400,540 .017 .037 Lophura diardi Lophura ignita Phylogeny 1 618,556 1,386,138 .000 .043 Lophura leucomelanos Lophura nycthemera Phylogeny 1 1 1,219,632 1,513,571 .077 .025 Lophura edwardsi Lophura hatinhensis Phylogeny 17,723 9,081 .000 .001 Chrysolophus pictus Chrysolophus amherstiae Taxonomy 1 1 969,518 605,900 .242 .021 Polyplectron bicalcaratum Polyplectron chalcurum Phylogeny 1 1,449,001 254,049 .000 .014 Pavo muticus Pavo cristatus Taxonomy 1 2,373,777 3,177,832 .000 .029 Agelastes meleagrides Agelastes niger Taxonomy 348,417 620,179 .000 Guttera plumifera Guttera pucherani Taxonomy 787,554 3,750,418 .319 Mesitornis variegata Mesitornis unicolor Taxonomy 82,882 122,487 .000 Balearica pavonina Balearica regulorum Phylogeny 2,519,204 3,925,905 .000 .032 Grus virgo Grus paradisea Phylogeny 1 5,924,591 941,336 .000 .032 Grus antigone Grus rubicunda Phylogeny 1 2,436,830 3,114,398 .190 .032 Grus nigricollis Grus monacha Phylogeny 1 1,429,185 3,114,356 .000 .016 Canirallus oculeus Canirallus kioloides Taxonomy 877,774 260,107 .000 Nesoclopeus woodfordi Nesoclopeus poecilopterus Taxonomy 2 25,214 10,449 .000 Gymnocrex rosenbergii Gymnocrex plumbeiventris Taxonomy 171,704 267,052 .000 Amaurornis olivaceus Amaurornis phoenicurus Phylogeny 1 1 855,007 10,918,000 .315 Amaurornis akool Amaurornis ﬂavirostra Phylogeny 1 4,464,280 16,301,400 .000 Amaurornis bicolor Amaurornis olivieri Phylogeny 1 1,832,080 36,898 .000 Porzana fusca Porzana paykullii Phylogeny 1 9,319,190 1,588,240 .499 Aenigmatolimnas marginalis Porzana cineraea Phylogeny 5,157,560 3,141,340 .000 Neocrex colombianus Neocrex erythrops Taxonomy 1 43,892 1,427,197 .002 Ardeotis arabs Ardeotis kori Phylogeny 1 2,678,115 2,762,388 .006 .047 Ardeotis australis Ardeotis nigriceps Phylogeny 1 4,271,215 2,111,385 .000 .105 Neotis denhami Neotis ludwigii Phylogeny 8,375,042 342,449 .462 .048 Eupodotis afra Eupodotis afraoides Phylogeny 1 274,180 1,504,243 .000 .022 Eupodotis gindiana Eupodotis savilei Phylogeny 534,708 1,555,036 .000 .005 Actophilornis africanus Actophilornis albinucha Taxonomy 16,594,700 99,790 .000 Irediparra gallinacea Microparra capensis Phylogeny 1 1,724,965 3,116,084 .000 .102 Jacana jacana Jacana spinosa Phylogeny 1 1 13,881,681 1,044,361 .000 .02 Coenocorypha pusilla Coenocorypha aucklandica Taxonomy 1, 2 5 691 .000

5 App. from A. B. Phillimore et al., “Sympatric Speciation in Birds Is Rare”

Table A2 (Continued)

Information Island Holarctic Range 1e Range 2e Range Cyt b ND2 Species 1 Species 2 sourcea Hybridizeb endemicsc speciesd (km2) (km2) overlapf PDg PDg

Tringa macularia Tringa hypoleucos Phylogeny 1 13,627,400 25,667,300 .000 .101 .126 Tringa ﬂavipes Catoptrophorus Phylogeny 1 4,592,704 1,878,308 .092 .079 .092 semipalmatus Tringa nebularia Tringa melanoleuca Phylogeny 1 12,089,040 4,141,899 .000 .083 .07 Tringa glareola Tringa totanus Phylogeny 1 15,340,896 15,329,455 .312 .069 .054 Arenaria interpres Arenaria melanocephala Taxonomy 1 2,301,540 83,417 .356 Phalaropus lobatus Phalaropus fulicaria Taxonomy 1 9,765,520 4,489,510 .859 Attagis gayi Attagis malouinus Taxonomy 1,031,820 335,208 .256 Thinocorus orbignyianus Thinocorus rumicivorus Taxonomy 1,466,630 1,269,050 .428 Chionis alba Chionis minor Taxonomy 20,249 8,219 .000 Catharacta skua Stercorarius pomarinus Phylogeny 1 1 16,645 3,156,307 .051 .007 Stercorarius longicaudus Stercorarius parasiticus Phylogeny 1 6,244,073 6,284,347 .780 .084 Larus glaucoides Larus schistisagus Phylogeny 1 1,478,831 294,831 .000 .001 Larus glaucescens Larus hyperboreus Phylogeny 1 1 401,769 3,262,749 .043 .009 Larus cachinnans Larus argentatus Phylogeny 1 1 977,846 19,527,938 .414 .006 Larus belcheri Larus atlanticus Phylogeny 746 388 .000 .011 Larus ichthyaetus Larus hemprichii Phylogeny 1 1,434,553 227,350 .000 .036 Larus pipixcan Larus fuliginosus Phylogeny 2 1 1,433,194 7,275 .000 .011 Larus modestus Larus scoresbii Phylogeny 82,675 12,888 .000 .033 Larus minutus Rhodostethia rosea Phylogeny 1 8,195,576 408,626 .000 .059 Larus ridibundus Larus brunnicephalus Phylogeny 1 1 16,737,708 6,258,861 .034 .004 Larus cirrocephalus Larus hartlaubii Phylogeny 1 1 5,430,349 69,973 1.000 0 .003 Larus genei Larus philadelphia Phylogeny 1 1,619,799 4,369,737 .000 .037 .048 Larus novaehollandiae Larus scopulinus Phylogeny 2,594,078 41,848 .000 .005 Pagophila eburnea Xema sabini Phylogeny 1 397,124 1,560,466 .025 .045 Rissa tridactyla Rissa brevirostris Phylogeny 2 1 1,147,471 2,025 .000 .045 Sterna anaethetus Sterna lunata Phylogeny 2 1 2,105,795 569,295 .925 .04 .044 Sterna antillarum Sterna superciliaris Phylogeny 1 458,292 11,363,927 .000 .039 .049 Sterna albifrons Sterna nereis Phylogeny 1 1 9,805,160 359,916 .333 .032 .043 Sterna caspia Sterna nilotica Phylogeny 1 4,434,262 7,597,501 .595 .087 .067 Sterna bengalensis Sterna maxima Phylogeny 1 494,302 882,027 .000 .016 .012 Sterna forsteri Sterna trudeaui Phylogeny 1 1,679,554 450,770 .000 .041 .085 Sterna hirundinacea Sterna vittata Phylogeny 396,149 18,134 .011 .018 .01 Sterna dougalli Sterna striata Phylogeny 2 611,686 26,462 .000 .031 .05 Chlidonias niger Chlidonias leucopterus Phylogeny 1 1 12,516,039 5,026,839 .899 .033 .02 Gygis alba Gygis microrhyncha Taxonomy 1 48,245 1,074 .148 Uria aalge Uria lomvia Phylogeny 1 1 634,582 630,945 .613 .067 Brachyramphus brevirostris Brachyramphus marmoratus Phylogeny 1 1 311,704 2,272,853 .477 .068 Aethia cristatella Aethia pusilla Phylogeny 1 198,703 18,323 .664 .059 Fratercula arctica Fratercula corniculata Phylogeny 1 304,005 193,238 .000 .029 Syrrhaptes tibetanus Syrrhaptes paradoxus Taxonomy 1 1,419,290 6,389,020 .000 Streptopelia capicola Streptopelia vinacea Phylogeny 1 1 9,655,063 6,312,730 .075 .026 .029 Turacoena manadensis Turacoena modesta Taxonomy 185,901 31,585 .000 Chalcophaps indica Chalcophaps stephani Taxonomy 1 7,725,794 542,493 .525 .082 Henicophaps albifrons Henicophaps foersteri Taxonomy 672,536 36,310 .000 Petrophassa ruﬁpennis Petrophassa albipennis Taxonomy 1 34,480 214,829 .000 Zenaida macroura Zenaida graysoni Phylogeny 1 11,134,430 1 .000 .01 .007 Cacatua alba Cacatua moluccensis Phylogeny 1, 2 26,112 18,828 .000 .051 Neopsittacus musschenbroekii Neopsittacus pullicauda Taxonomy 71,572 159,353 .630

6 App. from A. B. Phillimore et al., “Sympatric Speciation in Birds Is Rare”

Table A2 (Continued)

Information Island Holarctic Range 1e Range 2e Range Cyt b ND2 Species 1 Species 2 sourcea Hybridizeb endemicsc speciesd (km2) (km2) overlapf PDg PDg

Nestor notabilis Nestor meridionalis Taxonomy 1, 2 66,577 88,443 .702 .042 Cyclopsitta gulielmitertii Cyclopsitta diophthalma Taxonomy 267,863 270,995 .395 Aprosmictus jonquillaceus Aprosmictus erythropterus Taxonomy 1 32,809 2,925,665 .000 Agapornis nigrigenis Agapornis lilianae Phylogeny 1 16,369 128,858 .771 .005 Coracopsis vasa Coracopsis nigra Taxonomy 417,846 416,023 .980 Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus Anodorhynchus leari Taxonomy 3,206,625 4,890 .000 .04 Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha Rhynchopsitta terrisi Taxonomy 1 1 81,591 35,755 .000 Enicognathus ferrugineus Enicognathus leptorhynchus Taxonomy 572,046 126,995 1.000 Nannopsittaca panychlora Nannopsittaca dachilleae Taxonomy 42,060 156,675 .000 Pionites melanocephala Pionites leucogaster Taxonomy 1 2,920,536 3,563,959 .000 Amazona vittata Amazona leucocephala Phylogeny 1, 2 916 112,174 .000 .022 Amazona amazonica Amazona guildingii Phylogeny 2 7,419,446 350 .000 .057 Amazona finschi Amazona viridigenalis Phylogeny 1 1 194,153 83,606 .000 .034 Crinifer piscator Crinifer zonurus Taxonomy 2,906,492 999,991 .002 .046 Oxylophus jacobinus Oxylophus levaillantii Taxonomy 1 16,312,369 9,141,014 .875 Clamator coromandus Clamator glandarius Taxonomy 1 4,925,868 13,639,311 .000 Carpococcyx radiceus Carpococcyx renauldi Taxonomy 857,533 747,298 .000 Hyetornis pluvialis Hyetornis rufigularis Taxonomy 1, 2 11,022 4,552 .000 Dromococcyx phasianellus Dromococcyx pavoninus Taxonomy 8,845,106 3,082,707 .775 Geococcyx californianus Geococcyx velox Taxonomy 1 2,930,104 517,109 .062 .095 Phodilus badius Phodilus prigoginei Taxonomy 1 5,704,554 9,585 .000 Aegotheles bennettii Aegotheles cristatus Phylogeny 152,209 5,216,011 .042 .06 Nyctibius maculosus Nyctibius leucopterus Phylogeny 5,974 441,137 .000 Lurocalis semitorquatus Lurocalis rufiventris Taxonomy 8,388,108 222,806 .117 Macrodipteryx vexillarius Macrodipteryx longipennis Taxonomy 3,406,520 3,561,670 .000 Uropsalis lyra Uropsalis segmentata Taxonomy 231,832 222,191 .357 Hydropsalis climacocerca Hydropsalis brasiliana Taxonomy 5,855,996 7,852,394 .248 Schoutedenapus myoptilus Schoutedenapus schoutedeni Taxonomy 291,349 64,089 .605 Mearnsia picina Mearnsia novaeguineae Taxonomy 1 132,023 430,286 .000 Telacanthura ussheri Telacanthura melanopygia Taxonomy 2,884,794 11,592 1.000 Rhaphidura leucopygialis Rhaphidura sabini Taxonomy 1,498,421 596,589 .000 Neafrapus cassini Neafrapus boehmi Taxonomy 994,969 1,138,655 .000 Panyptila sanctihieronymi Panyptila cayennensis Taxonomy 1 366,859 8,540,776 .078 Cypsiurus parvus Cypsiurus balasiensis Taxonomy 15,200,134 7,037,503 .000 .06 .089 Tachymarptis melba Tachymarptis aequatorialis Taxonomy 1 7,554,055 1,373,816 .251 Ramphodon naevius Ramphodon dohrnii Taxonomy 220,329 74,514 .236 Eutoxeres aquila Eutoxeres condamini Taxonomy 250,635 370,060 .111 .197 Glaucis hirsuta Glaucis aenea Taxonomy 7,820,115 128,123 .011 Doryfera ludovicae Doryfera johannae Taxonomy 387,987 459,631 .106 Topaza pella Topaza pyra Taxonomy 1,629,400 787,342 .015 Eulampis holosericeus Eulampis jugularis Taxonomy 1, 2 8,332 5,545 1.000 .018 Elvira chionura Elvira cupreiceps Taxonomy 9,598 5,224 .000 Cynanthus sordidus Cynanthus latirostris Taxonomy 1 1 96,199 781,537 .273 Chalybura buffonii Chalybura urochrysia Taxonomy 512,995 199,596 .359 Lampornis sybillae Lampornis viridipallens Phylogeny 45,192 90,294 .134 .05 Phlogophilus hemileucurus Phlogophilus harterti Taxonomy 25,433 37,922 .000 Sephanoides sephaniodes Sephanoides fernandensis Taxonomy 2 554,266 91 .973 .034 Haplophaedia aureliae Haplophaedia lugens Taxonomy 190,965 4,915 .000 Urosticte benjamini Urosticte ruficrissa Taxonomy 1 17,570 31,247 .000 Lesbia victoriae Lesbia nuna Taxonomy 1 170,830 232,249 .680 .065

7 App. from A. B. Phillimore et al., “Sympatric Speciation in Birds Is Rare”

Table A2 (Continued)

Information Island Holarctic Range 1e Range 2e Range Cyt b ND2 Species 1 Species 2 sourcea Hybridizeb endemicsc speciesd (km2) (km2) overlapf PDg PDg

Ramphomicron microrhynchum Ramphomicron dorsale Taxonomy 199,046 5,467 .555 Metallura theresiae Metallura eupogon Phylogeny 18,246 25,485 .000 .003 .004 Aglaiocercus kingi Aglaiocercus coelestis Taxonomy 1 342,827 29,539 .364 Heliothryx barroti Heliothryx aurita Taxonomy 491,319 6,893,516 .000 Doricha enicura Doricha eliza Taxonomy 78,679 9,497 .000 Calliphlox evelynae Calliphlox amethystina Taxonomy 1 13,855 7,988,121 .000 Philodice bryantae Philodice mitchellii Taxonomy 9,185 36,179 .000 Calothorax lucifer Calothorax pulcher Taxonomy 1 338,093 52,860 .000 Mellisuga minima Mellisuga helenae Taxonomy 1, 2 86,169 106,634 .000 Archilochus colubris Archilochus alexandri Taxonomy 1 1 4,936,990 2,371,677 .052 Calypte anna Calypte costae Taxonomy 1 1 492,757 563,588 .325 Atthis heloisa Atthis ellioti Taxonomy 1 247,491 94,985 .000 Urocolius macrourus Urocolius indicus Taxonomy 1 5,931,839 4,006,115 .001 Priotelus temnurus Priotelus roseigaster Taxonomy 1, 2 109,335 15,245 .000 .161 Trogon curucui Trogon violaceus Phylogeny 1 7,396,207 6,901,229 .524 .056 .025 Trogon massena Trogon melanurus Phylogeny 493,382 6,812,502 .114 .062 Trogon aurantiiventris Trogon collaris Phylogeny 1 26,841 5,365,529 .000 .05 Syma torotoro Syma megarhyncha Taxonomy 1 308,950 105,582 .081 Todus multicolor Todus angustirostris Phylogeny 1, 2 109,693 74,118 .000 .095 Todus todus Todus mexicanus Phylogeny 1, 2 11,022 8,774 .000 .121 Momotus mexicanus Momotus momota Taxonomy 1 322,909 9,751,475 .053 .062 Baryphthengus martii Baryphthengus ruﬁcapillus Taxonomy 2,809,483 1,565,811 .000 Electron carinatum Electron platyrhynchum Taxonomy 184,582 2,864,259 .317 Nyctyornis amictus Nyctyornis athertoni Taxonomy 1 1,491,989 3,840,736 .000 Atelornis crossleyi Atelornis pittoides Phylogeny 130,525 138,776 .945 .071 .107 Uratelornis chimaera Brachypteracias squamigera Phylogeny 12,721 73,446 .000 .09 .128 Upupa epops Upupa africana Taxonomy 1 1 40,663,510 7,512,406 .000 Anorrhinus tickelli Anorrhinus galeritus Taxonomy 1 1,000,678 1,381,919 .000 Bucorvus abyssinicus Bucorvus leadbeateri Taxonomy 2,869,454 4,179,078 .012 Galbalcyrhynchus leucotis Galbalcyrhynchus Taxonomy 478,041 821,115 .000 purusianus Capito quinticolor Capito dayi Phylogeny 52,468 1,182,894 .000 .152 Semnornis frantzii Semnornis ramphastinus Taxonomy 15,874 21,947 .000 .089 Pteroglossus erythropygius Pteroglossus sanguineus Phylogeny 1 56,046 68,644 .000 .007 Pteroglossus beauharnaesii Pteroglossus bitorquatus Phylogeny 1,823,381 2,069,872 .197 .059 Pteroglossus castanotis Pteroglossus pluricinctus Phylogeny 5,071,416 1,262,866 .533 .02 Pteroglossus inscriptus Pteroglossus viridis Phylogeny 1 4,855,832 1,558,687 .002 .035 Ramphastos ambiguus Ramphastos swainsonii Phylogeny 1 164,646 432,970 .000 .019 .011 Melignomon eisentrauti Melignomon zenkeri Taxonomy 28,742 764,907 .000 Jynx torquilla Jynx ruﬁcollis Taxonomy 1 1 14,853,482 1,833,394 .000 Veniliornis callonotus Veniliornis dignus Phylogeny 136,188 90,484 .003 .04 Veniliornis frontalis Veniliornis passerinus Phylogeny 1 102,728 11,103,197 .362 .008 Chrysocolaptes festivus Chrysocolaptes lucidus Taxonomy 1 2,652,413 3,235,503 .053 Gecinulus grantia Gecinulus viridis Taxonomy 1 1,888,086 1,715,913 .162 Blythipicus rubiginosus Blythipicus pyrrhotis Taxonomy 497,347 757 .000 Hemicircus concretus Hemicircus canente Taxonomy 1,109,208 1,336,409 .013 Philepitta castanea Philepitta schlegeli Taxonomy 139,507 552 .196 Neodrepanis coruscans Neodrepanis hypoxantha Taxonomy 1 130,984 5,814 .496 Geobates poecilopterus Geositta crassirostris Phylogeny 1,347,042 51,587 .000 .093 .107

8 App. from A. B. Phillimore et al., “Sympatric Speciation in Birds Is Rare”

Table A2 (Continued)

Information Island Holarctic Range 1e Range 2e Range Cyt b ND2 Species 1 Species 2 sourcea Hybridizeb endemicsc speciesd (km2) (km2) overlapf PDg PDg

Geositta rufipennis Geositta punensis Phylogeny 758,546 382,891 .390 .04 .101 Geositta isabellina Geositta saxicolina Phylogeny 49,294 44,750 .000 .084 .074 Geositta cunicularia Geositta tenuirostris Phylogeny 2,874,663 622,311 .569 .089 .098 Aphrastura spinicauda Aphrastura masafuerae Taxonomy 2 491,327 55 .000 Limnornis curvirostris Limnornis rectirostris Taxonomy 217,560 179,710 .792 .139 Certhiaxis mustelina Certhiaxis cinnamomea Taxonomy 693,880 8,364,900 .529 Xenerpestes singularis Xenerpestes minlosi Taxonomy 20,049 108,359 .000 Premnoplex brunnescens Premnoplex tatei Taxonomy 407,212 4,285 .000 Anabacerthia striaticollis Anabacerthia variegaticeps Taxonomy 1 337,007 215,439 .059 Pseudocolaptes boissonneautii Pseudocolaptes lawrencii Taxonomy 391,420 14,684 .262 Simoxenops ucayalae Simoxenops striatus Taxonomy 257,689 63,170 .054 Hylocryptus rectirostris Hylocryptus erythrocephalus Taxonomy 1,014,117 23,410 .000 Deconychura longicauda Deconychura stictolaema Taxonomy 5,123,970 2,839,244 .969 Hylexetastes stresemanni Hylexetastes perrotii Taxonomy 1 2,188,107 1,087,372 .001 Xiphorhynchus lachrymosus Xiphorhynchus flavigaster Phylogeny 1 271,663 767,326 .009 .04 .038 Xiphorhynchus pardalotus Xiphorhynchus ocellatus Phylogeny 1,710,548 2,806,684 .021 .04 .044 Xiphorhynchus triangularis Xiphorhynchus erythropygius Phylogeny 1 1 286,846 391,696 .027 .049 .051 Cymbilaimus lineatus Cymbilaimus sanctaemariae Taxonomy 6,643,438 494,497 .984 Mackenziaena severa Mackenziaena leachii Taxonomy 955,425 796,751 .722 Frederickena viridis Frederickena unduligera Taxonomy 1,266,934 1,735,730 .000 Clytoctantes alixii Clytoctantes atrogularis Taxonomy 74,996 200 .000 Hypocnemoides melanopogon Hypocnemoides maculicauda Taxonomy 3,491,726 3,323,951 .056 Phlegopsis nigromaculata Phlegopsis erythroptera Taxonomy 1 3,847,916 1,942,209 .659 .04 Pittasoma michleri Pittasoma rufopileatum Taxonomy 49,172 58,479 .039 .119 Myrmothera campanisona Myrmothera simplex Taxonomy 4,560,390 109,178 .391 .043 Pteroptochos tarnii Pteroptochos megapodius Taxonomy 326,664 111,835 .243 Scelorchilus albicollis Scelorchilus rubecula Taxonomy 104,251 271,524 .000 Merulaxis ater Merulaxis stresemanni Taxonomy 163,732 194 .000 Phoenicircus nigricollis Phoenicircus carnifex Taxonomy 1,721,010 1,387,126 .077 Laniocera rufescens Laniocera hypopyrra Taxonomy 394,161 6,640,200 .000 Tijuca atra Tijuca condita Taxonomy 31,553 3,956 .560 Carpornis cucullatus Carpornis melanocephalus Taxonomy 251,728 191,197 .339 Ampelion rubrocristata Ampelion rufaxilla Taxonomy 413,489 79,829 .870 Rupicola peruviana Rupicola rupicola Taxonomy 257,489 1,710,974 .000 .102 Manacus vitellinus Manacus manacus Phylogeny 118,994 7,306,410 .051 Manacus aurantiacus Manacus candei Phylogeny 29,625 283,505 .000 Tyranneutes stolzmanni Tyranneutes virescens Taxonomy 5,292,570 1,189,031 .043 Camptostoma imberbe Camptostoma obsoletum Taxonomy 1 1,448,502 14,428,569 .001 Suiriri suiriri Suiriri affinis Taxonomy 1 1,993,228 3,847,095 .023 Stigmatura napensis Stigmatura budytoides Taxonomy 619,607 1,325,510 .000 Uromyias agilis Uromyias agraphia Taxonomy 53,642 44,426 .000 Anairetes nigrocristatus Anairetes reguloides Phylogeny 48,668 103,729 .000 .01 .016 Anairetes parulus Anairetes fernandezianus Phylogeny 2 2,638,879 143 .000 .024 .024 Polystictus pectoralis Polystictus superciliaris Taxonomy 3,232,275 104,277 .008 Euscarthmus meloryphus Euscarthmus rufomarginatus Taxonomy 5,965,480 2,187,467 .965 Oncostoma cinereigulare Oncostoma olivaceum Taxonomy 582,265 226,354 .000 Corythopis delalandi Corythopis torquata Taxonomy 2,463,949 6,636,499 .000 .082 Hirundinea ferruginea Hirundinea bellicosa Taxonomy 1,413,340 4,876,822 .000

9 App. from A. B. Phillimore et al., “Sympatric Speciation in Birds Is Rare”

Table A2 (Continued)

Information Island Holarctic Range 1e Range 2e Range Cyt b ND2 Species 1 Species 2 sourcea Hybridizeb endemicsc speciesd (km2) (km2) overlapf PDg PDg

Lathrotriccus euleri Lathrotriccus griseipectus Taxonomy 10,220,529 81,403 .000 Aphanotriccus capitalis Aphanotriccus audax Taxonomy 35,471 121,656 .000 Xenotriccus callizonus Xenotriccus mexicanus Taxonomy 56,969 112,545 .000 Mitrephanes phaeocercus Mitrephanes olivaceus Taxonomy 1 598,288 91,730 .000 .06 .078 Empidonax oberholseri Empidonax affinis Phylogeny 1 2,680,770 480,379 .000 .007 .04 Empidonax atriceps Empidonax fulvifrons Phylogeny 1 3,661 510,718 .000 .029 .038 Empidonax alnorum Empidonax traillii Phylogeny 1 7,110,750 7,301,810 .182 .049 .052 Empidonax difficilis Empidonax occidentalis Phylogeny 1 866,247 2,350,463 .278 .009 .006 Silvicultrix jelskii Silvicultrix diadema Phylogeny 73,829 131,603 .028 Ochthoeca oenanthoides Ochthoeca leucophrys Phylogeny 624,236 781,737 .881 Lessonia oreas Lessonia rufa Taxonomy 832,159 1,320,545 .000 Alectrurus tricolor Alectrurus risora Taxonomy 1,900,301 841,330 .069 Casiornis rufa Casiornis fusca Taxonomy 1 2,802,837 2,106,626 .021 Atrichornis rufescens Atrichornis clamosus Taxonomy 66,373 29,045 .000 Menura alberti Menura novaehollandiae Taxonomy 42,186 322,491 .729 Xenicus longipes Xenicus gilviventris Taxonomy 1, 2 334 19,555 .000 Pinarocorys erythropygia Pinarocorys nigricans Taxonomy 1 6,079,229 3,946,076 .000 Alaemon alaudipes Alaemon hamertoni Taxonomy 1 9,613,958 123,108 .000 Eremalauda dunni Eremalauda starki Taxonomy 1 2,532,120 1,025,874 .000 Eremophila alpestris Eremophila bilopha Taxonomy 1 1 31,200,940 1,756,630 .029 .048 Pseudochelidon eurystomina Pseudochelidon sirintarae Phylogeny 47,045 893,100 .000 .095 Progne cryptoleuca Progne dominicensis Phylogeny 1, 2 109,235 102,602 .000 .012 0 Tachycineta leucorrhoa Tachycineta meyeni Phylogeny 1 5,024,218 914,613 .000 .037 .023 Tachycineta thalassina Tachycineta euchrysea Phylogeny 2 1 6,104,475 11,688 .000 .074 .105 Tachycineta albilinea Tachycineta albiventer Phylogeny 43,491 11,742,545 .000 .057 .033 Notiochelidon pileata Neochelidon tibialis Phylogeny 75,271 4,176,096 .000 .061 .08 Notiochelidon cyanoleuca Atticora melanoleuca Phylogeny 10,389,142 2,062,444 .083 Hirundo daurica Hirundo striolata Phylogeny 1 18,431,002 3,340,577 .082 .032 Stelgidopteryx serripennis Stelgidopteryx ruficollis Phylogeny 1 1 9,824,382 13,831,445 .000 .053 .071 Cheramoeca leucosternus Hirundo griseopyga Phylogeny 3,351,655 5,137,532 .000 .083 .098 Riparia riparia Riparia paludicola Phylogeny 1 44,106,599 11,576,646 .108 .088 .109 Phedina borbonica Phedina brazzae Taxonomy 606,861 346,291 .000 .146 .156 Hirundo semirufa Hirundo abyssinica Phylogeny 9,253,931 13,435,657 .955 .074 .131 Hirundo andecola Notiochelidon murina Phylogeny 486,532 425,934 .377 .048 .052 Hirundo lucida Hirundo aethiopica Phylogeny 1 2,474,742 5,118,933 .224 .023 .015 Hirundo neoxena Hirundo tahitica Phylogeny 4,303,396 3,521,470 .000 .058 .059 Hirundo leucosoma Hirundo dimidiata Phylogeny 856,757 4,182,212 .000 .078 .169 Hirundo preussi Hirundo rufigula Phylogeny 1,749,716 1,296,875 .000 .093 Hirundo fulva Hirundo rufocollaris Phylogeny 1 988,240 109,850 .000 .019 Hirundo fuligula Hirundo concolor Phylogeny 1 12,012,135 1,695,617 .009 Delichon dasypus Delichon nipalensis Phylogeny 1 7,355,607 747,653 .859 .041 .072 Motacilla clara Motacilla capensis Phylogeny 2,832,977 3,244,571 .292 .053 .065 Motacilla lugens Motacilla alba Phylogeny 1 1 8,130,160 31,077,700 .159 .002 .003 Anthus lineiventris Anthus crenatus Phylogeny 1,550,427 205,874 .000 Anthus richardi Anthus rufulus Phylogeny 1 1 13,249,618 8,743,646 .000 Anthus novaeseelandiae Anthus nyassae Phylogeny 6,383,348 3,111,370 .000 Anthus berthelotii Anthus campestris Phylogeny 1 1 8,284 13,147,528 .000 .034 Anthus hodgsoni Anthus trivialis Phylogeny 1 14,857,613 16,840,266 .355 Anthus petrosus Anthus spinoletta Phylogeny 1 1 335,444 9,964,834 .000 .012 Anthus spragueii Anthus lutescens Phylogeny 1 1,355,411 7,220,023 .000

10 App. from A. B. Phillimore et al., “Sympatric Speciation in Birds Is Rare”

Table A2 (Continued)

Information Island Holarctic Range 1e Range 2e Range Cyt b ND2 Species 1 Species 2 sourcea Hybridizeb endemicsc speciesd (km2) (km2) overlapf PDg PDg

Anthus hellmayri Anthus bogotensis Phylogeny 1,150,877 336,297 .094 Anthus correndera Anthus antarcticus Phylogeny 2 3,091,164 3,904 .000 Anthus brachyurus Anthus caffer Phylogeny 1,598,605 693,820 .270 Hemipus picatus Hemipus hirundinaceus Taxonomy 1 4,828,133 1,331,335 .694 Spizixos canifrons Spizixos semitorques Taxonomy 1 840,651 2,237,736 .179 Baeopogon indicator Baeopogon clamans Taxonomy 3,200,773 355,150 .960 Hemixos flavala Hemixos castanonotus Taxonomy 1 2,303,389 979,785 .000 Regulus regulus Regulus satrapa Phylogeny 1 11,684,880 6,273,672 .000 .096 Ptilogonys cinereus Ptilogonys caudatus Taxonomy 1 524,026 9,545 .000 Cinclus pallasii Cinclus cinclus Phylogeny 1 9,027,370 10,723,300 .275 Cinclus schulzi Cinclus leucocephalus Phylogeny 58,658 620,553 .000 Odontorchilus branickii Odontorchilus cinereus Taxonomy 131,818 1,047,805 .000 Cinnycerthia unirufa Cinnycerthia peruana Taxonomy 153,809 204,046 .332 Thryothorus sclateri Thryothorus felix Phylogeny 62,195 296,037 .000 .061 Thryothorus maculipectus Thryothorus rutilus Phylogeny 1 582,109 206,227 .000 .059 Thryothorus mystacalis Thryothorus euophrys Phylogeny 245,231 50,458 .000 .081 Thryothorus genibarbis Thryothorus coraya Phylogeny 5,958,620 3,793,680 .188 .088 Thryothorus sinaloa Thryothorus pleurostictus Phylogeny 1 304,632 185,458 .252 .08 Thryothorus thoracicus Thryothorus leucopogon Phylogeny 74,103 140,141 .000 .047 Thryothorus nigricapillus Thryothorus semibadius Phylogeny 300,570 12,872 .000 .068 Troglodytes aedon Thryomanes sissonii Phylogeny 1 25,123,600 135 .000 .047 Troglodytes ochraceus Troglodytes solstitialis Phylogeny 17,335 553,720 .000 Toxostoma bendirei Toxostoma cinereum Phylogeny 1 884,084 99,296 .000 .014 .012 Melanotis caerulescens Melanotis hypoleucus Taxonomy 1 483,575 92,799 .000 Cinclocerthia gutturalis Cinclocerthia ruficauda Taxonomy 1, 2 1,757 5,214 .000 Entomodestes leucotis Entomodestes coracinus Taxonomy 110,784 21,019 .000 .019 .028 Catharus dryas Catharus aurantiirostris Phylogeny 1 467,274 645,572 .206 .087 .126 Catharus fuscater Catharus mexicanus Phylogeny 1 260,887 125,449 .008 .085 .13 Catharus guttatus Catharus occidentalis Phylogeny 1 8,383,820 413,583 .000 .057 .069 Catharus fuscescens Catharus minimus Phylogeny 1 1 3,681,880 5,042,080 .044 .012 .026 Turdus albicollis Turdus assimilis Phylogeny 1 7,733,980 645,546 .000 Turdus chiguanco Turdus serranus Phylogeny 1,430,370 409,627 .248 Turdus ignobilis Turdus maranonicus Phylogeny 3,471,600 39,622 .000 Turdus hauxwelli Turdus fumigatus Phylogeny 1 2,612,410 4,070,880 .019 Turdus haplochrous Turdus nudigenis Phylogeny 191,947 1,520,510 .000 Turdus pelios Platycichla leucops Phylogeny 8,146,310 414,580 .000 .094 Turdus hortulorum Turdus cardis Phylogeny 1 1,472,820 700,745 .000 Turdus dissimilis Turdus unicolor Phylogeny 1 873,802 360,755 .000 Turdus feae Turdus pallidus Phylogeny 1 256,222 5,987,110 .000 Turdus naumanni Turdus ruficollis Phylogeny 1 7,031,670 5,954,880 .215 Turdus plumbeus Turdus aurantius Phylogeny 1, 2 84,697 11,022 .000 Turdus nigrescens Turdus infuscatus Phylogeny 1 2,073 170,763 .000 Turdus migratorius Turdus rufitorques Phylogeny 1 16,450,600 61,304 .000 Turdus jamaicensis Turdus swalesi Phylogeny 1, 2 11,022 7,445 .000 Turdus bewsheri Turdus libonyanus Phylogeny 1 1,671 4,231,120 .000 .053 Turdus mupinensis Turdus philomelos Phylogeny 1 1,305,250 13,392,500 .000 .132 Turdus albocinctus Turdus rubrocanus Phylogeny 1 687,656 2,194,370 .811 Bathmocercus cerviniventris Bathmocercus rufus Taxonomy 284,264 424,475 .000 Locustella fluviatilis Locustella luscinioides Phylogeny 1 5,425,698 6,069,505 .509 .089 .094 Locustella certhiola Locustella ochotensis Phylogeny 1 1 11,854,239 839,441 .832 .066

11 App. from A. B. Phillimore et al., “Sympatric Speciation in Birds Is Rare”

Table A2 (Continued)

Information Island Holarctic Range 1e Range 2e Range Cyt b ND2 Species 1 Species 2 sourcea Hybridizeb endemicsc speciesd (km2) (km2) overlapf PDg PDg

Acrocephalus newtoni Bebrornis sechellensis Phylogeny 2 590,836 2 .000 .045 Leptopoecile sophiae Leptopoecile elegans Taxonomy 1 1,500,351 3,518,755 .906 Cincloramphus cruralis Cincloramphus mathewsi Taxonomy 4,666,157 5,604,183 .886 Schoenicola platyura Schoenicola brevirostris Taxonomy 155,072 2,984,181 .000 Sylvia buryi Sylvia lugens Phylogeny 1 99,257 404,067 .000 .039 Sylvia atricapilla Sylvia borin Phylogeny 1 10,428,084 7,285,694 .754 .125 .163 Sylvia undata Sylvia deserticola Phylogeny 1 1,588,850 258,917 .003 .026 Sylvia mystacea Sylvia melanocephala Phylogeny 1 1,882,797 1,719,942 .017 .056 Microbates collaris Microbates cinereiventris Taxonomy 2,079,177 551,908 .006 Fraseria ocreata Fraseria cinerascens Taxonomy 3,160,245 3,059,861 .793 Myioparus griseigularis Myioparus plumbeus Taxonomy 1,734,546 7,893,397 .913 Ficedula westermanni Ficedula rufigula Phylogeny 2 1 3,422,680 169,360 .000 .003 .071 Ficedula bonthaina Ficedula buruensis Phylogeny 1, 2 14,638 27,245 .000 .026 Ficedula subrubra Ficedula albicilla Phylogeny 1 111,818 14,503,000 .000 .074 .07 Ficedula albicollis Ficedula hypoleuca Phylogeny 1 1 2,246,070 7,711,750 .650 .036 .066 Ficedula hodgsonii Ficedula sapphira Phylogeny 1 2,036,160 1,300,210 .769 .064 Ficedula nigrorufa Ficedula tricolor Phylogeny 1 72,368 2,431,020 .000 .146 Ficedula timorensis Ficedula harterti Phylogeny 1, 2 28,815 10,702 .000 .114 Ficedula zanthopygia Ficedula narcissina Phylogeny 1 1 4,056,490 1,098,800 .523 .004 .015 Culicicapa helianthea Culicicapa ceylonensis Taxonomy 1 1 458,180 6,463,921 .000 .065 Sheppardia montana Sheppardia lowei Phylogeny 4,779 42,623 .000 .076 .103 Rhyacornis fuliginosus Rhyacornis bicolor Taxonomy 2 1 5,578,498 36,569 .000 Bias flammulatus Bias musicus Taxonomy 2,121,564 3,722,865 .924 Elminia longicauda Elminia albicauda Taxonomy 3,880,355 1,756,846 .020 Machaerirhynchus nigripectus Machaerirhynchus Taxonomy 201,335 415,872 .121 flaviventer Amalocichla sclateriana Amalocichla incerta Taxonomy 2,666 104,751 1.000 Melanodryas cucullata Melanodryas vittata Taxonomy 4,334,131 68,051 .000 Tregellasia leucops Tregellasia capito Taxonomy 187,759 144,023 .000 Heteromyias albispecularis Heteromyias cinereifrons Taxonomy 74,304 58,472 .000 Pachycephalopsis hattamensis Pachycephalopsis poliosoma Taxonomy 8,002 138,247 .941 Drymodes superciliaris Drymodes brunneopygia Taxonomy 290,572 641,881 .000 Picathartes gymnocephalus Picathartes oreas Taxonomy 406,462 320,575 .000 Chaetops frenatus Chaetops aurantius Taxonomy 63,281 71,630 .000 Leiothrix argentauris Leiothrix lutea Taxonomy 1 3,011,126 3,709,514 .407 .076 Crocias langbianis Crocias albonotatus Taxonomy 28,499 55,188 .000 Orthonyx temminckii Orthonyx spaldingii Taxonomy 158,198 47,382 .000 Calamanthus campestris Calamanthus fuliginosus Taxonomy 1 823,714 176,412 .000 Hylacola pyrrhopygia Hylacola cautus Taxonomy 486,712 645,403 .184 Daphoenositta miranda Daphoenositta chrysoptera Taxonomy 23,826 4,193,420 .985 Cormobates placens Cormobates leucophaeus Taxonomy 180,992 1,013,563 .000 Parus caeruleus Parus cyanus Phylogeny 1 1 9,644,884 7,846,515 .184 .033 Parus fasciiventer Parus afer Phylogeny 49,856 427,817 .000 .091 Parus niger Parus albiventris Phylogeny 2,533,954 408,840 .000 .052 Parus spilonotus Parus xanthogenys Phylogeny 1 1,670,464 1,055,129 .004 .052 Parus major Parus monticolus Phylogeny 1 32,598,477 1,467,496 .951 .08 Parus inornatus Parus bicolor Phylogeny 1 1,234,719 2,969,779 .000 .068 Parus cristatus Parus dichrous Phylogeny 1 6,008,022 855,336 .000 .078 Parus elegans Parus amabilis Phylogeny 1, 2 274,705 13,485 .000 .033

12 App. from A. B. Phillimore et al., “Sympatric Speciation in Birds Is Rare”

Table A2 (Continued)

Information Island Holarctic Range 1e Range 2e Range Cyt b ND2 Species 1 Species 2 sourcea Hybridizeb endemicsc speciesd (km2) (km2) overlapf PDg PDg

Parus rubidiventris Parus rufonuchalis Phylogeny 1 1,019,245 1,069,540 .077 .065 Parus lugubris Parus varius Phylogeny 1 1,302,084 600,286 .000 .083 Parus palustris Parus montanus Phylogeny 1 1 9,042,027 18,002,895 .720 .089 Parus carolinensis Parus sclateri Phylogeny 1 2,237,774 201,697 .000 .055 Parus atricapillus Parus gambeli Phylogeny 1 1 8,818,971 2,695,728 .696 .053 Certhia americana Certhia brachydactyla Phylogeny 1 6,541,510 3,200,250 .000 Nectarinia sovimanga Nectarinia coquerellii Phylogeny 2 591,000 371 .000 .069 Rukia ruki Rukia longirostra Taxonomy 1, 2 104 361 .000 Heleia crassirostris Heleia muelleri Taxonomy 1, 2 31,274 28,799 .000 Woodfordia superciliosa Woodfordia lacertosa Taxonomy 1, 2 676 863 .000 Promerops gurneyi Promerops cafer Taxonomy 1 103,706 113,586 .000 Timeliopsis griseigula Timeliopsis fulvigula Taxonomy 132,049 96,497 .004 .117 .145 Meliphaga reticulata Meliphaga albilineata Phylogeny 1 28,799 110,094 .000 .09 Meliphaga mimikae Meliphaga montana Phylogeny 53,488 70,062 .104 Meliphaga orientalis Meliphaga analoga Phylogeny 98,502 98,502 .989 .065 Meliphaga lewinii Meliphaga notata Phylogeny 710,363 175,552 .491 .099 Myza celebensis Myza sarasinorum Taxonomy 2 163,256 163,762 .997 Ramsayornis fasciatus Ramsayornis modestus Taxonomy 766,017 234,330 .399 .08 .105 Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris Acanthorhynchus Taxonomy 856,069 189,502 .000 .108 .137 superciliosus Sphecotheres hypoleucus Sphecotheres viridis Taxonomy 2,638 1,094,555 .000 Irena puella Irena cyanogaster Taxonomy 2 1 3,909,019 223,695 .000 Corvinella corvina Corvinella melanoleuca Taxonomy 1 3,469,633 1,707,362 .000 Eurocephalus rueppelli Eurocephalus anguitimens Taxonomy 1,532,376 1,537,373 .000 Tephrodornis gularis Tephrodornis pondicerianus Taxonomy 1 5,125,187 4,721,049 .365 Philentoma pyrhopterum Philentoma velatum Taxonomy 1,402,914 1,628,817 1.000 Grallina cyanoleuca Grallina bruijni Taxonomy 6,627,702 158,749 .000 Peltops montanus Peltops blainvillii Taxonomy 139,367 524,159 .116 Cnemophilus loriae Cnemophilus macgregorii Taxonomy 72,781 37,198 .937 Paradigalla carunculata Paradigalla brevicauda Taxonomy 42,534 135,840 .483 Melampitta gigantea Melampitta lugubris Taxonomy 6,775 47,903 .082 .114 Archboldia papuensis Archboldia sanfordi Taxonomy 17,655 1,716 .341 Cyanocitta stelleri Cyanocitta cristata Phylogeny 1 1 3,104,770 6,665,391 .022 .099 Calocitta colliei Calocitta formosa Taxonomy 1 1 156,182 293,237 .043 Crypsirina temia Crypsirina cucullata Taxonomy 1 1,725,722 271,466 .272 Nucifraga columbiana Nucifraga caryocatactes Taxonomy 1 2,253,928 17,859,494 .000 Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax Pyrrhocorax graculus Taxonomy 1 1 13,393,973 5,548,047 .948 .104 Mino dumontii Mino anais Taxonomy 1 600,504 138,759 .997 Streptocitta albicollis Streptocitta albertinae Taxonomy 170,064 1,484 .000 Saroglossa spiloptera Saroglossa aurata Taxonomy 1 209,832 398,669 .000 Gracula religiosa Gracula ptilogenys Taxonomy 2 1 3,883,844 31,935 .000 Cosmopsarus regius Cosmopsarus unicolor Taxonomy 680,086 144,672 .000 Buphagus erythrorhynchus Buphagus africanus Taxonomy 1 1 2,502,439 3,610,860 .186 Montifringilla blanfordi Montifringilla davidiana Phylogeny 1 3,211,969 3,187,532 .096 Montifringilla adamsi Montifringilla nivalis Phylogeny 1 2,847,439 5,536,738 .996 Bubalornis albirostris Bubalornis niger Taxonomy 2,317,205 2,508,611 .017 .064 Sporopipes frontalis Sporopipes squamifrons Taxonomy 1 3,000,351 1,945,507 .000 Pseudonigrita arnaudi Pseudonigrita cabanisi Taxonomy 493,094 249,870 .168 Parmoptila rubrifrons Parmoptila woodhousei Taxonomy 365,733 186,682 .019 Pytilia hypogrammica Pytilia phoenicoptera Phylogeny 247,705 365,566 .128 .002

13 App. from A. B. Phillimore et al., “Sympatric Speciation in Birds Is Rare”

Table A2 (Continued)

Information Island Holarctic Range 1e Range 2e Range Cyt b ND2 Species 1 Species 2 sourcea Hybridizeb endemicsc speciesd (km2) (km2) overlapf PDg PDg

Hypargos niveoguttatus Hypargos margaritatus Taxonomy 1,995,374 156,262 .051 .082 Euschistospiza cinereovinacea Euschistospiza dybowskii Taxonomy 132,908 450,763 .000 .1 Taeniopygia guttata Taeniopygia bichenovii Taxonomy 6,095,541 2,680,081 .712 Padda oryzivora Padda fuscata Taxonomy 133,033 41,115 .000 Amadina fasciata Amadina erythrocephala Taxonomy 1 3,347,382 1,615,807 .151 .046 Vidua obtusa Vidua paradisaea Phylogeny 3,160,720 4,621,820 .443 .017 Vidua orientalis Vidua interjecta Phylogeny 1 1 2,578,370 2,207,640 .072 .007 Vidua fischeri Vidua regia Phylogeny 1,258,310 1,922,960 .000 .043 Cyclarhis gujanensis Cyclarhis nigrirostris Taxonomy 1 13,485,622 83,689 .083 Pinicola enucleator Pinicola subhimachalus Taxonomy 1 17,861,438 987,872 .000 Hesperiphona vespertina Hesperiphona abeillei Taxonomy 1 3,943,022 250,877 .460 Eophona migratoria Eophona personata Taxonomy 1 3,539,087 1,032,342 .647 .051 Telespiza cantans Telespiza ultima Taxonomy 1, 2 4 2 .000 Viridonia stejnegeri Viridonia parva Phylogeny 1, 2 1,433 1,433 1.000 Oreomystis bairdi Oreomystis mana Taxonomy 1, 2 1,433 10,443 .000 .077 Paroreomyza maculata Paroreomyza montana Taxonomy 1, 2 1,560 1,916 .000 Loxops caeruleirostris Loxops coccineus Taxonomy 1, 2 1,433 13,793 .000 Dendroica petechia Dendroica striata Phylogeny 1 15,250,634 6,336,016 .923 .051 .04 Dendroica castanea Dendroica fusca Phylogeny 1 1 2,644,809 2,026,721 .666 .051 .069 Teretistris fernandinae Teretistris fornsi Taxonomy 1, 2 34,727 32,274 .000 Ergaticus ruber Ergaticus versicolor Taxonomy 1 232,337 59,775 .000 Myioborus castaneocapillus Myioborus cardonai Phylogeny 95,698 329 .000 .019 .023 Myioborus ornatus Myioborus melanocephalus Phylogeny 91,218 187,221 .000 .011 .008 Schistochlamys ruficapillus Schistochlamys melanopis Taxonomy 1,861,082 6,179,171 .543 Conothraupis speculigera Conothraupis mesoleuca Taxonomy 47,761 3,184 .000 Hemispingus verticalis Hemispingus Phylogeny 46,297 80,663 .000 .081 xanthophthalmus Chrysothlypis chrysomelas Chrysothlypis salmoni Taxonomy 15,703 75,440 .000 Nemosia pileata Nemosia rourei Taxonomy 8,701,413 16,526 .707 Phaenicophilus palmarum Phaenicophilus Taxonomy 1 1, 2 74,227 11,305 .000 poliocephalus Mitrospingus cassinii Mitrospingus oleagineus Taxonomy 167,682 38,835 .000 Creurgops dentata Creurgops verticalis Taxonomy 46,130 94,342 .000 .08 Heterospingus rubrifrons Heterospingus xanthopygius Taxonomy 21,489 153,049 .000 Piranga rubriceps Piranga leucoptera Phylogeny 1 80,489 566,152 .393 .075 Tangara gyrola Tangara lavinia Phylogeny 3,988,873 134,434 .191 .047 .081 Tangara desmaresti Tangara cyanocephala Phylogeny 220,070 444,959 .371 .039 .036 Tangara fastuosa Tangara seledon Phylogeny 38,311 672,718 .000 .026 .032 Tangara florida Tangara icterocephala Phylogeny 38,589 74,862 .610 .04 .064 Tangara velia Tangara callophrys Phylogeny 5,136,011 1,481,551 .956 .026 .036 Tangara mexicana Tangara inornata Phylogeny 7,156,542 180,638 .000 .043 .047 Tangara fucosa Tangara dowii Phylogeny 3,038 12,084 .000 .065 .082 Tangara punctata Tangara xanthogastra Phylogeny 2,552,958 2,786,196 .193 .066 .071 Tangara cyanicollis Tangara larvata Phylogeny 1,244,197 480,464 .068 .035 .052 Tangara cucullata Tangara vitriolina Phylogeny 1 669 124,071 .000 .017 .022 Tangara heinei Tangara argyrofenges Phylogeny 131,672 35,902 .000 .004 .003 Coryphospingus pileatus Coryphospingus cucullatus Taxonomy 1 2,757,920 4,042,904 .068 Melanodera melanodera Melanodera xanthogramma Taxonomy 145,633 353,646 .025 Lophospingus pusillus Lophospingus griseocristatus Taxonomy 559,377 84,951 .000 Nesospiza acunhae Nesospiza wilkinsi Taxonomy 1 1, 2 110 109 1.000

14 App. from A. B. Phillimore et al., “Sympatric Speciation in Birds Is Rare”

Table A2 (Continued)

Information Island Holarctic Range 1e Range 2e Range Cyt b ND2 Species 1 Species 2 sourcea Hybridizeb endemicsc speciesd (km2) (km2) overlapf PDg PDg

Diuca speculifera Diuca diuca Taxonomy 208,447 1,568,013 .000 Amaurospiza moesta Amaurospiza concolor Taxonomy 605,418 201,659 .000 Haplospiza rustica Haplospiza unicolor Taxonomy 1 478,238 977,457 .000 Embernagra longicauda Embernagra platensis Taxonomy 145,001 2,736,220 .120 Lysurus crassirostris Lysurus castaneiceps Taxonomy 9,554 69,468 .000 Pselliophorus tibialis Pselliophorus luteoviridis Taxonomy 6,559 1,740 .000 Pipilo fuscus Pipilo albicollis Phylogeny 1 1,638,343 64,652 .115 .049 .068 Pipilo crissalis Pipilo aberti Phylogeny 1 391,342 170,221 .000 .025 .015 Amphispiza bilineata Amphispiza belli Taxonomy 1 2,838,472 1,089,409 .778 Melospiza georgiana Melospiza lincolnii Phylogeny 1 6,032,770 7,559,449 .686 .026 Zonotrichia albicollis Zonotrichia querula Phylogeny 1 5,662,707 1,699,163 .240 .029 Plectrophenax nivalis Plectrophenax hyperboreus Taxonomy 1 1 1 7,651,271 5,375 .975 Pitylus grossus Pitylus fuliginosus Taxonomy 6,242,998 760,330 .000 Cyanocompsa brissonii Cyanocompsa cyanoides Phylogeny 5,851,939 7,475,874 .041 .06 Passerina amoena Guiraca caerulea Phylogeny 1 2,824,044 5,296,610 .214 .049 Passerina versicolor Passerina ciris Phylogeny 1 1 1,374,268 1,409,527 .228 .029 Agelaius xanthophthalmus Agelaius cyanopus Phylogeny 761 2,666,660 .000 .005 .005 Agelaius icterocephalus Agelaius ruficapillus Phylogeny 1,580,880 5,568,820 .066 .047 .027 Agelaius humeralis Agelaius xanthomus Phylogeny 2 109,336 8,838 .000 .018 .012 Agelaius phoeniceus Agelaius tricolor Phylogeny 1 13,659,700 113,072 .983 .069 .073 Euphagus cyanocephalus Euphagus carolinus Phylogeny 1 5,280,450 7,275,982 .223 .041 .073 Quiscalus mexicanus Quiscalus major Phylogeny 1 1 5,005,130 202,744 .087 .028 .022 Molothrus badius Oreopsar bolivianus Phylogeny 4,291,630 77,392 .822 .064 .065 Molothrus bonariensis Molothrus ater Phylogeny 1 13,410,900 11,244,400 .000 .015 .031 Icterus graceannae Icterus pectoralis Phylogeny 1 77,584 195,630 .000 .069 .058 Icterus gularis Icterus nigrogularis Phylogeny 1 559,765 1,367,041 .000 .03 .032 Icterus chrysater Icterus graduacauda Phylogeny 1 777,584 265,579 .000 .015 .021 Psarocolius angustifrons Psarocolius atrovirens Phylogeny 2,231,663 97,092 .164 .047 Pseudoleistes guirahuro Pseudoleistes virescens Phylogeny 2,177,843 890,486 .334 .033 .027 Curaeus curaeus Curaeus forbesi Taxonomy 620,931 37,692 .000 Macroagelaius imthurni Macroagelaius subalaris Taxonomy 59,129 46,895 .000 a Species pairs were identified either on the basis of being phylogenetic sisters or from taxonomy (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993). b The presence of hybridization between sister species was obtained from a publication detailing all known avian hybridizations; 1 indicates hybridization reported (McCarthy 2006). c The values indicate whether species 1 and/or 2 are island endemics (for details, see “Methods”). d If either of the species have ranges that overlap the Holarctic, they are indicated by 1. e Range sizes were calculated directly from ArcGIS shapefiles (Orme et al. 2005). f Proportion of range overlap was quantified as the shared area divided by the area of the smaller range (Lynch 1989). g PD p proportional distance.