DOCSLIB.ORG

Importation and Transmission Routes of COVID-19 Into Northern Cyprus: Considerations and Challenges

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Importation and Transmission Routes of COVID-19 Into Northern Cyprus: Considerations and Challenges 333 Erciyes Med J 2020; 42(3): 333–5 • DOI: 10.14744/etd.2020.45144 BRIEF REPORT – OPEN ACCESS This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Importation and Transmission Routes of COVID-19 into Northern Cyprus: Considerations and Challenges Buket Baddal ABSTRACT Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) that arises from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has emerged from Wuhan, China, and has spread worldwide currently affecting more than 210 countries and territories. This study aims to report the first observed cases in Northern Cyprus, their importation and transmission routes, and the current challenges of the COVID-19 outbreak. The index case of COVID-19 in Northern Cyprus was identified as a 65-year-old German tourist on 9th March 2020, whereas the first local case was an individual who returned from a trip to England after which multiple transmissions of different origins occurred. Rapid containment measures were enacted to stop the spread of the disease. As of 25th April 2020, 108 COVID-19 cases and four deaths have been observed in the country. Although the epidemiological curve is currently far from a peak, increased preparedness by forming epidemiological surveillance teams to investigate current and future outbreaks, and setting up reference laboratories and centers fully-equipped with next-gen- eration sequencing platforms in which molecular tests can be performed more rapidly and at a larger scale is imperative. Keywords: Index case, COVID-19, Northern Cyprus, local transmission, preparedness, measures INTRODUCTION Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has originated from the Wuhan Wholefood market in Wuhan, China and was declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11th, 2020 (1). Despite the con- Cite this article as: Baddal B. Importation and tainment efforts, public health authorities in China initiated, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Transmission Routes of (SARS-CoV-2) has rapidly spread, and has been carried to many countries by travelers. There are 2 626 321 COVID-19 into Northern confirmed cases and 181 938 deaths reported globally as of 24th April 2020 (2). Northern Cyprus is located in the Cyprus: Considerations and Challenges. Erciyes Med J Mediterranean region with a population of ~374 000, where tourism as a leading sector and source of income. 2020; 42(3): 333–5. The first COVID-19 case in Northern Cyprus was reported on 9th March 2020 and was a tourist who air-travelled and presented with high fever and other COVID-19 related symptoms after arrival. This study aimed to report first observed cases in Northern Cyprus, their importation and transmission routes, the containment measures, as well Department of Medical as challenges of the COVID-19 outbreak. Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Near East University Faculty of MATERIALS AND METHODS Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus Case Definition, Case Finding and Data Compilation Submitted 25.04.2020 The definitions of probable and confirmed cases have been based on WHO guidelines (3) and the cases were confirmed at the Burhan Nalbantoglu State Hospital molecular reference laboratory from nasopharyngeal swabs Accepted 26.04.2020 by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test as recommended by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (4). Cases were identified when patients were admitted to the state hospital (consequently Available Online Date converted to a pandemic hospital) or contacted the COVID-19 helpline with suspected symptoms. Contact-trac- 04.05.2020 ing of COVID-19 positive cases has been performed by the Primary Health Services Department. Regional and Correspondence demographic data have been obtained from the Northern Cyprus Presidential Crisis Center. Buket Baddal, Near East University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology and RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Clinical Microbiology, Nicosia, Cyprus Detection of first Imported Cases Phone: +90 392 680 20 00-3056 The first (index) case of COVID-19 in Northern Cyprus was laboratory-confirmed on 9th March 2020 and was e-mail: th th [email protected] announced on 10 March 2020 as a 65-year-old German tourist who arrived in Northern Cyprus on 8 March ©Copyright 2020 by Erciyes 2020 (5). All the individuals within the tourist group were immediately isolated and quarantined. Consequent University Faculty of Medicine - cases linked with the spouse of the German tourist, other tourists travelling within the group, and the bus driver Available online at th www.erciyesmedj.com transporting them were observed, hospitalized and treated. On 13 March 2020, the first local case was identi- 334 Baddal B. COVID-19 in Northern Cyprus Erciyes Med J 2020; 42(3): 333–5 better surveillance analysis, which may be economically challeng- 150 ing. Currently, only symptomatic patients and their close contacts 125 are tested for the disease. An active screening strategy in individu- 100 als who have been actively working during the pandemic and have 75 not self-isolated, as well as random sampling from multiple differ- ent regions, would be a good indicator of active or asymptomatic 50 cases, which may give predictions on the level of herd immunity Number of cases 25 (10). Unfortunately, due to the lack of coordinated reference lab- 0 oratories with trained laboratory staff and diagnostic molecular bi- ology equipment, the current testing strategy may not be sufficient 09/03 11/03 13/03 15/03 17/03 19/03 21/03 23/03 25/03 27/03 29/03 31/03 02/04 04/04 06/04 08/04 10/04 12/04 14/04 16/04 18/04 20/04 22/04 24/04 for the timely identification of all COVID-19 cases. Figure 1. Number of COVID-19 cases observed in Northern Cyprus between 09th March 2020 and 25th April 2020 CONCLUSION Although the situation in Northern Cyprus is currently steady with- fied as a Northern Cyprus citizen who returned from England, and out a major number of COVID-19 related deaths, reports from subsequent local transmission occurred via individual’s contacts. All other countries show how easily the dynamics can change, partic- proximity-contacts were traced back and quarantined in govern- ularly once restrictions are removed. An active screening strategy ment allocated sites. is required to provide a more accurate number of cases. The con- siderations in this report have been provided to promote decision- Description of the Current Situation makers and authorities to increase preparedness by forming epi- As of 25th April 2020, a total of 108 cases of COVID-19 has been demiological teams to investigate current and future outbreaks, and observed in Northern Cyprus. Of these, 12 cases are currently un- set up reference laboratories and fully-equipped centers in which der treatment, and 92 cases have recovered. The number of cases molecular tests can be performed more rapidly and at a larger scale. detected between 9th March 2020 and 25th April 2020 is shown in Figure 1. No cases have been detected since 20th April 2020 (6, Acknowledgements: We would like to acknowledge the healthcare staff 7). So far, four COVID-19 related deaths have occurred, of which at the molecular reference laboratory at Burhan Nalbantoglu State Hospital two are German (from the tourist group) and two are Northern for providing test results, the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Presi- Cyprus citizens. All German tourists who completed their quaran- dential Crisis Center and Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Ministry of tine period and/or treatment have returned to Germany. When Health for providing prompt surveillance data. the epidemiological distribution of COVID-19 was analyzed, nine Peer-review: Externally peer-reviewed. geographical regions within the country were found to be affected. These regions included the capital city Nicosia, Gonyeli, Kyrenia, Conflict of Interest: There is no conflict of interest in this study. Karavas, Lapithos, Famagusta, Karpasia, Pergamos, and Lefka. Financial Disclosure: The author declared that this study has received When the number of tests performed (n=8747) are considered (as no financial support. of 25th April 2020), ~2.34% of the population in Northern Cyprus (n=374 000) (8) has been tested. REFERENCES Response, Containment Measures and Challenges 1. World Health Organization. Director-General’s Opening Remarks The response to COVID-19 instigated in Northern Cyprus has at the Media Briefing on COVID-19—11 March 2020. Available been a rapid one. After the first case was observed on 9th March from: URL: https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s- 2020, all schools were immediately closed. All non-essential civil opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020. workers were allowed to go on administrative leave and asked to 2. World Health Organization, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) stay home. Large gatherings, such as meetings and social events, Situation Report – 95. were banned. On 14th March 2020, travel restrictions started being 3. World Health Organization. The First Few X (FFX) Cases and con- put in place and on 19th March 2020, all international travel has tact investigation protocol for 2019-novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) stopped into the country, and all Northern Cypriot citizens enter- infection. Available from: URL: https://www.who.int/publications- detail/the-first-few-x-(ffx)-cases-and-contact-investigation-protocol-for- ing the country were subjected to 14-day quarantine at a govern- 2019-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov)-infection. ment allocated site. A full curfew was imposed on 1st April 2020 4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Coronavirus Disease between 21:00 and 06:00, as well as a partial curfew, during the 2019 (COVID-19). Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Real-time RT- rest of the day and is still ongoing. On April 6th 2020, travel across PCR Primer and Probe Information. Available from: URL: https:// districts within the country was also banned by the government.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Events by Civil Society Organisations, Concerts, Dance Shows, Activities For
    /civicspacesivilalan Kallkanlı Çakisdez Festival (3rd Day of the Festival) Kalkanlı Cooperation and Solidarity Association Kalochorio/Kalkanlı Kalochorio/Kalkanlı Project Info Session Society for the Protection of Turtles Alagadi Premises, Kyrenia Alagadi Premises, Kyrenia Wood Carving Taster Session HASDER Folk Arts Foundation Idadi Street No:1, Selimiye Cami Square, Nicosia Idadi Street No:1, Selimiye Cami Square, Nicosia Milonga Siempre Tango Siempre Association Med-Club, Yenikent, Nicosia Med-Club, Yenikent, Nicosia “Before The Flood” Film Screening and Discussion Famagusta Cultural Association Ramiz Gökçe Street, Walled City, Famagusta Ramiz Gökçe Street, Walled City, Famagusta 2017 Birdwatching Trip - Kyrenia Mountains, Miamilia/Haspolat and Famagusta Wetlands The North Cyprus Society for the Protection of Birds and Nature - KUŞKOR Meeting Point: Agios Epiktitos/Çatalköy Lemar, Kyrenia 01-31 OCTOBER Meeting Point: Agios Epiktitos/Çatalköy Lemar, Kyrenia Cave Trip Association of Cave Enthusiasts Meeting Point: Kalyvakia/Kalavaç Village Square Meeting Point: Kalyvakia/Kalavaç Village Square Cans of Hope Project, Sorting and Baling Activity Green Action Group Nicosia Turkish Municipality Industrial Workshops in Nicosia Organised Industrial Zone Nicosia Turkish Municipality Industrial Workshops in Nicosia Organised Industrial Zone 20th Eco-Day Büyükkonuk Eco-Tourism Association Komi Kebir/Büyükkonuk Komi Kebir/Büyükkonuk “My Child” Documentary Screening and Discussion CCMC & Queer Cyprus Association (Unspoken Project) EMAA Capital Art
    [Show full text]
  • View Profile
    Republic of Cyprus Topography: The Troodos Mountains, in the area; comprising 2.2 per cent of the total In 1974 Turkish troops invaded and central and western part of the island, rise to network. Cyprus has no railway. occupied the northern 36 per cent of the 1,951 metres at Mount Olympus. The Republic of Cyprus. This area was later Major ports are at Larnaca and Limassol. Troodos, of infertile igneous rock, are declared independent. The secession has characterised by steep slopes, narrow valleys Nicosia airport was closed in 1974. There are not been recognised internationally, and precipices. The Kyrenia Mountains (also international airports 5 km south of Larnaca, except by Turkey. The UN and known as the Pentadaktylos range), along the and 15 km east of Paphos. Commonwealth have for many years north coast, rise to 1,024 metres and are protested about the occupation and tried mainly limestone. Passes and valleys allow to resolve the problem by negotiation. Society access to the north coast. The fertile KEY FACTS 2013 Due to this division of the Republic of Messaoria Plain lies between them. About Cyprus, aggregated information is not half of its 186,000 hectares is irrigated. Most Population per sq km: 123 always available. Economic and social data water sources are in the south – all major Life expectancy: 80 years given here generally cover the government- rivers originate in the Troodos and flow east, Net primary enrolment: 98% controlled areas only, although legally and south or west. Many rivers dry up in the constitutionally the Republic of Cyprus summer.
    [Show full text]
  • Security Council Distr.: General 4 June 2007
    United Nations S/2007/328 Security Council Distr.: General 4 June 2007 Original: English Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Operation in Cyprus I. Introduction 1. The present report on the United Nations operation in Cyprus covers developments from 25 November 2006 to 25 May 2007, and brings up to date the record of activities carried out by the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) pursuant to Security Council resolution 186 (1964) and subsequent Council resolutions, the most recent being resolution 1728 (2006). 2. As at 30 April 2007, the strength of the military component stood at 856 all ranks and the strength of the police component stood at 64 (see annex). II. Mission of good offices and other developments 3. On 15 December, the Security Council adopted resolution 1728 (2006), by which, inter alia, it expressed full support for the process agreed upon by the Greek Cypriot leader, Tassos Papadopoulos, and the Turkish Cypriot leader, Mehmet Ali Talat, on 8 July 2006, and encouraged active participation in bicommunal discussions as described in the letter dated 15 November 2006 from the then Under-Secretary-General Ibrahim Gambari, to which both leaders had responded positively, under the auspices of my Special Representative. The Security Council called for the early completion of the preparatory phase so that a fully fledged good offices process might resume as soon as possible. At the same time, the Council regretted the continued lack of trust between the parties, which had prevented the implementation of the 8 July agreement. 4. Over the past six months, my Special Representative has continued efforts aimed at facilitating the implementation of the 8 July agreement (see S/2006/572) through intensive discussions with the two leaders and their representatives.
    [Show full text]
  • A Description of the Historic Monuments of Cyprus. Studies in the Archaeology and Architecture of the Island
    Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924028551319 NICOSIA. S. CATHARINE'S CHURCH. A DESCRIPTION OF THE Historic iftlonuments of Cyprus. STUDIES IN THE ARCHEOLOGY AND ARCHITECTURE OF THE ISLAND WITH ILLUSTRATIONS FROM MEASURED DRAWINGS AND PHOTOGRAPHS. BT GEORGE JEFFERY, F.S.A., Architect. * * * * CYPRUS: Printed by William James Archer, Government Printer, At the Government Printing Office, Nicosia. 1918. CONTENTS. ILLUSTRATIONS. Frontispiece. S. Catharine's Church facing Title . Page Arms of Henry VIII. or England on an Old Cannon . 1 Arms of de L'Isle Adam on an Old Cannon St. Catherine's Church, Nicosia, South Side Plan of Nicosia Town St. Catherine's Church, Nicosia, Plan . „ ,, „ Section Arms of Renier on Palace, Famagusta . Sea Gate and Cidadel, Famagusta Citadel of Famagusta, Elevations ,. Plans Famagusta Fortifications, The Ravelin Ancient Plan of a Ravelin Famagusta Fortifications, Moratto Bastion ,, „ Sea Gate ,, „ St. Luca Bastion St. George the Latin, Famagusta, Section Elevation Plan Plan of Famagusta Gates of Famagusta Church of Theotokos, Galata „ Paraskevi, Galata „ Archangelos, Pedoulas Trikukkia Monastery. Church of Archangelos, Pedoulas Panayia, Tris Elijes Plan of Kyrenia Castle Bellapaise, General Plan . „ Plan of Refectory „ Section of Refectory „ Pulpit in Refectory St. Nicholas, Perapedi Ay. Mavra, Kilani Panayia, Kilani The Fort at Limassol, Plan . SHOET BIBLIOGEAPHY. The Principal Books on Cyprus Archeology and Topography. Amadi, F. Chronicle (1190-1438) Paris, 1891. Bordone, B. Isolario Venice, 1528. Bruyn, C. de, Voyage (1683-1693) London, 1702.
    [Show full text]
  • Report by the Secretary-General on the United Nations Operation in Cyprus
    REPORT BY THE SECRETARY-GENERAL ON THE UNITED NATIONS OPERATION IN CYPRUS (For the period 13 June to 8 December 1967) TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION . 4 I. THE UNITED NATIONS PEACE-KEEPING FQRCE IN CYPRUS . A. Composition and deployment . B. Function and guiding principles . C. Relations with the Government and with the Turkish Cypriot leadership . , . 9 D. Freedom of movement of the United Nations Force . 10 II. ACTIVITIES TOWARDS,PREVENTING A RECURRENCEOF FIGHTING AND CONTRIBUTING TO THE RESTORATION AND MAINTENANCE OF L4WANDORDER . ., . 13 A. Military situation . , . , , . 13 (i) Armed forces in Cyprus other than UNFICYP . 13 (a) Government armed forces . , . 13 (b) Turkish Cypriot armed elements . '. 16 (c) The Greek and Turkish National Contingents . 17 (ii) General assessment of the situation with regard to preventing a recurrence of fighting . 18 67-29722 ' s/8286 English Page 2 TkBKE OF CCXNTENTS(continued) -m.Page B. Specific developments and action taken by UNFICYP . 19 (i) Ayios Theodhoros/Kophincu. I . 19 (ii) Extension and improvement of fortifications . 19 (iii) Larnaca/Scala . e . l . 21 (iv) Limassol . .' . l . 22 (v) Paphos District . , . s 24 (vi) Mines and booby traps . , . , . l . 26 (vii) ObserGance of the cease-fire ' . * . 28 C. Developments relating to the maintenance of law andorder...,..,... l . 29 (i) The work of the UNFICYP Civilian Police a . l . 29 (ii) Investigation of crime and inter-communal strife........... l . l . 29 III. BCTIVITIES TOW&DS A RETURN TO NORMAL CONDITIONS . 35 A.. General assessment . 35 B. Freedom of movement of the population l l l l . 39 c. Efforts to restore normal economic activities 9 .
    [Show full text]
  • 215 No. 226. the ELECTIONS (HOUSE of REPRESENTATIVES and COMMUNAL CHAMBERS) LAWS, 1959 and 1960
    215 No. 226. THE ELECTIONS (HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES AND COMMUNAL CHAMBERS) LAWS, 1959 AND 1960. ORDER MADE UNDER SECTION 19(1). In exercise of the powers vested in him by section 19 (1) of the Elections (House of Representatives and Communal Chambers) Laws, 1959 and 1960, His Excellency the Governor has been pleased to make the following Order :— 1. This Order may be cited as the Elections (House of Representatives and Communal Chambers) (Turkish Polling Districts) Order, 1960. 2. For the purpose of holding a poll for the election of Turkish members of the House of Representatives, and for the election of members of the Turkish Communal Chambers, the six Turkish constituencies in Cyprus shall be divided into the polling districts set out in the first column of the Schedule hereto, the names of the towns or villages the area of which comprise such polling district being shown in the second column of the said Schedule opposite thereto. SCHEDULE. The Turkish Constituency of Nicosia. Town or Villages included Polling District in Polling District Nicosia Town Nicosia Town Kutchuk Kaimakli (a) Kutchuk Kaimakli (b) Kaimakli (c) Η amid Mandres (d) Eylenja (e) Palouriotissa Geunycli (a) Geunyeli (b) Kanlikeuy Ortakeuy (a) Ortakeuy (b) Trachonas (c) Ay. Dhometios (d) Engomi Peristerona (a) Peristerona (b) Akaki (c) Dhenia (d) Eliophotes (e) Orounda Skylloura (a) Skylloura (b) Ay. Vassilios (c) Ay. Marina (Skyllouras) '(d) Dhyo Potami Epicho (a) Epicho (b) Bey Keuy (c) Neochorio (d) Palekythro (e) Kythrea Yenidje Keuy (a) Yenidje Keuy (b) Kourou Monastir (c) Kallivakia Kotchati (a) Kotchati (b) Nissou (c) Margi (d) Analiondas (e) Kataliondas Mathiatis Mathiatis Potamia (a) Potamia (b) Dhali (c) Ay.
    [Show full text]
  • 2930R67E UNFICYP May09.Ai
    450000 E 500000 E 550000 E 600000 E 650000 32o 30' 33o 00' 33o 30' 34o 00' 34o 30' Cape Andreas 395000 N HQ UNFICYP 395000 N MEDITERRANEAN SEA HQ UNPOL Rizokarpaso FMPU Multinational UNPOL HQ Sector 2 Ayia Trias MFR Multinational Yialousa 35o 30' 35o 30' UNITED KINGDOM Vathylakas ARGENTINA Leonarisso UNPOL Ephtakomi SLOVAKIA Galatia Cape Kormakiti HQ Sector 1 Akanthou Komi Kebir 500 m Ardhana Karavas KYRENIA 500 m ARGENTINA Ayios Amvrosios Kormakiti Boghaz Lapithos Temblos HQ Sector 4 500 m Bellapais Trypimeni Dhiorios Myrtou Trikomo 500 m 500 m Famagusta ARGENTINA UNPOL Lefkoniko Bay SLOVAKIA / HUNGARY (-) K K. Dhikomo Chatos M . VE WE Bey Keuy WE XE 000 an P Skylloura 000 390 N so y ri Kythrea 390 N Ko u r VD WD a WD kk r g Morphou m Geunyeli K. Monastir UNPOL in a o SECTOR 1 m SLOVAKIA a s Bay a Strovilia Post Philia M Kaimakli LO Limnitis s Morphou Dhenia Angastina Prastio ro 0 90 Northing Selemant e Avlona 9 Northing X P. Zodhia UNPOL Pomos K. Trimithia NICOSIA Tymbou (Ercan) FAMAGUSTA 500 m Karavostasi UNPA s UNPOL s Cape Arnauti Lefka i Akaki SECTOR 2 o FMPU Multinational u it a Kondea Kalopsidha Khrysokhou Yialia iko r n Arsos m Varosha UNPOL el e o a b r g Bay m a m e UNPOL r Dherinia A s o t Athienou SECTOR 4 e is tr s t Linou 500 m s ri P Athna (Akhna) Mavroli rio A e 500 m u P Marki Prodhromi Polis ko Evrykhou Klirou Louroujina Troulli Paralimni 1000 m S 35o 00' o Pyla Ayia Napa 35 00' Kakopetria 500 mKochati Lymbia 1000 m DHEKELIA Cape 500 m Pedhoulas S.B.A.
    [Show full text]
  • Cyprus: a European Anomaly
    ISBN: 978-605-4233-45-8 CYPRUS: A EUROPEAN ANOMALY Michael Moran CYPRUS: A EUROPEAN ANOMALY İstanbul Kültür University Publications No: 137 ISBN: 978-605-4233-45-8 Prepared for Publication by: Susae Elanchenny Book Design and Cover: Myra Page Layout: Myra Printed by: Mega Basım İstanbul Kültür University Ataköy Campus Bakırköy 34156 / İstanbul Tel : +90 212 498 44 76 Fax : +90 212 498 44 05 www.gpotcenter.org Copyright© IKU, 2010 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced electronically or mechanically without the prior consent of the Global Political Trends Center (GPoT). The views expressed in this book belong to the author, and they may not necessarily concur partially or wholly with either GPoT’s or IKU’s views. CYPRUS: A EUROPEAN ANOMALY How the island first came to be divided and why a negotiated recognition of its present division is the obvious way to solve the ‘Cyprus problem’ Michael Moran Contents GPoT’s FOREWORD 1 CYPRUS: A EUROPEAN ANOMALY 3 Introduction: A Perspective on the ‘Cyprus Problem’ the International Community Has Tended to Neglect 3 How the Turkish Cypriots Were Deprived of Their Constitutional Rights in 1964-65 14 Part A: Manoeuvring at the UN in 1964 14 Part B: Cyprus and the International Community in 1965 49 BIBLIOGRAPHY 81 APPENDIX 85 Two Speeches at the UN Security Council 85 Speech Delivered by Spyros Kyprianou on 18 February 1964 85 Speech Delivered by Rauf Denktaş on 28 February 1964 97 Two Legal Documents 116 The Three Cyprus Treaties of 1960 116 UN Security Council Resolution 186 124 GPoT’s Foreword 1 GPoT’s FOREWORD Global Political Trends Center (GPoT) is honored to publish another remarkable book by Michael Moran, an academician and expert on the Cyprus issue.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Supply Enhancement in Cyprus Through Evaporation Reduction
    Water Supply Enhancement in Cyprus through Evaporation Reduction by Chad W. Cox B.S.E. Civil Engineering Princeton University, 1992 Submitted to the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY June 1999 © 1999 Massachusetts Institute of Technology All rights Reserved Signature of the Author___ Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering May 7, 1999 Certified by Dr. E. Eric Adams Senior Research Engineer, Depa94f pf Ti il angEnvironmental Engineering Thesis Supervisor Accepted by -o4 Professor Andrew J. Whittle Chairman. Denmatint Committee on Graduate Studies Water Supply Enhancement in Cyprus through Evaporation Reduction by Chad W. Cox Submitted to the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering on May 7, 1999 in Partial Fulfillment for the Degree of Master of Engineering in Civil and Environmental Engineering Abstract The Republic of Cyprus is prone to periodic multi-year droughts. The Water Development Department (WDD) is therefore investigating innovative methods for producing and conserving water. One of the concepts being considered is reduction of evaporation from surface water bodies. A reservoir operation study of the Southern Conveyor Project (SCP) suggests that an average of 6.9 million cubic meters (MCM) of water is lost to evaporation each year. The value of this water is over CYE 1.2 million, and replacement of this volume of water by desalination will cost CYE 2.9 million. The WDD has investigated the use of monomolecular films for use in evaporation suppression, but these films are difficult to use in the field and raise concerns about health effects.
    [Show full text]
  • SUPPLEMENT No. 3 Το the CYPRUS GAZETTE No. 4284 of 5TH DECEMBER, 1959. SUBSIDIARY LEGISLATION. CONTENTS
    SUPPLEMENT No. 3 το THE CYPRUS GAZETTE No. 4284 OF 5TH DECEMBER, 1959. SUBSIDIARY LEGISLATION. CONTENTS The follozving SUBSIDIARY LEGISLATION is published in this Supplement which forms / part of this Gazette :— PAGE , The Elections (President and Vice-President of the Republic) Laws, 1959.—Appointment 1/ of Assistant Returning Officers under Section 8 (2) .. .. .. .. .. 525 The Elections (President and Vice-President of the Republic) Laws, 1959.—The Elections (President and Vice-President of the Republic) (Greek Polling Districts) Regulations, 1959 " 525 No. 580. THE ELECTIONS (PRESIDENT AND VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC) LAWS, 1959. APPOINTMENT OF ASSISTANT RETURNING OFFICERS UNDER SECTION 8(2). In exercise of the powers vested in him by sub-section (2) of section 8 of the Elections (President and Vice-President of the Republic) Law, 1959, His Excellency the Governor has been pleased to appoint the following persons to be Assistant Returning Officers for the poll to be taken for the election of the President: — Christodoulos Benjamin. Yiangos Demetriou. Nicolaos Georghiou Lanitis. Zenon Christodoulou Vryonides. Philaretos Kasmiris. George Nathanael. Demetrakis Panteli Pantelides. Dated this 5th day of December, 1959. By His Excellency's Command, A. F. J. REDDAWAY, Administrative Secretary. No. 581. THE ELECTIONS (PRESIDENT AND VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC) LAWS, 1959. REGULATIONS MADE UNDER SECTIONS 19 (1) AND 43. In exercise of the powers vested in him by sections 19 (1) and 43 of the Elections (President and Vice-President of the Republic) Law, 1959, His 37 of 1959 Excellency the Governor, with the advice of the Executive Council, has 41 of 1959· been pleased to make the following Regulations :— 1.
    [Show full text]
  • United Nations Security Council on the Cyprus Problem Adopted ,,N~Njmously on 20 July 1974
    iffi-·~' · UN Secretariat Item Scan - Barcode - Record Title Page 183 fJ M Date 15/06/2006 9:27:44AM " iJ Time ~ IIIII IIII II IIII II IIIII Ill II IIIII Ill IIIIIII Ill II IIIII Ill II Ill IIIII II Ill II Ill IIIIIII Ill II IIIII Ill II Ill II Ill IIIII S-0903-0010-11-00001 Expanded Number S-0903-0010-11-00001 Title Items-in-Cyprus - documents, resolutions, reports by the Secretary-General - reports by the Secretary-General Date Created 22/05/1974 Record Type Archival Item Container S-0903-0010: Peackeeping - Cyprus 1971-1981 Print Name of Person Submit Image Signature of Person Submit I I UNITED NATIONS SECURITY s/11568 COUNCIL 6 December 1974 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH REPORT BY THE SECRETARY-GENERAL ON THE UNITED NATIONS OPERA'I'ION IN CYPRUS (for the period 23 May to 5 December 1974) CONTENTS INTRODUCTION • . • • • . • 2 I. THE SITUATION IN CYPRUS FROM 23 ~,AY TO THE COUP D'ETAT ON 15 JULY . 2 II. OUTLINE OF EVENTS FROM THE COUP D'ETAT OF 15 JULY TO THE CEASE-FIRE OF 16 AUGUST 1974 . 2 III. SUMMARY OF UNFICYP OPERATIONS FROM THE COUP D'ETAT 15 .TTJLY TO THE CEASE-FIRE OF 16 AUGUST 1974 ..... 4 IV. UNFICYP OPERATIONS FROM THE CEASE-FIRE ON 16 AUGUST UNTIL 5 DECEMBER 197 4 . • . 6 A. Concept of oper&,tions . • • . • • . 6 B. Liaison and co-operation • • • • 6 c. Maintenance of the cease-fire • • • •.. 7 D. Violations of the cease-fire by shooting incidents f • 7 E. Violations of the cease-fire by movement; construction of defensive positions 7 F.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mineral Industry of Cyprus in 2015
    2015 Minerals Yearbook CYPRUS [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. Department of the Interior July 2019 U.S. Geological Survey The Mineral Industry of Cyprus By Sinan Hastorun Cyprus, an island country in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, stone increased by 567% compared with that of 2014; that of produced copper, umber and ocher, and industrial minerals used crushed limestone (havara), by 303%; umber and ocher for in construction. The production and export of other minerals cement production, by 175%; crude gypsum, by 36%; marble, or metals, such as asbestos fibers, chromite, gold, and silver, granules, and chippings, by 25%; calcined gypsum, by 17%; ceased in the early 1980s. The mineral resources of Cyprus1 and hydraulic cement, by 7%. The substantial increases were include asbestos, bentonite, copper, gypsum, lime, limestone from low base amounts produced during the recent economic (known locally as havara), marble, sand and gravel, and umber recession. Production of refined copper decreased by 28%; and ocher. In 2015, Cyprus accounted for about 0.8% of world clinker, clays for cement manufacture, and marl, by 10% each; bentonite production (table 1; Mines Service, 2016b, d, e; bentonite, by 9%; clay for brick and tile manufacture, hydrated Flanagan, 2017). lime, and iron oxide pigments (umber and ocher), by 8% each; In 2015, a new copper mine was being developed, which and sand and gravel, by 2% (table 1). would be the second metal mine in Cyprus. In 2015, mineral fuel reserves were reported for the first time after natural gas Structure of the Mineral Industry resources at the Aphrodite offshore field were determined to Table 2 is a list of the major mineral industry facilities, be commercially viable (EurActiv Energy News, 2015; Mines their locations, and their annual capacities.
    [Show full text]