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Influence of the Size and Form of Artemia Sp. Nauplii on the Growth and Survival of Atlantic Sturgeon (Acipenser Oxyrinchus Mitchill) Larvae

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Influence of the Size and Form of Artemia Sp. Nauplii on the Growth and Survival of Atlantic Sturgeon (Acipenser Oxyrinchus Mitchill) Larvae FISHERIES & AQUATIC LIFE (2021) 29: 69 - 79 Archives of Polish Fisheries DOI 10.2478/aopf-2021-0009 RESEARCH ARTICLE Influence of the size and form of Artemia sp. nauplii on the growth and survival of Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus Mitchill) larvae Iwona Piotrowska, Bo¿ena Szczepkowska, Micha³ Koz³owski Received – 20 January 2021/Accepted – 15 May 2021. Published online: 30 June 2021; ©Inland Fisheries Institute in Olsztyn, Poland Citation: Piotrowska, I., Szczepkowska B., Koz³owski M. (2021). Influence of the size and form of Artemia sp. nauplii on the growth and survival of Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus Mitchill) larvae. Fisheries Aquatic & Life 29, 69-79 Abstract. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of the size and form of Artemia sp. feed on the rearing indices of Atlantic sturgeon larvae. In the experiment, the nauplius sizes used were 480 µm (group AD), 430 µm (group AM), and 430 µm frozen nauplii (group AI). After three weeks of Introduction rearing, the sturgeon from group AD had the highest mean body weight of 0.131 g that was statistically significantly The Atlantic sturgeon, Acipenser oxyrinchus different from groups AM (0.071 g) and AI (0.033 g). The longest total length was noted in group AD (2.8 cm) and was (Mitchill), is one of the largest fishes currently occur- statistically different from the others (P £ 0.05). Specific ring in the Baltic Sea catchment area. Thanks to res- growth rate in groups AD and AM was 14.7 and 11.8% d-1, toration and strict conservation measures, this respectively, and these values differed statistically from those species once again inhabits European waters in group AI at 7.8% d-1. The highest survival rate was recorded (StakPnas and Pilinkovskij 2019). Work to recon- in group AD at 60.6%, while the lowest was noted in group AI at 15.6%, and the differences between these two groups were struct the Baltic population of Atlantic sturgeon in statistically significant. The results of the experiment Poland was initiated almost twenty years ago indicated that a feed of live 480 µm Artemia sp. nauplius (Kolman et al. 2011, Kapusta et al. 2016, Purvina et significantly accelerated the growth rates and increased the al. 2019); This endeavor corresponds largely to the survival rates of Atlantic sturgeon larvae. framework of the action plan developed by the Baltic Keywords: Acipenser oxyrinchus, aquaculture, Artemia Sea Environment Protection Commission sp., larvae, live and frozen feed (HELCOM) (Gessner et al. 2019) and the principles of the program entitled the “Pan-European Action Plan for Sturgeons” adopted by the European Com- mission (Friedrich et al. 2018). The success of the measures taken requires long-term cooperation + I. Piotrowska [ ], B. Szczepkowska, M. Koz³owski among the countries and organizations involved to Department of Sturgeon Fish Breeding, S. Sakowicz Inland Fisheries Institute in Olsztyn achieve a stable Atlantic sturgeon population in the 11-610 Pozezdrze, Pieczarki 50, Poland Baltic Sea. One of the measures key to achieving the E-mail: [email protected] goals of these programs is optimizing breeding © Copyright by Stanis³aw Sakowicz Inland Fisheries Institute in Olsztyn. © 2021 Author(s). This is an open access article licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Influence of the size and form of Artemia sp. nauplii feed on the growth and survival of larval... 70 programs and especially improving feeding tech- Bogacka-Kapusta (2011), juvenile Atlantic sturgeon niques for Atlantic sturgeon juvenile stages (Mohler inhabiting natural environments preferred smaller 2003, Kolman et al. 2011, Gessner et al. 2019). prey even though its maximum mouth opening size The success of rearing larvae depends primarily indicated the possibility of catching larger prey. In on using appropriate feed that is efficiently digested, is other sturgeon species, food choice is influenced by of the proper size, and provides nutrients to support seasonal availability, and sturgeon can adapt to and optimal growth and survival (Hamre et al. 2013, feed on the food that is available (Miller 2004). In the Kandathil Radhakrishnan et al. 2020). Most larval literature lacks information on the preferred live feed sturgeon require live feed during initial rearing in re- size for sturgeon reared in RAS, although the initial circulating aquaculture systems (RAS) (Chebanov et rearing of Atlantic sturgeon using Artemia sp. nauplii al. 2011, Gisbert et al. 2018). Research indicates that is well described. (Mohler 2003, Kolman et al. 2018, the best live feed for Atlantic sturgeon larvae is Piotrowska et al. 2018). Using live feed of an appro- Artemia sp. nauplii (Mahler 2003, Piotrowska et al. priate size for the size of the mouth can significantly 2013). Hatched nauplii can also be administered in ei- reduce mortality and stimulate the growth of cul- ther frozen and dried forms (Mohler et al. 2000, tured fish (Busch et al. 2011). Szczepkowska et al. 2009, Cobo et al. 2014). Addi- The aim of this study was to determine if the size tionally, they can be enriched with unsaturated fatty and form (live or frozen) of Artemia sp. nauplius feed acids (UFA), which affects larval survival significantly could limit the growth and survival of larval Atlantic (Kamaszewski et al. 2014, Kolman et al. 2018). When sturgeon. rearing this demanding species, attention should also be paid to elements of the feeding strategy, such as feeding frequency, feed type (live or frozen), and feed Materials and methods size (Mohler et al. 2000, Szczepkowski et al. 2010, 2011, Kolman and Kapusta 2018). Using frozen feed is a common practice in the Fish breeding programs of many fish and crustacean spe- The experiment was conducted at the Department of cies (Soares et al. 2006, Nascimento et al. 2020). The Sturgeon Fish Breeding (DSFB) in Pieczarki, Inland advantage of this type of feed is that it permits stock- Fisheries Institute in Olsztyn. The study material was ing and preparing quantities of it prior to planned obtained from a wild population of Atlantic sturgeon rearing cycles, which can facilitate the process and inhabiting the Saint John River (Canada). Artificial reduce costs (Ferreira et al. 2017, Stañczak et al. spawning was performed at the hatchery of Acadian 2017, Valentine et al. 2017). Currently, there is scant Sturgeon and Caviar, Inc. (Saint John, Canada) that information in the available literature on the possibil- is located in Carter’s Point, New Brunswick, Canada. ity of using frozen Artemia sp. nauplii (Mohler et al. Fertilized eggs packed in polyethylene bags with wa- 2000). Therefore, it is important to investigate the in- ter, oxygen, and activated charcoal were transported fluence this type of feed has on larval rearing effec- to DSFB and incubated in McDonald hatching jars tiveness in this species. placed in tanks with working volumes of 2 m3 that The size of live feed can influence larval growth were part of a RAS. Mass hatching occurred after five (Petkam and Moodier 2001), survival (Busch et al. days of incubation at 18°C. 2011), and pigmentation (Olsen et al. 1999) in many fish species. Feeding larvae with feed of an inappro- priate size can significantly affect rearing results (Van Rearing experiment Hoestenberghe et al. 2015). Knowledge of the diet of larval and juvenile Atlantic sturgeon in its natural On the third day post hatching (DPH), 540 Atlantic habitat is very limited. According to research by sturgeon larvae were selected at random and 71 Iwona Piotrowska et al. transferred to nine tanks with working volumes of tank outflows did not exceed 0.07 mg l-1 and that of 0.05 m3 each that were part of a RAS. The system nitrites (NO2-N) did not exceed 0.067 mg l-1 was equipped with oxygen generators and an SDK (Aquamate UV-Vis Plus spectrophotometer, Eng- CN 3.2 biofilter (SDK, Poland) filled with synthetic land). Light intensity at the surface of the tanks RK Bioelements–Light at a total volume of 1.5 m3 ranged from 87.1 to 391.1 lx (L-100 precision (RK Plast A/S, Denmark). Larval behavior was ob- luxmeter, Sonopan, Polska). served daily to determine when the melanin plugs were ejected and feeding began. On the ninth DPH, the 21-day experiment began. The duration of the ex- Data analysis periment was determined based on the optimal pe- All the fish from the tanks were weighed at the begin- riod during which the larvae can be fed only Artemia ning and end of the experiment to determine their sp. nauplii (Mohler 2000). There were three experi- biomass. Individual measurements of body weight mental groups in which the larvae were fed live feed (± 0.001 g) and total length (± 0.1 cm) were taken of AF Artemia sp. with sizes of 480 µm (group AD) and 45 specimens at the beginning of the experiment and ± 430 µm (group AM) and frozen AF Artemia sp. of all fish at the end of it. Based on the data gathered, with a size of 430 µm (group AI). Each of the feed the following rearing indices were calculated: spe- variants tested was performed in three replications. -1 cific growth rate SGR (% d ) = 100 × (ln BW2 –ln The starting size of each group was 60 individuals -1 BW1)×t ; Fulton’s condition factor CF = 100 × with an average body weight of 0.006 g and an aver- -3 BWm ×TL ; body weight coefficient of variation CV age total length of 1.0 cm. The size of given nauplii (%)=100×SD×BW-1; stock survival P (%) = 100 was based on the manufacturer’s data. The AF -1 (FN×IN ); where: BW1 and BW2 – initial and final Artemia sp.
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