Queers on Campus: Lgbtq Student Visibility at Three Public Universities in Florida, 1970-1985
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QUEERS ON CAMPUS: LGBTQ STUDENT VISIBILITY AT THREE PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES IN FLORIDA, 1970-1985 By JESSICA CLAWSON A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2014 © 2014 Jessica Clawson 2 To all of the heroes who have liberated spaces for LGBTQ people 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I could not have written this dissertation without the help of a large number of people. First, I thank my adviser, Sevan Terzian, without whose superb mentorship I would not know how to write, let alone how to navigate academia thoughtfully. My wonderful committee members Dorene Ross, Elizabeth Bondy, William Link, and Paul Ortiz were all instrumental in this process and in my graduate school career. I have learned so much from all of them about how to live in academia and the world. I will also be forever grateful to the fabulous education department at Denison University, who gave me the energy and inspiration to do good work in the final phases of this writing. Emily Nemeth, Jerrell Beckham, Suzanne Baker, and Karen Graves know how to make working in academia an absolute delight. I will remember my time at Denison with fondness. My queer academic family has been so helpful in their advice and support. First, were it not for Roland Sintos Coloma, I would not have known where to begin or even been sure I had anything to say. Roland knew when I needed to be pushed and when I needed space to figure myself out. Karen Graves has been beyond generous with her willingness to talk through sticky identity issues, in and out of academic contexts. For her friendship, and for the opportunity to teach at Denison, I will always be grateful. There is no better mentor. Jackie Blount has made it clear through word and deed that there is indeed a queer community of scholars and that we all look out for each other— this knowledge of solidarity has helped me be brave. Her kind sensitivity is unmatched. Catherine Lugg has been unfailingly supportive personally and professionally, and always knows how to see the humor through the rage. With a well-timed phone call, she 4 can transform despair into delight. I am so lucky to count all of these brilliant scholars as beloved friends. The encouragement of my family has been invaluable in this process. My parents, Tom and Teresa Clawson, have never stopped believing in me even when I gave them cause. They are smart, loving, delightful people who also happen to be unfailingly generous. My brother Jordan and his wife Becky are a source of eternal uplift for me. Their son, Logan, is the light of my life. My sister Jennifer and her husband Tim are always there for me with thoughtful ideas and wit. No one can make me laugh like Jennifer, and she has found her equal in Tim. I love them all beyond all measure and am so lucky they put up with me. Life is also about chosen family. My two favorite straight guys, Bill Fischer and Peter Zimmerman, have been endless sources of amusement and intellectual challenge. Bill read multiple versions of many of these chapters. Aimee Towell’s help in close reading this entire work and late-night chats about horses kept me sane. And then there is my queer family, especially Erin Powell, Todd Allen, Paul McDonough, Cody Miller, and Nate Bloemke, who make sure I eat well and laugh until I cry; and Cori O’Connor and Casey LaMarche, who ensure that life always has plenty of rainbow unicorn realness. There was no getting through this without them. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4 ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... 8 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 9 Twentieth Century University History and Diversity ................................................ 14 Queer History and Education History ...................................................................... 30 Central Questions ................................................................................................... 34 Sources, Methodology, and Theory ........................................................................ 36 Subjectivity Statement ............................................................................................ 46 Description of Each Chapter ................................................................................... 47 2 GAY LIBERATION IS HERE ................................................................................... 53 Florida State and Hiram Ruiz .................................................................................. 56 The University of Florida and Julius Johnson ......................................................... 69 The University of South Florida: A Story of the Underground ................................. 82 Student Affairs and Evolving Campus Climates ...................................................... 87 Gay Student Groups Nationwide: The Legal Strategy ............................................ 93 The APA and the Changing Queer Movements ...................................................... 97 3 DRAG AND THE PEDAGOGY OF SILENCE: PERFORMANCE AND GENDER IN THE QUEER STUDENT MOVEMENT ............................................................. 103 Queering Space in the South ................................................................................ 107 Silencing Heteronormativity: The Power of Drag .................................................. 110 When to Know is Not Enough: Silence as Echo Chambers of Oppression ........... 115 Gay Bars as Contested Sites ................................................................................ 120 4 THOROUGHLY MODERN HOMOPHOBIA: HOW ANITA BRYANT BOLSTERED QUEER STUDENT ACTIVISM ....................................................... 130 Conservatism ........................................................................................................ 132 Religion ................................................................................................................. 140 Queer Community Responses .............................................................................. 149 5 HEGEMONIC MASCULINITY: CONSERVATIVES, FRATERNITIES, AND PRINCESSES ....................................................................................................... 169 Conservatism, The Moral Majority, and Lethal Homophobia ................................ 170 Bill Wade, Homecoming Princess ......................................................................... 187 6 6 “A PERVERSION OF THE LOWEST ORDER”: THE TRASK-BUSH AMENDMENT AND LEGISLATING MORALITY .................................................. 201 How Two Legislators Made A Whole State Think About Sodomy ......................... 201 UFLAGS Loses an Office and a Fraternity Loses its Pants .................................. 225 7 DEATH AND DISEASE, RESILIENCE AND COMMUNITY: THE COMPLEXITIES OF QUEER LIFE IN FLORIDA IN THE MID-1980S .................. 242 Howard Appledorf and the Price of Silence .......................................................... 243 The Perpetual Fight for Space .............................................................................. 247 Gay Awareness and Gay Republicans ................................................................. 257 AIDS ..................................................................................................................... 270 Councille Blye ....................................................................................................... 289 8 CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................... 293 Theoretical Implications ........................................................................................ 303 Practical Implications ............................................................................................ 309 Recommendations for Future Research ............................................................... 312 LIST OF REFERENCES ............................................................................................. 317 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .......................................................................................... 329 7 Abstract of Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy QUEERS ON CAMPUS: LGBTQ STUDENT VISIBILITY AT THREE PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES IN FLORIDA, 1970-1985 By Jessica Clawson August 2014 Chair: Sevan Terzian Major: Curriculum and Instruction This study examines three sets of questions about the emergence of queer visibility in the context of three of Florida’s largest universities: The University of Florida, Florida State University, and the University of South Florida. First, what characteristics of the climate of each university discussed here helped and hindered the struggle for campus queer visibility? Second, how were the larger political and social contexts in which each university was situated significant to queer emergence? Third, how did queer students interact with social movements and position themselves as activists in their struggles for liberation? This study also makes a methodological contribution to the historical study of queer