DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 107 102 FL 005 091

, AUTHOR Leslau, Wolf TITLE Intermediate Amharic Cultural Reader. Final Report. SPONS AGENCY Institute of International Studies (DREW /OE), Washington, D.C. BUREAU NO BR-1-1015 PUB DATE Oct 73 CONTRACT OEC -0 -71 -2395 (823) 357p.; Not available in hard copy due to marginal NOTE . legibility of original document

EDRS PRICE MF-$0.76 BC Not Available from EDRS. PLUS POSTAGE DESCRIPTORS Afro Asiatic Languages; *Amharic; *Cultural Background; Instructional Materials; Language Instruction; *Reading Materials; SemiticLanguages; Sociocultural Patterns; Student Developed Materials; Teacher Developed Materials; *Textbooks;Uncomaoily Taught Languages; Vocabulary IDENTIFIERS *Ethiopia; NDEA Title VI

ABSTRACT This reader is intended to provide material for the intermediate-level student of Amharic as well as tointroduce the student to the cultural and social life ofEthiopia. Tie 39 texts were each-prepared by adifferent student at Haile Selassie I University, thus providing the reader with a varietyof language styles. The Amharic texts are followed bytheir English translations, which are as close as possible to the original, andrhich retain Amharic technical terms. An Amharic-English glossarycompletes the volume. (AM) Final Report

Contract No. OEC-0-71-2395 (823)

INTERMEDIATE AMHARIC CULTURAL READER

Wolf Leslau

University of California

Los Angeles, California

October 1973

The research reported herein was performed pursuant to a contract with the Office of Education, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Contractors undertaking such projects under Govern- ment sponporship are encouraged to express freely their professional judgment in the conduct of the project.' Points of view or opinions stated do not, therefore, necessarily represent official Office of Education position or policy.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE

.t%

Office of Education

Institute of International Studies 0 U S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, 1 EDUCATION WELFARE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRO 0 DUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGIN 0 ATING IT POINTS Of VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NI CE SSARILY REPRE SENT OFFICIAL NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF LL EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY INTERDIATE AXHARIO CULTURAL READER

WOLF LESLAU INTRODUCTION

There is at present no Amharic Reader available to students

who have completed the study of Amharic grammar and are in the

intermediary stage of the study of Amharic.The Intermediate

Amharic Cultural Reader is intended to fill this gap. At the

same time, the Reader pro'ides the studentwith texts that -de-

scribe the material culture as well as the social institutions

of Ethiopia, thereby introducing him to the cultural life of

the country. The texts were prepared under my direction by students of

the Haile Selassie I university, eachtext by another student. I adopted thiS procedure, rather than having all the texts

written by the same writer, in order to provide the student

of Amharic with a variety of styles,

The English translation is as close as possible to the

Amharic oriOnal. Amharic technical terms are retained in the

,English text, and the meaning of these terms is given in the

vocabulary. The notes refer to the English translation. The vocaou-

lary contains all the words of the Amharic text.

4 TABLNF CONTENTS 0),

TEXTS ,1 -3, .hvislr:rfrt? 4-5 6-7 .ffaciF 8-9 eimr 10-12 13-13a .'nE-115 14-15 -7/111--.54117 16-17 wC9 18-21 22-24 peri iro in en 25-26 28 29-30 31-33 34-36 37-39 40-41 42-44 45-46 47-48 49-51 52-54 55-60 61-62 63-65

66-67

68-69 p-72a

73-75 76-77

78-81 82-84

83 -87 n 7ofur.Hi: H3Pend-. ASP/ 88-90 .-11.P.1411t?:41%e4T-(10-1,'Ibitil 410- 91-92 e hold4: icier 93-96 . rPirriofpriqp-t7 tn hilet4.go/ 97 -98 -.4n(P...h.Es..ffvehnr tnniv.trvAre:Y1.714S11:4411-2-'"ibh 99-101 fAlla'. TV 1u2-103

i:1353 W. TRANSLATIONS

Addis Ababa 104-106

The city of Gondar 107-109

Harar 110-112

Nercato 113-115 Country market 116-120

Christening 121-123

Naming 124-126

Wedding 126-130

Burial ceremony 131-134a Food anddrink 135-138 House construction in Amhara country 139-141 The manner of wearing the 5iimma 142-144 tiahb:.dr '145-147

Credit. society. 148-150

Burial society 151-155

Communal labor o 156-159

Communal inquest 160-161

Fukkara 162-165

PrieSt 166-168

DHbtHr-a 169-171

Nonkhood 172-175

Clerical education 176-179

Divination 180-186

-Fasting 187-189

Christmas 190-193

Epiphany 194 -196 Easter 197-199

NEscial 200-203

St. John's Day 204-207

c-rchants 208-210

Artisans 211-215

. ninstrel 216-219 the daily duties of an Amhara farmer 220-223 Lcadholding -man.; the Amharas 224-229

What is the daily work of an Ethiopian woman? 230-232

Iginctions of an elder in society 233-237

A person of breeding and '-r-,00d upbringing 238-241 Just what is an Ethiopian girl of good character? 242it245

Beauty 246-249

NOTES 250-253

Vocpbulary 254-343

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.94 540; : ,Tk 41r: ev,efrf Ht.* ,)40 TR ANSLATIONS

1_15 !o'(

Addis Ababa

However, Ethiopia's capital was previouslybuilt on Mt. Entotto. 1876098khe Emperor Menelik founded since it was unsuitable for acity, in present as Addis Ababa. the city that he named Finfinneand that is known at

by mountains like Entotto. Since the alti- a Addis Ababa is surrounded highland quality is tude,of the city is8000 feet above sea (level), its like fields, are perceptible. ,Its environs arefull of places which hre Since the city is one lower in altit-Ide(and) are suitable for farming. it loOks as though it in which eucalyptus trees areseen in large number, Still, the various kindsof had been founded in themiddle of a forest. the city a special appear- trees planted along thestreets at present give by the Addis AbabaHunicipality in 1960 ance. According to the census made

(=1968), it shows that there were637,831 inhabitants. Yekatit 12 Square. One of the parts of thecity is the one dubbed

The monument(there) wits set Most of the time it islziown as Siddist Kilo. the Fascints killed withpicksand up to commemoratethe Ethiopians whom sculpture showing theatrodity spades on Yekatit 12. On this monument, a to be seen. Near this monu- which the Fascistscommitted on this date is Selassie/I University which was formerly ment is the largecompound of Haile university is the HaileSelassie I the royal palace. To the right of the

Square) is the Imperial B9dyguardheadquarters. A Hospital.Across (the which is visited by many little furtheralong toe is the lions' enclosure of the lions frightens people and in which theyrelax. Even. though the roaring that it would be people, the place in, whichthey are is well-constructed so

easy to look(at the lions). Siddist Kilo.While There is another square amoderate distance from Independence Nonument Square. it is called Arat Kilo,it has been designated

.11 1; This is because theItalians were it is also called Miyazya27 Square. and Fine driveriout of Ethiopia on that date.The Ministry of Education

and also so large office Arts, the EngineeringCollege, Menelik II School downhill from buildings are located in thisarba. In a place opposite and This was formerly IndenendenCe Monument(Square), the Great Palace is built. Haile Selasiid holds court Emperor Menelik's palace. Now, however, Emperor palace, the Parliamentbuilding towers. in it. Between the monuments and the

Behind, it is the Cathedralof St. Mary's. it has also 'ome to Not only is Addis Ababathe capital of Ethiopia,

Africa. Opposite the Jubilee be a place,for,beinghost to the leaders of The area between these Palace, Africa Hall appears,beautiful and splendid. adorned with various two buildings has beenconstructed as a nublic park,and following (the road) which passes trees and flowers. One who has gone down Following the road extenc_ng to by this way will arriveat lasofil Square. Airport is located aboutsix km the left, the HaileSelassie I International

in the city. further out.It is the only airport by the MAnicipality It is known through thelicense plate numbers issued constantly increasi n this that the number of vehiclesin Addis Ababa is there were 30,001 go ernment period. ,It was discoveredin 1960 (=1968) that

cars and privatevehicles. known.now as DeGaulleAquare, A little to the north.of the .Piazza, 'Near this church is the statueof the appears the church,of St. George. Going down Churchill Avenue EMperor Menelik whichta enclosed by a fence. railrOad,station appears at the_end k..f thisstreet. from the,Piazzal the made by the Municipality,Churchill. On the basis of arecent street survey that the railri- i sta- Avenue has been(re)constructed in' a new fashion so each other. tion and the Municipalitybuilding: will be` directly) opposite has been delimited so In the area between thesetwo buildings, a wide arca The foundations that the (Emperor)Theodordsmonument may be set up in it. is surrounded by the new bank have been laid. Lower down, Adowa Square and also some tRil building, Haile Selassie ITheatre, the Defense Ministry station on the modern buildingsIeavingthe road going to the railroad arrives at left and following the roadleading out of Adowa Square, one Vocational School and several large Mexico Square.Near this square the

offices are located. Abuna Petros. One To the right of City Hallis located tl -9. statue of

HabtR- giyorgis bridge who travels straight pastthat (statue) and over the

will arrive at a very large area,the Mercato. This area is (also) called

people stay around on market days. Here Addis Kagma. It is a place where different routes two large market halls arelocated. In this area, buses of the surprising things is tilat have Located their pointof departure. OW of people, as mith the many livestock one ,spends thetime shoving with the many

and vehicles. recently appearing here andthere'in . Even though the modern buildings streets, Addis Ababa give a special appearanceto various places, the narrow Be that as it may, the unclean houses andshacks are found to be numerous.

the city is growing. %

1 1 8 161

The City of Gondar 0

Gondar is the chief city ofBaglimdor Province. This city's reason for fame is the fact that it isancient rather than modern. In its tiwit was one in which many kingsset up their thrones, courts wereheld, and pub- lic assemblies were conducted. Starting with (kingi) like Abe Fasil to

Theodore, it was a tovn,of kings, acenter of trade. At'the present time, even though it appearsstripped of itsancient461ory, on account of the houses which (Western) culture hascreated and its asphalted streets, it is a city which seems renewed,linking.its ancient glory with the culture

of this age;

Gondar is very different fromAddis Ababa in its size and in its

government work is modernity. Nevertheless, just like Addis Ababa, much and strangers.' Since done in it. It provides hospitality to many travelers with a' all the government officeshave been built grouped together, a person

problem can ,-settle many matter_without wandering fromne office to another.

The dwellings are often in rowsbuilt joined together. In'order to preserve of the cleanliness of the city, allhouses are repaired every year by order

the municipality.

What has caused the city to befamiliar to the world is the historical who come to castle 'Of (Emperor) Fasil. The number of foreigners and natives has lasted see this buildiAg is large.:The strength of this building which

abovt-three hundred years is a reasonfor admiration. Even though it is

called Abe Fasil's castle, there are manybuildings inside it.Each build- Since the building was constructed inthe reign of different kings. it would which was advanced in ageapproached the point of falling apart,

be repaired from time to timebefore it collapsed completely.`

11:t !d9

Gondar is a town which is famous for itschurches.- There is a church

in every neighborhood.Among the existing churches which have ahistory, the

C. construction of Dgbrgbahans, (Holy) Trinity andQu3quam is ancient. The 7 manuscripts and pictures in them are those havinghistorical value. The

ry faithful co to Balata and Loza Maryam in searchofhdly water in order to

recover from illness or somekind of infection or to be cleansed of sin.

Among/ all these churches there is a mosque. This mosque which was

built a little outside the city is the placeof prayer for many Mhslins. In

the city, with regard to religion, theChristians, rather than the NUslins,

are in the preponderance. The Christians' is Orthodox (Christianity).

Attending church, celebrating(religious) holidays, almi%iving, feeding and

giving to drink the hungry and the thirsty are afew of the activities of

the Christian folk.

Before the education of the (present) age.advanced (lixe) today,

Gondar, being originally widely(known) through clerical education, was a'

district or city of scholars to whichthey would travel from many places in

Since clerical training has struck root,modern school- search education. , tie tt4 ing has not expanded properly.However, since de zs someldlat weakened on

aceount.of her clerical achievement, thefact that this achievement df hers

is a specigl characteristic in the processof gradually disappearing.Today,

there is one high school,and numerousprimary schools in Gondar. A Public

Health college is located there. Even though thenumber of schools is more

than one, when (this ;lumber) is comparedwith thenumber of people and(their)

needs, it is quite small. Even though the peopledisplay the necessary coop-

eration, since there are not enoughteachers, the number of students entering

school and those passing on to collegeis quite small.

1 2 0 101

hospital. t only does this In the Public Healthcollege there i0Oh city, it ia training hospital provideAs services to the people of the The place where nurses,health installation for the studentsin the college. here in this hospital: The of'ficers,.dressers aid sanitariansare trained is 4 Therefore the day's injured andill suffer much number of clinics'is small. waiting their turn. Since difficulty. in order to getmedical attention by

treatment by, payingmon6y, medicine is many find it hardto get medical

distributed free bythe.government. exactly, i4 probably Even though the numberof people is not known

Natives of many districtslive in this .amounts to approximately.50,060: The Ethiopian languages town on accountoaf government jobs or commerce.

spoken in this city aremostly Amharic andTigrinya. underdeveloped with respect tothe economy.It The city is somewhat advancing. The. industries seems that publicimprovement is retrogressing, not known by nalLe in'Gondar. On account seen in.other largetowns are not even The eAucated aresecretaries and tea- of this, many people areunemployed: k, 0 soldiers qr police also. Illiterate criers and there are amoderate number of of trade. make.a living byengaging in various kids and uneducated persons I traders, appears preponderant,aside from the successful a Even though commerce exceed his dailyconsumptiOn. the profit of theordinary, trader.does not them to engage in commercemake a Those whose luckor.wealth does not allow Since unemployment is.widespread among living as coolies andday laborers. enough to be married opensmall or the women, thosewho are not fortunate liqu4businesses and make a living asprostitutes. .Their num- large-scale This in turn alsoincreases the'number of ber is constantlyinc;eating. has weakened since theItalians occupied it bachelors. Control of the city has forgotten it moreand mcr and were driven,out and the government l) I lie

Harar City .h which is located in Harar The cityZfilararis an ancient city

. Its antiquityfs apparent because Province in the easternpart of Ethiopia. because there are not many of the Way in which thecity is constructer' and the old city which is'called the gggol adds new'buildin6s. . . the fact that it hasreached special proof of itsantiquity' on account of

the point of fallipinto ruin. o cuts right throughthe The highway which goeafrom Dire Dawa to HarF ar The Ras Hotel buildingis located middle of Harar andproceed's on to Jijjiga. little way into the 'townof Harar and the on the rightjust as one comes a As soon as one hasproceeded a building located cppositett is the palace. trees along following this(highway) which is decorated by little further by .y-

In :thearea the administra sides, the statue ofRas N4konnen is found. headqUarterlof.the Harar military, academy axe located. tive offices and the

is the village ofBottega which . A little to theeast on leaving the square

was built duringthe Italian occupation. foute, it takes one to FarbNggala.- When one travels alongthis which',1ommercial Since this place which is known asFargs Mggalais one in the time people let off cargoes andpassengers, muchlof vehicles take on and Inapoa of other and dashing about init. atom it is a place are seenshoving each bars and hOtels around it in whichthe -commerce; there are alarge number of weary may rest and those who hungry and thirsty maydrink and eat and the the night.The Ras Makonnen Hall have been overtakenby evening may spend assemfae for various reasons islocated in which thepeople of the town

here. walls and ruinedbuildings are' -? On account ofits antiquity, many seven gates. surroundedwith walls, it has located in it.Inasmuch as it is '

410 122 guards.All the streetsleaving In former times, thesegates had doors and These were the Track il'rom these gates cametogether in the Fgrgs Nagala. Ox Gate, the YcrerGate, the FLlana gatal the Shoa Gate,the Buda Gate, the 4 except the Pepper Gate,small Gate and the Pepperpate. Near every gate, of all is the,one nearShoa Gate: 11-1 markets -,are found. The biggest market many (typesOf) merchandise are the big markets, asin the other -towns, very Gggol) are narrow' the old town(specific name: sold. The streets here in. The,big Has MakonnenHospital and thelrge. and have lots ofrebb)es in then,. -5 Ggol. If one leaves the OxGate and Euraim mosque arelocated here in the who feeds the hyenaswho has won bears to the right,there one finds the 'man r well as (that ofthe) foreign the admiration of thenatives cf the area as

(hyena) feeder collectsbones.all day and every .' visitors. Every day this His Stectators to watch him feedingthe hyenas. evening he allows many 1' livelihood is based onthis. fruit, an (articleof) Since Harar is an areaof various kinds of market is fruit ofvarious kinds.A merchandise seen inquantity in every surrounding area arefull little outside the town, thefertile spots in the ,

of Ifruit trees. out a little wayfrom the old When one takes themain street and goes This place has taken on ahandsome al,- town, one returnsto the new town. cleanliness and itsmodernity. The houses are pearance ouaccount of its style. The city, to a per- built of stone and areconstructed in a modern Mountain or HaldmMountain, looks like a son lookingat it from Harawi old town and hill. The fact that the village which wasbuilt on a small it an appearancedifferent from the the new (one) areside by side gives

other Ethiopiantowns.

1 23 d

which-are located inEthiopia training institutes . 'One of the teacher schools. is a high schooland four primary is in Barer. Besides this, there are,locatedin the newtown. - Allthese schools Y not known exactly,it is quite- Even though thenumber of people is Adare, Qottu, languages spoken inthe town are: large. The principal since the (levelof) the economy Arabic and Amharic.'As in other towns; MOst of the of prostitutes islarge. is low; the numberof unemployed and in coin- whether successfUl (in making aliving) or not are engaged people, :, beyond (pro- / is low, it is not akind which goes .nerce.'Since their income .. Even though theefforts this little viding them) with(their) daily bread. just like many bigcities (do),, do not out-of-date city ismaking to improve, its an It (yet) it captures thevisitor's eye because soothe*bne's emotions, stripped away. glory has notbeen completely

`.7 113

Mercato

buying and selling of There is a large marketplace which is for the \.6/' Its name is theMercato.In this place domestic as well asforeign goods. and honest men are allmixed together. buyers, sellers, middlemenl'swindlers Ababa is,located in thewest(ern part) of Addis . The Mercato of Addis

buildings there built in the modernstyle.These 'Ababa.There are large street which separatesthe two buildings are(built) side-by-side. A broad Autotruses-whiCh transport the publicfrom buildings goes acrossthe middle. to the market let offand take _the market to all overand from various places Besides the fact that theusual merchandise on passengers onthis street. located therein. In that large is sold in thesebuildings, some bars are built close to oneanother. Not building, small shopsencased in glass are the manner in whichthey only are the kindsof goods in each shop numerous, therefore the market goerobtains. the article . are laid outis unsystematic. these larger buildings, he,wants after muchconfUsion. In the area around air merchandise stallsof merchants there are crudelybuilt or simply open Those things soldhere range who were not givenlocations systematically. and'onglira to native productsfor from dabbo qolto onwhich dust has blown In this area, therp arevery many ofthose which visitors eagerlyseek. of box which theysuspend on a kind of who put a coupleof items in a sort their chests and goaround here andthere rope from theirshoulders down over crying out, 'Anyonewant a toothbrush, in order to earntheir daily bread by The number of thosewho spend the nail clippers; anyoneout of perAnne ?' when convenient, bypicking pockets, is (...ay by pilferingand stealing and

4141, very large. building, there are personsin of the new marketing At the entrance Cat krst'one spend the day making.coffee, chewing groups of tenand fifteen who

I 25 beating a drum, the singing a song, the otherssinging the refrain, one and rising up. From there they others clapping andpraying by bowing and then disperse. The elder come forward forspitting for a blessing at and gives hisblessing inflates his cheeks which arepacked f411 of which he held (in hismouth). by sending out hisspit with, the cud of6t day and who has kept a One who is tired frombeing in the market all dropping in late inthe evening little money tied(in,a handkerchief), after couple of such, somewhathigh, board the at a to bet in the neighborhood, a Those who are drunkspend the eveninglament-: bus for 15 centsand go home. night. ,A shoving and then go to aplace to spend the ing, singing, cursing, the day somehow,begging here poor personwho has no money,_ after spending might find someone to toss himsomething for his and there(hoping) that he the little bit(of food) he had, and supper, but ifhe does not, nibbling on 111 porch, cur111g up bespnds the not having a regularhome, taking shelter on a

night (there). It is divided thusly: The marketis divided up into many (sections). grain section, a spicesection, a a clothingsection.a pottery section, a section. butter section,hoUsehold Dirnishings and jewelry the Merest() is not just aplace in which goods Generally cdnsidered, social needs aresatisfied. ,However are exchangedbut a place in-which many there may be, there arejust as many many quarrellingsellers and buyers strange in seeing young men peace-making elders there. There is nothing Moreover i it each other for lo4g periods or justbriefly. and women ogling discussing openly orsecretly domes- is quite usuartosee people meeting and

, the state of societyin general.The tic affairs,government matters of place for disseminatingnews as Merest° is asource'of information and a is what the Mercatoof Addis Abeva -much as it can. Looked at.quickly, this

seems to be. i

1

1 Tr /16

Country Market

which merchandise Both in the countryside andin the town, a place in

4, that is needed is boughtend.sold is called a market. anywhere in the The period during whichimportant markets are held

E. Of these days, the firstis ' countryside is not more thantwo days per week. from places come the most considerable,one'in which very many people is that most of theAi, the people who together. The main reason for this since 'transact business in the country market livein villages far apart and time to time or be they could not go on leavingoff their daily work from sell and barter suffi- ..going back andforth on foot, it is more convenient to household all at one cient goods and come back(home) with provisions for the In view of the time. A marketlike this may be very popular and lively. their living from farming, (the fact that the Ethiopianpeople 'mostly make they caullot grow on theirland place) where they get tnekinds' of food which does not proVide, thingsmade and generally thosethings which agriculture spices, oil, kerosene, in factories, goodssuch as salt, coffee, sugar, is only in this market, so fabrics, shoes, china,glasses, plates, soap* for them. going out to market once aweek is an obligation in the town. As The country market isdifferent from the one held foot, and his intentionis to the market goes hasto travel a long way on by selling his grain, andto by things he needswith the money he obtained evening.Among his family, return, all this will takehim from morning to old men and women, there except the children, herdsmenand the very feeble The reason that this is sois that no one who doesnot go to market. the load every time itslips going that much distancewhile straightening up and reloading it willnot down, unloading it afterarriving at the market Since the women are the proceed very well withoAone person's efforts.

!2h 117

not stay away ones who know the householditems which are needed, they do

from the market.

The women, having noted what islacking from among the household nec- get up in essaries and keeping what is neededin their heads, not on paper, they finish the morning, bring the calves andthe cows together, and after

cooping up the dung, they boilcoffee. After they breakfast, they begin finished :gathering up their fabrics for the marketforay as soon as they have

drinking their coffee.

Until the coffee boils, the men also measureout in nonas the grain

be ground in they will sell at themarket. They fill the grain that has to

bags, load the donkeys and then untilthey leave, give them a kind of grass

their best clothes, call and let them graze. Later the women, dressed in

their neighbors and head for themarket. Chickens in their hands or eggs

Let:pre they arrive put together with grain insmall bags wial.not be absent. marketgOtTt whom at the market, dealers in poultrywho are waiting for the

they find along the road take(these) chickens and eggs off their hands. things to be As soon as they arrive atthe market, (they take) the things to sold by weight to the weighingplatform and after unloading the piece of cloth and begin be sold retail, they spreadthem out on a hide or a together receiving cus- selling and buying. Husband and wife spend the d4y with the pack straps, they spread toners.After tying the donkeys to a peg They spend the day measuring out a sort of straw and letthem browse freely. other, grain and other things, haggling,agreeing on. a price, telling each (the grain), the 'it's a dealyor) 'it's nodeal.'The wife measures out other, 'add husband taking the moneyand"(customer and seller) say to each

somemore',(or) 'we will not add more.'

.4 116

establishes himself inhis respective Since in the marketeach person market goers. The pepper, spice, locations not suchdifficulty is caused the sections, livestOok, grain, stalks of sugar cane,wood and pottery butter, Therefore (however) largethe all these have theiryell-known locations. get together withoutconfUsion. number of people maybe, buyer and seller may even if thecity traders Since countrysidetraders come from all over, first,:the market doesnot really get and retailsellersoccupy the place (the The women and men gotheir separate ways, underway beforemid-morning. men) to pick out thethings they desire. women) to where their wantsare, (the the place wherethey marketing, they meetby going back'to On finishing their market goers cannotrepeatedly return tied their donkeys. Since the country aim is to take careof all the matters to market everyday_, their principal day and return(home.). for which they went(to market)'on that same choosing garments After going to the5iimma section for clothes and ground each'accordingto its kind, from those hanging up orspread out on'the poncho (or)what(ever) appeals to him, taking out nittglashawls, a gabi, a looking at it, he buys the one whichsuits turning it this wayand that and Oxen, the cow which livesItock section,looks at'the him.Be goes into the bullock, the calf orthe gelded steer, stopped producingcalves, the young poking thegood ones with avoiding the fierce onewhich is bad-tempered, by appearance the oneswhich are good for the staff hecarries, identifying whose fat is notdesirable, bargain- plowing or butchering,the fat and those is the, rule andthen buying what looks ing and hagglingabout the pricys sheep section, he squeezestheir tails, pokes (good) to him.Going into the for the rule. If it is convenient thim in the breast andmakes a deal,as is weakness' (he does go.), otherwisehe notes its him to judge thepack animal (provided by) its teeth and sohe avoids or its strengtalthrough the evidence

.130 plump one and buysit. the really saddle-sore,picks out the really this way, choosing care- Traveling through eachmerchandise section in of th% price, thesmallness of fully, handling, hagglingabout the highness

the merchandise, hepurchases what is necessary. and weary when he goes 'But after all, themarketer must become tired this spend the day in a sepa- hither and thither, sothe hucksters who know (small market) selling"praand dabbo- rate place which theycall a *gult° in qunna-baskets, beer in crocks bread on wickerworktables, parched grain hungry and thirsty who come(there). and arrack inbbttles or centeens to the is not suitable fordickering. SinCe their merchandisehas a'fixed price, it separate items isadvantageous. Therefore the income whichthey get from these and before they So"after the market goersfinish the day's business

remember the children whom they leftbehind at home. go home, theyprobably sugar cane to please Therefore they journey(homewar0 after buying candy or At that time, they(also) buy kerosene and those who saw ri off weeping.

Nafta for the lamps... countryside, having Since most of the tirethere is no mill in the

the market at the sameoccasion, they,return 'itch of their grain ground at place, the ones who own adonkey loads the home. After all this has taken (the merchandise) on their merchandise on it, the oneswho do not, carrying the state of themarkets, they backs and, indulgingin taiks','diocussing it gets dark.Singing and travel quickly so theywill arrive home before tired, sometimes resting,they joking with each other sothey will not feel arriving at the house orrie village, walk on for a whileand just before merchandise those who have beenat home alldavwelceme,themloYfUlly;--The cane,that was bought for is unloaded and thechildren are given the sugar

1 3 1 1 7,

them.After that, they sit, breathing a sigh of relief and drinkinggood coffee until supper is ready. ple next market is a week away.

I

N

fs/ Christening

Forty days after a boy is bornand eighty days after a girl, they are

and for the girl a godmother. christened. For the boy there'is a godfather

If the child which is born is aboythe father is asked to give his

child for christening to the requester. In contrast to this, if the child

Persons eager for rela- is. a girl, it is the mother whohas to be asked.

tionship and friendship ask, as soon asthey find out the mother has con-

(give it) ceived, 'If your child is a boy(give it) to me, if it is a girl .

promise before anybook, to py wife.' Their purpose is-to have the parents

else asks first.

For example, in Gojjam, the onewho gives (the child inchristening)

(someone) to give (the child) asks (for the child). In Shoal the parents ask the vow, all these in christening for them.If the child is the child of Parents requests are not made but thechild is given over to the Labvt. when he who are strong in their faithmake a covenant so that the child, Even though the basic mean- grows up, will serve thetabot that was chosen. custom is the ing of christening is linkedwith custom, the source of this and the (others) who need for relationship.Both the (parents) who ask for in a relative seek to be godparents arelooking for a means of protection 'is a baby who is strong in wealth andhonor. Even though the one christenee. carried out who has not attained the ageof reason, the entire affair is

among persons who haveattained the age of reason.

A day before thechristening, the mother tells all the neighbors that On the she has a christening on the morrowand asks them to escort her.

christening day--6 a.m. on a non-fastday and 12 a.m. on a fast day--the travel givers in christening and thosewho are having the christening done /2.1.

and the givers in I to the curch together.The mother comes with spun thread the christening with newclothes and towels or a kind of muslin. they As soon as they arrive atthe church, it a place is available The stand at the christening place,otherwisethey stand) under the eaves.

priest carries out the necessary ceremony,carrying the cross and conducting

the prayer with the deaconsgiving the response.The deacon receives the

thread from the mother and suspends it onthe cross.Placing this near the

water which he has broughtin a clay bowl, hesIys "rise "and begins the

follow' (him) in,the same fashion.' After prayer. Those who give the response adds chrism (holy the prayer, the priestblesses the water with the cross and

oil) to it. and While the child is naked, thedeacon takes him from his mother armpit, the pilest when he comes forwardholding him in his hands under each it is said that immerses him in the waterwhich he has prepared. Even though bitterly on the child ought to be happy onbecoming a Christian, it cries the' feeling the coldness ofthe'water. When he has finished being immersed, wwhilebile threadjwhich his mother broughtfor him and which had been prayed over } This means he has become banging on the cross,istied around his neck.

the-Christian name is simple. In any case, theprocedure of,giving consideration wit from If the baby is aWiry the saint's day is'taken into is added to Christ's the beginning, most oftenthe ward son-of or servant-of (or) or a martyr's orsaint's name and the name such as 'servantnof Christ' is given the 'son-of Gabriel' is given him.In contrast to this, the girl

Christ.' name !daughtar-of(St.) George' or 'handmaiden-of godmother takes As soon as the name -giving is over, the godfather or

his/her arms.' Afterwards his spiritual child fromthe deacon and holds it in

134 123'

the mother takes herchild and with the escorts, goes inside(the church). .

After attending Miss, they administercommunion to the child.From the time

they start Mass until they leave,the child does not takethe breast, even

though hunger may be gnawing at him.Could that be to show through fasting

that. te is devoted to the Lord since hehas become a Christian?

'Now, since the christening ceremonyis over, the mother puts the child , She gathers on her back and returnsto her house together with her escort.' drink of the the neighbors and latives together and gives them to eat and ' . . deSconi:taste of the banoget feast she hasprepare After the priests and v ,-.. s broaght to the church for them, they gotheir separate_ If mentioniag t week before' at all sholuld be made oftheir leaving anything fOr the church, a would be sent. the chri9 ening a 1111.1 qunnaof fine wheat, raisins and candles . .

S

j Taming

'angels give names.'When Whu.1 the fathers tellparables thez say

c" 'ld is born,-his profes- they say this, it is tosuggest that before the

It issaiAatif the .name which sion and his name aredecidedt angels. there is nothing which willbe' is desired is givenhim once he is born,

added or taken away fromhim. name--his Whether, or not(such) tales are told, a child's not as.soon as he is porn. name--has already beencpnsidered for some time, be a hero's name like Abate(I This name which isgiven consideration may Kande (my elbow), Bayu (the having disturbed),CAzmme'(I havin&elbowed), expressing handsomeness hitter), Ambdri)ar(ransacker) and the like. ,Names (he is handsome), anacia are of the kindlike WabYtuthe beauty), AnatR

(he is admirable). hgauty.just for example: Almaz The names givengirls mostly express O Parents who (diamond),(3Wabitu (the beauty);gagergda (rose) and the like. illness msoriby changing the sex.) have'lost a boy or girlthrough childbirth the boy's name. thereason call the boy by'thegirl's name and the'girl by that. changing the sex by name they do this may b7;because of their belief

will keep the childrenfrom dying. the fortieth day, the When a baby boy isborn, he is christened on

The givers in christeninglook for i'voman to be - girl on the eightieth. the child in christening, the godmother of thegirl. If anyone asks.to give taken into considerationand the to be the godmother,her circumstances are boy, a godfather islikewise, 'child is given to her. On the part of the

nearby church, explainto the vicar that they sought. The pilrents go to a Christian name by which thechild will have a newly bornchild, decide the be given) and return. be baptized and thedate (on which themme will

PM. lafi 17,

still. On the day of the christening,the parents, and if they are (their) relatives, 'alive, the baby's grandparents, goto the church-with christening. A deacon attend the ceremony of theMass and give the child in font. Then, takes the child -`in his-arms andbrings it to the baptismal the.Father,.halleluiah to the crossinghimself and saying'Halleluiah to The name of the Son, halleluiah to the HolyGhost,' he baptizes the baby. be4Used as tabot which is celebrated onthe day the baby is baptized may FOrexample, if the festival is (Saint) Michaels the child's Christian name. Waldo-Mikael, --'(Day), he will be called by(Saint) Michael's name,-if a boy,

Antitg-Mikael, . Gilbra- Mikael, Haylg-Nikael, etc. If a girl, she-may be balled NW priest will tie a Wglatta-Mikael etc.As ark of the christening, the math. white thread around thechild's neck. This is called the the presence of, After the parents return,home and hold a fantasia in christening, the rather sLands up the assembled relatives onaccount of the his son to be called.This and publicly proclaimsthe name by which he wants 'May the name be blessed, is called the 'worldname:4When the priest says,

'Let it be so. May it be suitable. and holy, the people respond, saying, blessing, says a prayer, has everyone We like it.'The priest gives his after he has finished, everyonegulps say 'Our fatherwho aft in Heaven' and they take leave of eachother. down what remains inhis respective cup and function.His pub- The child's Christianand public names differ in Christian name will serve for lic name will always behis appelation, his will be used in the obse- him to be called bywhen he takes communion and serve as his public quies when he dies. Sometimes his Christian name may A name. additional 'horse name' If he should be the sonof a wealthy man; an

be Tatgq. may be given him..Just for example, it may

13 they . There are names known aspet names. The pet name is one which

of someone and shortening use to displayaffection by taking the world name If his usual name is'Balm,' 'Bey A' is it or making somealteration in it. name. Abigibg be- the pet name (for a boy.'Baytig' is (actually) a woman's Particularly with reference to comes Abbe; G?rma,Gormos;BarhanulliariL miso That is to say, Ababa women, -yye is addedand becomes a special pet name.

(becomes) AbblbOwe or ANsysre. It has the meaning Generally when a name is givenit has a meaning.

ti t for all of desire, hope, loveana the like. It is the rule in Ethiopia which is connected to these names which are giventhat they have a meaning with the character they the thing the parents wanttheir child to become and

want their child tohave. 7

Wedding

In Ethiopia, specifically in keeping with thecustomsof the Amharas, o4.o.4.wt.fote.S, weddings are performed by communion,pkku-44 civil or hire.Most often

civil marriages are performed. Throughout the countryside, thecommunion

marriage is greatly respected, since it coupleshusband and wife together

until the end.

In keeping with this.custom, when a fine youngfellow is fifteen years

old, he is considered to be mature and alife's companion is sought.for

When the pretty girl is all of twelve orthirteen, she is scrutinized if she

is not yet betrothed.As is the custom, the parents of thegirl, even though r their daughter is unmarried, will notseek a husband for her but will only

feel disappointed. Always they arethe ones gho are asked but never those

who ask.Until almsbandis found, their duty isonly to help her preserve

her chastity and to become more adeptin her housewifely skills.

Even though it seems a customwhich the present day has abolished,

4 three things mhst be considered when awife is sought for a man.The betro-

thed must be equal in wealth. Secondly, their lineage must be pure.Thirdly,

they must be of the same faith.

The girl's family and the boy's family may or maynot be acquainted

with each other (beforehand).Even though they do or do not know each

othe4 r, it is necessary to have amediator who has companionship with both

(sides) in order to bind them together inmarriage. In order to obtain for

their son the girl on whom their eyehas lighted, the boy's family choose

the girl's some of the country eldersand send them as intermediaries to ask

family to give their daughter inmarriage'to their son, The elders go to

the girl's family with dollars and asalt bar. As is the rule, when they

arrive there, instead of goingdirectly into the girl's house, they stand

3 them to enter. .444e aside until someone comesto welcome them and tell

PrialthABI

.43ziczumogniza=h;lowcal...,..,im=atrAdvorAts, while, bat do not After that, they go intothe girl's house, rest a

have come. Food begin straightway (todiscuss) the matter about which they conversation.Even and drink are served. Sitting there they indulge in heard various rumors, though the girl's family knowabout the matter, having though they talk about livestock, the crops,the market, and people just as conversation appears nothing (aboutmarriage) had been heard. When the what may we do for ended, the girl's family saysto them, "Well, fathers,

they have brought on themgsob. This you?"The elders place the money After that, they say, money is called the'means for removing themeal.' child."They "We came thinking that you wouldgive us your child for our accepted the propoaal discuss the matter thoroughlyaud though they have they don't need it, in their hearts, thegirl's family, pretending that about it and take counsel on make an appointment,saying they must think

is set, the boy's familyhave to (try) to speed it. Even though the date

up the matter. to it, the After the girl's familyaccepts the request, and agrees both parties a month or two preparations for thebanquet will be made by wedding, the young girls before the wedding. Abouttwo weeks before the While all this is going on,the of the village singin each of the houses. Sometimes they are notacquainted boy and the girl do not seeeach other.

with each other atall. by the groom's best men, go On the wedding day,the elders, followed (their) fighting prowess. When to the girl's house,dancing and boasting of tells them to come in. they arrive there,they wait outside until someone 12.1

in front and the They chatter animatedly.After they enter, the elders the front and (the best men in) in best ten (following) after,they sit in

it questions as if the matterabout Which back of them.Even then, they and drinking, they came were(something) new.When they have finished eating Since this is the elders standup and layout the dowry which.theybrought. little while customary)(the girl's side), willundoubtedly say that it is too they are generally (the boy's side) will say thatit is too much. After hands over the bride with agreed, the girl'sfamily summons the best men and when one gets married, the things that she has. Since it is customary to weep Tears choke the parents the bride cries copiously,saying she will not go. If the place to,which thebride, is as though sheparted from themby\death. the beet men carries . going is far off, she travelsby mu1o4 otherwise one of

her on his back. dancing. One or two of Or the boy's side, tnereis mucnfeasting and guests, get things readyand the best men haveremained behind and welcome tit the bridegroom starts put the honeymoon4inorder.When is is somewhat dark, From the time the bridegroom out with his best mento receive his bride. On entering into the bower, leaves the house she mastbe veiled in muslin. One eats, drinks and dances. One there is terrific jubilationand dancing. When everyone has drunk,eaten,enjoyed engages in talkand conversation. and the bride, escortedby himself and gotten abit tired, the bridegroom The guests are seen off.Every close the best men, go tothe honeymoon hut. and singing. friend of the familyspends the evening dancing it is for the sake In the honeymoon butthere is a struggle, although

will not be violated, theboy says that he is of play. The girl (says) she 4ir the boy wins.He takes her the son of so-andso. After much struggling, If she is found to be avirgin, virtue. She becomes hisfirst-time wife. 130

are deafening, but if not,, the jubilation, the dancing,the shooting (of guns) If it (i.e. marks the surprise and the shame arejust as great (inextent). morning to the girl's of virginity) is found,the boy's family goes in the advantage.' house and says, 'Goodnews!He broke a fine bracelet to your The girl's For a sign!, they take a bakeddabbo and a blood-stained cloth. virgin, she is whipped family is pleased and proud. However, if she is not a

for a year.f and.sent home. This means there will be gossip send If things have gone well, onthe third day the bride's family and money for the good someone to inquireafter their daughter. -Clothing everywhere and some time news are sent tothem.After that, they are invited organize their lives later they finally come outof the (honeymoon) but and

until they too engenderoffspring and marry them off.

142 131

Burial Ceremony differences in the There are very manythings which can make great When a headman or a rich persondies, burial ceremony of adeceased person. for them withoutanything being the Christian burialcustoms are performed however, even though,he is aChristian, left out. If it is a poor person, The one who has a lotof relatives is he is interred in a cursoryfashion. efforts of his survivors.If buried in a more thoroughfashion through the good man, a participantin during his lifetimethe deceased person 14046 a though poor in relatiVesand the afflictions andthe joys of others, even will be buried, his wakebeing per- property, because ofhis good deeds, he dug very deep. formed with many detailsand his grave will be difference in the burial Another thing-which maymake something of a and body of the deceasedbecame sepa- ceremony, is the timein which the soul in the lasted through thenight but was a corpse rated.For someone who from far and near gather morning, there is plentyof time, so relatives

fashion, But if he died during together and he isburied in a thorough is said to have diedinopport,..Iely. the time between noonand four o'clock, he cannot arrive on time(for the funeral). This is becauserelatives from far away What is worse,,there maybe no sexton in the A priest may notbe in church. that the corpse shouldbe buried in the morning village. It is not liked increase the sorrow ofthe rela- because keeping the corpseall night will,

that the corpse mayputrefy and fall apart, tives.There is also concern summarily and incompletely(on the therefore the burial ceremonymay be done

same day). harm the survivors, butthe A corpse thatstays around overnight may

somehow. If someone dies in theperiod ceremony itselfwould be completed suppertime, thereis noimmediate outcry.It would from four o'clock until I1-

has to spend theevening containing his be a disgrace.The grieving person finished eating supper. Even though grief somehow untilthe neighbors have relative they love hasbeen in his the rules requirethis, after all, when a eyes and mouth closeand the soul death, throes for awhile, a friend who sees being crazedand,drunkwith grief. part from the bodywill probably cry out is dead, the men inthe As soon as it isascertained that this person curtain, dress up thebody house get the women awayfrom the corpse, put up a the thread, the ropeand all the properly and lay itout. The cloth, the mat, body), after they havebeen collected from things used forenshrouding (the is enshrouded andwrapped up for various places andstockpiled; the corpse the thought to havefinished eating supper, burial. When the neighbors are am!conflasionarOroduced. death is openlyannounced and lamenting place where the mourners After the body is'restored,' it is put in a 'restored' is when the corpseis sera tied can see it.What is meant by cotton to a support or apiece of upright with a sortof a belt made of clothes, and if a woman,(placed). WOOd-fixed--toits back,dressed in "its best priest's, a lady, if apriest, according to a according to theprocedures fc like to that of aperson's of rank just and if a personof rank, according deceased's goodness, hishaving provided it was when alive.After that,. the that he died stillin a low state--in food'and drink --andif poor)the fact mourner. The relatives general his virtues areenumerated by a professional in tears whilebeating of the (filling) the house, spendthe evening bathed by a professional mourner. breast and enumerationof virtues is done fUneral, from distant(areas) may arrive"for the / So that relatives death tid- and on foot.People to tell the messengers aresent on horseback of the deceased personare said to be. ings are also senteverywhere relations

14 At midnight,the deceased's fatherconfessor comes-with his censer.

Except for a few men, he clears thehouse completely of men and hefhmigates the corpse with incense after theclothes have been taken off.Afterwards and when everything is (putback) juANlike it was, the mourners return start up the wake again.

When morning comes and all therelatives have came, the corpse is taken out of the house about8:30.When it is approximately 500 meters from the church where it is to be buried, the corpsein placed on the ground

Now is the start of the 'proces- and the burial chant(ceremony) is begun.

sional obsequies.', In this fashion, theburial chant is intoned fivetimes

while the (corpse) is rested on theground at intervals of a hundredmeters,

times, then rested and on the sixth tine it istaken around the church three processional obsequies end at this in the.doorway.The complications of she 13,14vA. righLeouw, Lhe point.However, if the deceasedis to be declared emrmaindir

proceVonal obsequies will notbe enough. They have to recite the Psalms,

the Book of Fhneral Ceremony andthe Gospels.

Recitation of the Psalms is in any case apowerfhl and important prayer

the'Psalns dividing it up chapter by chapter. for holiness. The priests recite baptismal name and At the end of each chapter,they call out the deceased's of beseech God saying, 'Place his soul onYour right hand with the souls

Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.'At the time of this prayer,the deceased's

secular name is not mentionedsince God knows himonly by his baptismal

(so engaged) in this fashion, they go.through name. If there are many priests times the Psilmsr the Psalms many times.It has never been decided how many there are many priests, must be repeated.Anyway, the fortunate one for whom It will be said that the the Psalms are recited for himthat many times.

Psalms are recitedwonderfully for him.

1 not idle. Before While all this is going on,the gravediggers are with their spades and the body is taken'outof the "house, they have come four cubits long.They adjust picks and prepare a pitthree cubits deep and

the size of the pit:bymeasuring the coffinbeforehand.

resembling a wall --.' Until the prayer ceremonyis over, the mourners. The professional stand around the bed onwhich the corpse wascarried. of woe. All the mourners mourner stands in(their) midst and utters cries C join (her cries) inunison. la lifted from the After all these ceremoniesare over, the corpse People ?ry.There place in which ithad been and is taken to the grave. tear out their hair.'(Some) is much beating ofbreasts. °Close relatives

become crazed and falldown and get up. and forth and The father confessor comesswinging his censer back grave and smokes itWith incense. At gabbling his prayers. He blesses the ass and all the (other) outcriesand tumult this time themourners' cries of The priedt uttersa prayer. eease, so all Iscomplete silence. the body is lowered into Right after the priestsstop speaking when either side are returned(to the pit and the dirtand stoles heaped up on sky in June. Afterthe grave the pit), there is arumbling noise like the

is filled with earth, a(head) stone is placed upon it. out.The deceased Noic it doesn't seem thatanything Ilts been left out again.The despairing has gone into hiseternal home, never to come back, stand in the Survivors, realizing thatthe deceased will never come Male and female mournersstand .church compound afterventing their grief. speak mentioning various separately apart fromeach other. An eoer may He may bless thesexton. After that, incidents of thedeceased's lifetime. with a prayer. The mourners may the father confessorconcludes the ceremony

1 146 I

with their fingers andwipe their sit on the ground once,pat the earth The significanceof this is that the cheeks and foreheadwith (the earth). touch (themourners) too.After earth weighiLg down uponthe deceased should tells the (other), mourners, '1,11Ny that, one who wishesto leave immediately All the othersiescortingthe mourners God console you' andtakes his leave. in the rear. return home, th' womenin front and the men

1 '1 13 S'

Food and Drink

girl's womanly qualityis In Ethiopia,the7main thing by which a Keeping house, receivingguests, measured is herhousewifely ability. bread, cutting up chicken, respecting the husband, but mostof all, making of which a girl isproudest and brewing beer--these arethe biggest things (girls). At every banquet,expressions in which she competeswith the other "it looks like achicken's eje," "so- like "so-and-so'sbeer is lightning," "she is keen," "thequintessence and-so's sauce does notupset the stomach," (excellence). When women have nowork to do, of women" is a measureof this beer and hydromel is a typical discussing the kindsof barblirre*, spices,

activity of theirs. arises at dawnvgoes to fetchwater, In the countryside,Ile woman to what her stationin life allows sweeps the houseclean, and according parched grain or whvaLenMead, and her, puts coffeeon the fire, prepares her, boils up a bitof;Uro-stew and breakfasts with her when convenient for SAr then takes the first boilingto the thirdwand neighbors, providescoffeee the farrier goes tohis work, she prepares up her workfor the day. After basket, puts beerin a crock or a canteen sauce and bread,packs 5J' in a him. After returningfrom there, she prepares andtakes it to the field for o. holidays the income is.low,the food--except on supper. Since the extent of and save. Whenholidays arrive, such --does not gobeyond the usual bread fantasia is held.Besides things as lambs arebutchered and sometimes a and wheat porridge,parched barley (this), beans steepedin hot water, pease

and chickpeas arethe farmer's food. which differ from this.Parched When we go intotown,we see things Nonetheless occasionally eaten unlessthere is want. grain and porridge are places (in thepeople's diet). Even Liva.4.6.r bread and sauce donot cede their

1 .1h 136

the standard of living,breakfast, the types and amountof food are limited by times.The mellto-do, the cul- lunch, and supper areserved at their proper next day what they atethe day before. .4ured,donot eat again the 4r gaff. 1 -stew with For breakfast, muchof the tide typical foods are fresh fried meat with anara-bread, if there iseabbo-bread, then with dabbo, o little tight, wheaten eggs, coarse porridge,cgcshbsa, and Mhen things are.a With breakfast, blackcoffee bread and. butter,(such) are typical foods. butter.When things are (without milk or butter)is served, sometimes with or-mith strong pepper. This is well, yoghurt flavoredwith tenaddam-spice is a very lighttheal. for the rich. Mbst of the time breakfast lunch consists of Lunch is a heavier meal. Though much of the time Meat sauces (range) -amrigra-bread and sauce, the-kinds of sauce maydiffer.

fbnMgreck pot, zagan tocabbage.(sauce); veg- from Gantt', red zalbo sauce, made of roughly ground etable sauces are alacsa,fatfat, suro-stew, sauce 3 pericids, rolled chickpeas putinto stew, buta4a, peas. During fasting these are typi- 2nlara-bread put into sauce,salrp, sunflower oil fatfat--all lunCh might not be. served for supper. In anlk cal foods.What is eaten for Primarily food of thiskind is served case, this is as maybe convenient. chopped meat, raw meatand salad for supped low andagain chicken sauce, beer--and if there isany,hydromel and may be served.Most'Of the time

arrack--is drunk duringlunch and supper. somewhat few in number. The kinds of foodmade during work days are

to do. Besides, there are many This .ks, because(making manyhinds) is hard chicken sauce is preferred. types of foods. Of all tbe kinds of sauce, different from the othersand Since the method ofpreparing it is somewhat with anxiety andapprehension. Se:melsasau, requires a specialskill, women "make it

4!, it 137

One's skill, they aregreatly afraid it is the greatest meansof measuring with it. 'thatsomething will be found wrong Even though modernsci- Raw meat isone'ok the most popular things. without raw meat wouldbe considered ence does notaccept it, a banquet banquet giver and hisexpertise in banquets incomplete. The bounty of a That (meat) whichis through the kind of rawpeat he serves. arerecognized exactly cathy'eut.Eating it with to be eaten raw andfor hashing is known - dAtking hydromel and arrack are,typical habits. , strong pepper and journey, he takes enoughali'ara and sauce When somebody goes ona long However, sinceangira and sauce beoone. Tor two or three daysin a basket. food that will'notspoil is packed" for moldy_ ifthey sit around, a41ind.of (Oa flour of barley mixedwith pepper,sialtg him. Among thesefoodsdabbo eolo, Their way of pre- paicko, id the like. mixed Kithbarbarre-spice and butter, bad. that they lasta'lond time without going paration is such .a The beer is alwaysof the un- BeveragesLso have (various) kinds. Sometimes, too, theretick kind called filtered type which is brewed at home. through a cloth andadding beer 'falter beer' which iserepared by filtering is very famous fox' itspotency.The work it requires #1st. This (beer) is and fil- divided intoinsufficienty fermented subtle. Hydivmel is likewise is Wrz(or,hoheyed water).Since tered (types,:Next thydromel there it.ferments,le, does' airain this and it isnotkipt until there is not much "'ben there are thestrong drinkskliikala not inebriate.,tt is mostly honey. CI tade.41ike the bre4ng ofbeer: idler it or grain arrack.TheWay it is ,) i tyre and distilled. They make a very starts to ferment, itis put on the This they call distilling the distillateagain. potent*rack outof i by rich they makefrom hydrOmpl.This is 'second.' There is a holkYluvfoll

also very potent.

150 oUners.of taverns, want tomake their bev- When women,especially the kinds kinds of roots. They also add very many erage potent,they add various (right). It is very necessaryto know the of spices toflavor their food; will not will not be toostroLg and so it amount of spice sothat the sauce lacking in item likebgrbaPre nest never be burn. Especially an inTortant preparedlbarblirre takesthe place of the house becausewhen sauce is not

sauce. food in Ethiopia,the`hinds of Since there are manykinds of tribes famous,, prepared are different.The Amhara are and the way inwhich they are beer and raw meat.The 01311ra-breadltheir dabbo-bread, for their sauceand Cheese(and in their hash andtheir qcgo. Guragfts have no oneto equal them The Tigrcans donot havean equivalent in cabbage are theirspecial foods a4ote, a hind The Gallas withtheir the anbRsa-brea4,duoa and Ehartf-stew. uojjames wiLal Cukko, c;:aUabsa, roastcoffee; of milk, theirporridge, their their millet beer;the Somalis with theirarrack; the Gondares with each one has hisindividual specialty. ,sorghum porridgeand camel's milk, according to thetribe, since thepeople Even though thekinds of foodyNraxy appropriated and eatenwith - together, all the savoryones are live and miffed \ not limited by Thus the kind andthe preparation are put regard toorigin.

number but bypreference and byincomeis House Construction inAmhara Cour"ry be called one who Among the Amhara peoplewho claim to be proud, to disgrace. Therefore has no but into which toput his head is considered a of reason,is constructing what they think offirstowhen they reach the age Either it is a means bywhich they offer testimony a house,building ahue,: it because it is notcustomary that one is self-sustaining,or else they do

to rent a house in thecountryside. build a house is a high Most of the time, theplace on which Amharas

which they do this is sothat, according to what one. The first reason for it will be convenientfor them to see their forefathershave bequeathed them, else it is to be safefrom the routes of theenemy's entry and passage, or belief that the dungedearth- floods and freshets, or evenit is done in the land to their benefit. The cattle from their livestockwill fertilize their fertilizes the farms which dung flows down easilyinto the low places and

are below thehouses. of sticks or else ofwalls Most of the timethey build their houses wood is made ofEmiffi-tree and juniper of stone withoutplaster. A house of by termites and worms.The which last for a longtime without being , with straw. The stone roof is made of f:tcaneframework and is thhtched walls. house's roof is justlike the house of wood but not the it is (done) by communal When a house isbuilt in the countryside,

the owner himselfsupplies all the building labor. If the house is new) help him with theirlabor. material and the peoplefrom the surrounding area ruined for some reason orburned, the If, however, thehouse is suddenly their'labo but all thethings needed people of the areacontribute not only banquet reestablish the house for him.The owner gives a for the house and favor,..then begs those closefriends according to his means asa kind of 14 0

so6letyor through communal whom he knows throuzhthe nahbRr .the burial establish a household. First labor (tasks)"to helphim build a house, to for a favorable day and thefounda- of all, the priest:inthe area is asked is due tothebelief that a house built 'tion is laid.The purpose of this of peace, love and health.After that, the on a favorableday will be one divide into teamsi, somedigging the men engaged onthis comminal labor the supporting posts, foundation, others setting upthe central pillar and stones (and) plaster (and) others put on thecross-pieces (or) shape the the stone wall(building) are (the walls) with mud. The roof thatching and (the work) will not be ruined carried cut by a fewexperts, This is so that

much. Since nails are not found like a cabbage whilhas been handled too be stuck together in the countryside,things which have to of the roof are properlyinserted, fiber rope, vines orbast. After the sticks in order to preservethe balauee of the they are fastenedfirmly with rope, ground right in the middle. roof, the central pillarhas been fixed in the covered with mud plas- Most of the time,houses of wood are not seen Houses of stone arebuilt with tered on the outside,only on the.inside. aasa fiber or\hay in order to join squared stones and withmud mixed with house) is no different from(that) of them together. The roof (of a stone house a pottery'spire' is found. a house ofwood. On top of a country holes are made in ',,hewalls There are few houseswhich have none., Small light. When the houseiafin- for the smoke to getout and to let in the \N doors, much of the time ascreenof ished being built,since there are no made for it for thetime being until taings like stickstied with rope is ;elm and korc which cannot be eaten by wormsand a strongdoor of wood like

will not crack ismade.

r PtectAn9am circular (beta-nagus)oW.XL0,11.1a). The floonplan ofthe house may be most of the time it While this requiresthe owner's choice, (.4.-e04a.9.61,..w.)... (prevailing) in the area. In some follows the form ofhouse construction the half being thesleeping quarters, places, the house isdivided into two, visitors, and so.ietimssit is divided central one (being)the place to receive Most of the time,there are into three, the third(part) being the pantry. for themselves andthe ota,,!r(part) those who makehalf of it a living area cannot do(otherwise) at all, has to stalls for livestock. The (person) who for livestock, thepantry and the fire- have his sleepingquarters, the stalls fact, it ii'(a kindof) curseland place all in the samehouse.As a matter of and build separatestructures for livestock one who can(do so) will at least intending them people. -Menobles-bUildmdlystratAuses-imida-a_comnound, bedroom chamber and acook house. At all to be variouskinds of halls, a around eacb LOuLe. times there is anenclosed compound behind each house isnothing Seeing the granarieslined up in the area house customary, suspending beehives onthe walls of each unusual.Not only is has been finishedbeing built, the owner it is a virtue.As soon as a house those who helpedhim and also his provides a splendidbanquet, invites all, blessed by providingthem with .food and other neighbors,andhas the house food or (to the banquet) withcash, livestock, drink.Those invited leo go The whole matteris one of associating. drink, according totheir ability. The owner says,'tie acal& After The guests say,'house for a calf.' (the house) and blessingeach other, eating, drinking, andsinging, blessing his household(and) makes it comfortable. they part. The owner settles

t- . The Manner of Wearingthe:lama his nakedness an& Besiles the clothes manusually puts on to cover different clothes whichone assigns to conceal his sexualparts, there are festivals, markets, wakesand in different times andtasks. At 'weddings, the clothes and the man- appearing before officials, ateach of these tines ner of wearingthaq are different. days, the Sundayclothes which On wedding, festivaland special market out. If the'ordinary clothes andwhich are new are taken 'are whiter than when first put away,they may be they were properlylaundered and folded folded and 'by the smellwhen they are taken rec ized by the uay they are and a natgla thathas the same hems as out to be worn..Women wear a dress it or withrer-st ell tbe_wav around the aresa. They nay wears dre.,.. embroidery all the wayaround is a change only on the back.Even though particularly frequentlyin introduced only recently,it is seen on women,

the towns. do not mearthengtglaso that When women spendthe day at home,they find it to work.However, should they it will be moreconvenient for them nritgla or a kind of smallngtlm.around their necessary, theywill wrap the clothes may be plain,unembroidered and shoulders. The work or everyday ,C.LLs4 2.4. used Si, .40,3 beAt **/ 1,e culk4 tkit, ene dal, their after they havebecome old and seen made ofcon4releveryday clothes

day. by the lady of thehouse her- The festive orSunday clothes are spun technique on which shehas spent much time. self and are madeby a special of embroidery is made onthe front in made, a narrow band When the dress is 6.ttom the neck to theMt (of thegarment) the shape of a crosswhich reaches from garment). at the waist tothe bottom (of the but sometimesfrom the gatherings silver bangles,necklaces, earrings, When all this isdone, they put on

155 with the dress and the bracelets and such likeornaments that go together This occurs when n4R1a. The ladies put on aburnoose or cape over this. there is a special festival. They are not decorated The men on their parthave Sunday clothes too. They are not fancifal.They in various fashions asthose of the women. festival and the place.When alter their manner ofdress according to the they wear their festivals such as EAsqal,Christmas and Epiphany come, custom has preserved is anarrow- national dress. The national dress which The manner of wearingthe nlitala is sleeved shirt, jodhpursand a ngtgla. Be that as it may, the according to the choiceof the one who wears it. be different from the ngtilla is placed over bothshoulders in order to

t5Ia ad414-1,,n, 141exy wPAr A hat..Sometimes they. carry aflywhisk.

custom, an earring issuspended Now and again inaccordance with ancient A burnoose or a cape maybe put on from the ear.A-cane may- be carried. however, long loose trousersare like the ladies co. During work periods, This is because they aresomewhat more comfortable,so they arepreferred.

wider. though the kind of clothes is When one goes to anofficial's house,

(is changed). When they come to not changed, the mannerof wearing them 'ask:ma respectfully by turning thengtala the official's door,they wear the (over) their backs, their shoulderand t:..own to their waists,passing one end to grasp. When they bow, they then down over theirchests so it will be easy Though wearing the1.11imma respectfully do so by takingthis free end in hand. official, it is alsosometimes is frequently donewhen appearing before an when arguing a case incourt. done when supervisingat a banquet and and night is the obi What one wears aroundthe hoUse both morning Sometimes a rather thickkuta may be which protects onefrom the cold.

1 51) 141

The way this is VCill 4S chosen, not for its appearancebut for its warmth.

head or gather it aboutthe ears, espe- over the bead. They put it over the in conversation. cially when sittingoutside and indulging in a special way For major festivals capesdecorated with embroidery When judges and lawyers arguea are the dressfor officials andnobles. they wear black capes. Church vicars and ,case ineOurt and give verdicts, major festi'val days. priests wear plain ordecorated capes, especially on their turbans and sometimes Moreover, they sometimes wearwhite garments with

hood and a blackrobe with a black cape. a gano. The monks wear a black

Some nay wear g grayrobe. fringe of the nritglais dyed When a close relativedies, the colored of cloth is sewn overit. 'If this black to express mourning ora black strip entirely. The men express their sor- is not done, the garmentis dyed black only sewn on theniitala, shavlue, their row by having theblack strip of cloth on their heads. letting their beards growand putting a black cape heads) relatives or intimatefriends or are When people who arenot their close die, the men put related to them only by(living il. the same) neighborhood the women wear thenatala stripes about a black marking ontheir clothes and restricted to the of clothes-wearing are the neck. The principal manners

(above-mentioned) ways.

I0 I I 'SS'

MahbLr

Ethiopia--theChristianswhich One of the customsof the people of purpose is the mahbar.Its Dananmpntal have come downfrom ancient times according to sex on to meet together is (to be) anorganization Tor people martyrs, saints,holy persons, /days which are the memorialdays of angels, banquet.ito rememberthese righteous the Lord and OurLady and to prepare flesh. For the pleasure forthemselves in the ones in thespirit and find celik btu4 6eot and the saintswho are e24-L4-4mtail on sake of spirituality,they remember God and those gives alms to theneedy, the feeble that day. For one's soul one the peo- In keeping withits secularity, who have no oneto care forthem. and cooperationthrough it. ple may indicatetheir unity, love mill& is manifestation.Although a The mahbLr hastwo kinds of like It is a generalterm for all such itself only onekind of organization, called a sanbite.More than kivmlve per organizations: -Theother kind is /Those who found amahbar do so in. the assemble 91'drink a mahbLr.' Their neighborhood whichthey always attend. nave of achurch in their their vow because they havemade a vow and motives may vary. Some do it promise, and some doit return a favor orto keep a was fUlfilled,some to As for the , hold amahbgr in a dream. because they havebeen ordered to intention ofreinforcing their.mutual othersr they maydo.it with the The men gather on which they:(all)like. unity by choosingthe church the women gather onthe day of their the day of their(male) saint, and The chieffestivals wahbar in separate groups. (female) saint andhold the St. Gabriel,Virgin Mary, mahbLr is held are: St. Michael, on which a AbboV.7 and Birth Redeemer of theWorld,appleclal464g6416=4AAnt (Holy) Trinity, All (mem- do not conduct amabbar together. of the Virgin. Men and women the chalice inseparate groups. bers) take turnsbeing host to mLsob on which For the ceremony of thechalice, there are a decorated 11, After they have spent the day bread is placed and a crockcontaining beer. turn it is, returns conducting the mahbgr in thevarious houses, the one whose in the crock. This home with the bread in thedecorated vAsob and theAxer the chalice is never is because the next banquetis his. A priest to bless not be blessed.The bma-'- absent from any vablAr. Otherwise the affair would cf,Aint.a.. m^4146, =biz& is chosen to bet:I/tdiZer quet is monthly, One of the members of the (the members) noMa for- keep track of tle successof the banauet, to remind (of the holy ones) will not be get the time and tosuggest that the blessing mahbgrs, the ones from far away omitted. AU the membersof the various together, each (coming) by mule, the ones closeby on horse (back), gather The one whose turn it is hasthe with his small gourddipper or horn cup. drinks.He invites banquet yell-orpared andbustles about serving food and for my sake,' them to partake (of thebanquet) by saying 'Eat in Mary's name From time to time hedispenses 'Drink in St. George's namefor my sake.' mahbgr stand in line alms to the poor and illwho knowing that there is a is a religious one, itis not by the doorway. Lven though the occasion get high. Also, a unusual for people to eat alot or drink until they meeting), may appear.Worldly minstrel, having askedfor news (of such a be repeatedly mentioned, matters predominate. The nane of the festival may forgotten on account of the powerof the inebri- but its meaning is probably the affairs of a day likethis, the venerable ation. At the conclusion of aAemt+,41%. (next) one whose turn it priest has delivered a praye the summons the concludes (the is and makes him promise(to fulfill his obligations) and The one whose turn it is(to hold the .mahbgr) by handing over thechalice. who have come with him(to the next month'smeeting) is escorted by those decorated mgsob and mahbgr), lights a candle, and goesto his house with the tel

have to be given for amonth. (His) and the crock.Another banquet does not taste of holy water. close neighbors came byfrom time to time and take a home. The one The member of themahbkr for whom this is convenient, goes and start on his (who has come) from far away mayspend the night there

journey the following dcy. its organization Although the purpose ofthe sgnbgte is the same, drink prepared in thehome differs from the mahbgr.The food as well as the distributed to the faithfUland are taken inquantity to the church and are compound).The members the people wholive in the cemetery (of the church Essentially, the banquetis given for those poor of the sanbate meetthere. (gaining) spiritual recogni- who have no one to carefor them as a means of

is no singing anddancing. Relatives are tion.Unlike the mehbgr there weekly. It eschews world- not extensively invited.A sgnbgte takes place Even though the spiritualpurpose is liness and inclines tospirituality. shame for a little bit(of preponderant, it is not,after all, completely a just the family andneigh- food) from that srall banquetto be kept back for that the mahbgr andsgnbgte consist in the fact hors. The difference between (religious) festivals, the worldly even though themahbgr occurs on account of whereas the spiritual affair is thebasis of the pleasure appears dominant

sgnbgte. in the name of God Finally, the. fact thatboth bring people together In the material may notbe and brotherhood in awayAwhich the spiritUal and respected and beloved bythe distinguished, is the greatpurpose which is

faithfltl?'

6 .1 G !'tcc

Credit Society

people's associationswhich exist in The credit societyis one of the set up by people who areof equivalent sta- our country. This association is the Just like all theother associations, tion in life actingtogether. regulations. If there are credit society has anadministrative charter and regulations and charterwhich have credit society memberswho break these fine in money in.accordance been decided on, theywill be made to pay a 6 Those who begin acredit society are persons with the society'scharter. thoroughly known, thesociety's restricted (innumber). Atter the members are majority vote.Even though there chairman, judge andsecretary are chosen by in 2investigation of one's sexand tribal affiliation is nothing requirc commensurability of themembers' living stan- order to becone amember, the The society's lawsand times of pa.rment are dard and income arescrutinized. the members' livingstandards. determined accordingto the milieu and in the (lightof) its members' When we look atthe credit society into three(classes). They are: living standard, wefind that it divides ,seighborhood creditsocieties.The the merchants, theemployees, and the by the city merchantsand peo- merchants' credit society'is one established This type have an uninterruptedsource of income. ple who,ame likethe (Dues') payment is restrictedto the week. has a completeorganization. 16/ 100 to 500dollars.1 The amount of money(paid as dues) ranges from set up by employeeswho work in the The employees'c:-edit society is and This credit societyis not as complete same officeacting together. Since it is not,this (well) organized as themerchants' credit society. place in which it isheld.That credit society doesnot have a definite the judge and moneycollector who (is), when pay (day)arrives every month, for wait for that dayand enforce the rules were chosenfrom among them from 20 to 50 dollars.In addition to payment. The amount of money ranges lackirz from time totime. this, disputes andarguments are not formed by peopleliving in the A neighborhoodcredit society is one work or source ofincome (and) who same neighborhoodwho have no regular 'Most of those in th.scategory are attend coffee(parties) and ngnbgtes. (laborers) having low occupations. This' women, prostitutes,and persons It has no definiteplace fOr credit society isheld weekly orbiweekly. frequent other (two) categories,disputes are the meeting.More than in the is that there isno fixed revenue, charter in this one. The reascln for this this (kind of) the rules. On this account, or judge whois designated by

credit society isshort-lived. begun its functionswhen A credit society maybe considered to have meeting place and paythe stipulated all the membershave_cone together in one collected, the first,loLs usually go "(amount of) money. After the money is After that, the lots goto the members to the judge andthen the secretary. money, it is At the time themembers pay the in turn accordingto custom. drinki. A person who drawsthe winning lot arranged for themto have free society. Being considered the per- payi a specific,(bmount of) money to the ., drinks, he invitesthe members son'who'has to stand acongratulatory round of , with.his own desires,it is not something (to drink).This is in accordance The money which eachmember pays from his done in keepingwith obligations. the association roperty. The member share is depositedwith the judge as the money or may sellit to someone who who draws thewinning lot may take 1 4114 the he needs the moneyurgently in front of aid not getit.who claims that is the usual practicein some places, the (other) members. Even though this selling it is specifiedby the association. day for the takingof the lot or to the lot, theassociation has no power At the time ofselling or buying The person who got the(winning) compel, only to assist,in the negotiations. three guarantors from amongthe lot can get the.moneywhen he presents two or

takes the final lot. members. Otherwise he society produces manybenefits, Even though being amenber of a credit Some of the members mayattend sometimes it has a lot ofdisputation in it. Another ney-Fnn awayafter he obtains for a while and then cease(coming).

Although the one who has stayed awayfrom lot(drawings) the (winning) lot. the one who has run awayafter be may (have) themoney'paid for him somehow, (legal) charge. The guarantors will has obtainedtke money is arrested on,a

remain constraineduntil he is found. when each one of the mem- What brings any creditsociety to an end is, If there is anyone whohas come in with bers has received a(winning) lot. is ended, a banquet two lots, he will getit twice.When the credit society property of'the society,taken from each is held by usingthe reserved money, After- contributions being made(to this fund) if necessary. of the members,,

wards it may be resumedor ended. of different ideas, occupa- The credit societybrings together people (but) who live in the same area. It helps a per:. tionstribes and religions ) financial distress. For country people son who has' beenunexpectedly hit by it is an invitationto make savings. who do not knowthe value of a bank, inaRpropeiate matters willsave (theirmoney). Those who waste theirmoney on in i'. 'Since peopleunderstand Very many advantageslike these are comprised credit society, it isspreading throughout more and morethe advantages of a

the towns andvillages. Burial Societ:

burial-societies began are, not The way in which andthe time when

aim or the burialsociety is known.Whoever:en4 whenever it started,the district, to strengthentheir to develop solidarityfor the people of a general. mutual brotherhood and to easethe burdens of society in manifold, when a 'sudden Even though the kindsof difriculties are burial society is disruption like death befalls afamily, the value of a . J,

burial society members lose a ' clearly apparent.When all those who are fUndgmental obligation relative, child, servant ormaid to %Leath, it is g

and bury (thedeceased).Even of this society tomeet and help to mourn the _closeness-or remotee though the kinds' ofassistance vary according.to grave, pitching the tent,cooking the ness of therelationship, digging the functions which are never porridge which is a meansfor drying tears are the purchas6 of cof- The money paid. formembership is applied to . omitted. Attbough this is a standard requirement, fins, for shrouds andsuch like. society's members may requiresllowing the living standardof the burial in-addition to this. This may indicate thespe:-, for different procedures All in all, the main purposeis to cial nature of the(burial) society. which have been made tothe society provide (fUndsfrom) the contributions deposit--readily, since the from time to time--itbeing a kind of savings good times is wanting in a(difficult) money which onedid not put aside in taken from the house,(when) time like tilts. (When) the corpse has been the mourner obtainspeople's the news of death has come,at both these times hisburial society member- sympathy, financial andphysical support through back from becoming amember. ship. Therefore no one holds one gets is rather con- Even though whendeath comes, the assistance in his lifetime, he may siderable, when severedistress befalls a person obtain financial aid commensurate with hisdifficulty, at least in-the form of a loan.If he is unable to cope with the problems of hislife for the moment, his house having burned down, hehaving been robbed, having been fired from his job without reason, or having to appearin court charged with

ob- a misdeed, this burialsociety will be a mainstay for him so that he may tain a lawyer and for (all) such likedisruptions. As mentioned above, the type of aid is limited by the organizationof the burial society and the source of income. One who has to hold a mahbr or give a weddingfeast may get a moderate amount of moneyeither by contributions or in the form of a lean, even though these are personal matters.Assiitance in labor and fUr- nishings will be provided him.

When a burial society is first set up anduntil a permanent judge and secretary are chosen in accordancewith the rules, a few persons get together, draw up the administrative rulesfor the society, write down in the form of a resolution the specialaims of the society and submit them tothe people

of the area or to those who wishto become members.Even though it is clear

that rules and regulations arebeneficial to the honest administration, it

will indicate to the one who looksdeepiy that mutual help through willing-

ness and conscientious concern(for others) is being made the foundation of filling in what is missing, the society. After corrections have been made by

the elaborated details make moreconcise, and the unnecessary portions

deleted, the charter becomes effective.Anyone who wishes can be registered.

In this way the society is set up. In general, the charter states thetime

o_ the meetins,membership dues, contributions for Danerals and announce-f be ments of death,fines)(the rule), that all those who do not obey must

expelled and all such like(rules). standard furnishings When any burial societylc set up, there are 111 , chairs, tables, cups,plates which have to bepurchased.They area tent, Since they are thethings which and saucers, glasses,shovels and picks. (someone's) death, they getpriority over aire most necessaryatIthe time of may have to paymuch money Mien everything else. Because of this, a person

he becomes a member. , society are chosen'bythe peo- The perso eho administer theburial!. venerable .society, in accorditncewith' custom, honors ple. Since (Ethiopian) ditrict recognizes asjudicious persons, it willchose elders whom the character to age, the person,vhohas education, good persons.Inadditioni obtain precedence. It is theobligation and steadfastnessin his work will society's rules carried out.The secretary of the judge tohave the burial announce the timesand hours of has to watch overincome and expenditu e 'lake known theaffairs' of Lhe boelety. the meetings andhash to write down an expendi- to 'pay out(money) when there are The treasurer'smain functions are secretary's instructions, and toreceive tures, heeding thejudge's and the

The property custodianorganizes the problems and deposit therevenue. (organization's) offices are per- having to do withfurnishings. Below tie / (These not' Pe them to become members. sons whosefinancial ability does ting furnishings,pitching the persons) labor by digginggraves, transpo 'everytime someone dies by blowing tent and informingthe people of the area zeceive membership. trumpets.In rewardfor their labor they to attend a wake, afuneral, All those who aremembers, if they fail appropriatefine. One who desires (or) a meeting for any reasonmust pay the his reasospin detail and go (about his . to avoid beingfined has to explain his lace. business) after(getting) someone to take The Burial so ieties are usuallyestablished in two kinds of ways. get together first is (when) those who livein the same neighborhood and can difficult for morning and evening start up a,burial society since it is not

separated as to neighborhood,but them to meet. The lothers are those who are establish a whose place of employmentbrings them together and so they also

constant association and mutualunderstanding. society. The principal basis is

When the 4o (day), 8o(day), semi-(annual) or anniversary(memorial They are service) is celebrated, the members arerequired to participate. not required to do as mmchwork as (they did) at thetime of the funeral. furnishings free of charge. The grieving percon getsall the burial society's (must) pay. At this time there is verylittle money which all the members

People of the neighborhoodwho are outside the society

members at a low price, may rent thesociety's furnishings through tl:e linked Lo each of Even though the fundamentalpurpose is directly accomplish the members' problems, burialsocieties which are well organized If there is anything whichthe very many thingsfor society in general.

goverment fails to do forthem, they submit petitionsin cooperation with

Through providing roads wherethere is no the (other membersof) society. school where there are road, electricity wherethere is no electricity or a permits by work- too few schools, they do asmuch as they think their power

When one section of societyis harmed by ing with the departmentinvolved. windstorms (or) earthquakes, theydo not flooding, freshets, conflagrations, there is no organized police stint their aid. They enforce security when out into (force) by (acting) as police andwhere there is no court by going

They punish the wrongdoers. They a public squa and holding an assembly. They reconcile those who get compensation forthose who have been wronged.

have quarrelled. things, in Ethiopia's Even though a burialsociety may improve many understanding which peoplehave through present state and onthe'buis of the the people. Since it is some- coming from the same area,it is an asset for has permancv.Until thing (derived) from thesLnbEte and the mahb;ir, it ' society is a goodorganization. something better comesalong, the burial

If; 1%

S Communal Labor regulations and There are many ways inwhich social life, procedures,

the next.One of these is(by) rules are transmittedfrom one generation to 'You can't clap with onehand.' maxims and proverbs. One of these maxims is each other, they willnot The meaning ofthis is that if people do not help By making this thebasis be able to fulfilllife's obligations indivioually. work together during for a lifetime procedure,farmers in the countryside in turn, breaking cultivation and harvest time,weeding each other's fields

They help each other dotasks in other ways up clods, mowingand threshing. labor is called This kind of help is act too. This communal and joint building. This limited just to farming but occursin activities like house acceptance in eastern whoa,the kind of interpretationof E219 has found

writer's birthplace. the' customary tasks of What is performed throughcommunal labor are threshing, building this section of thecountry:plowing, weeding, mowing, to women, spinningand such houses, constructingfences and also with regard communal labor is very great. like. The necessity for to gather the har- The effort an industriousfarmer makes by himself broad fields,sown andmade (his vest at harvest '*timeafter having plowed his While thinking that he cando it himself, the seed) grow may'not be endugh. \anished gathering in the'grain, and so it time may run out beforehe has He may not be (Ole toafford to purchase may spoil. He will need help. labor in the place ofcash, help with money.Therefore by putting communal appropriate communal labor. W{nf1Ll he makes feastpreparations for the This loan is (communal labor) means 'loan' or'thing done in return.'

repaid in labori not in money. o /5")

labor is requestedfor vari- We have alreadymentioned that communal banquet differs accordingto the type of ous tasks.The communal labor (weeding excepted), the ban- activity (the workrequires). For cultivation

i.7,gra with sauce. For quet is of the same type. 'this (type) is beer and pr the banquet is limited weeding, house-building,fence-making and spinning,

to beer and dabbo-bread. it may not be Since we have mentioned(matters) about this, banquet,

little more involved(in Since a bad idea tolist (things) and get a the fact that there are life in the countrysideis beset with loneliness, much trouble atbanquet time. Be that no close neighborscauses the woman overcoming their problems. as it may, thewomenhalie various means for beer'falls to the wife. On the day Ninety percent of thelabor of brewing neighbors who participateii the for filling (thecrocks) with water, the If those fetching water area communal labor willfetch water for her. crocks with their smallngtgla and lot of young girls,they tie on their Those that went atleast twice to go down to theriver or springhumMing. ri into a container,place their the river empty thewater that they brought invites them to partakeof the crocks outside, and thelady of the house for them. After that,when porridge and the beerwhich she has prepared and gathering places, aqunna.-bas- they go (back) totheir respective homes :. each of them. This means that they ket of flour willbe measured out for starting with thisflour. On the morn- will take over thetask of baking, bring the bread they have bakedin their ing of the communallabor day, they After that, some make I respectiye homes on annb-platters orbrat- baskets.

and others takebreakfast along with the sauce preparedfor the main banquet labor. (some) beer to thdseengaging in the communal

(j In

and a gourd of As soon as they arrive,they distribute the breakfast directing this corn- beer (to each person) withthe assistance of the `peer/son is called'ttOxible-r-r-tt.' N'After making sure that munal labor.- This breakfast rn-r-r in charge apportions each laborer has receivedhis 'thimble,' the person This is during the mowing. SO they scut the work by rankingthem in lilies. having a leader will rct feel weary and losetheir enthusiasm, they sing is a bit of one of the songsthey and a chorus.Just for an example, here

sing when they thresh:

0 tefO, the lord's, lunch,

Where will I find you,when I stay, when I leaNJ.

Come on ox, get goingfor.my sake

Before rain comes, before weget muddled,

etc. The master_ of the household They go on working likethis until noon. the beer, znUra and saucewhich arranges each thingin its kind, namely, invite. Be mows dried grassfrom have been brought in aplace suitable to long table, hefolds.alikara the boundary and spreadsit on the ground like a After that, he asks(them) to eat, and pours sauce onit from the sauce pot. water.' As soon as the com- saying 'Cl8od fellows,let's taste (some)food and he gives them a gourd nup munal laborers havetaken a couple of muthfUls, food and drink is over,they go back Pall of beer. As soon as the feast of

to the mowing orthreshing. home first and When the sun goes down,the master"of the house goes prepared the food and drink after seeing that thereis or there is being communal labor area.As soon needed for the evening,he goes back to the the house takes the communallaborers as they finishthe work, the master of The food and drink gowell with the and invites them todine at his house.

171: is begun. Eskzsta and conversation and stories.At the conclusion, singing (the following) kind, therein: dancing follow. It is great. There are poems of

Your beer is wine; yourbeer is wine,

And we have seen it. satisfied their spirits, After they have finishedtheir activities and having bodies rest. ° they go to their respectivehones in order to let their weary ',41

Comivinal Inquest

A method of catching criminals which was in use for quite a while in

olden times when a police forc,!' had not been established and which is used

today in places to which police services have not been extendekis called

V V V V V the afgrnata or awca.nn Basically the purpose of the afgrs'ata or. awcacann

is to produce the criminal by searching (for him), but the procedure of pro-

ducing (him) differs according to each'region of the country. What I will

explain next is how this corminal ;.request procedure is carried out in the

Cabo-Gm-age Subprovince among the Gurage people.

One who claims to have a crime perpetrated against him, that is a

person :hose house has been set on fire, whose relative has been murdered,

or whose livestock have been stolen,(reports, .;his crime which has been

comndtted against him through the villEze hea0man or goes directly himself

to tile ccfmnissioner (toto so). lie reports the kind of crime

and requests that a communal inquest be held in his behalf.

If the subdistrict commissioner approves of the tatter, he will order

the tribal notables or the village headman and a communal inquest will be

held. The village headman informs the people of the date and the place of

the communal inquest by sending a messenger here and there. A person who

fails to come after being told without a satisfactory reason will pay a

fine for every day in which he stayed away.

The communal inquest may be held under a plane tree or in a public

square.After the people gather, five local elders are chosen and they en7

° fiqrce the proceedings. They take an oath to examine the matter thoroughly

in front of the people. Where these elders examine this matter is a little

separate from the people.

1(4 Before they examine each person, theymake him swear in accordance with the rules to bring out the truthand not to speak lies.He will tell what he saw or heard. Each person who is investigated is called a'bird.'

The communal inquest conference has nospecific rules as to how many

times it has to assemble. The commission can have the people gather aslong

as he wants until thecriminal is found.

The statement of esIch is kept secret. Except for the elders

who were selected to guide the proceedings, noother persdn is permitted to

hear the testimony.

Finally, one of the elders states theresults/of the investigation.

If there is adequate evidence and-thecriminal is found, he is punished in .

keeping with his crime. If the criminal is not found, however,the peonle .

make iontribuions and compensation ispaid to the wronged person. In brief,

this is whai. 'ail-saLa" mewls. FUkkEra

Fukkra is a song style whichpeople speak or sing whilereciting stirring up zeal in verses shouting in aloud voice full of teen:4g and and brave order to reveal (their)excellence, intrepidity, bravery, power called erarto or deeds. ,The accoTpariE.entof fukka.,:a is a kind of malody

';?,141a. one's WirExtois a slow, long, protractedbattle song which heats in one's emotions by drawing,dne'sthouglits afar (making), memories appear makes one imagination and whichmake:. one.pant, shakes one's entire being, brave young fellow restless. angry, stirsone's courage, enchants and mAkes a the spirit, telling Through its effect, ittransriits a pessage which suffuses througil.which a brave young (it to) go f4ght and kill. It is a-(song) style -a a, his sorrow and;'his fellow txprazses his sadness,h s (teeing) of injury,

bitterness. the fUkhgra Even though a battle songis oftentimes the origin of and listenea to by it- there are some times inwhich the flakkHra is spoken heard in many self without any battle song. Battle songs and fukkgra are

cause forfukkgra or a battle song is places. Even though the, fundamental Emperor or one's chief in to express one's loyaltyand bravery before the warrior throws down preparation for combat andafter, combat: when the brave Sty04.4 .41404, it is done the spoils (or) the bootyincluding the evirated=Gmbig..a.e-44-rit.'.-7. wedding reception, according to custom, whenever abrave man gets high at a

of ci'etivating the spiritsof the feast or banque n order to be a means bridegroom's party, just to show people (present).Just for example, the with him, and share inhis that they'are his loyal men,ones who will die

sori.ows and joys will recite: Whose brother. whowill touch-him?

Who will violate whosewife?

%-Who desires whosefamily land?

Will the termitesfood be earth? with a wanza(branch); hoot him with aWetterly-Gras, urge him on land and the wife: ere's no jolting around withthe forebear's family

comes out of thebower,in which he The bridegrd n,followed by his best man, expresses hisboldness, his --has beensitting and strutting among the guests

spirit and himanhood by /Wing:

Sonf a Soand-so;

Who h s creases like akuta garment ;b The wIr his ironed is pleasing

Hethuds on the ground like hail

Accustomed to thewiederness in his childhood

YIRIT.T1

Hegurg16 like unclarified beer. misfortune. He hasnOt yet gotten rid of his (is being given) when afine Likewise in everyhouse (where a) banquet sing and is high, he maysuddenly get up and young fellowhas eat n and drunk and prowess. Even though battle songs a battle song,he may narrate his banquet), it is done on every fakkgra areessentially out of place (at a (people's) spirits. Its main suitable occasion as ameans of captivating

excellence and bring(one's) manhood to mind. purpose is tomake a show of

recites: And since thisis so-, when one back, Leave off, goback, you fellow, go

Let notall ourhouses be wreckedtogether, me:' My crow sings,'Woe is me, woe is in nr opinion, An embarrassingthing has held her back, the rope: Say boy, the meansof binding, say lad, when they abandonit? As :or the hut,what's the matter with it 0 who are somewhat highstand up in all those among thepeople seated there by saying: turn and show theextent of their manhood

Buck!Young buck! gather,' One who says, 'Maythey come, may they them.' One who says, 'Whenthey gather, I will eat young men proceedtc the battle- In time ofcombat, when the exuberant chiefs, an excellent young manmay let field under theirseveral leaders and in its sound and inits poetry loose with a battle songwhich is captivating the one who is afraidwill take courage and making hisvoice fine so that death (on thebattlefield): and the brave onewill decide on

Ny belly smokes so,it burns hot so, ashes be? Where would theplace to dump the he must do co. Tell him to push,tell him to push and he must do so. When the country'smountain ranges appear, die, for Lalibela'ssake. May the coward die,the will have no memorialservice. A man who iskilled while fleeing

Whether one eats grass or well-known in his own;oUntry? Will he not beburied, a man who is reciting (poems), liftingand At this time, theunarmed, the nobles, and swords, tOM shakingtheir lowering their rifles,drawing and sheathing their

spears, boast(as follows):

Pillage: brave youngbuck:

Courageous as a lion,

Fleetfooted as a gazelle, ics

He's c.rarksman, his rifle isgood,

So-and-so's retainer, hisfavorite. their loyalty, bravery In the king's-banquethall, the nobles declare is cour- fakkgra, Even hough the basis and achievements tothe'king -through time like this is to presentoneself, age, the mainaim of fuhkqra done at a According to custom, theking for office*and awardsby pleasing the hing. land. For example (such appoints to office,rewardb and grants family fukkgra) is of (thefollowing) hindf

Your servant, your puppy,

(Brave young buck) (itgurgles) like unclarified beer. (like sorghum), ,He'll roast the Italians(the enerr) like beans

Spirit, spirit(that's) the unity,

Dying for his kingand for his faith.

178 6

Priest

in church and whose A priest is a man whoserves "Cod by saying Pas It is believed that aim-(in life) and way ofthinking is based on religion. intercede for them to obtain because the peoplebelieve that the priest will Christ's tanst, he is a absolution for their sinsbecause he has accepted of the people. Since sharer in their distress-andthe adviser and teacher the faithfUl kiss the cross a cross is neverabsent from his hand, he lets them with the words, wherever they nay be,andwhatever the time)and blesses

'May God absolve you.' priest. First, he Eany things are necessaryfor a person to bccone a he learns to read after goes to a clerical(school) at an early age and when prinary reading stage, hereads being taught spellir^ andgoing through the over (theta) repeatedly. the Psaltery and thebooks of the Bib3e, and roe finishedInth the wadaf:,e Earyam, the(Pook of) 'miracles When he is co:-.1pletely subject of zma chantingto a certain and all theMiiikielnle takes up the ofk, he serves in the capacity of deacon. extent. Until he reaches the age takes a wife, and after two or When he gets older andreaches maturity, he and obtains priestly three years, he takes uptraining for the priesthood

getting marri ed is toobserve the wordsof the rank. The rurpose of his of priesthood, lest the Bible, 'one man to oneroman' and to keep the rules wITe or commit fornication, it will church be defiled.Should he divorce his priesthood's or has ruiRed itjandthis be said of him that hehas 'spilled his In that case, he may serveas adbbtLra. rank of his will bestripped away. in their livelihood. In our country, priests arevery hard-pressed fixed salary. These Firstly, according tocustom they do not receive a What they live on is by (unsalaried priests) are usuallyin the country. which is given to them asnauLtriva farming the gasba orquarter gaslid. of land .11

v, income by making CLemas, copyingbooks and land. Moreover, he builds up his it necessary making such like thia:;s. A priestwho is a city (Weller finds

30 dollars. to do additional tacks sin-,his salnry does not exceed 10\or from those who The priest who has no familyland takes a portion of land service) have ::ome and farms it on tofa(land for which he is hired to provide

and two and in reward for his labor,he gets from 20 to 30 dollars a year wedding daviala:meesures of grain. SRnbF.tee, memorial services, christenings, the receptions, spr4.nieling hay water,fuuigating with incense the room of (obtaln- parturient woman, being a fatherconfessor, are important means for

ing) the wherewithal on which to livefor a priest.All these are methods have provided for (making) a living whichcustom and the economic situation

for him. paid from When someone dies, he performsthe obsequies and he will be During the fasting 5 to 30 dollars according tothe kind of obsequies. telling (the P4riod, since the nobles andladies give them_ 10 to 15 dollars, of priests) not to forget them and to prayfor them, this becomes a source confessorship, every time a fes- income for them. On account of the father festival or clothing tival occurs, money-(is given them) to celebrate the spiritual children die, and food (is given), andwhen their confessional or another kind of obtaining some of the propertyin the form of a bequest is

known as confessional childrenis income source. If the number of those

large, the income will becorrespondingly great. Accord- In society, priests arerespected and their words areheeded. pronouncements are not ing to rule(s) as well asaccording to custom, their discovered transgressing their pronounce- disobeyed.If a certain person is put under con- ments, they anathematizehim. The one whom the priest has and hated until the straint by anathematizinghim will be held in contempt 14g

by making recompense priest, absolves him again. Therefore he Laist be absolved and revenefUl persons vhomthe local and suirplication.All quarrelso

the DDITAI elders cannot reconcile, thepriest,vill reconcile by calling on

(them). Sharing of God, bringing cut thetabot and reproving and counseling is considered as quarre117 a priest, refusing,treating a priest with isTadence inn with God, so no onerefuses. belittle When anything foreign is beingintroduced which is held to give strong tradition, priests are the ones'thd oppose it vigorously and

Their biggest weapon for this warninj,s so that it will not beintroduced.

(purpose) is their respect and influencevhich they have obtained through

likely a hindrance to the(nevi religion. On account of this, they are very not keep Western) culture to a certain extent. Their way of thinking does

follows the old (way) . There- step with the Their L'..:7nnr of dress ;Emma and when they get (one), fore they svathe their headsin muslin, don a Now ihey are graduallykeeping they are seen 1-aying-a blackcaste over it.

step with the times, (ce.b4 t,,tests) the Before the present time spreadWestern education,theyAcontrolled

Amharic. They laid country's education, originallyin Geez and presently in basic a:.m is to make God's the foundation (forit), for a long time:their and to preach. Whether word knwn, to explain thedour of the Orthodox faith divested of the this era accepts them or not,they have not been completely

respect they have amongthe people.

;it

181 church with variousskill a sine is Among those clerKaalacewIlo serve the (service) in. the hymnal portionof the church the d?tbtbasa. The one who served handed down from theInvites is known as in keeping with ruleswhich have been e.btgra is "tent."2 a dHbLgra. Another meaning of one, arty intruder,if he is seen in Since his Lem is a ,tollective .1/ turban and if he canwrite, the outermost corridorof the church wearing a However, what makes aabtara be is asaumed to .be aOgbt!lra by the people. the zema, knows the00e, and isinterpreter ca" led adLbtra 5 unc who sings flattening, of parchmt4,the mixing of ink, of the Bible. In addition, the of votive stones,binding of books, making the writing ofcharms, the carving preparing leather book casesand designs on leatheraffixing the straps, abtlira (also). paiAtin4 pictures, all these causehim to be called a tueLher lu U same azea, Since most of thedbskills are not found them) has to leave hishome district, he (i.e. the personwho would learn and go from place toplace with his roll up his hide,sharpen his staff, Since in order tograduate know- begg'ar's wallet suspended(from }his arm). .- 30 years, those mentioned above willrequire Prom 20 to nt 1 the slaals The main reason forthis is that study re- who graduate arefew in number. Even though knowledgeis ob- quires perseverance,andteaching, patience. the students have togive thought to tained throughbenotiicence or gratis, the year.In order to getfood, their daily bread andtheir clothing for (Begging in each vil- battling with dogs in everyvillage is unavoidable. the eastern q4fRfa.) The line-up held at lage in order toget food is called officiating priest is not easy.Since for his door\:!..!%"" of the churchwith the the passing away ofothers' lives means clothes he has tomake and sell mats, breaks out, this istypically a tine for clothing far him. Evcrytime illnks

182 breaking off one's studies for one who has begun towander through highland and-lowland.

After experiencing these and other difficulties,graduating in each of these skills andtaking leave of his teachers, he may return to hishome district. However if ciremvtances keep him there, hemay remain there and take the place of his teacher. After the novicecompletes his regular \!f// studies, he may studythe Awda-r, gggst, not in conclave but insecret. It is believed that he may use this knowledge for goodor

The official place of service in the church fora dgbtara is the outermost corridor of the church. In this place heserves, intoning hymns on Sundays and sacred boson the monthly and yearlyfestivals.At t}s time the mannero1 his `intoning the plain chant, the grace of hisresponse and his (singing) theconcluding lines of a hymn, the hidden meaningof his Ceez tho near -i= his sermon, his characterand bearing having been noted he iny re invested with rank afterrank (rising from)gra ag Beta,r sfl deb r, licla-tabgbt, ligg-mgmnaran, malakg-brhan (to) nalaa- §ghay. In the royal household be may come to be called judge,supreme court judge or minister of thepen.

Since most of the time a dabtgra/does not take orders,he may not say mass and give communion. Be may not hear confessions. On account of this, he stands lower in public esteem (than the priest). However, on account of the fact that there is a difference in skill between theofficiating priest and the dabtara and on account.of the lack of abilityof the officiating priest, the mistakes latter makes are asource of amusement for the dabtara.For example, let us take note _of this It is saidthat the priest in a church wished to begin reciting wghallo, but byseparating the lo, began to say waha walla repeatedly. At thistime the dabtarawas having some water brought in from the betlehe!n, so he said "take (some)." *ews When tre wriest said, "What will I do with it?" he said "Swallow the lowith it."So the priest did it again and said, "I couldn'tsay lo because my teeth hurt,"

the dabtara replied andnode flan of him by saying, "Well then, Nyshould I cook the government'sbook for you now (to soften it for you)?" Because of this (ability), the dgbtgra is greatly feared by theofficiating priests. A dgbtgra is not only feared among the officiatingpriests but is ,greatly feared by the people. It .is believed that his andgrbi,his conjur- ing up of spirits, casting evil spells add hi6 ridingon clouds cause him

to live respected and feared s by those around him. The parable,'la dEbtare who doesn't write (is like) a bird without wings' indicatesthat if one who is dubbed a dabtgra does not write, this willcause him to be considereda

person of no value. This writing skill of his, allows him to live incost -' fort and joy when he gains c%try into 4 lord's or dame'shouse through writing talismans, charms, and burialscrolls,

However, even though there are all these skills at present,since the dlibtgras don't have the education of today, kamme theadvantege in being a dabtgra isslight; they are heard saying:

'Though the education of todayis not written on us 1\4/ I and the qn Beta are calledexercise books'

184 Monkhood

Becoming a monk means being separated from the pleasureSedespising carnal matters, preferring spirituality and separating oneself from people by going into a monastery (or) a forest to be away from people. In Ethiopia, the practice of monkhood is connected with the Christian religion. Specifi- cally it was the monk Abba Pachomius who spread monkhood among the Ethiopianr skyfaithful by teaching. This man wrote a book known as the 'Rules of Pachomius' which explains the functions, rules and procedures of monkhood. The monks of

Ethiopia follow it as the doctrine of monkhood.

There are very many things which are reasons for (taking up) monkhood

Essentially they are: being disgusted withothe world (world weariness), loathing carnal illusions, realizing the vanity of man but betag guided by the Holy Spirit and giving one's soul to God. Be that as it may, the motives

're many.

There are those who from the very beginning have become monks having been enraptured by the teachings of the church, by the Christian religion, by Gods Grace, not having wasted even one day of their lives on worldly' matters, the males not having known a woman, the females not having desired' a man, having made inheriting the imperishable kingdom-their eternal aim, and having been involves, 4n petitioning God through constant prayer. These

(persons) are virgins.

(Others) wno have lived in the world, the men having knowna woman and the woman having known a ran, and then one of them suddenly dies, and since they were Jriginally married by communion or in the taklil ceremcny, they do not desire enother mate, the death of one of them becoming like the end of the world, they not desiring another mate, thcy don the cowl, take up the staff, put on the hairshirt, the giving up the rest of their lives

1 8!) 173 to serving the church, they go to & monastery. From a monk who knows the

degrees of monkhood and who has examined (them), and who ismore mature as

well as more knowledgeable, they receive the rule's, andswearing never to

look at the .world and its sins again, they become monks.

Also, there are those who, while living in the world, have the vanity

of mankind suddenly revealed to them and are enraptured by spiritual life.

And if they are advanced in age (and realize) that the rest oftheir lives is no good for the worldrthey abandon property and relatives,don the cowl and after declaring that they have had enough of thisworld, they en- ter, into the monastery.

Once they leave the world--even though their motivesmay. differ- - they are all monks. Monks of both sexes are fond among them. The men are called Abbehoy or Abbe and the women Emmahoy. They may live together or gepp,.01.. The fv1 their living separately may be that being misled by Satan and the carnal action having tempted them they will not return to those worldly activities that they have givenup. On account of this, the men's monastery and the women's monastery are at different places. However, since cooperation is necessary, sometimes the men come into the women's monastery.Women, however, do not come into the men's monastery.

a The separation by sexes and the functions of the monks are different.

Since most of the time women monks are not advanced in educationor are un- acquainted With it, their skills are limited tc house(work). Nuns '`who are advanced in age spend theday_in-a-house and when they are able, theygo to church and pray as much as they know how to. The very weak stay in bed.

The help they get is from younger monks.The stronger monks Serve the church or monastery by grinding (grain), begging or fetching water.Their

181; S activitics are no different from(those of) secular women, except that the purpose is spiritual.

Male monks may be divided into two groups.They are the uneducated

and the educated. Generally the activity of the men isthe'same. They do

the plowing, gathering wood, buildinghuts for the monks and such like tasks.

Work like this is for the uneducated(monks). The reason fs.thit since they Ito are not educated and reflective,they cannot serve the church or the monastery

the unedu- in other -days. The educated and reflective share in the work of

cated ones, however most of their' tasksis teaching-the unlettered in the

area, teaching them to read,conveying God's word (to them), reading books,

celebrating the canonal hours, swing Mass,giving communion to and sprink3.-

ins holy water on the feeble andill in the monastery and the like.During

major festivals, reciting miraclesto the faithful coning from various places, S and when necessary, collecLing moneyfor repairing and building churches are some of their (other) duties. They are listened to, respected andhonored. 4

In general, all their work. concernthe (means) by which their souls may enter

into God's kingdom, not taking careof their boes. Their ultimate goalis

renunciation df the world. When they have renounced the world,God's spirit

with God, the angels enters them. It is said that in spirit they converse conveyed to them they and the holy ones.The words that the Holy Ghost has

convey to those who havenot renounced the world as they haveand to those

worldly persons who are not free fromtheir sins.

Their clothes are nothing much.If available, they wear a sort of

Their repasts are not like hairshirt. If not, they wear a sheepskin cloak. Fasting those of worldly persons(which are eaten) twice or thrice daily. to grain, leafy vege- is frequent. When they eat, they restrict themselves

tables) and water Sometimes one who wantsto be pious takesthennaltdra or

1 8 food like it. Day and night are spit in prayer. Although their original circumstances were like this, the (new) culture has penetrated more and more, and there are (some) monks who have experienced the cityand have become accustomed to it. The dress and diet of these differ from those who live in forests or in monasteries.Tb'cy even take (strong) drink now and then.

When they convey God's word, they mix anger and insults withit, (they do) not (speak) softly. Their purpose lacks faultlessness. They have no asceti- cism. Therefore they are not heeded by worldly persons as are thosewho have renounced the world. Sometimes they may become a laughingstock. They have gained the name of false Messiahs. Christ's wordsx 'There will come those who are dressed in sheepskin with long hair todeceive you in Illy name' may

apply to them.

Even though a difference like this exists, monkhood--inkeeping with

4ts -riginal bacis--io considered by manyfaithful as CO,h1116 of honoxl.bein

a way of asceticism and a meansof inheriting the Kingdom of God, even though

today the number of those becoming monks issteadily decreasing,

18 Clerical Education

In Ehtiopia, specifically 'amongthe Christian people, the education 1111111:17of the clergy is seen to have astrong connection with-tradition.0 iginally, into at a time when modern education wasunknown and even now in all districts edu- which (Alodern) culture1161 not spread,..kince tbereis nothing resembling

cation, the available clerical education wasand stillis on a very high

(learning) to spell and to read level. Not only did entry into the clergy, considered as good for- cause one to beconsidered a learned person, it was is directly linked tune bestowed by God. This is because:all this education modern education will cause with religion.There is (also) a belief that any make one become aCatholiL one to changeone's religion, specifically, it will rules which will and so clerical educationis full of preachings, laws and tradition and" allegedly strengthen religion,will get rid of the enemies o

, . OrLhodox will teach tne fear of God This refers specifically to the beginning his goal Therefore the Derson who entersthe clergy, from the very "tr and respected is.not just knowledge but tobecome a man of God who is loved

too. the It does not seem that thereis a specified time for completing for starting education given by the clergy..There is no specific time even

education and understood it, allthose school. All those who had taken up becOme men of for whom religious instructionhad confirmed that they could This is be- God had no (periodof) time in which to finish theireducation.

cause education had notermination.

Right away on taking up(this training), one begins to recite the in the syllabarj with a book containingthe alphabet and a stalk of grass

is transferred to the readingof hand.On finishing this recitation, one of reading with the alphabet in all the ordersand from that to.the step

18ft intonation after,whieh he is transferred to the regularreading stage.Once

he knows how to read, and begins readingbooks,he may refine his reading

ability by reading various kinds of books. They may read the Psaltery, the *%0/ Gospels, the 14ddase Maryam, the Mg1k2'e Maryam, theRI.We Xxastosvand

other works. They are learned by heart. Thus after he finishes the first

stage in this way,he will geron in accordance with hisindividual ability

and inclination tothe hymn school for the deaconship,for/iGeezpoetry to

the poetry school,and for the reading (of holy books) and for theirinter-

pretation he goes to the school ofinterpretation. He who likes it and can

manage it will combine thethree (schools): The one who cannot advancemill,

in .eepIng with the knowledge he has,remAna sayer of prayers and a reciter

of the Psaltery.

Hoist often thete ara, very many who areinclined to the deaconship.

When they finish rep'ating over and overagain Cne W;addase Maryam arid the

A MalWe, they go to the bishop and after passingthe test they 'see the sac-

At this point it rament.' After that they become servants ofthe church.

is necessary to note that thistraining, unlike. modern traning, does not

prol.de (them) with a limited income. Ics primary purpose is to serve the

The provisions for (Church) servants are church and preach the word of God. r provided by deducting a portion of theOfferings the faithful bring.Much

of the time they get their daily breadby going from house to ho The

strong ones plow, makearomas (or) thatch houses. Outside of that, his food

'is God's spirit.At the very beginning, when he was advancingin his educa-

tion, ho had known that. The fact that someone who knows how to read can

interpret a text andbroadcast G word is considered as a grace suffi-

cient to itself and an honor inhissociety.

Q 1 96 17

Since (this) training is linked with religion on accountof this kind of goal, the teaching of God's wisdom is not limited bytime and so this edu- cation has no limit in which it will be(Said that itshould be over in such- and-such'an amount of time. Unless they discontinue it, it mill be a life- long education. Attaining the scholar's level is not through finishing edu- cation, but it is because of the time that a *man spendswith books. On account of this, going from one province to another professedlyin search, of knowledge would be considered like today's beingtransferred from one school to another, the diffexenee being thatthe former was a year's journey.

The student's food, beforeth6 spread of currency like today, was bread and water which he would beg atc4rery.house. The place for spending the night,

if they let him have shelter forGod's sake, would be anybody's house, other -

wise it would be in the shed of any church.

A teacner would setoUt his chair under the shade (of a tree), gather

together numirous students Collectdd fromvarious places andWould read and

explain only one text, haver" t recited, preach onit and interpret it. The

students would follow him, learning it by heart,since they had no writing

materials. The tools they had was only their ability tomemorize what had

been said to them. Mutt they spent theday learning,they'would spend the

evening chanting at the eastern doorof the church or in the church shed.

At the end of thetraining period, 1:he one who completes properly the

hymns wouldbe nominated for the priesthood.Thegave extemporizer would

engage in teaching.He woulfi gather students and teach them.He would

travel about, preaching God's word.Nevertheless, that doesn't mean that

he knew what he should have rmown as apriest.In order for his knowledge

to be certified, he would have tocomplete what one needs to complete of the

New Testament, the Old Testament,Chants, religious dance and the eighty-one

, .191 books which are consideregwfinal.After passing this and his tea43er tentiP- After the types and ing in his behalf", the studentwill be called a teacher.

profundityof his learning are considered, theoffices of alliqa malaka-sglam,

-malakg-h line, liqe-licawont and such like will

b$ given 'in in turn. :/ Since the primary mission of churchgrOuates is to make God's word

known, when hig), officials are engagedin administrative tasks in the vari-

oils districts, the lower onesin rank go ar to every little church and

blessings, all sitnI,Pte and preach. The office of confessor, baptism, giving

I . TheY this is only- their tasii in which today's student does not participate.

have no fixedsalarY.ITheir food is that sage food which is brought to mem-

orial services or to varioussgniAtes for banquets. Those who are smart live

through Copying books and presentingthem to nobles and ladies anetreceiving;

not pay for their labors,but gratuities. Those who understand trick,ry they live by inti:vreting(magic) texts, engaging in sorcery and claiming education) taking (so) much time, the will baptize. On account of (thif,

lessening of the contents of hnowledgeand the fact that in this present of age of acculturation(this education) is not profit(able)_in respect As time income, there are not many/ whosend their children to the church.

-. is goes on, the masterywhich the clergy had in respect of learning it

letting pass to the university.

I

r

I

1 I go

Divination

Divination in meaning and in sentiment is related to sorcery. The types of divination are many. It impinges on things like zar and spirits.

It is not known when divination was begun.F. that as it may, history Nk41/( reminds us that it began to be clearly visible during the reign of Zara Yca gob.

Even in our time there is no lack of abaras and swindlers who everywhere declare they will interpret texts, cast a person's horoscope, conjure up demons make philtres and offet solutions for problems which have occurred.

These persons are ones who carry around a kind of book in a case and with

elegantly arranged turbans and smooth talk go from house to house and vil-

lage to- village collecting money and solving their temporary or lasting dif-

ficulties.

Since we brought this up, it may be usefUl to cite whatangafgs

Q0dus-Abreha wrote in his book 'Examination of Spirits and Circuit of Kings'

about casting horoscopes and the stars being represented by beasts and wild

snimals. For convenience in reading, the Geez numerals have been written in

modern numerals. The letters are written oppositehe number.

Alphabetical computation (Rule and procedure for

the computation of the letters)

H1= 1; L = 2;H2= 3; m = 4;Si'= 5; R= 6

Orders Reduced by 7 Reduced by 9 Reduced by 12

12 7 =I Ole OM, ea de OD

OM, OP OD Mb Q. 8 1

B 9 2

T 10 3 1 40 OD

H3 20 6 2 8 etc.

1 9,1 ft.

The star's number and equivalent character:

1st. Arica (fire) equivalent hyena z 2nd. Taurus (earth) " baboon

3rd. Gemini (air) " antelope

4th. Ca; cer (water) It " fox and chamois

5thtePfire) It " lion

6th. Virgo (earth) owl, bird of prey

7th. Libra (air) It " wolf

8th. Scorpio (water) It " leopard

9th. Sagittarius (fire) It hyena

it 11th. Aquarius (wind) OX

12th. Pisces (water) It " dragon

Hence the divinator, after finding the star of the man who wants to find oat Liu-Jut, his fuLure, takes the name anti number or the star and divides by his name and his mother's name through 7, 9 or 12. He then consults the texts which refer to this star and explains to him in: detail the state of

his future together with the solution. If the matter (concerns) marriage, . he casts (the horoscope) with only the names of the two betrothed. When

(information) is sought on business, or some other kind of job, he,does it like this,If it is a matter of illness, he may tell him (i.e. the client) to slaughter a black sheep, a red hen, etc., smear (himself) with the blood, eat pigeon's flesh and to taste this (giving him an unknown amount of con- coction of various kinds of roots) in barley beer. Depending on the neces- sity (therefore) he may have a scroll written and tell him to tie it (around) his left arm or his neck. The scroll may be written on (a piece of) parch- ment the height of the man and be 10 to 15 cm. wide, having mixed (letteriL in) red and black ink. A second type of writing is on a widerparchmentAnd

. 194 s

Ls

has a circle in the middle which reaches to the edges.Most often the writ- ing is incomprehensible.If it is legible, it is written in Geez anegbme- times in words of a confusing kind which provide no interpretation.The puzzled layman accepts them as God's word, saying 'Amen.'However, in the first part of the formula, the names of the Father, Son and Holy Ghost arec.,, mentioned. It is probably a means of misleading.

While there are the interpreters of texts mentioned above, there are

(also) ose who divine by means of china cups, glass beads and incense. It is arranged for the person for whom divination is to be made by preparing coffee to drink this coffee. When he finished drinking, the dregs are poured on the ground from the cup. .The dregs make ridges inside the cup.The divinator looks at these ridges and maytellAbisclient) all sorts of things

(ouch as)'I see a pit,' I see good fortune,' and if (the client) is a woman,

'A man will cast his eye-on you. If you get together, you will have much good fortune and happiness.'

The one who divines with incense takes some incense from the one for whom the divination is to be made and puts it in a brazier containing fire.

When the incense smokes, if the smoke goes straight up, it indicates that it is a sign of good fortp1e and that happiness and plenty are (coming) his way. If not, then it is a sign of bad things according to the direction the smoke goes.

One who divines with glass beads, moreover, does so by looking at the beads, counting them one by one and casting them. He may tell (his client),

Ine beads are not complete. Something is missing.The custodian spirit of your mother, your father, or bcth, is estranged from you. Abba Tligeat is the one who is angry at you because you did not do the customary thing which he requires, so he has acted like this toward you.'

19 f) The kinds of divination mentioned above are things which theydo which are - re or less visible to the eye. The others are acts of men infected by evil spirits like zar, custodian spirit,wtif abuko, zar's offspring which are carried out by means of insubstantial spirits that cannot be seen. Even though these spirit divinators rkre to be found in many places, it isbelieved that most of them are in northern Ethiopia.

Once a year, the spirit divinators celebrate a festival,wi rent ceremony while accompanied byfellowers.'' In_tbis festival, persons who have many spirits come from all over, andafter singing and dancing zar-dances for two, or three daysand after passing judgment, they offer the year's tribute or 'votive offering' due their chief before they leave.

These spirit divinators, when the spirits by which they arepossessed are raised up, listen to the zar song,accompanying it witifclapping and stamping while dressed in capes or sheepskin cloaks9 wearing patsof multi- colored cotton or of baboon skin--some girded withswords--holding their

staves in their hands and sitting on their thrones on ahigh place behind a curtain of decorated stripedcloth. They call out the zar's name and

aorify him.For example, they sing as follows for the zar known asWgsgn:

1) Come in Wgsgn, enter, you.

s. Tell us a riddle.

2) Wgsgn, the Raya (Galla's) (zar),

WUslln, the Raya's (E2191

His hair-braid hangs down to Lis shoulder.

3) Raspberry,. lemon, be hit (them),

Wgsgn (the) whip,

4) WltsLn was late, why was he late

While looking across? Also for the zar known as Adal-my-death (they sing):

1) Come in Adal, enter, you.

He gives us coffee to drink.

2) Come in my brother, come, enter, ny brother,

The velvet-cloaked one.

3) The curtain flutters, At The Adal has come to part it.

4) 0 Adal, Adal, Adal-my-death!

My with bounty which is from you.

During the time such things as the foregoing are sung, the spirit divinators and their escorts remain nodding.their heads left and right, back and forth for a while and finally they begin judgingtThe chief speaks to the others,in an unknown language through an interpreter. Those seeking a solution relate their problems in plain speech.This is understandable to the spirit conjurers without an interpreter. After the afflicted person is told the solution and the philtre is prescribed for him, he pays what he is told to and goes away after instructed to come back another day.

Generally speaking, it seems that the belief of people in the divinator of a (particular) area is based on that divinator there. By chance, when one in a hundred finds the solution after receiving a reply to his question, his belief (in a divinator) may be stronger than before. It may be that the name P by which he swears and by which he beseeches will be the guardian spirit's name.. He extols the divinator's name when he talks about him. Ay doing it in this way, it divides people's belief between the divinator and God and makes a person the slave of two masters.

Certain persons in particular, on account of being completely possessed by these divinatory and custodian spirits, do not go out of the house (or) do . any task in keepthg with their command but go on believing that the spirit

will take care of them.Just for example, if when a person, leaves the house

in the morning, he encounters things which are not 'in pairs, he will (go back)

and spend the day at home, not (going out) in public or showing up for his

business. When he goes out it he morning and stumbles or runs across an

empty water jar, it is hard for him to spend the day-outside his home because

he has understood from these divinators that such iaa sign of bad luck.The

number of those who stay away from their affairs in this fashion, wasting

their working time and remaining attached to poverty is not small. se.

Occasionally, some people who,when they zet up to go out in the morning

.have their coffee made, their parched grain prepared, their wheaten bread bake;

their incense burnt, scatter and spray these things around them, andafter. say-

ing, 'So-andrzo's spirit, so-and-so's guardian spirit, you know (all). May , you gu,41,1 me, let, me spend the day well and return me (home),' they taste

their coffee and eat breakfast.During this time if there is eomeone to be

praised he is praised, if there is someone who is hated he it cursed and

damned. When one pronounces the words of blessing or of curse, others say

in refrain "May it be so" or "Amen."

Certain person's, whose sentiments are attracted by this (kind of)

affair, do not refUse when they are beseeched by the name of the spirit.

When someone asks them not to do something by invoking the name of the spirit,

they refrain from doing what they desired to do. On account of the facet that

(the situation) is like this, it may seem to them (i.e. the users of this

prIctice) more impressive to mention the names of these divinators and

spirit divinators than to mention God's name. These who are linked together

by a deep devotion like bilis bow or bieed choice hens and (quadruped) live-

stock to be slaughtered during the annual festival. This means (selecting)

19h Id

from the sheep the black ones with a white blaze, the white, the black, the red and from the chickens the barley-colored, the black, the white, the golden and such like. Otherwise it is said that ifwhat (the spirit) wanted is not slaughtered for him-, the custonary custom having become lax, thereis concern that one may (not) remain alive.

.When divinators travel from one placeto another, they have many fol- lowers. Drum beaters, coffee'makers, reed spreaders, translators, muleteers, all these go along (with them). If' they meet people whom they know while eat route, they (i.e. these people) will let them pass,boWing low. 'You know

(best)' may probably be said. -They will probably kiss each other's hands, but only if-they are of-the-same sex. The-reason for this is -that this is

the only thing that the guardian spirit wants(them to do). At every place

:they stop for a rest, gifts'and escorts are numerous.

Eveu though divinators are `well known in the villages and in the area

on account of their skill and eventhough they seem to obtain much honor and

manyfolloweri'' and are provided with a special happiness different from other

people's, through obtaining an abundant income, they probably acquire aheart-

felt sorrow through being separated from and unassociated withother people

and failing to coo what other people do.There is no lack of those who live

by considering their skill as a curse from God andseeming to recognize that

they are not the guilty ones. In contrast to these, there are those who claim

to be chosen by God to cure the sick ones and to helpthe poor. In the, last

analysis, they are all divinators.

1 9 r. 1g

Fasting

Fasting is a tradition linked to religion.Its basic philosophy is

to prepare the soul for the next world by wronging the flesh and satisfying

the spirit in this world. Even though fasting is refraining from things

like meat, butter, eggs and milk which soothe the flesh in this life and

cause the soul to be forgotten, it means covertly keeping the mouteaway

from lies, the eye from licenticusnesS, the ear freft-hearing-evil, the-hand

from doing bad, from offending and wronging people and such like things.

Ifwe go into the matter of food, this is twice a week,be regular

fast times being Friday and Wednesday. On these days, the one who can en-

dare it avoids any kind of food from morning until twelve o'clock. The one

who cannot, refrains from the kinds of food mentioned 'above which have fat.'

Besides, at specific times daring the year, there are fasting periods :

decreed by the learned doctors of the church. Starting with the Fast of fei4et.6en, §2ge in ias. and including the Christmas (Fast), one fasts those of

Nineveh, Lent, Sane and Filzita. Among these, those which are obligatory

fasts for those who claim 1:o be Christian, for all those who have attained

the age of reason, are Nineveh (3 days), Lent (55 days), and Filsiita (15 days).

The-Fast of S2ge (is) for priests and monks, and likewise the (fasts) of

Sane and Christmas are restricted to those who, being very firm in their

faith, wish to punish themselves strongly.

Even though-fasting is a matter.of religion, it is determined by the

circumstances of an individual's way of thinking, especially now at a time

in which (modern) culture is widespread. Some feel that since they have not

done anything bad and since they believe in God, there is no special law

requiring fasting, so God will not be offended by their eating. Some do it 411 simply to mortify the flesh. Some fast without reflecting or investigating,

2W) only because the doctors (of the Church) have commanded them on account of

Christ's having fasted. A fasting person being termed righteous andone who

;does not being termed a renegade or a Catholic is nothingnew for Orthodox

Christians.

When we consider the implicit meaning, not speaking evil, not forni-

cating, not wronging people, not committing injustice are indeed good things.

It does not upset the orderly life of society.As for religion, it causes

value to be given the soul. Not pillaging someone's woperty-is a kind of

fasting. Not desiring somebody's wife is a considerable visual fast.

Today, (modern) culture having changed the Whole_matten-compIetelY,

there is no one who .s overly careful with regard to food.Originally one

would fast only on bread and suro-stew (but) today one eats what-bWr-he-wi-

without regard to meat and eggs.Hurray for hotels.- The bne who before tasted

neither food nor drink on Wednesday and Friday is today seen putting bread and

suxo-stew into his mouth and drinking coffee (on these) mornings. They are

even tending to hold fasts like Lent in contempt.After all, there is no one

to hold (them) responsible, no one to compel them, so all those who fear (God)

fast and the impudent break (the fast). Even so, the church has not given up

its babbling and fasting is a matter of choice however interpreted. What

should cause (a person) to be punished is only when it is something which

wrongs somebody.As for reli on, the priests, hermits and monks still con-

. tinue to counsel, get angry and warn.The people of the town, especially

young persons, lend a deaf ear. They have left fasting to their fathers.

T's dispute is restricted (to the following): 'If I refrain (from eating)

butter and milk, but do not refrain from licentiousness and (wicked) desires,

what value does (my abstention) have? If I see a drunken priest, what'busi-

ness is it of mine? What is the meaning of fasting?The principal things

201 1 f;

is not to do ill, not to wrong someone. So are all the people of this world

(who don't fast) really going to he damned?Dies this mean God is going to hate those who .have no religion?' Thotiih pgients and priestsmay grumble, the matter is most likely ignored by the young. The effort the church ioakes to bolster fasting is gradually weakening. For the one who has chosen (to observe fastinc) however, the fast is there for him whether proper for him or not, (whether he observes it) from fear or from questioning and inquiry, until it disappears completely in the course of time.

202 ChristmaS is celebrated three.out of four years or.29 Tahsas, but on

the fourth, on 28 Tahsas, The reason for its being celebrated is as the

believers in the Christian faith say; is on account of the Tact that

(our) LOrd Jesus Christ was born on that day in accordance with (God's)

promise to Adam that (Jesus) would descend from the heaven ofheDtnsto

save mankind from sin.'Since among the faithful (Jesus') birth is linked

with mercy, this festival isa major one in which joy is manifested and dis-

------plays-of prtbobSs are held.

Since the means of expressing joy for the people celebrating Christmas

is by butchering an ox, sheep or goat at home, brewing beer and having really

good mead prepared, then eating and drinking, the rich person picks out a

young steer or castratea ram, the poor person, according to his(economic)

status, a lamb or a kid from the livesLyek pea, aud if there is nothing there,

buys it on the market, to be used for celebrating this festival and &Faits(the

big day). The women staying at home spend the time brewing beer,making mead,

and doing up the bgrbgrre--pepper and all kinds of spices.

A married man, depending on his (financial) means, may purchase and -

present a castrated ram or laMb to his old father,and mother to celebrate

Christmas with.The woman's father-send.= invitation,in advanceto his

son-in-law §o that he will come withhis wife on.Christmas day and paitake

in the feast.

In every house, the person who is head of the household buys clothes

for the holiday starting with himself (and) for his wife"and his children,

and put them aside. For the Christmas hockey equipMent, the young maim . down to the woods, cut slightly curved sticks, clorch them in (he fire,

straighten them, decorate them, and put them aside. A person who loves 0 *or

5"

.this game cuts the wood:for'the bal.tin.the woods and trimsit or sews up a

leather ball,smears it with fat, anwaitszfor the time of that ;game.Until

(but) the young men (do so) -in.a clearancetofthe fields in the moonlight.

The day before the one in which this holiday is celebrated is a fast ,

day called 'Gad,' which is never omitted.The day on which Gad falls is

properly observed (as .a fas.t) even if it fallson a fast de':and not because

-(it falls) on Wednesdayor Friday.''After 'Gad' .s over, on Christmas Day peo-

ple go in the morning to their respective-parish churches,pay their respects

to it by saying, iThankru'for bringing us (to Christmas). Wale live ?-teg

and be people of the future.' Then they attend Vass and return (home).

The sheep, goat or ox to be offered is butchered, or,is caused to be but-

chered, on every doorstep, In various place-, people join together, con-

, tribut,a'oney, bvy cx and divide it up. After this, the meat is prepared,

(left) raw Cr preparedwith sauce, roastedor boiled. Wife relatives and

neighbors gather together in the same house and eat 34nch. The children do

the san*.The grown-ups drink beer in big quantities either because it isa

festival dAzi or to gain courage on Christmas Day and participate freelyin

the aka P=M: ockel) 2Am4e,

After lunch is eaten, and they have finished drinking, every child

puts on his new clothes first and carrying their hockey (sticks) and driving

. their livestock, go down to the playing field. Thee, being (divided)into

teams, they choose their team captains from among their number, dig (the

ho'es) in Which to.put the ball to serve as goals wheAe they startthe game.

(People) from each side take up their positions and stand (there).When they

begin the game, the team captains begin skirmishing, both sides run about in

order to send the ball to the appointed WAte or'goal, and so they play by

20,1 S. t guarding their goal area.The oae who has not guarded his goal area but is

indolently forgetful, has his leg swept away along with Lhe ball. IX wittingly

or not he hits the ball over to thewrong goal on the opponents' side, the

t) opposing team jeers at him. His own team insults him or gets mad at him.

After this, the grownups play.Even though they are advanced in age, the

team captains mark off the place for the goal.7, receivethe ball from the

person holding it and saying,'lay this game not be one of rancor and revenge'

call on God and begin their game. Since in this gam displaying strength by 2 running fast, struggling and showing daring by swingingthe ggnna stick and

hitting the ball artfUlly and hittingthe ball far are means of.measuring

one skill and virility, everyone plays sincerely inorder to acquire a

manly reputation. Singe touchiness, and if touched, overcomingby quarrelling -4. Every tune they hit the e ,,)ainty. honor for the tribe, everyone plays seriously* ball, just in order to let (people) know mho is whose son,it is the custom

every time one strikes to roarand boast,' ('Iam) the son of So-and-so.' Even

though. it is announced befoi.ehand that the gameis not Onlf rancor and

.revenge, saying insults or hitting(someone) with a club may lead to can-,

siderablet-quarrels: If a quarrel breaks-out, the quarreling ptmeamo persons,

followed by their adherents, strike each other onthe ggnna (field) until an

elder intervenes and separates them.In addition to this, the quarrel does

not distinguish between youth, elder, master(or) servant, and as they say,

4 'In the canna game, the master does not getangry.' Be that as it may,after

hitting each other, cracking each other's heads(there is) reconciliation,

but accusing each other in court is adisgrace. It would not be manly.

Rancor and revenge may have no place(in the game). At the end of the game,

when the-sun is setting, the winningteam shouts cries of triumph while the

losing team silently wipes away the sweat. The ones who have quarrelled get

2Uri hold of an elK,establish peace and disperse to their respectiveneighbor- hoods.After praying they may be men of the future, theybless each other.

The ones who are in sound conditionproceed while supporting the ailing and those with broken (bones).

When sun sets and evening comes, everyone gatherstogether in his,

respective neighborhood and eats supper and drinks while talkingat length,

mentioning game after game, (discussing) this(past) game, the player's

manliness, the liveliness of the(Christmas) festival, savor of the sauce,

excellence of the beer, and then they go to theirrespective quarters.- There.

will be no gave until next year.

0

206 0

Rpiphany

Of the festivals inEaiopia, Epiphany seems to be the most popular

and the most celebrated. The reason this festival is celebrated is to recall

the (day) in which Jesus was baptised at thehands of John the Baptist.

Epiphany is,celebrated in Ethiopia on 11 pr.

This day is a time of joy forEthiopians in particular. "The reason

is that it is a time of harvest, a time in whicheverything is in abundance.

In order to welcome the holiday, onewaits after brewing beer, making hydro-

mel and producing arrack according tothe customs of the; land. Oxen, sheep

and chickens are butchered. Friends and relatives gather together to eat,

drink and be merry.There is a great deal ofsinging anddancing.Women

and men don the native dress which looks(white) as milk which they have

prepared especially for this annual holiday. In fact, there isassaying in 0 our country, 'May the dresswhich is not for Epiphany be torn tobits.' The Since prayers and hymns which thepriests any are.rendered in a special way.

the introductionbf Christianity had aspecial form in Ehtiopia, the Epiphany

festival is different from the way it iscelebrated in other Christian coun-

tries.

O Even though Epiphany is observed ononly one day, there are three

whole days, of festivals in connectionwith it.Epiphany Eve is known as

Katgra.This is not an independent holiday.but one associated with EpiphanY.

The word kgtgra indicates that thebaptismal water is impounded, dammed up r. and collected in a pit. On Epiphany Day, this dammed-up wateris blessed

aJd sprinkled on the headsof the faithful.

The tabots In the afternoon ofKLtIra Day, government offices close.

from each church are taken under escortof the believers of that church to a

Deacons, place in their vicinity wherethere is water, a river or a pool.

2 0't ti

clergy, and priests wearing clothes of various colcrs appropriateto the festival and also holding decorated umbrellas march slowly. The procession is beautiful. When they have gone some distance, the'number of their escort coming out of various villages grows larger and larger. Those people who are unable to go escorting the tabotswait at the Epiphany pool, dancing, singing and chanting.According to custom, the tabot remains overnight in the tent, pitched for it beside the Epiphany pool.People stay there over- night singing and dancing. Those who cannot do so, return to their respec- tive homes after accompanying the tabot.

The faithful who are in the surrounding area bring rood anddrink for the priests, clergy and deacons. Torches and fires burn throughout the area.

While the youths sing and dance, the old people prayquietly.Even though this festival is a religious affair, fantasias are somewhatprevalent. At daybreak the clergy gather around the pool andlighting candles they begin, to celebrate epiphany.

In Addis Ababa, the gathering place of manytabOts is in the very large place known as Jamhoy Meda. There is a pool like a swimming pool which has been built specifically for Epiphany.The people who come es- corting the tabot fly banners bearing the insigniaof their respecW.ve churches. In Addis Ababa in particular the festival haschanged its ap- pearance.At a little distance from the tents in which thetabots are left overnight are tents in which food and drinkis sold. The people go from tent to tent, eating, drinking and enjoying(themselves).

On the morning of Epiphany Day, the Patriarch deliversthe prayer of

blessing and blesses the water.After blessing it, he sprinkles it in each

direction. Since there is modernity in it, faucets which spraywater widely

are turned on for the public.The faithful race to be sprayed with water so

20h the blessing will reach them. The faith that they have in their religion is renewed. Alter that, with the exception of one tabot, all the others are returned to their respective churches.

The third day is the festival of the holy Archangel Michael. This festival is called Cana of Galilee.The date is 12 Tar. While all, the other tahots are returned to their rpspecUve churches, this tabot will be left there overnight.Late in the morning of that same day, this tabot is removed from Janhoy Meda and taken to the district of Yekka.

In sum, Epiphany, including Cana of Galilee, has a life of three days.

The people, after spending a while dancing, singing and having fan and pray- ing, engage in their respective tasks on the fourth day. Easter

Easter means rejoicing. While the ordinary person uses it in this

(meaning), the educated call it Resurrection, for this isthe day in which

Chrlbt was separated from the dead and rose(from the grave). Even though

the principaa festival is Sunday, the six days priorto this festival have a

special observance.After the forty-day fast of Lent, the final week iseel- , ebrated is Passion (Week). Since (the period) from 'Monday to Saturday was

the time -in which the Lord was tested, died and wasburied, it is a time of

° sorrow. It is Thursday when it becomes very obviousthat Easter is near.

This Thursday is called Holy Thursday,

After Christ had fasted forty days andforty nights, Thursday is the

day he gathered the disciples together,fed them and took leave of them.

Taking this as an example, the people today eat aporridge madd of roughly

ground beans, and wheat known asuulban. They break dabbo-bread. "They

drink beer. This is by following what the Lord gavethe disciples to taste

when he tore off pieces of bread for theapostles, tested the wine and said,

1(This is) my flesh which is to be torn off and myblood whiqa is to be

spilled tomorrow.'

The next day,,Friday, is CrucifixionFriday or Adoration. On this

day, all males and females whohave reached the age of reasonand.who are not

engaged in a task assemble at thechurch in their fromediate neighborhood

beginning midday) those who have them(bringing) rugs and carpets and those

who do not, (coming) Without.They prostrate themselves all day and all

evening, saying 'Hire Eleison,' confessing the sins they havebeen doing

for some time and praying. Those who are mature in age and are of strong

constitution do not eat all day long. They spend even the night with empty

stomachs. The next day, Holy Saturday, ;hey spendday and evening like this.

21 () 14

. Until 7, 8 or 9 o'clock at night food does not enter their moutla,This is known .as ngtlt

On Holy Saturday, the priests prayand chantwhen the sun sets, say- ing, 'Our Lord has been tested, the Devilhas been imprisoned,' long into the night. They announce the good news ofChrist's mystery and his miracle.

When the time of the Resurrection arrives,they express their rejoicing with a specially melodious chant. They hand out fresh green reeds. The people scramble (for them) so as not to miss outon the blessing. Even though time varies in different places, theResurrection is at nine o'clock at night.

At that time the church ceremonies are overand from then on the festival is the Public's.

At night, the people, each one in his house,according to their

(financial) ability, break the fast and moistentheir stomachs which have

been hardened by two months of Lentwith the usual chicken sauce,(but) some,

in keeping with their habit, breakthe fast with fish or with'Uro-stew into ,

which a little butter has been put.After all, there is greediness and on

this day the number of those whosestomachs are upset is'not small. Because

of this, many people soothe theirhardened stomachs with a mild sauce which

is not upsetting to the stomach orwith a fat-free'uro-stew.

Holy Saturday is a commotion. For the festival preparations, the women

spend the day thinking of householdneeds, the men (buying) the castrated rams

and lambs and the children'sclothes. The reason it is known to be Easter is

not only by the fact that the numberof fast days has come to an end,(but) sheep by the hustle and bustle on"everyroad and in every market, bleating of smell of butter, in every house, the cackleof chickens, children's shouts, the While the haves the merry disputation ofname and servant, on this Saturday.

give large-scale banquets onthis day, the have-nots give banquetsgoing

211 ERR

beyond what their monthly income allows, beyond their financial abilities,

even indulging in beming.E'penses are high.However, it is Easter and

one may be insensitive (to the expense) until Easter is over.There are many

Who spend Easter sadly just like they spent the two months of Lent fasting

hard. Even though they do not bemoan their fate, they intrude at someone,

else's banque. demeaning themselves and try to have i\in just as much as the

ones who are well off.

On Sunday, the women arise in the morning and serve breakfast by pre-

paring the food left over from the night before. It is at that time the

'sheep and the oxen go to their deaths. Just as though they understood the

meaning of Easter, the dogs bark, wanting a piece of meat to be thrown to

them. It is at that time, that the sly cat drags off a chicken's head or

the sheep's entrails by snatching (them) if it is convenient for her or by

beggiLg if It is nuL. 411 After that, the day is spent in eating, drinking, inviting eAch other

to dinner, in inebriation, in drunkenness, in singing and in gossip. Rela-

tions and close (friends) breakfast together and lunch together. They say

to each other, 'Happy Easter, congratulations, He has loosed the halter of

Lent for you!' Starting that very day, Easter presents of food are taken

to the venerable, ones, to the father confessors, the godparents and to the

vicars, in their respective homes. Just like on other feast days, the Sunday

clothes are taken out. The children boast to each other, 'Mine are better

than yam's!' Priests go to each of their confessional children's homes.

It is indeed Easter. One,Who observes the state of the people would not

think Easter would ever come again. Some look as though they themselves

had risen from the dead. Night this not be in spirit?

212 1

Nisq41

Ngsqa is one of the gayest and most colorfUl holidays caebrated in

Ethiopia.The reason for this festival is the discov.ry of the Cross of

Our Lord Jesus Christ. 'This festival is observed on 17 Mgskgrem according

to the Ethiopian calendar. This day, considered holy, is Observed in all

of Ethiopia.

According to the legend, the cross was discovered in the 4th century 32.i A.D. by Queen Helen, the hother, of Constantine Who was the Xing of Rome.'.

She was a true and resolute Christian, so she traveled to JerlIalem to find

the Cross of the Lord. She did not find the cross as soon as she arrived.

She could not find anyone to tell her (where it was).Therefore she burned

incense and prayed to the Holy Spirit to glide her to the place in which the

True Cross of the Lord was.Heavy smoke rose from the incense. This smoke went straight up into the sky and then went down in the shape 1f a bow and

guided her to the place in mhich the True Cross was.There she had the 21ace

dug up and the cross brought out. She ascended a nearby mountain and lighted

a fire in order to inform her son that she had found the Cross.In this way

she revealed that her search had been successfUl.

Since Ethiopia has been one of the Christian countries since early time , this festival is widely observed. This day is quite colorfdl through

being associated lith this religious-type festival and because the rainy sea- . son has passed being succeeded by spring, through the appearance of blooming

flowers and green grass and leaves.Markets, government offices, industries N, aLa schools are closed on account of this festival. People bustling about

dresed in their white clothes give additional color to this festival.

What is considered the most pleasing and marvelous sigi. of this holi- day is the dgmgre. Dgmgra'is the day before tigsq41. On this day the people In; set up the dgmra (or the bonfire) in a public square. After many long poles are eollected, their ends are tied together.At the end of each pole a handfulof.mgsqgl flowers is tied.

Everyone goes to the church in his immediate neighborhood tod celebrates the holiday by setting up the dgrgra. Children and youths help enlafrge the dgmgra by adding some sticks to the main pile. Priests and deacons dressed in their best clothes take the cross to the dgrAra and give the blessing while walking around the dgmgra, burning incense and chanting a beautiful chant. The p2oplo, following the priests and deacons, sing various songs indicating that spring has come. For example:

Don't put on airs, barley

Because iti.s the cabbage that saved our soul

Courage, my soul

Dear barley is coming to help you.

When it becomes a little hard to see after the sun goes down, the dgmgra thrusting up into the sky is ignited. The reason (for this) is to commemo- rate the fire Queen Helen lit after seeking -aid finding the Cross.

Villagers and city folk spend the evening feeding the fire and warming themselves by it.The rung people dance and hurl their dRmAra lights or torches into the blazing dgmgra fire. Some people light torches in their respective homes. They spend the evening and the night rejoicing, dancing and singing. On the following day, Mgsqgl Day, the people'go to the place where the dgmgra was burning, scoop up the ashes and make a cross on their foreheads (with it).This day is spent in inviting people to banquets and in visiting relatives.

In Addis Ababa, this Xestivallis very pleasant. The place where it is celebrated is inMisqgl Square,a place in which a tent has been pitched who have special permission to shelter the guests. In that area, only those The ciperor and all the may come very near tothis tent and to thedgmgra. this festival. nobility and bishops are presentin that place and celebrate priests, deacons Since this festival is veryimportant, soldiers, scouts, and contribute a and the people are in lineatter line around the square special aspect to this festivalthrough chants, songs, and dancing.

(True) Cross in Ethiopia ' The Portion of the Festival has It has been more than onethousand years that the las Oil The occasion for celebrating been celebrated with greatreligious ceremony. is the fact that this festival and somethingwhich gives it a special aspect Ethiopia in the 14th Century. The a portion of theTrue Cross was brought to NM, of St. Mary's inGa%enNillong piece of the cross islocated in the monastery NU/ tells the truth with the book known as Tefatwhich has many pages and which It is said that this book about the way this very crosswas brought(there). the reign of Zara Yegob(147=68). was written byorder (of the king) during all of the According to this Book ofTefut, during the Middle Ages Copts from the Egyptian Emperors in Ethiopiawereasked to save the Egyptian intervened to have the Patriarch Maslims and gUltans. Twice these emperors Christian folk liv- of Alexandria released fromprison. For this favor, the precious gifts of gold and ing in Egypt, Constantinopleand Syria presented The king who lived at thattime, other things to theEMperors of Ethiopia. Nkrsent these gifts back and asked to be given intheir stead the Emperor David, had in his the piece of the True Crosswhich the Patriarch of Alexandria

and they gave it to him,including possession. His request was accepted painted. On account of, the pictures which theArostles Luke and John had Ethiopia. ,,The this, the festival known as'Ase MLsq&l' is celebrated in

date is 10 Mgskaram. Iva

After icing David, his fourth son, ZaraYafolob, inherited the throne.

When he grew old, the',Ord commanded him .in a dream to store His Cross on top of His Cross. The king, after constantly fasting andpraying and living apart from people for two whole years, finallyfound a mountain in the shape of a cross. Cu this mountain he had built thebeautii111 church known as

'God the Father.'He put the Lord's Cross in a golf box and placedit there.

1 The priests of Gallen guard this preciousobject which is in this ancient monastery. Even though the old church hcs beenburned and pillaged many times, it has been repaired overand over again and is still in service.

They (used to) spirit allay and conceal the crown, capes,books and

pictures which are inside (thechurch) in times of trouble when plunderers

came. In times ofpeace they would returnthem to their places as before.

Every year after the Mgs0,1(festival) is over, many people would

gailer to bee the piece of the True Cross on theostcasion of

the celebration of the Festival of theVirgin Mary on Hidar 21.

4 216 St. John's (Day)

St. ,Tohn(.'s Day) is a new Year's holidaywhich is celebrated every

the year on the first ofNasktirlim. Even though the identified purpose of

festival is the new Year, there are otherfestivals celebrated at this same.

time. The memorial day assigned to St. Johnthe'name of which is mentioned

above is celebrated on this day. Besides)the New Year is a time in which

the rainy season is over, the sun sparklesand pours its light aver mountain,_-

field and valley and is generous withits warmth and (is also a time) in

This is the which flowers bloom.This is a happy occasion of a NewYear.

way in which the Ethiopianpeople, specifically the Christians,welcome St.

John's.

Torches are lit, toward evening onthe eve of that holiday.Those

who light the torches are males.After they light the torches andleave

the house, they say (thefollowing) while knocking on the door three timess

Out, cabbage pot!

In, porridge pot! the torch and then they go outside.While outside)they let out shouts until

finishes burning, saying:

Oh my flower, 24gskiirgm has come

Courage my soul, Barley-o has copeto your aid.

In Milackilaj no one will marry you.

In 'fr:lamt 214111 talk to you alittle.

In Hadar I will talk to youcircumlocutionslY

Until the middle of Tahms

Being haughty and roawing inTor.

The rea- After that, at 3 or 4a.m., people go down to the river and bathe. drink.of son for that is in orderto arrive before the birds havetaken ,

water. e meaning of this bathing4is to cnuse any bad luckor ill filing to

remain tenind with the old year and when morning comes, to Welcome the New c

Year in (a state of) purity. . - . t. . . In the morning, everyone slawhters a chicken, sheep or'goat according

to his financial and housewifely abilities. He also slaughters caftraied;

.

sheep. Many people differ in the kind and number of the sheep, chickenie and

goats thIT b:Itcher. The reason foi this is in order to proAtiAte;pr expel

or see ,off the evil,spf,riLs depending or. their various natures.Depending

on the number ofspirits, one may butcher a red, -black or golden thieken'or

a whitish black with a blaze on the head or dark-brown sheep. Persons hold/

ing this belief who propitiate the spirits wear gAss bead necklaces on the ti festival day.They recite magid formulas.

. . On account or the matter of reciting rrn3ie formulas,especially those

who say 'We have been possessed by Adclo gbre.' they recitemagic:forMUias

night and day for three days st ng `from the festival day.At this-time

they sing the zar songs. (The spirits) give their hosts no peace. On the .

third day when their reason returns, they cease their recitation just like

-'one who has awakened from keep. Others who believe in spi its give a spe;.

cial banquet.Its, kinds of foods are limited to a slaughteredchicken with

its feathers (still'-on), hoe cake, parched:corn, sesnme cakes, wheaten bread

aid such like thingr. They take this and drop them on the highway either / mixed together or singly..(A11.)this is a thing whip') they offer as a sacri-

fice so that the afore-mentionedoevil spirits will help them get rid of ill-

ness, want and other misfortunes of life.The secular name for this kind of

'Sacrifice is dancara. When a passer-by sees this sacrifice, he must hit it

with a stick, pour water on it or otherwise take a taste from the top of

what can be so tasted, s 'lig 'I got here first.' It is believed that this

(I 2 18-- DI

will help the person not to be sick because of the evil spirit.

-In this way, smok(y fires) are lit and at least one chicken slaughtered in every house. The reason for this slaughtering is that since one has been assptiatinr: with evil spirits for somuch time, Ho one goes out of his house to another place before, 12 a.m. This is just to be safe from evil spirits.

Ire the afternoon, children and youths bearing flowers forrelativesand:neigh- bors come to say.:1Congratulations on (God's) bringing you from one year tothe

1 next. . arl( ,Ahat is p.I.easing%inIlds ceremony is the girls going from house to house in gioups, singing. It is a game which they play to get. someone to shy .'Happy New Year to iou' or to get a present from another(person).

.While they wander about, they sing'aNew Year's song like this:

Oh my flower (soli; leader

Verdant (refrain: singers)

My comrades (song leader)

Verdhnt . (refrain)

Stand in a row

Until I gather wood

And build a house.

Let alone a house,

I don't even have a fence.

I will spend the night outside,

Counting stars.

Flower, blooming with a killer(sonalleader)

(refrain singers)

In this way they spend the day,talking'about their achievements,

gathering,presents and after dividing up whatthey have obtained they go

.5 2 1 ,i ..

home as evening falls.

This festival is }mown by several names:'St. John's, New Year's or

?nquteataai, but itsjoys and observance do not Change its character.

Y

C.

r C.

A

9 9n V., t..., ,.., LI r-

Merchants

In Ethiopia, the word merchant is a name given as a general appela-

tion to those persons who make a living by engaging in trade. Differences

are apparent among the traders according to their respective fUnctions.

The merchants of old passed away after doing much good by passing

through any districts with (mules) loaded with merchandise, bringing the

things the country needed and taking *away the things the country produced

and grew. Even though their basic function was trade, they being an instru-

ment for an exchange of customs, they acquainted the country with other

countries.The ones who laid. the foundation for Ethiopia's present history

are theSe merchants.

While their good deed is to be admired and appreciated, at first at a

time in which (modern) culture was not widespread-like today, it is necessary

to realize how much effort was incumbent upon them. Inasmuch as they went

across many districts, they arose at night and after finishing most of the

long journeying of their day's travel before the sun became very hot, they

would rest in a kind of shade when the sun got too strong for them. Then,

before the sun began setting again, they would travel on, resting for the

night at the place where it. got dark. Camping together at night, guarding

their livestock from wild animals, talking about the state of their trade,

taking turns sleeping, they would resume their activity the following day.

Since there were many difficulties on this long journey, many merchants

would put their baggage together. They would load their goods on mules,

horses or donkeys according to the situation of the place.If they traveled'

in a-place of a desert type they would load up camels which(can) go (in

such conditions). This is because (a camel) can stand the sand and heat of . the desert.

221 Most of the time their merchandise comprised spices, jewelry, incense and vyrrh, perfume, precious stones and the like. When trade became very mideospread, they would go around with wild animal pelts, ivory, textiles and the like. They would deal in meat, livestock, pack animals and farming tools in places from which the distance from town and the roughness of the journey would not deter them. The merchants from distant places used to deal in goods which would not spoil on account of the long journey or the change in climate.

For the goods which were loaded on mules they used to need straps, wooden load stays, sacks, thongs for attaching last-minute additions, bags and saddle mats. Often they would travel by putting a saddle atop the load

(of goods). The reason for this is that if some animals returned unloaded and barebacked, the merchants would ride them so as not to get tired. When thcy rcturncd, they would do 60 iuimning war chants and reciting poems of sorrow so that the journey would not bore them.

Along with emir trade articles they would take various kinds of food for their provisions, keeping them separate. The food they would take was mostly dry provisions. Tbin bread, dabbo, Zak°, dabbo gorb, and roasted barley floUr were never absent from the bags and baskets of the merchants.

Neither requires much preparation nor will it spoil. When they would come to a plaeewhere there was nowater, it is obvious that their dry food would create much difficulty for' them. Therefore it was customary to take water or beer inlet leather bottle or in a horn.

1 Merchants of old, after suffering from the length of the journey, the heat of the sun, the cold of the night, the frost of the morning, the nature. of the climate, from wind, from illness, from all these (things), being-sep- arated from their families at least two or three months, have passed away

222 In

after laying the basis for modern commerce and after founding towns. Today's

commerce, having changed its aspect on account of(modern)!culture, has many

improvements visible in it, the year's journey being limited to a day or a

week, cities having been built on the plain which used to be a place of

shelter and-for.spending the night and because the food which used to go

'carried on their backs can (now) he obtained at a hotel.Salt barsand

rock salt have been replaced by money.The varieties of merchandise have

come to be numerous. The profit is rather large. Nevertheless, the tech-

niques which the trader has obtained from this original foundation are based

on the effort of the traders who preceded him.

/

223 Artisans

In our country, the men who are called artisans areof many and varied

skills.These men own no plots (of ground) inthe city norfamily land in

the country.Mostly they live in a client status. Their daily living as

well as their year's clothing is based on their skill. A few ofthem are

' those known as we"avers, metalsmithe,blacksiiiiths tanners.

114 Weavers. They make (things ranging fromPrSkallngtglas and belts to

skilfully decorated native dress of various kinds. Like the other skilled

craftsmen, a difference in the skills and ability is apparent amongthe

weavers. The weaver who makes`ammas of multicolored hens and produces vari-

ous kinds of decorations maygather in quite a bit of money.The weaver who

is rather superior in his skill and who has manycustomers mv, in considera-

tion of the situation 'of his income, move-to a placein-which a great many

people live or to a town which is somewhat acculturated. Next in reputation

to a maker of'anmas with multicolored hems is the gauzy tNiimmt4 maker.He

is particularly popular with the ladies andgirls. The multicolored-hem

summa maker and the gauzy Samna maker mostly turn out (clothes) through

recommendation only, not cheap run-of-the-mill clothes. In any case, it

is necessary to wait one's turn for a longtime to have them make any

,clothes (for one) to wear.In contrast to those weavers who have superior

skills, there are those whoseskill and income is considered low who make

thick kutas, robes and gabis. These (make) their living inplaces where

people's incomes are low or in the countryside, becausethe clothing of the

country (people) does not follow'the modernstyle. Even though the income

of one who works in the countryside islimited, at least he does not lack

enough income to maintain himself. If he perhaps moves to the town with

224 11111111111111111111111111111111:1111111M11111111MIIIIIIIIIII'llillihk.Xi2,

the intention of bettering his living standard, he will have to competewith °

reputable makers of garments or else spend day after day at the market.

If the number of weavers is large, they may settle a little apart

fr.= the gentlefolk, otherwise they live in the available and convenient

places mixed with the so-called gentlefolk. The permanency of their settle-

ment varies with the condition of the market. Should the market be slack

after the village or neighborhood accepts tl'em, they pack up their baggage

and odds and ends and leave just like they came. Since they have no immov-

able property or ancestral family lif.ad, they do not consider morethan a mere

trifle wearing themselves out (moving) from place to place just like nomads

(do).

Thkweaver's wife may make pottery.She is called a pottery maker

or d {banansa. Since the weaver's children living in the country are unable

to go to school they grog up learning their mother's andfather's trades.

Therefore, the fact that families like these are trained in the samekind

of skills is not surprising, even though it slackens thecountry's growth.

Metalsmith.Another appelation is (bib, but today they have started

using the term tab. The metalsmith makes jewelry for men and womenfrom

gold, silver, brass and copper. The one who makes trappings for the nobles'

mules and horsei is this same smith.Among the most typical items of 4ewelry

which they make for women are necklaces, amulets, earrings,bracelets, rings,

crosses, and anklets. As for the men, they have themmake crosses for the

neck and rings for the finger.

The smiths do not gather together in one place and do nrtlive (there)

like the weavers or tanners. Even in the countrythey are not to be found in

many places. On account of this, country dwellers wantingjewelry go to the-

towns.Like the weavers, the metalsmiths vary in the excellenceof their

2 5 trade and refinement of their technique. A metalsrLith of repute always works only gold and silver. Since he has a lot of customers, his income is (in keeping) with that amount. They say of them that the metal worker's income would be high had it' not blown away like ashes.When they praise them'they sing:

Your metalworker husband, the beauty, the beauty,

He fashioned me like necklaces and Minas.

Since the metalworker's wife is a bit proud, she does not make pottery.

Blacksmith. He is called ISMithy-o' and 'Metal-o.' Even though his

efforts are (expended on) various kinds of(ferrous) metals, hestands some-

'what-apart from the metal worker on account of his particular skill.While

the metalworker makes complicated jewelry, the blacksmithmakes plowshares,

plowalare rings, axes, tickles and such like. While he makes weapoins like

da6sers, pikes and tipeuxs, he may occasionally repairbroken rifles and

pistols.Even farther, there are those who work by smeltingthe ore and

melting the metal.The smith's wife, just like the weaver's wife, makes

pottery. The sons follow their fathers' trade. .

Tanner. Except for parchment, he makes all the things which are made

from hide by smoothing and softening it. Since making parchment is somewhat

more complicated, it is left to thescribe who is trained in that skill on

that account. The tanner makes red oxhide sleeping mats, decoratedbide

mats, leather bags, slings for toting babies, sheepskin capes,book casing,

girth straps, horse and mule saddles and all the reins. Besides this, he

trims with leather household items likeqnna baskets,sieves, wiqab plat-

ters and sgfed trays.Since making things from hide does.not get very far

without water, the tanners' settlement is not far fromthe riverside.The

tanner's k fe makes pottery.

226 Artisans generally have the same appellation - -thib--even though

their skills di2fer. Their place in society is low. Even though their

skill is popular, the artisans are held in ct ,empt. Thy do not come in .

numbers into a quarter (inhabited by) so-calledgentlefolk to live. This

is because of a belief that their eyes are not goodfor children and live-

especially - stock. Today this belief has become more and more attenuated,

in towns. Even though the reason for this is notspecifically known, gen-

tlefolk haveigrown close to the weavers andmetaismiths more than the other

artisans, but have held off the tanners and thepottery makers. Since peo-

I ple have segregated them and since there are noquarrels about family land

and pronerty among them, artisans are notpeople who.frequent courts. EVen

though they becoine rich, they do not give upworking unless their strength

becomes feeble.

Artisans do not ever marry with so-calledgentlefolk unless by a

miracle. '"'ley do not become brash and ask(a gentleperson's daughter in this is still preva- marriage). In the countryside especially a usage like with them saying, lent.City gentlefolk, however; have begun to marry up

'After all, what can one do about(the changes) the times bring?'This

happens if the artisans give up their oldoccupations and engage in com-

merce or government work.Even among themselves, they havelittle liking

to marrying each other unless compelled, sometalsmith (marries) with metal-

smith, tanner with tanner, weaver with weaver. c,

In all spiritual activities theyparticipate fully with thegentle-

folk according to theirPbelief. They conduct mahbgr and sgnbgte societies.-

They adopt each other.If they are Christians, they can-baptize oneanother.

They give presents to the churchin their parish according to their trade.

The weaver offers sacerdotal garments;the tanner, drums; the smith, prayers-

2 sticks and censers; the metalsmith)crosses and thejewelry neclgary for the

sacerdotal garments.

In the countryside, some artisans educate theirchildren by sending

-them two a place where a religious teacher isavailable. Even though they

become trained after having learhed to spell and toread the Bible and take

orders being ordained Priests just likegentlefolks' children, they are not

permitted to say Mass.Even though they may do so in a district in which

they are not known, until this wicked custom is wipedout by decree and by

the passage of time, artisan will live withartisan and gentlefolk with gen-

.-tlefolk being segregated from each other.

0 ly,

Esi

228 Minstrel

From the beginning therewere persons in Ethiopian society known as peat minstrels who were never without amasingoon their shoulders, a harp in to their arms, who went from place toplace, tavern to tavern and wedding weddingo leading their lives by praisingpeople and playing love songs.

reciting a Though a minstrel's voice mightbe beautiful, his manner of poem pleasing, and his mannerof playing the masinao andharp enchanting, this same minstrel was not respectedfor his skill, he was despised. As a His skill was only matter of fact, the name'minstrel' was like an insult. respect. for a monent's pleasure, for himit was not a means for lasting

At the very least a minstrelhad to know how to play a masingo or a

Since his poemshave meaning, harp. (Would) he be perfect, he mustsing. the essence of he must know a lot of poetry. Even though it seems that play the minstrelsy is based on knowingthe melody, all those who could of fiddle, pluck the harp and lettheir voices be heard make it a means

(making) a living, considering it as'atrade. traveling Even though a male minstrel maybe seen from time to time the time they about alone, singing at variousbanquets and taverns, most of is through the are seen as marriedcouples.The way in which they meet the woman, her similarity of their skills. When the man plays the =Bingo, her hips and outer garment rolled darn tothe waist, puts both hands on The kinds sings while trying a sort ofshoulder shrugging now andagain. If where they play of songs they know, they singwith different lyrics. play (songs) is at a wedding or a housewhere a banquet is given, they party. praising the persons.attendingthe banquet,or the bridal escort manliness, importance, beauty and affec- The lyrics mention the goodness, lyrics, the man tells tion of these persons.When the woman runs short of

229 animated and lively t/ em em to her. When (one) of the listeners strikes up an poem, the professiohal singersings joining in with the melody andwiggles her her hips and performs the zskasta.When she gets tired, the man takes place. At that tine she is not idle.She passes among (those present) with her natRla.held out and cashis bestowed on her by all those who were

Teased (by her singing) and towhom praise was offered. Sometimes they plaster the bill to her forehead. When the man finishes playing, shetakes

bit of money. In addition to his place. In this way, they collect quite a

this, they do not have(to pay) the bill for food and drink. They travel

about from tavern to tavern 'playinglike this. Seeing someone getting a

little high, one praises andextols him. One who is high will take out

he offers drinks money and give(it to them), and when things are lively, and commotion, there will to everybody.When there is a lot, of inebriation 11,0.4 the Es or beer and be many seeking praise. The minstrels, taking gulps or

arrack, sing until it makes themsweat. After, doing (this) all day, all shawls) and evening, they tie up the moneythey have collected (in their from celebra- go to their-respectivehomes. From christenings to weddings, which minstrels tions of the tabot to publicholidays, there is no place to the intention of wresting a live- do not go. This work which one began with

lihabd has become convenient and sinceit has become like a habit, whenever Often, one does not change the one finds the smallestpretext, one sings.

pattern of the melodic typ3and the lyrics. The songs dealing with love,

bravery, beauty and goodness aredistinguished not just by melody but by

greatest 'beauty is on the part ofthe lyrics. A lyrics. In any case, the sad- minstrel who knows (how tocompose) lyrics provokes merriment, causes and his style ness, rouses memories,stirs admiration through his verse

even though his voice maynot be dulcet. Sometimes his verse may become'

'2 3 0 con- a means for begging. UhP4her or not the lyrics mentioned in a song are

secutive, no one takes it into consideration. If each (line of a) poem449wo

besalars:} has a separate meaning, the first refers tomanliness and the

second may refer to love.It seems that the minstrel composes(them) by

having it in mind.

As mentioned before, minstrels arefound occupying a low level in

society. They don't mind. Their marriages, societies andb4rial societies

are with each other. Since becoming a minstrel is held in contempt, no one

wants to become one.Those who become minstrels are thoseborn under an

un11ckystar, who are afflicted withmisfortunes and who do not feel this

temtt.

Since we have mentioned the minstrels,let us discuss the Lalibelas

r a,bit. The Lalibelas manage (to make)their living by also going around

aOy banquet, house or wake. They differ from the minstrels by the fact

hat most of the time (a Lalibela) isnot by himself. At all times they

ravel about in numbers as a family.Their melody isof only onekind.

Though they originally were only justfor songs, and later, when they made

this the basis of their war. oflifepand today, after being transmitted from

generation to generation, it has becomethe profession of their group.They

night and cry out, they will 14 haVe a belief that unless they get up every

become lepers.Even though they sing whiletraveling about like minstrels,

unless they:get the money they seek,they scream stubbornly until it is re-

for somebody pugnant to the ear. Their wedding receptionoccursltimiting refrain eise's wedding (or)tbanquet. They do not have solo poemireciters and What makes them the same as singers and2skasta performerslike minstrels.

the minstrels is their shouting. If they say the minstrels and theLalibelas

f.i (Z. ti 11

make their living by shouting, it is said of them thatminstrels and Lalibelas have no homes. The Lalibela is held in more contempt than the minstrels

Let us list a few of the poems the mC strels play:.

'Though I find out about it. as a minstrel,

His eye resembles a wildcat.

'Milord Ato So-and-so, rain hasfallen on you.

If I am hurt, may it flatten you.

'If I were God, I wouldn't be proud of my power,

I wouldn't make (something) in .order for it notto last, in

order to destluy it.

'When they look at a pot frow a distiince, it looks like iron.

For the one who has examined it, it becomes earthfor potsherds°

'I know that God does not walk in *shadows.

I wait while they tell methe day will pass.

'Ato So-and-so's character is a very annoying one:

He bows to his enemies and is arrogant towardhis friends.

2 3 2 X 0

The Daly Duties of an AmharaFarmer'

farmer is The thing which determine's thekind of work for an Amhara the principal tasks of the time of the work. The reason for this is that farmer carries the farmer are plowing,' weeding,mowing and threshing, so the conditions of the out his tasks by followingthe seasons according to the there will be onset of rain or the appearanceof the sun. When it rains, Whpn theseason of plowing; when the sun comes outthere'will be sowing.

sun(shine) prevails, the.seeds grow, matureand reach the mowing stage.

into the granary is 'After (the grain) is reapedand threshed, what is to go measured out and set tut there and what hasbeen selected for the market is decides the details of aside. While all this istaking place, the farmer He will discuss(matters) each day's work onthe evening preceding that day. or less comfor'- and ponder (them) seated onthe earthen bank inside his more He allots the(various) table but in the presence orhis wife and children.

tasks and (all) head fortheir respective beds. of the house rises, Early in the morning whenthe cock crows, the-lady and humming a songin and groping (in thedark) makes her way to her grinder has prepared, (the grindingstone) mak- a low voice,grinds the grain that she birds' chirping is lively, the ing a rasping sound.When dawn is near,the and roof and put to morning's sunrays come inthrough crevices in the walls Farmer gets up. While flight the darkness insidethe house at which time Mr. like a buzzing and says still in bed, he muttersin a hoarse voice something that the morning's frost may his prayers by heart,'Wrapped up in hisga121 so from the stalls and pen not nip him, he gets outof bed, takes the livestock of education, he may sit on and feeds then hay!, Ifhe has had a smattering

i4ead a few pages of the Bible. a stone outsidehis house and

.0 17.1

His wife, who has been rakipg thegrinding slab rumble, uncovers the

fire which she had banked the evening(before), spreads some kind of twigs

on it and after(re,)li,ghting it, she heats up the sauce left over from sup-

per and surmons her husbandto eat breakfast. The husband sits down on the

tanned hidespread out beside the hearthand slowly puts food in his mouth

His while warming hin2,41° the fire and contemplating theday's work.

children gather and ea breakfast fromwhat is left over. If it is a fast

day, all go off to th ir respectivetasks with empty stomachs.

If it is plo ng and sowing time, he goes(to his fi 'd) with his

first born son, 'he seed being knottedin a bag and carried on mule-back.

(He carrii the ra er heavyploirlhaft and his son the lighter plowshare.

his greeting, of farmers, He arrives at the eld having inquired, along with the like himself or of passersby aboutthe sufficiency or insufficiency of

dinfall and the dampss of the soil. He yokes up the wten, hooks up the 411 plofshaft to the yoke, divides up theland (to be plowed) by furrows, and

(then) plows, putting the seed in a sortof Umma and sows. Grasping the

scratching the ground' plc candle in one hand, hiswhip in the other, the plow

'Pull: evenly, Slid urges the oxen onby letting them hear his voice, saying necessary; UP: Downs' and beating them ontheir backs with his whip and when

thrashing them he tills theland. When the oxen fail to proceedin a straight

line, his son guides theirstraight while being alongside them.

When it is midday, if the fieldis near his house, he unyokes the

a:10ra in fresh oxen and lets them grazewhile he goes home and eats fresh agglol-container sauce. But if it is far, his wifetakes him his lunch in an together and discuss with a canteen which she hasfilled with beer.They eat later on. If the work they have done duringthe day and what they will do his bed or on the his lunch (was eaten) athome, the farmer may lie down in

234 ee 7M.

embankment after finishing eating and take a short mp. If lunch was (eaten) ,

outside the house, he spreads hisnimma over a stick like a tent and lies down

there. As soon as he has rested a little, he yokesthe oxen again, plows what

is to be plowed, sows what is to be sown and when thesun sets, {fie unyokes the

oxen, and packing up the remaining seed,g!es home. If the plowing is to be

done over again, he leaves the ploithaft and plowsharein tne field and will

return (another day). Since the yoke has a leather fitting(for the plowiphaft)

on it, he carries this fitting homewith him so that animals will not eat it.

As soon as he arrives home, he takes'off theanimal's harness, brings his oxen

an armload of hay from the rearcompound and scatters it (on the ground) for

them or puts it in-the manger for them. If he has a mother and father living

in hi's compound, he goes to find out(whether) they have spent the day well

and to inform them that he has spent the day well. Discussing what he has

done in detail and what he has planned,receiving (their) advice, eating all

the food that has been prepared(for him), and drunk what was to be drunk,

he returns to his (own)home.When he comes into his house, he sits down

on the sheepskin near the hearthwith his wife and children, and surrounding

the fire which is light and warmth for the house,they talk at length, they

discuss things. The wife serves her husband in a special meno-tray andto

her children (she serves) in a tray someof the parched grain which she has

prepared by parching during the daytime. If there is beer, she serves it to

them in a horn cup and in gourd dippers. The news, the comments, the stories

add the warmth of family love to the warmthof the fire. When supper time

arrives, the oldest children served with the mother and father.The

younger ones light the fire andstand (beside them) serving(them) until

their turn comes. The wife rolls up the part of theanara that has been

wetted by the sauce and puts it into themouth of her husband and children.

2 3 't 123

The husband too puts food occasionally in hiswife's mouth. As is the custom, they put food in the mouths of their children rho were stondingserving them.

When the husband, wife and older children have finished eating,the younger ones are served.

Later the wife washes the husband's feet, the children washtheir own feet and (all) get ready for bed. After'the wife lays out the grain which she will grind when sne gets up before dawn, she banks thefire, goes to bed by feeling her way and after taking off her clothes, lies downbeside her husband. The day's work comes to a stop at this point until the morrow.

ss

2 36 Landholding amonm the Amhara

Inasmuch as most people in Ethiopia are farmers, they love the soil more than any other thing. On account of this, there are many ways in which people own land. One gives (different types) of land-holding different /lanes: family land, military service land and mortgage(d land).

. Anong the Amhara, family land is very popular. When a father or mother dies, gnd at the time of their deaths upon making their wills, they place a curse, saying 'flay whosoever sells or exchanges the land which we have be- queathed give birth to a black Since this curse is greatly feared'on account of religion, any person, unless in absolute want, will not sell or exchange the family land which he has inherited since this would gain for him the (low) opinion or hatred of anyone hearing of (his deed).In the

Amhara area. rest or family land is an appelation applied only to this (land) ihi:11 Is a,tuilled by inheribance. Various appelations are given the other

(systems) according to the various circumstances.Since familk land becomes smaller and more restricted during the time in which it is handed down fram generation to generation and age to age, the, developments of quarrels and disputes among their heirs is something unavoidable. Encroaching on boun- daries, appearing in court, threatening to kill the other person with poison or some other convenient way, murdering each of er, ell these are complica- tions linked with family land. They express the zealous love they have for family land like this:

Let him have it with a MannlicherttlITO

Do it again with a wanza (branch)

There's no joking around

With family land or the wife. --I What is the principal reason for a dispute is.When the division is unclear,

the mother and father having died on account of sudden illness without having

had time to make out their wills. At a time like this, the heirs tell each

other, 'This ought to be mine, that must be mine,' and so they quarrel bit-

terly as though,they had not been engendered by the same (parents). According

to custom, at first relatives, being arbitrators,try.to calm down the quarrel

by giving advice and by scolding.If there is a more violent quarrel, trans- -, cending that one, the matter is transferred td the courts.

A second instance, too, which is a cause for the quarrel is a change' 4 in the will. This means when the deceased, through being, weakened by disease

or being advancedin age, realizes that death is near, he summons the father

confessor and theelders of the area, bequeaths his land as well as his

9gher pioperty dccording.to the rules and places (the will) in the hands of

-witnesbes. However, he may recuperate' again, God having spoken (to that

effect), and live for a long time in good health. During this time, one or

two of those declared to be.the existing heirs may do the testator a spacial

favor and gain his affections.Later on, his death is inevitable and the

testator may get suddenly ill and while in his death throes, having forgotten

the text of his earlier so with the intention obenefitting those who oft,eLat,wetwhetten.Heweee live 04erfoq.est 04414441 tItmaq a did him a favor, he wi av- his gratitude. I, thing like this brings on

much disputing and appearing in court.All those who claim to be heirs

submit evidence (to show) by what reason the will is not correct and that

the shares mast again be apportioned.This matter is a kind which is dif-

ficult to judge.

The cause of the third kind of dispute which creates more disputes

than all the others is if sometimes the children are born of different

mothers or different fathers.For example, the mother may have one of (her)

2.38 116

children by a man, then divorce the first one and marry another man. She may live in love with her second husband a long time. The child of the first

(husband) is considered part of the new household and lives with the others.

Be grows up. The (second husband) becomes ill. When her husband dies having been ill or' unexpectedly, since the will is undoubtedly prepared and deposited, the woman's child (by the first husband) is included in the will according to the rules. ...Put after all, (the deceased) did not engender him and so the share of this stepchild will not fail to be small. If,the- stepchild has reached the age of reason, he will realize that the man was not his father, and will probably struggle hard to obtain a more satisfactory share through his mother. The disputes arising from this kind of situation use up lots and lots of time, especially if the child is a bastard. In addition to this, if his relationship as a stepchild is to the woman, the complications aay be just. a6 gtuo.L.

Sometimes the will remains completely valid, and after the contract is fully established in accordance with the judgment of the elders, oneof the heirs, in the belief that (his claim'to) the land is sound, may _our out his wealth, develop the soil and after he has gotten rich(thereby), a con- tender from no one knows where may rise upagainst'him, claiming that he is an heir (also). This contender may argue that before an outsider enters in

(to the inheritance) he (i.e. the contender) has prior rights, even if only to purchase (the land) inasmuch as he is a relative. A thing likethis is one of those which crowd thecourt's docket. A dispute haw this arises mostly between children whose heirship is undoubted and relativeswho are

(children of) another (collateral) line. While the one who bequeaths is

alive, those whose voice was never heard while he was alive arise invari-

ous places claiming that they arerelatives. Especially if the father's and the mother's sides do not agree on the manner of the inheritance, the

'arguments and disputes may not end with a day in court or the (arbitration be) the village elders but be settled in thirty or forty years.When one dies, his replacement (in this dispute) continues the dispute.By going on this way, the land may be passed from generation to generation without being properly worked.

Parents may detach a bit of land from the (property mentioned in) the will as a handsel when they mai.ry off a child.When they die, the children divide up the shares allotted them in the will according to their birthright.,

Generally considere4 those who are in a married state, take that which is the more useful of the family land.The source (of the problem) is the fact that shares are not (evenly) allotted, in additiqn to which envy, spite and

stinginess are added--and so a life-long dispute is created.

Inasmuch az trle c:omulications and kinds of relationship are many, it c. is .Very hard to find out who is the exact" heir.Even though one may be a

relative, if the will doei not mention him, he will not obtain anything.

Should the will mention h4TM, and he not have ax kind of relationship, the

notion that he (should) get it because the will mentioned him finds no ac-

ceptance in the customs of t e Amhara people. What may Tianfy one of the

heirs for a bequest is his obt= ng relationship, through favors (and)

good deeds.The will does not end on birth but is (based) on favor, --

Therefore while one who has obtained someone's gratitude ought to obtain

what the will assigns h-,:a in keeping with the law, the fact that he is'not

rrlated by blood mr..;y be a great obstacle to him. 'Relatives will not accept

the will quietly.The suspicion that (someone) intoxicated him or gave him

some kind of poison so he would bequeath(something) to (this someone) in

his will may develop.

2 4 0 In Gondar especially there is a method for obtaining family land which is (known as) ailinZno Obi. The story for this is that once a man . got married but did not have sufficient livestock, so somehow he gave a dowry and married a rich man's daughter. The girl's father took a piece of his family land so the bridal couple could make a living farming with- out going too far away from him and telling them to support him when he got old, gave it to them. They lived together farming along with him. They got to be well off by building up their livelihood.When they suddenly

divorced, thepad to divide only the property they had produced together, but they argued a great deal about the division of what had been obtained

through inheritance, just as though they had not eaten or drunk together.

They make use of EAnnano Obi in another way.A man notes the property

of a divorced woman and with the intention of improving his living standard,

he lzhaxries by bebeeciang or some other way. As Goon as he marries her,

he takes over the land and works it properly. He makes her, rich and so they

live (together) in harmony. She treats him properly, loving and respecting

him. But always love and peace do not get far,. particularly with property,

so a quarrel breaks out between them. Their love cools. They reach (the

stage of) divorce.At this point, even though the man is eager to divide

the family land, since the one who has more power is the woman who owns the

property, his chance of obtaining the land by citing thb law or reckoning

descent is slim.When necessary, the wife may renounce him, saying that she

let him have her home just for nothing, but he is not her husb&nd. Even

though it is the case that the property they have produced together must be

divided according to the law and given to them, there is no special law per- , matting the husband to share in the woman's family land just because he is

her husband. Even though the matter looks clear-cut when it is considered,

2 4 1 one of the reasons that the number ofpeople at law is so great is (due to)

something like this.

Since on the government's side there is no law to bringsuch disputes

as these to a verdict in a decisive fashion,it is not surprising to see the

courts year after year full of people at law in(matters) such as this and

Meanwhile the land goes on, rainy season ' the dockets crowded (with them).

alternating with dry, without being plowed and without giving itsproduce

properly. 4

249 1.1

What is the Daily Work of the Ethiopian Woman?

Ninety percent of the Ethiopian people make a living from agriculture.

Because of this, the work which both men and women do from morning to evening is related to this activity. The Ethiopian woman who appears as an example under this heading is the busy farmer's wife.Therefore all her work will be related to his.This afore-mentioned lady is the farmer's wife who, day after day, for about 18 of the 24 hours we recognize; is on the go all day without feeling weak or bored, then spends the evening grinding and spinning.

For her, the day begins before daybreak.

Sh, rises when it is dawn (does) her grinding and when the birds

n) to chirp, does her feminine duties, then puts her crock on her sharper and goes down to the river.After she brings back the water, the morning 7st stinging her bare feet, she starts sweeping the house. She stir :3 up 4a bankea fire, ada5 wore wood dud then wakes up her husband.

While Mr. Husband is still in bed, he says his morning prayers in a rising and falling voice.Placing the water she has put on the fjire off to one side, she puts the beans in hot water. She offers the ewarm water to her husband so he may wash himself. By the time he is dressed, she offers him the steeped beans, t en goes to the pie'. to milk the cows or goes outside. JP When the husband departs for the fields, she takes the livestock remaining at the house to pasture.Having done that, she returnsto her household duties.

She gathers up her skirt, rolls up'her sleeves to her shoulders, and starts scooping up the dung.She makes a paste with the dung she has scraped up from the pen and plasters her house withthis wet dung.Until the house dries, she goes to a neighbor's to driiik her morning coffee.Upon returning from there, she in turn puts coffee on, calls a neighbor, and after spending

2 4 3 13

the morning chatting, when thesun is high, she makes just enough of her

delicibus sauce, packs her breadin a medium-sized basket, puts her beer

in a'drinking gourd, and heads for thefield where her husband is.

She summons her husband who has been broiledby the sun's heat and

who has been exerting himself by his work in thefield to a shady place,

and putting bits of anlikra placed in the basketshe has. brought into his

mouth and giving him mouthfuls of cold beerto drink, he having his hunger

appeased, then she begins pittingfood in her mouthtogether with him.As

soon as they have finished eating and resting, if.there isany task in which

she may assist him, she helps him in trifle things. While he plows, she weeds.

As soon as thesun gets to be somewhat hot, she returns to her home and resumes.her womanly. tasks.Making dough, butter, preparing the dough for breArl Ord bakirr, thc dough are her habitualduties. After baking the antra that is to be baked, she bakes thedabbo that is to be baked.When the sun goes down, the gathers the livestock together,separates the cows

dh from the calves, and after penning themup, takes the milk container and goes in (the pen) to milk the cows.When she thinks thecalves have finished suckling, she has them go into their various stalls and Lick'sthem in and so finishes the task she has (to do) in that regard.

When the husband comes home after finishipg with his field,she takes the plowing equipment and has it put in the house, afterwhich she rubs his feet which have been on the go all day With water shehas been keeping warm, washes them, rubs them (again) with something like butter, andgets lout the anekgla-thorns with a safety pin. After She lets him rest; she has him lie down on the sheepskin she has spread beside the fire so that hemay breathe a sigh of relief.

244 I

3

J v, She heats the sauce she has unde, serves her pg/sra on the mgsobhas

him take a(swallow of her cold curdled milk and they eat their supper while

she tuts morsels in her husband's mouth.. When the table is cleared as soon

4r as he is finished,'She boils the coffee, burns incense, and they send their,

prayers to God that tney may spend the night in (His) bounty as they spent

the day.After that she pours co.ffee from.the coffee pot into the cups and

hands (a cup) to her husband. She also drinks (coffee).They discuss what

they were doing (daring the) day, consider what they should do in the future,

drink the coffee to the third (steeping) and finish itlafter which the lady

of the house begins clearing off (the table) and .cleaning up the dishes.

The husband goes to bed or to the earthen bank and lies down. After the

wife finishes that day's tasks and has prepared for the next day's, she

says, 'May Ka be praised' and, lies down close to her husband.When they

fallasleep, warming (their) bodies with love, heaven and earth part with-

out their realizing that they are resting on. The tasks of the next day will

resume just like all those which have passed. 1-33

.9% FUnctions of an' Elder in Society

Those, who are advanned in age, who have experienced a lot through

having lived a long time and who are greir-headed or bald are called 'old

-men:' This is the literal translation. Be that as it may, a youngish man,

in age (practically)a chIld,who is mature in his views and resembles an

'elder in, is actions and character is ranked on the level of the elders.

A ,person.*ho is called an elder on account of hit Ige as well as

his actions and his way of thinking has many functions (to perform) in

society. His essential quOifications are to understand the makeup of

society, to know thoroughly the c"toms, to observe and respect the laws

and rules, to participate in the sorrows and joys, not to be :-Toud, to be

sympathetic and coi.pssi.onat towards people, not to be biased, to help and

Console people through understanding their problems, to fear God, be listened

to in .'4acusainnsi to bib proposals correctly, to comment bi (using)

the proverbs he knows, to instruct, judge and in general be an example to f

his social group through his seniority and through having lived a long time

and experienced much. Even though these are the qualifications of an elder,

it is difficult"to find one who asesses all of them completely, especially

among young men, and sothoseWhoare qualified for eldership through their

qualifications are those who are venerable on account of their age.

Let us list a few of the,fhnctions that are performed in an area in

which elders live.

At marriage, the elder brings about the betrothment through imling the

irtermediary.He causes the two families to be bound together in family

relationship by stating,'The daughter of so-and-so is the one for so-and- , so's son; they are suitable for each other, they are well - disposed towards

each other.1 In the (making of) the (marriage)contact,he may be the

241 23q

arbiter or the guarantor. But if not, he may merely have the contract

brought to the settlement. He may be considered as a. witness.

At divorce, he may arbitrate between the quarrelling husbdnd and

wife. He hears from both sides the origin of their quarrel which has be-

come the cause. for their misunderstanding on both sides. He my reconcile

them by seeking an impartial middle way on which they can agree, or through reproving and getting angry and separating them, telling (the woman) to

take up a (separate) dwelling and telling (the man) to Rio likewise.Still, s.

should their quarrel be intense and it seem to him that they will not agree,

they may divorce after dividing up the property which they have produced

equally and having separated their livestock. He will, arrange for the wife

to go back to her parents or her relatives With the things belonging to her.

When anyone in the village becomes feeble from illness: he may go to

the sick.peiori's huuse and stay (a while). He may visit (him), talk with

him. If it seems to him that this enfeebled person may not recover, he may

sit near him and await the passing away of this person. If this ill person

gives his will or utters (it), he listens to this will and receives it. He

writes what is to be written down. If he cannot write,rhe has someone write

it dOWn.When the ill person dies, he closes the, eyes and the mouth of the

dead person and may enshroud the corpse. He arranges for the summons and

message of death to be sent to the places where the deceased's parents and

relatives are.He transmits orders so that the provision contributed by the

community will be collected in time and so that guests coming from far and

near for the funeral may eat from it. He sees to it that the grave is dug

and made ready in time. By standing up and taking charge, he oversees the

burial society's funeral attendants, telling so-and-so to do this, so-and-so

to perform this task so that the funeral ceremony will be carried .out properly.

( 3.)

e

He is the one who sees to it that the funeral attendantsand the mourners get something to eat and drink at the deceaseL. s house and thenleave. He makes the arrangements in every respect so that guests fromfar away may stay overnight. He is the one who dives reminders so that the memorial service for the dead, the forty day service as well as the anniversary ser-

o- vice will be, carried'out and noT.,)forgotten. He divides in the presence of the relatives the property whic is for the children and the relatives in accordance with the deceased's will. lid-,sees to it that the rules and pro- cedures of the area's burial society. __ are properly carried out.He has the person who did not(help to) bury or contribute to the community provision when someone died fined by the judges of the burialsociety. If anyone

-idibses to be fined, he has (the offender's) Provision or his qunnaof grain impounded:

When peopla ^P they mst-int ohro,t faziiii lone or s^ ^,e other matter,, he sits down with elders like himself and asksthe quarrelling people,

'Let us reconcile you.' Just as in a quarrel between husband and wife, he

finds out by asking from both sides the cause ofthe quarrel between the two

antagonists and the reason by which they are at amisunderstanding. After he

gathers this information, he says,'So-and-so, you have done wrong, you have

committed an injustice.You have acted like so and like so, you will be pun-

However, forgive the ished.' (Then,) 'So-and-so, you have been wronged. N\

injustice for our sake.' Thus he cools down the antagonists from their anger

and their resentment.Finally, he reconciles them by finding the one who las

committed the wrong, have the injured party recompensed, andif the dispute

is about family land, have it divided upthrough agreement, if it is a killing,

pay out the bloodwit whichthe one who did the killing has produced for the

ones whose duty it is to avengetheir kinsman, and after having reached agreement with those engaged in the vendetta, to have them swearby making them clasp the cross, call out God's name, and strike the church door sothat the house,and property which were destroyed will be replaced.

Intervening between customer and merchant, buyer and seller, he searches for a way in which both can agree on a price and brings them to agreement by causing them to come to a rapprochement, telling them,"You, this is enough for you; sell at this price." "You, do not speak so, buyat this price," so that they will do business with each other. If he is asked to evaluate the price of a plot (of land), an .object or(one of the) live- stock, according to local custom (or) local value he decides what the price seems to I* through visual appraisal, saying,"This costs this much." When people makItransaction, he will indicate by(his) testimony that they madethe transaction; that they solcr(or) exchanged voluntarily andwillingly.

Ile will have Lhe couial.L% QumpleLed by (acting) a3 contractexpediter.

When brigands or outlaws start up in a district, he repeatedly sends messengers after consulting with the elders ofthe district so the outlaws will give up outlawry and come home. If (the outlaw) reftses to accept his advice and continues his acts of banditry, he reports to the governorof the district that the brigands are causing problems by pillaging the area and disrupting (its) security. He arranges by working\mith the government for the brigands to be caught.When a house is set on fire or a person killed

Sand the arsonist or the murderer is not known, he attends'the communalin-

quest and by assembling with the (other) elders, inquiring,counseling and

3" crllecting evidence, he finds out the identity of the criminal bythe "bird" V

and informs the government of this.

When two districts which are limitrophe quarrel over family land or

some other thing, he argues eitherwith the government or with the (other)

2 45 237

elders as the lawyer for the district if his district is (one) of the

quarrelling; ones. He pleads his case strongly so that his district's best interests and privileges will not be adversely affected ary so that

its borders and limits will not be deranged. If those who are arguing are

from other districts, he sits as arbitrator, review. the case and wrings

conciliation about.

When a new government decree is proclaimed, he studies this decree,

and after discovering what is good and what is not good (in it), he explains

itto the people of the district. If the decree seems to him to be unsuit-

able for the people of the district, he takes counsel with elders like him-

self and appeals to the government for the decree to be amended.

He urges that the land tax be collected on time and hands it over to

the government lest a fine be levied on the district. When illness and famine

become prevalent in the district, he submits an appeal to the government so

that aid will be rendered the afflicted district.

The elder is very firm in religion. He always prays.He strives to

make the tenacity of his faith appear as an example for others and so that

the people will follow in his footsteps. He keeps the fasts, he observes

the festivals. He counsels the people to preserve their blamelessness lest

God's anger and chastisement befall them on account of not observing the

festivals. In this fashion, he lives, carrying out his functions as an

elder with staff and flywhisk until advancing in age he becomes feeble,

dull of eye and slow of mind and keeps to his house all day. In. due time,

he too shall taste the cup of death.

25() A Person of Breeding andGood Upbringing

Just like they cultivate andtrain a plant staring in its tender child stage so that it will grow upstraight, beginning from the time a punish learns to talk and begins to walk,they get mad at it, scold it and that remains it so that it will be well-bred. Good breeding is not something restricted to childhood but extendsthroughout one's life. begins to be Three years after a child isborn, when he can walk, he

the punished when he commits minormisdeeds. The punishments are-based on Therefore toughness of the child'sconstitution, his fear and his shyness. sort of they aMict the child with amoderate amount of pinching and with a punish the rod, according to his misdeed.At this age, the ones who always because the child are the mothers beowisemothers are sympathetic, and also Once children due to their strengthcannot annoy the mothers at this age. this age spoiled, correction is difficult. So beginning his punishments at complete obedience is in order to raise him infear, respecting people and

making it as a habit. served sep- When a child has grown and caneat bread, he eats being been cleared.Should arately after his parentshave eaten and the table has food the child say when the grownups areeating and without being invited or punisk being given to him,'I've come, let me eat with you,' a very severe throughout the ment will be inflicted onhim. In former times and even now when his countryside, particularly in theupbringing of the Amhara, a child,

hands and then stand parents were served,used to help (them) wash their table was cleared.As soon there at a corner whilethey ate and until the them wash their hands again,then as they hadfinished eating, he would help alone or with his get fist a mouthAil(of food) and afterwards eat either

the home would be observed. Outside his peers. In this way, the rules in 131

home, unless he followed his family, he wouldnot be allowed to go around the village and eat. One who did this and was not punished orpinched would get the reputation: 'So-and-so's child (is an) intruder.' This would be a humiliation for his parents.

When grownups are engaged in conversation at home orin public, are discussing somethin,5 important or are engaged in aconversation, he is not

allowed to butt in and talk even if the matter concernshim. As a matter of e.

fact, the (Purpose) of this punishment is a wayfor Making him slip out and

play with the peers or do some task whenthis kind of talk comes up.Since

this is the rain matter for which the opinionis formed that he is an unre-

proved std unrefined child in the presenceof strangers, it helps him not to /

be inclined toward this kind of rudeness.If he is found actingrecalcitranti.y,

well, what can be done?--he is punished,When occasionally certain uncouth

thing's are referred to in the conversationand tales of grown-ups, he will

haVe to remain quiet just as though he had not heard them, evenif he finds'

them amusing.

The good breeding of a child isnot only api.:elated by his parents

but by the public too. Therefore a Aindamental obligation incumbent onhim

is to respect parents, elders and allthose who are older than he.Besides

punishment, counsel is given him so that hewill do this. It is arranged

for religious teachers to teach him goodmoral teachings. The hope is placed

in this child that he will grow upin this way and help the weak and raise

time when their own children the fallen. The neighbor folks in the area, at a

az?, not around, will send achild like this (on errands).This child will go

on errands without illwill or reluctance. This will cause one to say of him,

'How obedient so-and-so's child is How polite he is!'What shows his

politeness is not only in his going onerrands but also in his way of greeting.

:252 A child who offers God's salutations bykissing the shoes of thoseadvanced in age (or) by bowing low then greetingaccording to the age (of the person greeted) is blessed.

Pot only should their (i.e. thechildren's) characters be pure and upright, but lest sloth and such like things attackit (i.e. the character), from the time the child reaches the age of reasonhe does very,light tasks.

Until he is six or seven, he guards the spread out1,4 grain so the Chickens and birds do not eat it, invites theneighbors to coffee, hands things to his mother (while) inside the houseand all such like things.

When the child is seven, he learns tofast and go to church.Even

though this matter is connected with religionand even though it is supposed

that this will cleanse him of sin, itis (done) on account of the existence

of a belief that man is by nature malicious,arrogant and quarrelsome. It

is a good habit by which these features aredimamdsned by Prangs such as

fast. Should he be sat!d, he would not respecthis elders and would forget

God.

Children, as soon as both sexes reach puberty, maynot join together

in sexual congress outside ofmarriage.Especially a girl, should sheno-t" ---

be found to be a virgin upon her marriage,this would be a humiliation for

her and for her parents.Her husband would chase her away. Her parents Choosing would quarrel with her. Passersby would tell her, 'Shame onyou!'

a life's companion atmarriage time is the task of parents andelders. children. Breaking the agreement they havemade is not (in) the power of the

Should the wife do wrong, thehusband will punish her.Should he do wrong, she will it would not be well for her tolook up and speak against him, but As for her parents, as appeal quietly and confidentiallyto her parents. him, instead they soon as they will listenthey will not tell her to divorce

- i will get angry at her and will tell her to goback to her home unlecs the matter is really had.

Children who grow up Iike this and in turn b comeadults, set up

housekeeping:engender children and become (p rsons) of substance, and in

their turn they will teach, advise and punish(their children). Thusly will

this tradition be transmitted until the culture of the agediminishes it or

wipes it out completely as is apparent in every towntoday. Just What is an Ethiopian Girlof Good Character? character to be A person's childhoodupbringing may cause his future (upbringing) gets more and more lax, straight or warped.Even though today's girls in particu- the strict supervision ofyesteryear which was designed for Even today this kind of lar used to make her latercharacter attractive. The life of supervision has not disappearedexcept among city dwellers. the age,' the town and the countryside, onaccount of the developments of ' different. the_level of character expectedfrom girls in these two places is has not come in con- A girl who grows upin a rural environment, whb At the time tact with education does nottransgress her parents' commands. her marriage companion she reaches puberty, it isher parents who select is still 13 or 14. together with the elders. She is married off when she kitchen or (by Before reaching maturity, she mayhelp her mother in the the housewifely drawing water) at the spring, or mayspend some time learning

as one who is shy,respectfUl, who arts. From the very first, she grows up gentle when she does not look up at people,who is demure when she walks, through punishment. speaks, bows when she repliesand is well-brought up mother and father, the All her upbringing is sothat she will honor her to heed what she elders of the locality andthose who are older than she, This is the distinguish- is told, and not todeviate from what she istold. countryside. ing mark, thesign of good upbringing in the The city In contrast to the countrygirl, there is the city girl.

by Western culture, andis girl has had someedoation, has been influenced will (Western) (hesitating) between (obeying) herparents' orders and the free though she does not culture has introduced.When she reaches maturity, even she has the opportunityto diverge too much fromobeying her parents' orders,

0 there is just as much choee her life's companion.On the parents' side,

1?- t)t) "- 13

particularly until she reaches supervision as is done forthe country girl, that she has a bit ofWestern.cul- the age of reason. In view of the fact her own fate.Her upbringing tare, she has the feelingof being the guide of the is completelyspoiled. is a little relaxed indiscipline and punishment, home learning thehot.seJ JUst like the country(girl),. she spends the clay at to be kept at home,stuck in the wifely arts.Nevertheless, she is not one water) all day. City life kitchen outbuilding, and goingto the river (for is her own choice. does not compel her todo this. If she does this, it walking with the head This being so, theDAndamental shyness, restraint, among Ethiopiangirls is down and not beingimpudent whichis fundamental If her home upbringingis thorough, she not completely absentfrom her. by spending the day in anin- does not transgressthe limits of tradition unsuitable fashion. appropriate place with aninappropriate_nerson in an often measured by her The pureness of characterof a city girl is most considering her educationand restraint, her weighingmatters, her not heeding her parents'commands Western culture as thefinal authority, her

sake. It is especially and further by herself-denial for politeness' If she is flirting-withthe determined by the*relations she has with men. night where she has beenall day, her man whom shefound and spends the (action of hers) is her character will be consideredbad, even though this

choice. - -..»...... -...... 410. basis of her dress, hergait, A girl isconsidered good or bad on the culture is spreadingthroughout her speech and hersmile. Even though modern introduced byWesterncal- the towns more and more,the new manner of dress , In the old days, dresses ture is not greatlyviewed with a favorable eye. Gradually it cane to thecalf and is now above used to react,he ankle. intrinsic character isnot delimitedby the the knee. Even though her Vf

ce.' dress is a signof dimensions of her dress,most of the time her manner If she "starts up a bad character, of attemptingto have sexual relations.

which' is different from(that of) manner of dress,gait, speech or laughter

developed bad character.One who puts . her she is consideredo have sharpens her fingernails,puts on a lot of kohl,applies lipstick to her lips, perfUre is one of bad powder on her face andanoints herself with too much Moreover, she gets the repu- character.Her aim is only tocaptivate'men. held in contempt, isloathed tation-of a-prostitute. This (kind of person) is hopping but sedate.If she violates these by society. Her gait rust not be a Strange gestures, eccentricmovements, rules, her characteris considered bad. produced and thecountry's traditions and the like, whichWestern culture has Openly talking aboutthe things she not sanction are farfrom goodness. disgraceful, impudent.Even fet.....A, except withintimates, is considered as is considered customaryin though catching the manwho is agreeable to one considered immoral.Whether the town, frequentexchange (of partLers) is (person) is considered as a con- she likes it or not,hnlding fast to one considered) as being deliberatelyWestern. siderable virtue. Otherwise it (iF preparing her mode oflife,]not When she chooses herlife's companion after (to it) and weighing itcarefully, despising her parents'advice and listening of good character. Evenbeing seen even if it isnot agreeable, are signs others- -even if it is notcon-. frequently withher fianc4--to say nothing of folly. She will be advised sidered bad character,it may be considered as matter comes up,wandering to keep it withinlimits. Unless a necessary Even going frequentlyto. about in various placesis (considered) immoral.

sin. Companions, friends are a the house of a closefriend is considered a

In the countryside,being found tobe a means of measuringthe character. obligation. Even though in the virgin is not only-avirtue, it is also an r this virtue towns the obligation(to be a virgin) decreases more and more, thinking has not yet' changed. is' not without value.The fundamental way of anything else. This is a mark of goodcharacter, esteemed more than

S Beauty

the means for measuring Among all peoplehere is no agreement on country and the tradition.In Ethiopia beauty. It -Iffers according to the In be the means formeasuring beauty. too, variousindications, are found to peoples and traditions, view of the fact thatEthiopiais flail of different to the various places. the degrees ofbeauty differ Ocording considered and thoughts Firstly, the body, itsposture and shape are has not have enough ofthis (quality), she are made(such as) 'so-and-so does little like so. then a mental to much of this(one), if she'were not a person's opinion on thebasis of the flesh judgment is padeaccording to each business of beautycontests is an Visible to the eye.After all, since the unless the things bywhich people alien tradition in ourcountry, Ethiopia, so things which they tell usand words which we --the nativesmeasure beauty are of knowing(what they ire).All hear in story andiu song, we have no means head to foot have poemsmade about them the exposed partsof the body from talking about iswoman's beauty. and are sung about.By the way, what we are women captivate menare her Among the indicationsof beauty with which column, her her hips.Her nose rivals a whole face, herbosom, her waist and her lips a bite ofdabbor or in the words eyes a shell orthe morning star, alls, dawn rose ready toblossom,' her breasts of Aft-warqabrR-yasus,a bee or an elastichorse's halter, and her waist andhips (those of) a king with Amlira tradition.Her skin rivals her heels lemons. This is especially and a fish accordingto its brown the orange accordingto its light quality, her eyebrows the reeds of theBlue Nile's shore, quality. Her hair resembles teeth the hailstones. Women of the barley fieldripe for moving, her according to the speechhabits of the every type areCompared in various ways

locality, the milieu orthe observer.

r; i9(4.01.1I beyond what the eye There are things which areconsidered pleasing measuring the things lictedabove as a means of sees. Even thqugh wP take whom He has provided allthese beauty, there will betimes in which a woman 'It 1611 be said of herthat her beauty things will not becalled beautiful. lacking in complexion.The following has ft sheen, thatshe is short of or bodily form alone is not ameans of mea- poem has beencomposed to shot: that 1

curing beauty: pole, Even though the nosejuts out like a telephone superior to you The one who has apudgy nose and her like are in complexion

amount, not an overwhelming Those who wereendowed with a moderate complexion what theylacked (in amount)of externalbeauty, mho made up in

beauty) had.(a poem likethis) composed for them:

'Every woman's burdenis water in a crock, crock of complexion?" Who is theone who burdened you with a than this are:grace in Criteria of beautysomewhat more refined gait, conversation!. ap- speaking, the way ofshowin& her lips, the smile, (of things) as these whichappeal to the pearance, greetingand suchkinds whinnies she speaks, whobares the teeth and spirit. One who is bold when looks (at men), whodoes not feel shy when she laughs,who stares when she demure when she walks,but rather and does not turn awayeyes, who is not thing of vanity to herdetriment.' hops, all this beautyof hers will become a better than oaeh 6464 about which she is sofidgety will become no Her appearance / . tiwLeL4:t t cLI. tan ,.tt character whichchdi- , She will pass thetest when her demure anything (else) is includedwith her cates her womanlyqualities better than

physical appearance. chin/ likeLiipoiAryeau de Before modern Westernculture brought in things 411 had desirability when Cologne, Acqua de Selva and Lax soap,a girl's beauty twIlud Wriatewood and sandalwood. This is it had a tinge offumigation from the manicuring their nails, not completely absent eventoday. Powder, lipstick, culture hasipt them inthe ascendant, butbefore curling their hair--today's for dry hair, butterrunning it had made naturalbeauty hated, fresh but r for drying of the lips,henna down from the hair for adry face, wild honey tonsure, braids, tattooing- for nails and feet, forcovering the scars, the They are still here fOr the neck--all these were meansfor measuring beauty.

today. Then, in addition tothat, All this vas a meansof measuring beauty. housewifely skill to it,she she probably wanted ahusbandlso. when she added everything.When marriage or do- would become one whomHe had provided with thing that would be askedabout first of mestic matters werementioned, the her appearance. Like they pay, 'ap- all would be herhousewifely skill, not There are undoubtedly manywho (though) pearance is notwashed off anddrunk.' of housewifely skill. Many las- beautiful, remainedunmarried due to a lack

. business' are seen invarious towns. civious beauties whohave gone out 'for 4 housewifely skills, andrefined in her char- One who is foundto be adept in , 'quintessence of woman,' the'limit of beauty.: acter is called the .bring (with it) and so Even so, thereis'nothing which time does not \ being despised asobstacles to such means of measuringbeauttits these are disuse) more and more. They are (modern) culture and arefalling (into Western culture hasbrought in. gradually ceding theirplaces to the fads what can be done aboutwhat the age The onlooker seemsto say 'After all, back staring, toward them. If anyone looks has brought in?'and to head slowly there will probably bethose pretty girls andladies who from the very beginning harerr never turnedtheir eyes and minds awayfrom former ways of beauty.

1 /

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of 7 or 8 1Dependin on the monththere is a difference Gregorian calendar. years between theEthiopian calendar and the

The Grei;orian.calendar.is Liven in parentheses.

Tosil reigned from 1632 to1665; Theodorereisned from

1855 to 1866.

:,enelik's nephew, was theEmperor Haile Sellassie

father. fTe wns;-,overndr of Horar.

AFor the names of the gatesof Harar and theirinterpretation, Harari, p.44. see Leslbu, -tymoloFicel Dictionarj of is a -)%dro ic tnn kno,:rn as fiarari; D.ottu 111 G :11a dialect. the Lercato (Italian mercato)derives its name because formerly at the Italians reestablishedthe market which was The Amharic name is Arada, near thePiazza, at this site.

addis Ict,ma "newcity".

the 7Ble:mings are conferred byelders by spitting on

blessed. . person to be They have the eaves 8These arestructures in the Nercuto. and resting onpillars projecting over thefront of the building

or posts. become a celibate `)The parents hwy.° vowed thatthe child shall

priest. Strtngth ofi:ichael, lottn of c112.- g:11 ),:,,rw,nt;

of . ic.111-1".

1 urself". boo4thi c. pounded beans have been 12;offe by z.;;ain initial boil in;;,clot water is to a poyder. After the Lime A'he third timeis the last addos: to th,:. .111.d drunk.

th :t is done.

)3,7..ee chapter on"Fasts". bec,?use of thefact that c\.:Ahric expresionis used its free drink from a commonvessel. the m-ilber3of the mahb:ir or "conducta mahb:Ir". trf:nnL,tioll is"hold e m3hbru :cidus, an ';*t. G"brF, .Cabo L.lo",lick-nemc" 01 ;;Fin' of the17th century. value is meant here. Until 19?3 the =L to3-thiopian dollar U3 40 cents. of the -tiopion dollar. was meant for the finger". Is perhaps 17Liternlly "protectio:i fingers keeps them fromgnawing their in the sense,;hat the food

in hunger. by SahleSellassie 18See the shaft novel"The Afersata"

(19c9). dynasty of the13th 191he best known emperorof the Zagwe Lalibela(former churches ofpresent-day century. Yhe rock-hewn him. Roh:0 oreattributed to

,-01) 1 6"2,

consult I.(ruidi,:itoria della 2` On these VJ)siOUS books, letteralur. otiooiou(o-r,e,19,52). 0 .,enor:lly round andconsist of 21 The .:.thiopiqn churches the qoddueqedduson or three p:Irts: theinnermost p::rt is holy"; the innerport is thegaddost o&d.dost o:)odus;Jn "the most is the gonemahlet "place for "the holy"; (3 the exzernl part sinr-,;inc; Lne hymns". s- lam "doorof 221'he eastern door of thechurch (tine/ for distributingalms to the peaco.) is thetraditional place

nee(1y. buried wrapped inmats. 231hodez-d were traditionally the (IFIDtrawith noney 7,onseouently, someone'sdetth provides

to Usti' Clothes.

z, book onna3ic. 21-0Awd rip:.st" is Since the priestdid 25wHhello in Geez means"and he is". separated the wordinto w:iha(walla) not know-Geez,he wronsly trying to blamehis mistake on "water" and lo. Ihe priest was The'dabtra, by his remark, the fact thathis teeth hurt. from the factthat the bookis implies that themistake arises the dHbtF,ra,should cook it for too tough forhim, and so he, to chew. him to niakeitteasier for him "notebook ". 14ilay on words ondKbti::.ra and dbtUr ,:Arestomathia 27:iee "egulae Pachomii",in A.Dillmann, Simon, "Notesbibliographiques eethiopica(185C),pp.57-69; Jahn aethiopica' deA.Dillnann", sur lestextes de la'Dhrestomothin

Orientalia10(1941),pp.300-302. 9r. 1.11) 2.51

;auto 20.

2():-E-] 12C-. to 1'.($.

31;arle- or

31:dnez,lny and .or'tdny nor-11y fast days.

3;2"11o,i,e" refer:3 to ,yz'intium.

ituated to the north of n)gdala. On the monastery and. in knnales d'fthiopie h. Ilanucript Tofut, see A.Oaquot, 1(19).69-108.

314'eeiGned from 1380-1409.

»00 the chapter on "Communalinquest".

7 )),he of the fifst novel in:.mharic.

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9/01 he is (Gcez) ill LI,ho (sc,:e

U-fr all '694'1012. passererby

,',.-crythirr. 4ill rec,ponsible (MpArity2.1 in all en3nil'. V) tne head of the

% 0.4 just, as, household

just; like 4WD 1ies(C0r101:0711011)

Uii'1/40always olliPyi _Hass.; on (see GNP))

n 124 before everything 'that' co ill (see 7W CD)

71(j-ie,A,:.iost of sll -1)1114111 hursdcy most t,'1) bile LLA vI Theentire be (1)q6i.:Af1lLI lose eolir:ige

is r . /. 1 after a heat 'nitnVI after this ehlrq?'...74-tiarawi 1%ountain

back(wards) th vine

EM cri: 6_ retror,ress 6/1-11 idea, plan (seetit) nr0 ) (seeLr0 17,:# 6) hospital

czdram d)4) in with his property

41,4,444)com ,ut ation th honest. man Li-in- two elf)society (see n U-4`f['Pitt o' clock ernsocial

U-f;:fsecond, another time sveri 2.1- solidarity, cooperation ,

U- : CT) FC/ union, associating (see Aric.)

hi.:hschool rrs.n I. it', jj join together c.or.:;oif-::CC,r u-,on communal

etilit.(11h 1 't) (1111 it bread

9414 iitgai. 11.0-t, weal th f; (.1 ,7. $-

. Viiic1)rich II- , 1:-i- 1,-.17 r. '1411: a?t.'; 0.n , c(-,nclit ion, ih:r li;(..,F,(con.:1:1., :.ion) circustince (seeEi'i ) tp 1 :-.;::out (''1.) at i'i,,..;c0,-; :- kAkim i-ountain

,.fe4 co:.motion VI be,boeu::1,,, til

1?(111-) 1,-., c:-In (lit, it is (pl.di ?T$1 ) apostle, .. porl:-.ibifor him) disciple - .

1 noun+0) +nou:loitr... or, 4).11f! 7,eople: N be it... or w eiiihil public Mrni if he is ihtl; sorrow, rie.f.' (see.i$i-ra)i , 11 lith 4.,j4) oth r.ti s e ihil is. ',alcent; :pinI;hoif,rief i h Lr? !) : I-) (;)r....out.;.-2 ic-i, of, 01)i1?FTievin.; per3on 1 ..' unl,:::zo he i, unlessitis a;iti '. P mourner ,.

all sort-,3 of ', ,. ,.1 power a , . 4!;* )owk3rful,

A 4) pozency

? L? ts somhin U 61i 't faith,belief

wren,: eue./0-trri religious,

MV() inapprcr)ri:,..to tt. life 11.1,11..n 'Au.i5D;1LLP even now n .7)4 be alive ira at least o in ei Pi A 1 H- reven now ,just like when he was alive ) '7 ac;ree

e/U-V:463,1_ however, be thct % ere. lel Qv: /, Li; he is

as it may , neverthelec,s gradually weakenin) *- VP? however, even ttlourth 0)gein one goes

1".0:51li be well-disposed 7)1 t.k, manage

e ch other g a it style cOti, t,oins below Nove,;ber th,Q4Mnow, :;ew 2estamcnt , rip zc

Xi-;.1"./:-.nt ner:nnt

?°1 (pl. )law, rule, charter, night

virginity htrtibe verdant, prosper

A draw up rules rI) fertilize, :evelop

alcri*. 19take order (lit. enter ) 91 cow

the law and restrictions of (49.1emon

priesthood) jl cmilno be verdant

etV1 OILh4first-time wife h ph 9'Dverdant, green (leaves),

Li 1Ccountry fertile

e V 1 C national, domestic ryfwickerwork table L.44Ket

nat. II t)C : h beg, beseech,, supplicate, pray

11 be requested

A,q1 .,q.t;* child /holler) beg here and there , -; shame, sexual parts I'M?) who is requested . 4)c LI

(see ?N L ) . cmh 4- means for begging ,. /)flocrequest

?Ing, get accustomed to

Afor, to, for the sake of et/10"D4customary, usual

..., of grace 601tcustom, tradition, practice

be lax A9..; habitual

lb it in(1 t ?fl).where there is h 5.g-sheepskin cape

not A crt. mplain (cloth)

nhalrri-*-1.1i)when he is not h5-06.1),rod around :VIbe mild, be soft, be' gentle

h2)other, anc r heigentle

11...Moutsineof, besides, n h 1'7.4 gently

besides the fact of ?I+be superior

'nH. (t) 41)besides this )41% WIbe rather superior

114$in 11(11)-5b tl*more than

anything else '171 11--eec)7prather than -n.. 3 rllul_ewarm

[See also71.4 ] .-., it )1 n it nmake sweat

h.:, (pl. A (1)- 2)1) expert, scholar Tillsweat (n.)

(see) 41) )vifeather

rank in rel5gious A flheart 'A.+\ -. a 0 Vi i eaching b -n..,e1),z 4 take courage

?L (f chfintri rank of dabtara Z) afreely M n rank of dabtara ra)/}sincerely

Patriarch scorch

6F (see7144 ) Winwear, put on a dress. be dressed in

p aster, smear (i rlbe ut on, be worn

*714, el c eiweep, cry, lament, mourn 119 n be dressed up

.1-14'f'l cry I1 niy dress up

7)1)1) \helpto mourn X/191111/ manner of wearing, dress 714'n cry copiously 71?19-5 al%) wrap-around shawl d)cf)h c7ing (See also Anhf Pih/f/ mourner h clothes -(see hnei)

[See also714111 ?)-n 461 kg° sacerdotal garments.

lamentation, lamenting, wake ?.0tail (of sheep)

(see* A.4) ) &Inight

11ip ?i:h41 start up again Avt earring

the wake ?l71 Measure (v.)

MOO r-b4wake t er) be measured

A +Ili .1.4. mourner 01) hltg means of measuring, criterion

744'abandon, leave, let go, let browse [See also IVO

freely, cede, be driven out hp halter

+110+ part (v.) ?i send

ill) loose 1111 be sent

* tn, thmake a paste .1.71.r1 run errands ).

$ ) ;nen s erger heseparate, distinguish

ern i)sn gc.iiilt; on errands th ebe separated, be 'distinguished,

Anamount, the right amotuit, dimen- differ, part

sion, ev.a.:fly (seeAT)) 111 rdiffer, be different, be

11---ATIin keeping with separated, vary, go their respective

n prooerly, within limits ways

ntt into the same' extent, XASPrake a difference, differ.,

correspondingly entiate

717)-tyiignite, light (candle) efhpdifferent, special, various .

711-1t/ crp. 5 LIV:soap 1h exactly

tlirl,q.1infection efh3e different

11 Oelmix, knead e h be somewhat different

be mixed aThh p-characteristics, distin-

ha (7) char.ge (v. ) guish5ng mark

IhhAt5.)(1 cause to change ohs e difference, separation

cp mchange completely nthfill especially, specifically, tA 9 m m exchange, vary particflarly

Tti1ypm5ichange (n.) [See also14 3

irnjlmo,inLH07I3. (11010 al,New Year/ieon, upon, above, at, north

01place in which foods are. %/ go hither and thither exchanged n about -"j ?Igrace n ? in addition to this Cg Tbname of spring with holy lilts:1cl inaddition to ;that

water `X IM a:t this point, in Q

7)tinbe smooth, be pleasant to the ear addition to this

"hh Hnpolish, refine, go over IX WO 27):?) above

(a text) repeatedly n--- n above, out &ide of

11i-11%7,hbe soft (voice), be low, fL ?)e at this point

be slow rti..3: 7)c, in addition to this

21:3 g special, stranze, eccentric (see

P )

v-arioUs

17h specifically 9-.0 also

(See also verb + p.,+ verb ,+5-b whether ... or

A e 0 difference (see (as in0,..e.2.7?..rrofi1.1) whethe"

tIA4,b.C.rth (seem 1j) she loves or hates)

h44birth of the Virgin QD U center (see also/ally) h

child (see ) (min):az Lilyright through,

1)1;1Stgirl right inthe middle

10hit 01)thl oath (see

713fresh trpthl ;19take tn oath

A2116} tender stage 194 ) ill song hibin bridle (a, mile), pack b Elearned, educated, graduate 711,6Dtrim with leather d)0 mercy 71:1 ft)give generously ncmonthly gathering in honor of thin be bestowed generously a saint, society

.71 'ill tender stage(seeA3 ) O14) flma)participate 'in a mahbar,

myri hilow (adv.) hold a mahbar

71( )., 1:1 scratch; draw the. sword nt9t5/7C 1, 03.. in groups)

769bareback Oif7ncf member of a mahbar 4141h4) inP /1.61:h D41sesame cake nA)nt3h7 membership lI inL,paste, stick on n&Esocial 7)4,shave (vt.) 001AMengineer spften (vi.) en in & "1= ll1,Xengineering M.7labor (n.) college

)&IL.babble nlic4h3 layman, illiterate

/1.7labor (seeh ) triri# 5 r leather bookcase

.3)4 burial scroll (in Geez) p fro ,g -/h irKfrbook casing

2711 (.44 ccc,' C 1161)711) h transport

an, see trn (Thhii, in71(1E: (rn beyond

67,7i the door

trb?i whole (see croi) ) hresponse

hffb) entirely, ierD6M, in1? 1t,3% bhafter that

0.4.full,who:1e (seeThi) ) p7)I)Iagain

a 6 ftvorr.thle day. trt) hhlt-T small

0-trA,..ripprfully 70,ine/D-1)",0734)4flood (see

naz 6. all ) al Aswear MO/to say, it means (seey,?))

71h9/1make swear 61171f*, 40-this means

IltiTypV)mane swear to one another )(1.)tr'',01)/Vi,this means

[See alsoo'nfh I 07) 11 Ilep(pl.an angel

riFo-hi)be full, fill, provide (see also ffr)TrS1 )

abundance 674)1:71'9*}, message, mission

1.1)) (n ) be perfect erDIA`511- messenger

TMT rb ?) be full, be filled 0b1 r1 angel (see also rn 1)1,y) )

be completed, be complete, trrqvir, rank in religious

be done completely teaching

( 61 complete, thorough) 61)(r) rank in religious ta i) f l.f ill teaching

VI 117abundantly iftorn.. rank of dabtara

QDerili...gfilling rank of dabtilra sni177. a th p

.1(fbM)s means of fulfillment xlftform, shape, appearance, aspect,

[See also -7)11 efi) ,x way, fashion, kind, character more or less q1111, in 1117''.--h' t1 nO1 properly iTbAn-rj1 pick out nirnz)(1% no Or. in every respect finhfil return (vt.)1 back. e an X1 I. in every respect

1'0'16return (vi..) 47)611-4 good studying (see 0-r1L rbirr),see FO 1711 )

In) trgoodUee tjtil ) (lei,meansof',f.l.ilfilinent (see.f2 ) rb , 3.n n- 0 tr,,-)ol 9 L-77, title t'IDO)) entry(seeChg)) of book ern I,guide (v. )

be guided, be intoned (chant) (n) C h 1 CI titlerf'book r7/ (r

* a-Writ fit) hri1- observe, con- ( 7 tr \just like they came)

sider, note, concern, indicate, 'it head for, ',proceed (of road)

be i idicated [See alsotni,

al.gb goofiLsrb 61q, leader, guide (see01(,.. )

invlved. department) D 1,)-rank'in religious teaching

7101)77.t- indicate, report * m1L,frustudy rohil onlooker, Dectator 7117#tni Lteach, educate sign, indication 'in)n) Lteach one another

61,V1.10measure, means of measuring Pfirqeducated

(see.7)1 ) 001')Eeducation, studying

ffr, in P Hrhi '.01) A ri) New Year o-t) h6 placeof education

(see ) tAt'lliali.4 teacher

011e-characteristics, distinguishing +01M 5 teaching

mark (seehp ) 011h`f iri)C teaching

0-11) .2intercede 07) tr-r) L. investigate

`1)41i mediator trborL be tested, be investigated

all Ag) early morning f rib jr. an L examine, inquire, be

e 21 early,' of dawn reflective

al 1. gathering place 9r. 06- investigation OMbe bald CUL be bitter

OT}, hG X t itiffriclear 'An Li- bemoan

completely of 1)117)Uns bitterly

4,1?(?-n r (pl.(Pip )) teacher P ant- violent ecrTioir)%illytm?...qnsecl..0 [See also 9-nt,iti Teachers' Training Institute 7 0/) if) pig '-h.u-c (seen L-1 ; (n) l. Pi _Pi coopers.,ion, Mutual hclp o-D c,,ss (see1. .e))

t triu be blessed, graduate en 1.st inforimtion, evidence, proof

71h01)L4cause to be blessed, (see -;(tS))

have Lonething blessed 01) L..-)plaster with mud

t111 1r LOtilestione another 0111.ill choose 7)4+blessed 'ahrilchoose cars:fully

57)1.Jblessing p C IP superior

9.-2)E 7 bless ing [See also PC4:14,]

7 14spittle 50(41,choice, preference (see 0/) 1..a) )

7tr it 3.. 0tp n1 judicious person r Atneedle

cr9t951blessing (see 0. ) 0ri 6qsafety pin

0flLi-be cleared and threshed (grain) 07)-h,chairman of the mahbar

413L be grown rti lunch

417)0land, ground rb Messiah

PdTj,9 : 0-7)3 irc tc,r) earthquake it) PVOL false Messiah

510bitterness IL) fm sear., be like

[3:5chrism ( (, he is congenial)

ti-T)L71captivate fffne)Abe compared, be

(11)/,..ncaptivating represented, be restored

57) c rbooty sf°1)6r1)/1 be like

ty-Dri Ilerc:ato (the market in Addir corshil as if

Ababa) f, similarity

* 01.1).H,t 6ptreoilean on a stick, [See also ern 174 Ole/ ]

be based Inn 46 peer (see ab 6/1 )

07)Lti poison (v.) 0b nil like himself

Iffbirtibe poisoned, be possessed 06/4 people like him (by a spirit) 714 example (see 0-06/1 )

ai t, A,news of death of a relative Sh/Trini)) agreement (see 119 ) 2.. 3 rn 71 57) IsNri /ft) :11 r:

( )VY1 & cpS f);,-ph trorii 01)u(,j`,;3,7offiee, department- (see LL1G. )

misunderstanding) 671It1L means for building (see 6-) sivrtir line, bus line tp) .7;evidence (seeK- L A ) Totrig nail pew?central pillar of house

(57,1 ri; sauce pot 6'(jtio4cross (n.)

(17) r axe a-DP-101)..terirl Mesqe1 Square

t trb op a round footed basket on which

P t* 4, eastern food is served

e)in the n decorated mi;.sob

eastern par'. (11 h). wife

n1.1)L#found, build up, establish d7J t14-61)rteach (see *691. ) feDLU 1. be bn..-;ed, be established p-q 1'J fglass

[See alsoin W Cbtpt4C love philter (see * t # )

01 Li)0foundation, basis (see 61) f S k ow which has not yet calved.

611A+ ) trii i one-stringed violin

p'A1pL tri lay the foundation al) /1.3 rh A. play the violin

L lay the foundation OD tin field

noT w it essentialli, basically, 6D ern I_ testify, bear witness

primarily Mini ern J.., offer testimony,

11 t1W in accordance ith, have certified

according to, in keeping with prpr witness

114 3.1 + verbal noun + PArut erg ) testimony

on the principle, inasmuch as (TA h'inp September

6I)W L 2basic, funds.mental cm( 10. sacrifice

501-vo,ineTiv good news 07) eq,, kind of, sort of, something rb 13tool, weapon, building like, (things) such as (see er em )

material (see *tyb Li, trpraise, )

writing to-print) be pz..ised, be e ""Pn L j

material appreciated / P1.1 heat (v.) ri.t r re.,;(1! /.1

ei rn [SeeELLsoOil 77,..#1

fbbMil be enraptured 01)(1.sprayer stick (SeeFin

bhfi) ternite 0-nOnAseat (see* firpfn)

f)-;,Cmystery, hidden ineaning jrfoigoal for the hockey ball

7hra r see the sacrament (see*4, 010 ) erhracintimate Cfp4o)i.cil) clipper (see in ) nipharconfidentially, covertly 0")40'.1 misfortune

06get dark en,f.tr1r grave, funeral (see(Pp?.)

rn (Z {r)-) be overtaken by night c gravedigger

spend the evening doing :11/i;tUE burial something ceremony

07).pdirge pj cemetery

671 c heat (n. ); see ep) 61)- tyTofe.ssional mourner 0)7 sorghum fpinebriation (seeepo )

POI T1 n ci% / parched sorghum (rb J'i- beat arehirgroom, briA..egroom, bride epT `; spite

016 be attenuated iCrPtply (INN-A fine (n.); see fp /77

60 .) tavern rogn A) nun

it gets somewhat light (see 116. ) (TO61. 7,?) dark (tee Goff) 07)9Iprivilege, right

OT);,;), place where things are sold 0),hit, strike

(see ) Xf704 cause to strike

cpti) be warm, warm oneself 'if%hit each other

(111)(0)he feels hot 1)177).44 way of hitting

Itclt#.heat up, IT,ike comfortable an?hundred

7)AN.yeelhigh (from drinking) lir?percent

percent c111 .7hanimated, comfortable 1.

..4. evening h.. az IN in a heat-warming on

fashion .1 F-11 I . latc. in tie evenin, ffilqbe convenient, be suitable it is convenient for him die 4-PT a

death 71P3: be convenient, be suitable, for him (p1.01)-.41i) dead ia convenient

011..,Arro anniversary for memorial deceased (seeVI.)

services pi? what?

at all times., always (71-5deceased 7 3: 111,

Off, Emeter 015.goal area

0-7).16a.gremembrance (seey,l7n) 019kind of food

memorial day -07)ct)q) perils.ps 0) 1 el a j.. t3 /., qi),4 6 a 2.. p Ø ' ç .memorial -I) STany; (with negative verb)

'days ..., nothing * ntn, iltTi',incross oneself 5 Fb :cm To-ever gvi 70 : il'i 72 ()even though crilf)cord worn around the neck i

(by Christians) Cibinibe slim, be emaciated ; emaciate, diminish '70..9alternate, substitute (n.); 7-11Yr) 5 itn11

seel'rel chtio?.! means of living, living

quarters (see q L ) n --- 71}1c) instead of dwelling oz i ID"' "recognition (see Me) ) (Th 9 6.3: rb ... eiqh:07))0I spiritual 070h smallness (see4:4 ) .... motive,'beginning, point of . pros, recognition departure, reason, origin (see Pi15)ft i the reason of being known

(see 17o4 ) 'PI)

0,,,.s administration, means of P 1,71;p1.n motive.

making' a living (see ,2 L ) 6.1)1 christening place (see )

administrativi! 02 371r Mannlicher (type of rifle) 0 17), 4 .e),2 ,C) 67)T_ aniwhen? 0-03 (.5) 46) see 4-714)1.

(71)P7.n91rafter all 07) 3nc set out a chair 01 well 01130, H z.3

2R(1 X &C

u-D ioNi (pl. TT; 0)- ) cro)nc.. ri

--`) Cathedral of G71-h17)3 b, tievil spirit

St. Mary eniri :tY confessional child

* °`Vl ',7,0-) 4 j hesitate e r r o , L jei ; 44. 4 dl.spiritualchild rif.for the sake of k spiritual, religious

710, Pee 7.513 1,4, spiritual merit, 4, pot spirituality poi Ft' IrrfAGot nitAtpit.tio..u4 tkot, 01,17', retire frcm the world (1150park (see +i n )

(17) 14,4)half year, smi-annual

01)1.4-4D.? any memorial services

WM?)be a monk, become a monk x071(, S desire (v. )

desire (n.) fl Li (pl. 11.Th ) monk fi

57)177;65 raonkhood 514kgl3 (pl. p .Inc )faithful

fornicate, 9;&II west 44" trO5HL,Xabl)tli,

corznit adultery rb 61 V western

al)) E village, neighborhood 0 r Gil-kg-SI western

ni c+4. villager, who lives 07)6E9 rank

in a section-or neighborhood of ab chastisement

the town in "Mil corner

9 3pl what? 011'Xt table prepared with bread to

troll 1411 kingdom, government eat an nt. trbici palat-J (r944.e: 1401 the table is cleared

ii.t.fft)capital e the means for ri 1-1,50 always, at all times removing the table

(see1°3,1.K ) 71i1 j' imt,r Ministry of

o'T)V t rdad, way, fashion Defense (see ?1/01,1 )

a-03 paduengCr Inv' I take counsel, counsel

51)3 tri5,rug (see * 1117111, ) ripr advice

503 (ci,source inwryi c advising

281 avmy_ affl_ction trOcorqburial chant ceremony

har7est, 01)(io1 olmeans for raking (something) or%try, ter:t palatable (see(1) to '17)1111,..try now and thou frotoway of spending the day, time

7si Vie,Mexico Square when a festival occurs, means of

07)11+ward off, protect from, celebrating a holiday (see )

01311 support fitting rb. lc))cattrateci sheep titf okcontribution (see,fivr) )

1i-1 j deputy, vice- ova talexit (see (Jo) )

sub- 0-12.8best man

district commis s inner nvoirchant, song

.15, 1-0 nobility, nobles 41311n-L 1 4 I Psalms

5-Dtct S4reason, cause 01)ti `) weigh, balance

,frk because 7,61)1 0 be preponderant

7,1)154... 1.1)i01, on the entt? place where thing; are

occasion of weighed

erb fl hi sense of proportion

on account of this). (See also 111,111

bi Lance, do-ales, weight, Libra --- er"111S on accourr:, of

on account (constelldtion): see Oh114 fi.tz)

of this 0T ton register (v.) vol 17 Amidst, in the midst frof7,V rvtmunicipality

(see 10,m,1-0 LIA ) 011 skill, virttte, deed, duty, achieve-

11I 'tn 4 among ment, housewifely skills, specialty

01)...c)%9 A 1. 4" housewifely arts F1001-171 Aam9ng nwrit) h.,19 intervene ei.1% 01)1 daily work

CiY$rhAl' middle,average 1 h.. all craftsman

Mr/1ATlin\ Middle Ages ani- 7 laborer I 6 fpayment (seeh ) ks April

9 0 0 5, 4. TT' V- yari-si. ird I tin litfin; t (a tv. )

Square arm ,woof trop l: means of catching (see g H ) (fi) ow, 'coarse

0115plain (n.) mug). expression (see?hen ) Orli. put on cross-pieces in the 11`?, quality of field ribg.-140 medicine, remedy, poison, structure of the house

philter Prrl 11, be framed (house)

) 671 stall e 1-1),e conclusion (see ,3

0:11.21,3Place where one spends the 0-9L curtain tco.ftevve:A. 4rt CrKt Cu1.d1tn, ti draw a curtain, witIZ r1.4.at m.1.64311 CA (see X.E 1._ put up a curtain

012,11 assign, designate, allot * fb16, glorify, praise, extol

praiseise -.(v.) 40 fl be assigned (pi the next day [See alsoal)PnTi arlitg olpe.nraised place of the ground on ortip the following day

which one sleeps, stall for it/ the next day

merchandise frinfeed

O'0,;1 brass rbirl be eaten

shop feeder

67).t. tOkitchen, cook house food

g entrance (see 71 ) ein regular, standard (adj.);

see CrD r1 if litigate

s/ s' reason for admiration 1.9.1/ plead a case

(seeg4i) ) 4/1t argue a case, (in 'court)

50..t.§ fireplace 013, disputing crnItrqdbeginning (see ms I.) 01"rif means of purchasing (see 111 )

erpT s 1).. first (adv.) niri come

vrTioDbs,D.1 from the iettftl bring, introduce '

very first X ?-7 have brought

9 }i 2 4 7

114r1)(11 n t ho way1.t.1.71s , av fi1L pact

introduction JIM; 1.71end (see )

or 51> efl.,ry flrt i..71finally

intemediary in betrouhal en CD)L5final, last, ulti)nate trzrn 7,3shelter 07)01.71.pack strap, girth, strap

ep min)pepper (see A)') ) pintaptellation (see Mt. ) r1101, g' me (see /tit ) tnj tern, appellation (see M(, ) 071(i)rtsickle(see7i014 )

%Ivname by which on-rh book (seeglis)

it is called in) 9n gplace of prayer (see911(') zromil measure out the right amount give alms

-plow shaft, wooden handle of plow t(Thtit 6111 be equivalent, be r equal, becon:x-re: 1 4)3nc*.t7i, glall the

trIlltjtrcc equivalent, comren- plowi)).g equipment

curate 6-4 toothbrush (see4 )

npdb solution (see ) tbr) conmensurability [See alsonail 3

mlamount, extent (seetr0(r) )

sympathetic (see nn I). to a certain extent, Er&

moderately, with a moderate L.flhunger (see (di )

amount, a little more, for a bit hog-cak.e,

11q + verbal noun + TOrti) *1-10.g, 4 tr keep step

inasmuch is 1r be compassions.te

OM'IT,moderate Ir sympathetic

frb fn j shelter, means of protection rti forget

1 I

(see ffr3 ) tLi be forgotten

MP 41drink, strong drink, 'Liquor make forget

(see (i) (7)) be moist

4M 01) 194.book, text hi,ri moisten

2 811, L ft;cause to be f.ne

/,h :37be s ing 6.15tt? be adept in

LT4'71; P 3./1inlopendent L Iqjbe complicated, be 0. he himself, it itself advanced(learning,be refined ;. e mm (adj.) e Lcm) subtle, refinei

1).1,- Is}lik&-itmp.king his own 1, t 7insubstantial trh: kltfree will CO*distance (set.:&I) )

each one C seea c # 3

) 20111corpse 4, # to-remdteness (see

rti (5)1coffin t. fl.Wednesday * CIL Palnrt1mutual * L9,7,Lribreed (rt. (see'-Arh) * Lq,Pt.r 7of worth

E h family land, plot of larid 6.nor.1.) be hungry.

(see-pi.( ) "Urnbe hungry

14be far hunger 7;4)keep at a distance, keep LnLm add wood to the fire that is

away, hold off, be far away from about to be extinguished

supper ir9C) be fax apart &If

0.)..371far, long (journey) E 2.ric rankinreligious

at some distance teaching

diverge too much *01, )1 Lyi satisfy

t* far(adv.) J,`T)( be defiled

rrb3 017 evil spirit [See alsoIp+ r 0, 447 } ET). 4e' far, far off, ion& (journey); CY)h cheap

seeG4 * 1-71 n hand over.

the one from far tom take over

L. ftin)be long e T., so the merchants from'.4ctant. place H ?.. ,)long

41)be subtle, be refined C 'NW?length

0 27! E-H cri) 3 i.),zlong 4.411) running (seea ))

1,- Saya GvAla * 16 7) L. /,r) spend the morning,

L, hc.Lp (v.) be late in the morning

4bEgi.j. help L hi)late (adv.)

0-01,.. o 1. cooperation, mutual L Irkmid-morning help w L 'I, assistant

L I-1...cunderstand, find out h-Cimnerfect +44/..14/ until

Lp explain, express, + negative iMperfect q.4)(r- 1 realize it might

evidence h ;1)41mistake (.see

evidence ril) 3plate, bowl

674 Pro:5f,information, '0-jj) paint (pictures)

evidencd p) picture, paint in

rIL evi.d,;:nce r,/ crock

icy,assistant (see L9.1 h?,because, because of

hold fast to fMtP4.fptherefore, because

L.) row of this

41incurse (v.) H. cuptherefore

*I' 17 go to church 19713 curse (n.) * i) ITO TO

trO hCfr t kiss the cross) Li wiggle the hips Arn *OM, 7..7im make sure 7111177) let kiss the cross m be ascertained ?)70-7)+1. 5 deference)

* 1, 1 b. tr L, unload, let off * fil7)4), tf/lAt _laugh at, ridicule etnrun eldiActs source of amusement rvin emasculate, castrate (a person) firt,fri run about

itsrunni,..; MI) evirated membrae viriai

g), sprinkle, spray hjit'vow, votive offering

sprayed make a yw 0)-V)-1',*/.4)) be 6 with water tt770.. 6)k child of the vm! + riot.).)reei recite, convoy, . theparents have vowed

that the child shall become a broader t

agree, apurovzt ibat e ) h aim be agreeable to, be NV}style Irti (c.).) suitable el?IT (63-) bore tr7714 be disgusted with Y-Mr11-1101/ bring to ari agreement

.011/1)T4boredom ilitrtiirho hears

tthjbag fri 9,suitable nPO3 it int ;?`finfluence,acceptance

rlAfttOciNtherefore (see ) nfrotylPil-da'r.:, cement hiq,kind of dish elittnimr4 agreement feeling 67) msalad. hall.

rtitro kiss, attend church

kiss each of Qr." etat,(11..;)41,?imsesa.,4e cake trtit)try

ern go to (V7-1) talisman (rbt.'PENt,r. church, attend church) 111 h176 be trained, prficient in

PS151)civilization i rip name Nit an a name is given h14)(1) authority,Official) . . phtfrj,modern culturl, (11D: V019 give a name

civilization rif-al:fth as alestj

'tie cultured tj 171 agreement ) 11111(TV/2:Pi? L. n) wrn gd well, go well with tt)- /TO'Sultan [.

('in engagefin, be pe line,parader,line-; pro1 * nab L,

,/ cession engaged in, head toward(as

ro I errni J7 rir : g n ti) trii- they,/ c crtzhear ° beds;/ 'ustas head for their respective R-) Iftl

d) n 11 5 7. they , though he had not he , - ) t be heard, be perceptible, their respective ways

be heeded, be listened to,app-al ). 7 3

71 t...!,etr, 1;astvre it,pc salkinds or roots Ir% (linstrike roots rir i)) rf'ee,in-. (see1110) ) pp week n-Prunder under ri71 9-bvi the one whose turn n --Pr

/V from beginning to end is hold the mah-onr itJStyf61, 771vr of atwen(' heit31-- steal

officiatin7, priest fria 4be stolen

eighty, the 80th day for worker, laborer

memorial services; civil marriage ceremony, regulation, rule,

procedure, order, discipline eine) (pi. ) .martyr properly, systematically 11167, heaven, NYC according to procedure Lob. work; be inLIA4 procedure 7.,to (r.help to do, have built Ill 'I C t-q

li delete )L.Vj,Cconstruction, method of

preparing (food) be deleted

obt4.in absolution OVI 14, tool, weapon, building

material Or 5.Syria

01111L;ro office, cl&partment hcal wedding escort party W (el employee, worker disseminated (news) (See alsoper * et/. f 64-44be an addiction Ljodhpurs ppi}. greed, overeating, stinginess 1rgrass era) stalk of grass yap three 9/sit? third steeping of coffee', pp 4,work, effect (see 11)(r ) /2.4 good fortune PI be idle, not have

anything to do 44 Sap make one pant Pqr L.)7e per: 10.unemployed el-qr.);N.Sql P/17: L.) } 4 unemployment 14 (r) he Jeered at him pcroot " of (Anil peoach

111) 41 4) 3 ittu,;hinfoctock hfrn sermon, preacgiii7:7- - 4h hang, sguciff fit of multicolored cotton ;eiE IICrucifixion Friday t be mistaken, err rectangular 7Iltif- mislead

al) r'l 111 neans for misleading _tn)n, seeel

41' U11) Iv 9e) ()suffer tVlit l. mistake Wri be fat ti 'twoman ri,t-.611 family 61.; Af girl ft-in pull /14: CD el ki a' lady n be attracted ib't 1)1' womanly qualities

0111%3 h protracted P 10- feminine ?).U,prostitute rl'f /-1.11% elastic I\ crop, field * fIt , participate n L, break T1'June, Fast of sane hIL,in PIE: (7) Lstalk of ALT hi cup, china grass IV); /vGO4procedure anfin gather (vt.) wit')furnish provisions, take pro-

t TIM n rl gather (vi.) visions

rl.n rm: 7, be sedate (gait) Ujg41 be provided of (food) litO provisions for the Journey 1j1-1/ (li-fi../).eLl gather, gather up

e ?vntogether. frin.11Virgo (constellation) tckgether hInlhm grass

01) 611n. gathering place ifriont, 4.6crpf. take leave, ri chairman (of a society be fired where collecting of money is X(7 4n+ make last involved) ell fl Sabbath, Sunday

flit 6 ri meeting (See also en n t 1 rin+,in filr:rtm4) shake the spear ?lint kind of gathering (see * attend the s'anba.t e enibe inserted. n be slAceessful, go w''11. hVYhow. much? trtri

(p,),) succeed ( .nhvi sicep6fh. rivl after stlecttssful arrangement much confusion, lit. afterhow

6111- be drunk much confusion?) hthow many times? ila7)L intoxicate, inebriate centimeter Mirdrunkenness

sanitarian ervarsugar

defect, wrong aman, person respectful strike (theball) a O' Awn, man, individual * g prepare /1104,0 body, physical constitution *Mc's.,be prepared ei )-'3

111,0)1.. conceal C'D ILI necessaries secretly hi...th wheat neior , Taurts (constellation) n)..v..1\ sandalwood body, physical constitution a33steer hatl'i. (see (IQ- em ifh, cut ,T17, demean oneself P11 4. T sloth e fro- lien name (v.), designate *111'5, 7.1111 c make,make be called, make

say of someone, causeto be h Qfl76 naming, name-giving

n. vi at least (see -)11/11 ) considered

716.5(0) it appeals to him h science

6F Monday t1..h'Isix in iu a A picture, painting(see 17 S 1117 9u).name of square Addis Ababa (141- hour, time insult (v.) nD, rn celebrate the et/ n curse (v.) canonical hours

nenAt from time to time h111insult (n.)

el string (beads), plug in fl; be apprehensive, fear

2.J() L;7.easure out e. e apfn(hension,.tliere is concern `kr/t.t.,/..be measured out 611,1. settle, camp ti j concern (n.) tO)ILL, board 'tir) body, flesn Vilk/..take on passengers e .n 1 ivestock b, t neighborhood, settlement,camp tv:162 carni.1, material f4. j,.place, spot concern (seej7 ) to all over) is 3 recarnal, material (see ) ( cp,e, p IL/ v.

width, size (see fl ) secula.-ity jo, eIL!- kind oftray 111\98.., adoration .a.rpet

Iilm give thousandI hp)gift wish, want *eirii-tnn)be ...:9resa on the ground 5 be better h mi.gift (seenin) -)f h,s1.11 improve (vi.) be amended yi ail) box improve (rt.), amend entbe wide ?,1-1) improvement th4ltbe widespread, expand tragh f4)be sharpened 71/I/ tt. spread /1F4sharpen 7, be somewhat wider kind of tree wide, broad, large, 7"1

considerable, important 7,11 war song 6710 decorate, give a reward,, award hi,broad, wide T1111170'award (n.) (.i 4, ID.. widely, abundantly,

extensively) A valley 50 cents hit) width, size h ri 611,1-wrielt..,11,8slip out eiit sew on *i1c7).+70-1scramble, struggle hard t r`l be sewn 41) make scrambleto obtain ,eln.er'}-4.;qlrt kind of dish

2 9 7 )(: ficer, ,he:ad:r.ari n grey-hen.ded 61.1) 641 offic'e^ (function) smc...11 (n.) ilerl'ume ILI candle- qr er.nty chick-peas F't 7) QI childbirth illness waist n 4 cane, reed n i771.pleat, gathering at the

61TD1 purchase(grain or other 3 rt'51:: et)sr crevice products) filtLCridge sugarcane office (function) ; see 61it C ;)1.1.1

al `b weaver 61.1-1 assembly ir/Y5 y H hold an assembly * tFi (P7 lir') dress fancifully, be fanciful(dress) 7/161 waist win, overcome 61:Unitbecome old, arbitrate *65k, X61b., n)717t old man, elder 7, 6 f 64 winner Fifa) i)c old age 5-6j defeated L abolish 61 accompany, see off 46 5 be provided with escort -;.,A bustle about 07.4C peas porridge nrwi clay, pottery pottery maker 6 c prostitute 6 i1)..w(, potter, r)-,- r1 hair -)raid *frylool:t7m03 carry, be carried hEnn Cancer (constellation) to gourd, drinking gourd in Harar it f1 avoid, flee, tr:nr name of gate 7)66 put to flight, spirit away * 'Arm it, across acIlbss 6hmuslin

* F cp 7,7 94,dampen, put into water, sfeet r7iit get wady in Hot wAte.A. * NJN), ci,F et stir hi. (5-1 pistol nrsell * ?I 4 )1.1 nlook up Ap: I-Libe tied seller oillabplace where things are sold L, fn L be alarmed Ll beat with the whip * n t 4', n L 4 )be resplendent is 7 c,q a,ply seller (rpe ) °+17); v61)) ,in. e4, cin ri), pet(adj.) n eyeurciw 111)h 6 build dbut j- outlaw q)/ h ,in V? outlawry 0)0 mix

lipiet)71 be mixed together }LL) cover, veil(v.) h join in f 11, tl be veiled go downof sun), h1.111)1 '11be wrapped un \*+dith?)Itko set (of suits)

et,Ackl)..Ago down(of' sun)

±;'7,11 rusi,le, bedry 5Afh..n.h- downhill down to ,z1 word, sound

cake nromises 4) Ai) 'food, provisions

11)01.-0promise (n.) etit ritiring color) make a promise, 4:,/r} light quality (of 11.91-11 ,,,t) ma-s)) sponger,.:),Irasite make a covenant. have fun (354iblq"WI verbal instruction ep /4'Tlee joke with each other j by heart be animated, there ismuch of 41 * .4>d)41 e N, individually -something chr roast chni melt (vi.) et4137 ,parched grain, roasted X#71 til melt (vt. ) grain h be faster, be more VIcustodian spirit 4,4m effigke'nt 4/1 be light quickly 'ease ci) inq El) slightly curved :xi,be light, be slight, ek A Qn lOw(price) aPtro see be minor, be csee-cf ono t AApile, heap up *in stand, stop, ifeA,AA be heaped up (*119 standing upright) h10 color, ink,learning, education 2 9:s 711 f4 )01116-A deposit, ri.,serve ( C/71'. IS L sze is unna.rricd)

Iv?Qa ,.)lace, get hold. of money

Iltillfir set. up, establish, aSt...1..st M'Olineci the manner in which it +.10-nbe established, be set up is laid out .

lyri.permanent, survivor 4740-pmdepository

1171% L immovable property < 0)1) 077Op seat, chair

lif,time, stance .ttrnmbecome leper.. ckrnrr be left, be left out, stay away, can,in 4)-171)- in hislifetime,

the norr.al. value fail, be omitted, remain, remain

4297): clEimportant matter behind

ckcfp'tneight ( n1.711 ..,111. he missed out

tEnmakeup 9 `on the blessing)

`7)11?posture, religious dance 1)61,/, make remain

cmj0-2.?prayer stick P4,1. rest

4cbcr spice e ii41 others.

c:)01111)(1) all kinds of spices , inii,10?..,epEf to say

4)61)6taste, take a taste nothing of others'

, )ett,1)111 give to taste Aqqa In 7132:(163:ficpLo- oneday before

outside of, epnit:In taste a bit f") , in 11- flik[

4) elmdress, skirt, robe except

tt Tr) height1- (see 4, 4'V ) (7) + negative verb + n 4)C

4.0,5 lifetime, stance(see' trg) unless) nhtt r beside, nonetheless , * 41)en +PM sit, be put, be

placed, be set aside, be otherwise

deposite4-sbe put away .nor beside, in that case

'Vitt MA deposit, place, put c,(ivin preceded by the negative

aside, have in one's possession in perfect "is not .likely to ... H

they give no peace) 2 9 o lleahrriT).ret".oded by a verbal pe:iont, servo, submit. . e

noun "piobably," as in Ifn 41))1)- 'J.:1)1-n be near bring loget. her, cause 11.0C be will probably cry 7)4)/f.ln Qe fin

.1)).) provisions collected by the to come to arrapprochement

presentation, way in community 41,1-11 4)C'AA(D.- have ill will whith one .comes close to another,

4)L%+(11.5. be disappointed communion

close * 4 /r1r,7.)4)/rir sing a battle song, 4-4, /,./.f1 (adj.)

recite a war chant (See also441-1

near, nearby, closely(see Ott) ) 41, Lr battle song q;sri-, recently C ft? breakfast (seeto L. 7 ) 174E11r n(l)cn

L hasset 11,4, r 4.1 cp),) recently

de. 1.6detach, take a portion, break, e am close (friend)

eat,bread, breakfa st (v.) 04)67 the one from close

closeness Y-$P14L (17 offer breakfast 4)Cflf

breaKfc.st (v.) In take communion

ettli:(Lel eat breakfast, n give communion, administer

breakfast (v.) communion

communion * 4L4 L -t--7 -1. 1)- .) t

Lb with the head down untanned hide used as a

found Cestaq..st,) sleeping mat

* ch,LtAL make one et rill communion (see )

restless 4EPS. nearness (seeinn ) conflict (v.), con- * ektikh,4,L(,hit the hockey LI) ball tradict

OaIA &VIgoal for the hockey ball tj)6. opponent 4 r wooden load stays t stabble (of wheat, millet)

G roughness 4/) tmdeduct

41) l nbe near,comenear,comeforward, tflcut

be served (food), appear(in court) 9 1) 6., (Pr( anoint . (1.) :continue, cease, cross with f(Prl sruear onclelf e ef .t, LIT1fi:xed \.

et E (71. 9)) dec is ve , clear-cut [See also49, il,rt,-) ) t, b4resolute ''. 4)r1oil (see c(rrj 411111 fat (n.) Ili, 1,-'6 fixed.

4,0, butter (see (tri ) e '1 3c muninterrupted f) hood CIV:Lipper

11",a),11don the hood to L. In nibbleVD accept, join (in a *4%1-mM, f,,jrriim wander * , (-IA 4 divide up song, in cries ofmourning), say 4)zai2)in r q 0_ umnivroankle in refrain gpr/Ahand (v.). .4)/4) carve welcomes, refrain 4Cq sculpture, shape fpfie/ who singers, who gives the response, VI (Pl. trilela )priest (see who is possessed*by aspirit ) acceptance, receiving 4,75priesthood, rank of priest t fi r1el ti e'136131 :1774171 t`th injured al) y , +,place to receive visitors 061'1be ordained priest(see et ) ht vname of church +nh,area, district

bury . cpri74,6stir up, rouse, wake up L ftni. be buried , in 114 1) slowly

xd,r7L help to bury +fil bow (n.) 4115priesthood, rank of priest +tit who buries, sexton burial (seeth ) fin elAhmiErn 3Constantinople 01)4).or grave, funeral n v.fox * 6,714. Pi belittle burial (see 4n4 ) f +Aboil, cook (pia + +Abe boiled cburial (adj.) r. Di/ burial ceremony +47 : i; fur t 4,manger 29i) 4,9 tiqPat (v.):see'cfrr 4 %adecrease ( yt )

-41)*ncti Copte ijAdecrease (vi.) 4 f1 MI- folly 04:language *OK be a:rival, serve to do soileone out of

*Ota/+tfrir)he is not able, M63 contender he cannot combine, link, *giir/L:714ifiLn effCalla coordinate, deal with

c()71midday, noon 'aft yoke

71 Or i n$,) afternoon .*57envy- (n.); sea-1St;

+cbe upright 01-fClicentiousness

?)41)5-' settle -111Sthorn

tfc:11/0:1elook up 4)41 SI7) brain

4)1) honest //, (pl. Ili-- )pretty, pretty

(1)cbe envious girl, beauty

'41)r1 envy (n.). t3.Z 5 beauty

+11 (pl. ) day, date 4101 1,take a pinch (of roasted farigm)it has seen its day grain), peck

71017.101)put in the 4. its 5 in L. be -fidgety e ascendant thintitpinch

114114 day after day fiitopinching (n.) tlia basket of grain, qunna-basket ti 411 top

religious poetry, verse right, right hand 44 4,

; 0-14,to. outermost corridor it I: j- rank of dabtara

of the church (lit. place for * 1D117 upset

singing hymns) (1) Sagittarius (constellation)

qane extemporizer Otf4)(1 be cold

e4)10,11pane school 47.11-6 coldness

441honest (see4) 5') Of/ red

9 -I (' kind of dish q) fanner

'tot) elast for a lont; time, be 4 Tr) ; PAssin front, first (adv. ) ....r'.. r.-- or some times rennin, stay previously, already, before,

.14Ai'preserve primprigit tp

e; e aricient 4A r : tidybefore ..k .

(A.U/ (rn )- ':e q. 0 which was 4).g fitprimary', prior

in usequitefor a while) 4,[111early times, first

veil foraWhile (e ii, I Tr, form er) (hItt".4? walking for a htlipik-fr,'previously, first of all

while) fi 5 (1- priority

( + imperfect + q,1 when it [See also4.yrilj has been) 4).VitSunday (see

et' en, +1)e0"1) hold. a grtor;e, be ei)1;01.,: c; Holy Saturday offended, be angry at 94 ;71- r Holy Saturday A"'1 A-h4' Pan offend 4/111 say Mass, sanctify et?rancor filo be holy

attend Mass 4St7/1,resentment Y)ti +e l,change(v..) [See also 4).V,, 4..9.31(10

4 et. alter 4,.fl (pl. 1:101 ) saint (see '4)21 .)

0 (1) pL change (v.) +4t1, (Yoh St. John's Day

fy or Change (n.) 47-1111) Mass (see 4)", r5 )

4p1 measure, outline (v.) 43Ati.,-0 start Mass

e be measured, be divided Oil punish

4, eel survey (n.) ffil be punished, be disciplined

ti Pour itrliti cause to be punished,

leather have someone punished

+Acri precede, be first, get somewhere 4,flp fine, punishment

first 1(1)(717. punishment

cr-49fine (n.) .e).Q race (v.)

:?, 1ST

(c). 7,Abe s,trai::,ht

er,-..mound N;. (adv. ) 4)(PC '.111

+1k strait 111.? 5411. re:on, learn(the alpbabet) tatqLbe considered etal snger (see.#4,"1) rvtke one spell, make trii wheaten bread Ott, one recite thespelling lesson Lj frithreatsn,

tg /fit watch (v. ) e)(q, tray , tin&count (n.) tro,inrf4)(ii. properly census) * tin)fon,get angry eaaim R1 tr. eppr=cher (see above) +rsi an ;er el" C supervision eNn Aresume(vi.,vt.), continue fp t +6 tt,m C calendar or supervision next to ina, . L tie, knot, tie tip ; 4>414zaitt;

§ 1p I. be linked panto, ,)A next 4) in 4) 61 blaCksmith * c h #,T)) h be broiled, be wneAn..)be decorated burnt, burn down frIe4 trnri save, lay abide(h.ohell 714 rhhburn, sting IA am refrain 1 7)+171-in' light (the fire) CAL stAtm)

/161, arsonist tp.p..sh deiniire, restrained

'Dee also;P4I4T ) 61)ekrnp restraint . +Ali straight .(see 74)) ,0(4hDfire, blaze" (see * tilAti straight (adv.) -Phift:grnA-0 conflagration' directly A, leaf r/IPIO 4'411.Tstraight, literal (trans- nlel reed,

lation) 111asappointment (4)11. punishment (see 4,07 ) OKI)cnumber (seeekthi.)

n +perfect+ tot .every time 1;11167%7,A sot ck cpmcSupervision (see (conj.) m

A sit dr;wn fthrivrri) official

it! t61, yr.)., merely WIhusband

LI" GuraFe- food (see )41)

441)1,gllyzy 1:ind, of siurna -n excrt 6 be spoiled, spoil(vi.) cttbeehive * n ,&L dig 9A 1-137master of the house; lridy of

7) ti (4/1,1.have du j, up the house, wife +tot bedoor to door 9 19 tribal notable part, 'cut of meat 4 13.41door-to-door'begr.fing person who boughtsomething 1.? to cat, customer jnin, at, among, on account of, 'rim 5housewifely abilities, house-

because of, in view-"of fact that 'wifely skills

+ (imperfect) even though, h1W6.. companion

heavy woolen blanket even if fl./yprntrys

(see ) 4 + imperfect +? even thougi., me.let him have it

even if -fli}tsi Old Testament

Old. and New fi-tiblack with a white blaze 41;). 3 `f h To Atradition, custom Testaments 9 r sea qty ircountryside a)r... eucalyptus 41 PICrudeness, immoral 94)4character 111141 exceed ria) j.eehermit *NIA/1ivary make a great difference 11,1 eat mimin trmbeeaten nhal more

(iint) A one eats) hf/Atn more

7Ini) feed, serve food, provide otnli)rn difference more food pehmhin z -r .17 49) majority , in rIA: AA one with child

3 01 11 r 5441hat n ,?)6-1 can t best i'mar a `bat ) shrewd, sly )17):Ut.-1 wear a hat -111)n-q-.trickery '1 cn bless ..11Agmajority (see rThrn) be blessed .0 rvsi) sparklecv.) q L-11 a.6.77,blessing be lit 71)11- 114,0blessed n b-light (a candle) be large, be numerou:,-be many n.ntrsilight (n.) ricnt 701.7)+increase t . ox be\rather large, be n rgate %II() manifold ..n rsilver, silver thaler1dogg;th, considerable, much, (n.) numerous, many, a greatdeal, quite L fly, run fast a a bit, most of,large (number) ))11).ti chase away, expel in quantity, in great ransack E yo. * Y.1 (11) n n r !I number Ivil)nc-ncproper name nort,n um. present a gift nrrILpepper blesiing, gift n&r?n rname of gate inHaTar no ,desert be strong nt.'"5.1 ril). t honeyed water 41[tstrong, powerful, indus- 47 Eli rn.,2 be cold trious (a' quarrel) 71 nts, cool, calm down n?E3t stAngly Ini cold 4 :fir i strength, effort [See also ptle, 110 cattle pen f fl n hailstone (see n ) -fil -ne)..tnic..A.4 of tqee. r 6,4i glass -itc1711orange

(f doorway 1:5+parchment- ro roasted barley flour K4,/.46( kht 'n L 9 hburnOOse ria be worse porch:

8 0 1 227 11;1) muleteer I, and wl,.tt

worse 114,A bean outside of, nerAbe cooked, be ripe, bemature C ,in 11 n r

except (see cp L ) Cr)(-17)who is mature + negative verb +nctC unless mea. inform, announce asceticism (see ngi ) the good news Fin.c train, railroad Willi()linputrefy railroad station besides, e q 17-C : fri n.9 , in 11f7-tt 1

471.11 armpit otherwise, nonetheless (seeILL nN.cpc except for, 94 calf

with the exception of) ro house a hell? small butoutside the neliA to the right (see917I ) in which theHost is !wi9th: behind (see cr1) church prepared nh illness in ri,+:M))0)/Y) palace -etross (see *61L- ) (`bt: Ito family not:371.41 circular house be sufficient, be qualified, church qualify (for); renounce the world rot 'richt)) rwijii,7- around the houSe ))t1 4, finish, end, bring to an noro. from house to house end 0 -go from house to, fiesufficient ra) : :

-ripasceticism chouse lady of the house at-r):0 1-renunciation of the world e fm ?, 6.4k4):41 property custodian Crifipend not; close friend of the family -n;i) :elv 7111 appear insufficiently fermented n grow n f

in particular (see A e ) WV0i)make grow '11110

(i especially, specifically, of he,p fl1)4revenge particularly ritiilivmule n.,,,risn- A concerning,with M-C stick, stave , far (11111pmoreover ( see +L a) regard to, in respect of, as tcp r besides, in that case as it concerns

(see cpt.) rim). h. on his part 17112 be dissipated, go to waste n t C except for ntt, scatter 'h T11 waste

n t) disperse (vi.) ti be nuiaerous, be too much rtti-c close friend of the family n hiincrease, do something in

(see f ) great quantity Only, but, however yrin-f?: nil eat a

-117:'n.T0-3singly mv-ig a moist hfj..hekeep serrzrate )1-n H 5 0.3:711, mostly, most ttiPfl;separately of the time, usually lonel iness it is mostly -11:11'14. eriPicii) Q 1) 3 ?). DUDDa [See als6 dj4) loneliness (see 17,7)- IL in ek: Ib ti thimble n.c. coffee ..mi. numerous, many(see h ) /HI rbI bar -nil- tt,* -..any times 0) a C: f4-5 rcasted coffee 41H.6: / most of the time,

0,3 rafaucet mostly rpm blow (ofdust), be blown away -n Ill number (see f if ) frequently, in large numbers Mtn bank n411-17 in the course of time n (pl. n a, i)f ) festival ry n,l) spring with holy water -run passage of time nbg. foreigner fle- every, each, at an intervalof, psn ferment (ofdough) in each according to ylim ferment (vt.) rl Iwho says, who hits (seeA ) n.r dough Fiet, proper name everywhere (from n-"A P- a4 ) - * nie)n,7, ri Ti 11 soothe n5 Jj n7 .

rl Q.ttrralien rimnfil mix r),Mrn scrape up n. 3 3t1 least (see *him ) ntill,/).)kind of dish n.3 h 11. I') at the very

least

nQ1 openly, publicly ...44414-tp 3ecemLe", ak,riCname of gate in Rarer Itopolite politeness ri 12,eranty, black coffee *)/5 9 re, olwith empty stomach, li)-0:111) come on

without it, empty-handed jhA, see ,,,ftlt)

big (see¢.-A ) ir barefoot M

grown-ups rig do wrong, wrong (v.), harm, be transmitted (see ) commit an injustice

fn.e.hbe wronged A 9-'1) furrow n2 Itinjustice, wrong, injury f/14..,Alarge, older h4.great e,wronged elder -11.tCloan 0 PO, importance ri kiteam 7.h4ir} en-.0%70-P' team captain

.tyhtjEl. education A-9'7,7)get up, stand up eKnYr.7% ettli%470.n..071ieitc- rlibe good, be suitable, be made Ministry of Education n make

spend the time ttirwkke-:11-buci: Vocational School no)sheep

be blazing P1 miracle * p R1 pi ro Book of Miracles n.t%kind of similarity (see alfI ) hy:f1/1), indigent, needy 1at'1'II`1elh

loyalty (see d"Di7 ) very cf al' ir section, turn; ordinary S11Mribreak a string s ha ordinary person frjeriMel be torn to bits 304 2

; rity in turns +66L se-, L. be corrected., equal(see -Hr he in turns th 01-r,ist

) tif G- (SJ-in turn 71111) hope rI ly the one whose turn it is fh tr

Lin despair (v.) eFiet1"1.-411(,..merchandise stall he placedhopein him C pflhustle and bustle tro(ro-) .1.N,A.ern race (v.); see IP,4613 97) confusion +Tn.) cb vehicle ttr(rmountain saving deposit, reserved money I-speak in proverbs, tell , if00741

(see *41S01)(7) ) parables fixed (see ) L p4rable, tale, saying 16-171rrib see*43r/A to,history tiPrjget 111)0el1)) see * #.1 /historical ift,siM.priority (see ) Ivrniheel

rij) be said (see ) ILM)01) translate say to eachother (see7,, ) rill)meaning,interpretatiion t ritih ttincooperate (seeAril) 'ic3.011, interpretation black strip of cloth 1,111- cacti interpreter fl church, altar stone ofEthiopian be left over, be spared

win, gain, acquire, leave church celebration of the (LA? moreover .41)/1914/ tabot I'Cc.profit industrious, busy moreover, j G

comment (v.) besides +-I:

be present VI/ comment (n.) 31, L. L. L 7b resurrection in abundance 11'1 small, 'a little bit theriat suitable (seeen ) IVTI explain *s tit 5 acceptance, influence 1i

7)4,14. 5 feel (see!Lir/ )

0 t) 111, ?\ ruse , malice shoulder

fliTh Y1 male ious become weary, be tired

110 be wordy, be verbose fel follower (see ) n )

ihkel breathe ,c) st:^a ight , equal

'1)h t e1 let rest n in '9 Aexactly

c park Vr) 71Texact, right long loose trousers tivibe sad

4h1ili command, order, instruction 7 h ft) H cause sadness

(seeXF1N ) H,sadness

replace 11 '77 H sadly

41, take the leave, let go, give up, abandon, ( khic: to)

place of) eschew -

be succeeded by rnonophysitism

nreplacement IC& kgeneration (seefoo, )

71'nalternate e a :?) -na,tive

11171plant, set up, pitch a tent ti)eD fpbe acquainted with each other

(C p-r-f ; 71 grant family (see(16)0 )

land) l'CD ATpopular (see (D

tilethbe fixed q eaves

1`91)plantCr) memories

P&./rtci4,4"T)11 fruit trees) .1-111 r.memorial service

)h plant, vegetable ei opposite (seeA p )

111471wolf e.1 comfort t'SlAAreligious wedding sltmarriage, married life, married hshoot, iron (clothes) state

4714111 shooting e N married man

INtlaTht1the way it is ironed get married

[See also11H1 1.27A Lmakea living(see X ^ G )

II-e1 warm (roast), fresh (bread, 41 wrestle

stew); see1ei 3 Of) St4t.thOrray T161 strugkle, strur,gling, tfr,-n1).;

effor... *Dolt Tn(t urgent

c Tigrinya (language) T1 A peg

appropria'Le (see19 ) 1 Lbe wanting, be difficult F1L N.)he is in need VI %Lduty; activity (see-lra) 141/,be difficult, be hard-

Vocational School pressed cause problems, afflict .t")111 help each other (see7111-/) A 't fi L.

, see0 au. 7-7E:7,hbe difficult when things are tight +4/rt., enemy 7troir :fl litland for which one is hired to Idir distress, trouble, diffi-

provide service culty, problem

spitting 2fflicted, needy ft_tininature (see/um/.)

-Cand; (connected with certain verb

37can, be able, endure, stand forms) 1i6cause be indolent 31) Ch't)it provides for him, 1) Li- A Iv. 7,T1

it takes care for him copper

life, living (see ) 6°,4' ability 11 station of life 1/): -AAignore life companion ability (see 3'71 ) I/)01 2 Iho)law court, court of justice qt.live /4*/*7,hjj) the court meets ( a IL qbbuteven so) maintain 7.C.good nfcwell Lbdweller means of living, living ciL retail dealer *071i' LS Iayeretail quarters lirtorch [See also 1)-0 RO7 a 9 3 c flnurse '114)0 t attooing

CIhold'back +1.contenrpt (:,ee5-4)

ti141rise, g?t up, arise,leaves , contempt

be removed, be lifted, be-men- 3.1.itmovement

tioned 11(1)Hbe eaten by worms

( t)-- ?It'll on account LifiYworm a of) t11[ he was roate, MaiP.eQ44,e-, mention, bring up *'fL, 7m.t.cni. take charge

(a subject), take off one's IOCleopard hands, give this child in chris- *1rin, Mnn read toning 71T imn have recited, cause to

70)"1"1take off recite, make read ti6.christened 1 1111reading mutter, gabble, rbil motive, beginning, point *iins/n, 70nim of departure, reason, origin nimble

cri)ichristening pace III decorated hide mat

3h4i confession [ to dispute, disputation, quarrel 1'3h/1..111. father confessor .10 tFast of Nineveh

tidy 7-1t1 11. Y office of ill touch

confessor, confessorship fie/ be affected

)11" Eeagle be pleasing

1.61j(i. dampness isrr. 7).01 poke

Omanimate (v. ) (pi that if:of the type, that is of the kind of . ti6rnbe lively Id'wake up immerse, dye

id)crack * 1nil%`111 h in 4. break (the fast)

c4..despfse 1101.0disgrace, shame tc,t,be held in contempt * 71,1 Hi, swing (thehockey

14 1contempt stick) pi. ,1-1. I i c tom berlueSt (see ) n1)-1-1v., chapter by- chapLer

last will '(in Psalms) cHfi hear confession, confess n)+:3-/-iv circular house

tCHH confess, make the last, 3 0) tu 1, queen

will ITO-queen (see37/1./) I .f51-11-7 testator )rtdawn(n.);, see 9

[See also 1)-1"itt trudeal in 4 I); drive ;el, merchant

L1 burn (vi.), be angry I:See also39.g

M1S, lightv Late * 1S j_?, host , provide eva;angry .hospitality, propitiate

7.e. L infect irig- tribe

to became dawn, darn (vt.) 171,thunder(v.)

)1- dawn (n.) Mi 1..Q. makeale:1thgkihibeg

ti 1L. speak, tell Vitcommerce (seehis, )

t ,r1t, be announced i pi 6- commerce

gz Sit, speak . e con ercial

L converse, discuss IIalbe white

4')/2,who tells t tri hseparate

niT/Ctalking ;Ino) cut up 47;s1, r expression, way of Sin h:1145separate (from), apart

speaking (See also II (7)71.

(See also111-C 1,/as .i/C4T 1 ) en kind of nimma which is not

IOCaffair, thing item (see ) doubled and has stripes on both

(HO .7) arbtaq** ends (see1011))

Fl S 1 Al,/ bytheNsay VP!, be melted

quarrelsome (see ) cm", smelt

y7 r t ?litigant (see ) 100, snatch, pilfer

3-1-,41-444-rif-,1-04.ha.p4yer NI) tr);?,:titn4): 7 be hopping (gait) 11111) bcC ..a 309 tLe totetrts m44 4 ue dvia :,1)). eftd * Lim L. 7)Lan(t,

59 al 11 IA tear out

19be free. ,46 c() Agrain, food

1)1191cleanse ktito A.. (1).-!.sustenance

rpi9)grais, free of charge 711P1now

S9) I) independence ) 47197)even now, still

[See also1 c5;1,6- ) 1,111numeral

.1)4W;hc. cleanliness, purity, blame- KAth.e-Sunday

lessness (seeWI ) 71/1 say, do something

1)9111 independence (see.1391) (0241r:v., n go to the right) 1'(t[parable ( n top-let him have it!)

1)11. inflate 11Abe said, be'termed

) c.Eporridge f (I rl hsay to eachother

Sly)blow (of wind), be in the air 1.1hrihhave said, ask to say

(rumor) e It/ Awithout reflecting, without

1)L.el Or9influence regard to

(lrycl; y 4,hrrf he has a i/htthinking smattering of education) iPho,inh --- f imifor the

+Valtake fresh air purpose) sr-ecifically

[See also i 1:1M 3 VIin"1'494 r: 's Afor God's fiat1,

110soul (see 1)I04) ) sake

1)11* ili;u 0+reach the age of 01/1)see above e

reason, be mature 11,1 he is, there is

et,q. h... A k spiritual child 71/1(01) he has to, he must, he

eiM.,7)9./ father ,confessor should

cc) naphthi P3:11hdc what business is it

i 141 be stingy, el.trigte-t Stile, of mine?

r) ghnl from all over, in various

places

.., _ 3 1 0 SW.71if there is any 7) *I 6h.tTpestarting

ISee also 7111 1 that very day Vi A last-minuteaddition to the 7) hi) whip load y, hi.;mainstay (see N/')) to. ululation ).,Atiltotherwise, or else otherwise, or else DI A?world Kg(?)

e rif :t) rp world name bed

al ftworldly, secular, )1 A stew made without ViirbiCrre

worldly person pq) kind of dish

exceed, run out, transcend , 1407) E )ti worldliness 1,hk pass,

pill)? eternal ( nds: ro b, outside of that) VIAL, let pass, pass the time, (21101aim, purpose spend 71Amproper name serve (drinks), go beyond,

"04)be over, come to an end, be (true) expose (thebody) spent (in prayers) (7, g: 0) ,the),(0)who is out of something IMMAL. let pass, transmit

11/1, chief, vicar,, rank in religious f violate, break (the lag) ,

teaching transgress, be handed down, be

vicar transmitted

Winmilk (v.) 1/4AtIc..11/0 a little further

h WIbangles h g? and furthei, moreover "a hlday thlig:%haoccasionally, from 6A) :a 61 day after day time to time, now and then x e beyond, besides, e Al daily ( - e m daily laborer outside of) passerby °ill festival 7,1 Li: ym.filot e b A): h daily bread eel) A q, imperishable lb I) 7 :1 E 1 daily consumption 41, h .c,T bedroom chamber rIbirt:#1.on the same day `hot/ appellation for nun

311 (4.. ,, Ilibelief, faith ihn-41)bad. temper TOM salt bar .1 crIT) 14 loyalty

h.97) ) nothing, slightly 719nicl1/4Lord, God halos 'henMi.mediator (see(a)ke, ) )111r1i. witness (see )

Writtin hurt Iiiirrillkind of thorn

,to-74b get ill 41107110middle

%Op line of workers in the field h 9 1-1 el li 1.,in fl- X Tri.tiel to.through "IP P;r1CDp :1,S1.1 rank in the intermediary, be means of

lines Tian- ashes

71(a)Lbe beautiful, be attractive, 015b .e column

be colorful, be refined 1)ab1rtp the way it was brought, intro-

WILproper name duction (see 9 ) (see on)) gnu. handsome, splendid 71 tpi 6.5 intermediary in betrothal

'hilpEwell (adv.) h C 0> female singer 311)bird of prey 70.67) weed, correct.

elr?.Amharic )Lts be refined

7 ??1) five ),L9) weeding. thir?73 quintessence .11 r 19 insignia,

khL(10 in 4/1C41)-71:10)n) release one's 1 i1)fl..*..)41refuse

7)99rbracelet h cr:nr name of a gate in Harar 1/41Iirrilli calf- hrni,'et 7%) 9; lady of the house, woman 4h4 r ball for hockey imortt ) "hoaii) Our Lady %La: -n ir : )1A42?) cry bitterly "I tp-ri hipmany, mach 1)1.6plow, farm (v.) be plowed 11)01$1, handmaid )1.13/ MOO what is to be plowed Milli father--in-law -' C i field, farming, agriculture .1)VD ii believe

)(milbe believed 4:91_71 plow (n.)

.`tletli witness I) I, h xirturient (woman)

e o

. . hNP) ?I(.. bind to;'ether, ':-."-.?7.1- r9 6 recal I,remindcov-Ile-rate

cause to be buuncl Lfv:ef-,1101 (sew 1)06 ) ,

41 7 olcmit:forture 71,' i j(D4) r. p..1.:::: kno,m (see 1104P ) a tvC ten' 11h4-11143 nequn.int, cause to be

OrC. /127 fr)ur o'clock 'familiar -(r.see 17 6)rh ) . 6 42 701i II r.:on:-..,trr.ct.J.on,netho6 of 7-4/ if. it 1! 7 _,Iho hz-ts synpathy (seel'IH'i )

preparing food (see U /If ) r-1.1.1+se4- appearance, view (seeU/ ) ) 71h1j.,evidence (secx Lk) 71htRIP, L. administer (F.:cc4.._./.. administration '14' evidence (see* L; ) t.t1+.c..P,C 71h L jr- .... Itr)nthink,-take into'considerat ion n4 ti f 3 A C administrative

tiht.(2.14.01 716 n 011)think about it upbringing (s?e Y)A-7 )

)tin be taken into consideration 7) kits) n help wash, (see Vvnn )

( 'Ile i..+ nil unerneetedly) lit/film & way of being folded a

l'iril 6n sur.,rest (see OM& )

49 111 sii belief M.fAlgii bring about the betrothal PM idea, plan - (see I161,)

Wei Rs). concern (n.) hfi7/1.,f, urgent (see if)),A )

(11t7f ti ri-n way of thinking riNh4.79,0/ urgently

( 111111'fisrePrr U-Lf way of linli until t thinking)' lien --- until

.+ h rkg remembrance 7h t1'i1411 body `Soli /' fire thin..1, '14)17coffin . ./ %ilinij dance consisting of shoulder Mfrilt L.,I see III t,

vitrrl L teacher (see *elL ) shrugging

) 711f 41) L 117 teaching ?Ient1%.111111/1 (or

MO161.; see lid7 L perform the siltsta

h /1 11.nway of thinking IiHifil.tES, Alexandria

(see 7,ein ) P1'1 170' scout

7Mtrien adjust, trim, straighten, Leo (constellation)

straighten up (see 7117A ) 1 4'. h It. alphait OePfisrtrember of the credit

Le.) bep1.,t society .h2'. "7 11.14,0-pinn, h?;,r11;9" . tl:).** 7161.'11/L:7 rub arsonist (see 4( ihmj)) tk,:ht*),6 silence! nunish-zePt (see 4,41 ). ) ey-% p idthorn: `itteAdirnr-calencis.r (see embrace, take in one's Arms 7%6'4Steeped beans )%git.k.

be embraced, hr.,-; .d in one's 6ean porrid #1. cis

71614 rub (see115.) arms 2C4Flir k servant 754;-.M4- armload

7-1 Xel) sand NOT.; beggar's wallet

apnellation for monk 'across (see )

.V [See also Mitre/ 3 %IPthings, furnishings

e ) elder, rAst.zn,7property 'custodian Ivn hncal: a reability, rower, means, forefather . Qbddus, financial means .hr nickname of aibrii the 17th Lrelreach an Ethiopian saint of

puberty (bOy), be mature (boy) century 4 appellation for monk hrlai$01-.(NV; 2461reach rirl

puberty (girl) [See alSo 7.19

7.,riA first boiling of coffee 'X 341 D4,41). as much tie it can Ani.join up, collaborate ?It 711makeup (see4111)

11 *fin) leatherbag t gni. cooperate

(8)(.-11Scorpio (constellation) 7 1.fi a together

It 4) 6. asneighborhood, vicinity 041-111.; fl society (see +Ln ) L 'solidarity, cooperation,

?, 4 II posture, religious dance union, associating I/ (See,*rp ) 7,ruiwipe

t -11credit society 77r/r1 n wipe 0 f 3

deceive 7111 fenur,reek swinUer hilriflower n 104.tie loosely pea. plant, vegetables (see1-'0) 1117,father Yi-tc) hs?- Ethiopian 11r11 : kf,6-1% parents 71,2N)-4 ti )111-0)-the father somethink, like, someone with

h Aappeal, speak to 1,4414.1,1Te?pe t these [ See also7,,rb tt "itLi)'if become smaller, ". f jiret dung 7-) ei become be few, be too little 11113 'petition have little of [ SeealE0 71 11 3 htleiM befew innumber, below 1)11.) 7s#1,, . submita. Mil'. at leabt Pet //..pfli

hawkf..1.,rpqrnil: submit a -. hihiqrlittle, small, few insufficiency petition 71

'hall title of a bishop la

Statue /3h lit e?)11..y.&MC /7-,tho.A)

of Abuna etros eV) S they them 114. dpetrine.

n see ),47 *Mt/1r crock henna. t to.most (geerl ) . is) Mr)

t in Y1 f beginning' from, .1111114-1:111,most of thetime, w mostly,' u.tupily ranging from, starting with(see Mil) 4' choke 11 co Blue .Nile '

egg mei see.-.)rn 4/111P111 for toting babies, n s,be crazy, become crazed rstiVg

hh in disturb 11) 4 71 It fall asleep

)1t)fib proper name 113 q.' sleep `44141) kind of platter rj+ 71 dregs

3 1 ri c..rfvflh Year [ See a.1 co 70.1LiPi

4634:41 obstacle

'411.1 varir, '717, 1. like, as, according to

`1>V 1 tear (n.) AV +(perfect) as soisn as, as

11701 *..tIflnbe bathed in tears much as + perfect +CP& as though '111111l9lion

Tir,re dish (K.'het'fo4e.t WAD( ("61r1r1CD-; 14-4- as though he Seeca4. x 1Ii uhd t.nother. t understood)

kAcic;'111 ).:rents it3/+ negative perfect+ SVA

Opt in trkit'Mtrl'4AgIC,CPin just as though

thername of nary 11 + relative imperfect+ 4- t "lIVI1 take: according to

%hi?),even + negative imperfect +

-11+- imperfect+ wArrj even if as if

Mitt) pike 13.e+ negative verb +Lr? as

71112.1even, let alone -though

-fl +imperfect+.1%1711 even (117.14...11i4A,4-69)1 0'447-

'though as though they had not been

engendered by the same parent) k113121 Happy A - Easter! + noun+ U h.just as 1/ 72 3% 11/ '51 a Happy New 40.2. +verbal noun+ rn

Year inasnNch as

Ali / + verbal noun +C114/.1 on "A H Y1 // 4--Happy New Year: the principle, on the basis ',Al*one (212 fi}:Ahe.spending the day U.!) t a couple somehow)

together + (imperfect) so' that, in order

together that

A3,4once, so:gab-bag Song t ,*ties + imperfect + 'Di) in order 11 that, so that 3 30

' Ai gt o 4 ... tyco in a cursory %it'dthus, such

"); iA,'. it)n'x'ig,) thus ,is fashion first, firstly, main(see this way m.gT

1463.91, a thus, likewise, simp.1-,,,,,

MR?' '..e L.4: )-1215)E1: fl, priratu7 it 47)121.Ucin likewise, also

school %.53.4,:latinthus a /%321,6). suddenly Rh igtLp i , inP. +perfect + XVI(2.10in any case, in fact, as 'MI IPSif a matter of fact `X 3 2. tri. inasmuch as they are likewise It.iktralso, or (seeMk ) li,e.ii-l)- in any case 'hi .e' T''-.. 11kgrt either ... or "AltStIttr

+ negative verb) not one fth31.but, except I. nevertheless VI 1 iri ft} somehow 4. 3'..Z3 (jussive)+qX3T,,even though wicil,e tin 10-.11A6), somehow which '1,3 l(r bread h, ad, P.pi it. Aboot4. 7/ 3.e r it a malicious force .AKA .4toqp4A .t..ict copasc*K.el stepchild drops heavy things or scatterssama el, PDX. tr:b2 amts raspberry tii4agg in people's food kh"5 1, 1,,,

)11/tt entrails S 711 91. h 7-1, industry Xi,//: X 601 soothe one's 70 I}n talk (1±.) entrails, be pleasing M .fr 5), unity, agreement, together 11-1-c7- a song (see -Xit ) carry around rrhl till. in unison '11 '31 11 ),41* put on the shoulder, wear on t 70g ill joint 7r7 ) Ii kit some (see%it ) the neck (see 13 Tt neck 1)3.413 A/ some. '70r/:1 place of neck 131,pg). each 0701 ?- ; C9317) : 3)-01 shawl, 7,1 Jima sometimes , somehow, scarf, niit6.1e. `14 1 1 ii 4 more or less,. `441'141 'stranger, guest, unusual, crudely, nothing much

.strange 1

/ I 3tf

"hicittt)thus, so, intiny ease )114(11 be treated medically

I(lrin... area. environment,Inilieu, 1,11 --) it firstborn

7,1k')1- seniority neighborhood

respecting (n.); see 11nL..-- *MID Ci: mete.lsmith '10i-1i t,ti "i- ko/Pr Entotto (name of mountain) )1..VT071,.economy 61tVtwood, piece of wood X7177 scratch

"Ii hIVEGalles kind of milk roduc.f )1711 rub slightly 1,71-5peer (SU`1,-0;) Vi9)t , in 11 --- 1119) C in con-

tras t to x71 Api.academy

kart military academy 71.51)chew cud 0 (PC 'Ali

"hrreally 41114 spade, shovel kV n1 fast I 1444, sat,v,otaz Acqua de Selva (beauty 710-4.spirit X On

product) olivik.i,-, ittti -windstorm

(r male, chief ., 7.1,1"111 fashion, style (see Li"?) lick )1111,k gait-(see % 4 ) 710)-b- :)..ei c highway

7171A be equal `HD-)..,wild animal sub-province ;171A01)add, contribute 7,45.6.A. (see 6)L.4 ) Inbe filled in Lhal-i song leader 70D( reflect, ponder 1 hti uri 71 adjust, straighten, 1)h) recall, remind, -corn- , straighten up, trim f hflonn equal-, be connected memorate "A 7). povt. (See also 0.7170 COirecognition 0104 know, find out Abody inform 7%11Tbodily Y1;0) 4, be acquainted with each "h7).1 middle ¢ eP IDet)

other 71--,+71.31as much as

at midnight Y),7J 04:1 make known /1.1%"701-11-. cause to be familiar, disruption W7ff)041

acquaint 7n 31 antreat medically . X05 oil o4'.g way of knowing 7,H3ri-T mourner ii t7+ q 11T Cr15) ct SIreason of being known who has sympathy 0a-$ deliberately, willingly [See above thilli] /Mt learned, grown-up 7,1g order (v.)

i /I be ordered, obey 1.1 IF tt 4 knowie,i;:e, expertise k

. ,41114 obedient illiDiJrenut.'e obedience bo....44knowledge j il.g; command, order, instruction `, 6)- t//,truth ?1,F111 *he see, consider `X6)-111' IP indeed be seen, appear, be considered "AO. Si T true ) P contqactol., show .1111/), C.C.r" fiii-2414'-t- expediter .1e , .see each other, beopposite (see* 1)h). . .ts e

each other 7*??1,kind of sauce ,. opposite 11 CD-1): circuit )eie, I - 4 ao-& : ;lir?, title of a book Nh+, elview, appearance prevalent, pro- on magic (written inGeez) Yiehprevail, become

ti T.5proclamation, decree, rule; dominate, be in preponderance, be overwhelming, be a lot of something stated purpose

,rt e A .. 7,Abe considerable, be )111)ftil the way in which it came prevalent, be very many about, procedure (seeafro most often 1+6)-4116)3communal inquest )1 e 4....,74, frequently 'MIA carry on the back, put onthe 7,i, A,

back 1,94 many-

harvest, cultivation 71et! 'T7)3 plane Toiemir .s airport 7,74tribminitrel 4ZT713,.. eri a 4

11 lip cheese 7iiialLIII minstrelsy

rt,./... irn ) tit tv) Jubilee Palace )1tindung "FL e- lb A p. ; grandfather 71101 working days 7, 9' "h ffibe sad, be sympathetic (toward) 4 er 1 eye 3 1 9

a who is advanced 970'. 711ti'T AO/ 5-11. c shy nit ; shyness in. age 11)ei3.-hirc +cT4n,listener, hearer (see x 8, qz ) s-11 trt.011) his eyes have lighted on him 712.Lspend the night, stay overnight, ser- ezi ../1 h.0 sharce on you: last through the night, ta':e be scrutinized vice with, be devoted to

71(11gL raise 11 kind, type a living file/ id it women of every 'type of various kinds administer

Nr7,1. r administration ) ei 1,4typical, important, essential (f7M+21,e,C administrative) 401f114. each (see ) °711C fact of staying around all aleic itc shy (see (WI) night, devotion

(Tri.g t4 gplaCe where one spends eti) courage! .

71.1ifjoin together (see 9tf) the night administration, means 7, 3 g-tigrip, handling (seeH ) gl ¢ si A of making a living 1171qo'il.9911landholding PO: 7,9 Pi keeping house 71.2 6- trust (n.); please! ay, Ler gradmny (see X2L ) lig-C burial society "ArC+T Member of a burial 7) 9, L kind of .zar-spirit distribute, hand out society be distributed, be C 1-T :41116 burial society fortunate funeral attendant tilA fortune, good fortune, tkrti it' burial society luck, fate membership ,35 &VII age, life; hurray! .411;r1hall tar1121;41-1 the whole life 7..etTthe language of Harar. be new 11.teL 011.0he is short-lived 1162A ;14, getolder ,ive f be renewed 0 3 01

`WW1 (fern. 17% 1 /14- ) so-and-so

Addis Ababa AiA basket

Mercato country

1. native 71.9%,P111/ newness )%1L governor 410.f.-rri means for repairing

"A rfoot R, 11 9 el public square, court

`h77C'12place of the foot .g 9 el (II the public go, gazelle assembly is conducted , Ili L 1 4)

;kV'. h.R 9 IKdoua,Square --4 Vi? L ; "4i Po on the N./ay e1/4119C 1 /AP anklet 71.e,is c, nri

% h 1- 1 tv appease(hunger) flower * al (II, whose 7t1t, in%tub'. 41).-t :I/1 .g 1 grow, grow up 0 is'assured, lit. the ), enlarge sustenance 71/iAl grow (v-t. one who hasreceived food and 70+DIAn' upbringing drink as a surety 414 174hand be handled too much 7i 111 4 spirit 11H help, assist "Ai :IV, artisan IF',hi bow, greet .1 1 H be assisted 471H help each other (11) gift Vioil tanned hide, sheepskin 441sleeve narrow-sleeved shirt 4Ainr God may God console r77 artisan 119tir *. j 11;10- you! 41Jr1escort (v.)

% iribe escorted 11.9/114'n 4C

7i antelope Ii /in make accompany c17 ft 1h1.. prevent, keepfrom, dam up, deter liArtescort (n.) . of maize) 711n.(?,1 1,7 14_ with escort VI.el stalk (of sugarcane, by chance ) isr i 2.. X riptt 41,11,sleeve (see ) %71Thi, supervisor (e.. t a banquet; 7,1inlp narrow-sleeved shirt II 7 itis

see * / 14 j,,, (see frif141) 3 2 I Yin miss, lose, not find,1:14k P)) be folded be folded be r.thserit., ne TnJissing ni fit 6,

7itittrIty)F the way of being lot

folded 111:.Q Ln a. he- drew the e winning lot (See aboveOtocivi

crease (geerunk) 71mi.be short eirficAi. 7,gpi be engaged (to marry), beaffianced, 71m L.ahe is bhort of design .(set apart) 7)fiji7)1 shorten, roll up be betrothed, be nominated (sleeves) bring about the betrothal rr613,VIbe just enough ihit.416.1) betrothed 114),C brief, short 4i,gcr

1,411T. betrothed, fiance Y)17)1.. construct a fence Vial means for affiancing 7-1MEfence 116),cbrief, short (see *litIlt:1/1. enclosed compound briefly nwash rj a), 4110 3 inn wash oneself 7141/1CrUs swindler

help wash glITfiance, betrothed (seeXIII ) Nt5t7111

the immediate neighborhood, Aaugmow moving parish %mg, sickle 71 ri,.?dawn t.nint morning star IAsovereign, king e Y141/1.9:)170 fumigate, smoke with incense 04?skeleton, remains fil I) ancestral family land. o All incense eni; things done in return limcpole (Alt wc. hair shirt 71 en 3 't bone tp)n?(,:Xdlcp be pure n put on the hair sbirt 'hang;nearness, close to '11q. mouth stop speaYing Vrri near "iiC:)140-, become brash b,fold 71c 322 % 71 m 5")L speak aPeray +(perfe,A) since,if ; (n)-) learn to talk 11+perfect +1I once (cenj.) ...41,,,L1)lorzend (negative verb)unless suprema court judge (pl. 114, )prie^t

L.Lbe ashamed 7 igiti II If priesthood 1)r`l h, 1. shame, put to shame en, 511,12),t priesthood shame, sexual parts r ehQ , see lig [See also 0-17tC rif)gt.renegade rdirt, ore phmourning cloth connunal inquest ar.&coolie,' porter

1,41,1 Africa kohl(see411.71 ) jr-isAfrica Hall 72Aput kohl 1)11,1)take a fistful ofgrain with I-11hputkohl two hands o 1 Akohl ) trar.sient, 1 t.. who cups l'Inh screen(v.) the hands, whobends over (that 11 screen (n.) is, one who holds co,.his hands N) J), VI) clinic in supplication for alms and bows 1M tnh refuse in thanks) [See also ipn Tr? 3 71 53pi nose 4sriprpile (n.) , 7.1q#, see S,,,) `1,) rin take gulps . "Cc:VIbreathe a sigh of relief )3-4proud (see In. ) L. n).stare ro.pond

intthread

e spun thread. 11out of, from *NTbe proud 11 pj from place to place 1 1^1, be arrogant

1,1 sy).1 : from tent 11/y:Wi be proud to tent TH. proud

t t S1 &IIIQ( Kyrie aleinon 110.stones [See also 11/1-b-ei * t)71 G ty. wander

GriL frit snend sorne time . r saddle

e.rits-hrDs for soi.t.e time rikind of tree [See also71[ To ] viLit electricity, lighting,excellent C? next year (see')lLtry ) * ron.#7117-7u. haggle `M.,-9,7)candy Edispute

'[}Cc 3quarter of a gala lei L 7,15:i pebbles

11 LLhe intense (quarrel) * Mr et '0114 rent tO/rt. harp Ir.;young woman

IrE ' L 2 1, pluck the harp up,pocket

(5)Ix& Kyrie Eleisop fl h thomppick pockets [See also 'f) trim trInpayrecompense, pay compensation

hIc christening ,111716make give compensation,

LOChlf: be christened, get compensation forsomeone be baptized (see ) '114recompense, compensation

`5107*t 5; c christen, 107legal charge (see'fl, ) give the child in christening *nil141 accuse

tgrtnc.:41401 have the fbe)11) be accused

christening done . iron accuse each other

fi baptism \\ legal charge c Q ji Christian `hien be strong (drink)

etIrh15:?IT, baptismal name "lb hfr :NIseriously

et1C(1/ 7+ q godfather 719 cape

'VC Pi I*/ godmother 71/7 wall of stone (See also cnthtj) circular (see iron ) tztits3 Christian (see s)rh15 rent. liecome rich Tun myrah . 1-nni. be celebrated, be respected 1 j, VI hill ri L celebrate, honor, respect 324 n miL make rich, enforce knit A rake follow, bring on

(the law) 1.71 keep track, be consec- n t. : preciousstone utive

X71'1(1 rthe way it is celebrated 1"11`11:416*following after

rbn occasionforcelebrating +71) IIfollower

stn41c honor, prestige, virtue, * r t h.n, 7171fTlY1 make become a

observance, chastity Catholic

ffl2)/\major festival rth.lnCatholic

Inn-crespected * Y10, f01) finish, be fished nfrn rs'virginity iute

.nn drum unfffi. city

n 01)beat the drum tpl-ffn0city folk

surround city dweller

thrm be surrounded, be encased 'nfirls` quality of a city

nilcircle 'r f Prtheway a city is

circular constructed

livestock L embank, imposed

*1).93 cup f eve ofEpiphany

n , be heavy, become a person of trii.n amulet, charm

substance tf tuck away, put in storage

,i1rIt''.%/1be heavy, be heavier f be kept in

719 t heavy, impressive `M in Prn :1)41i1 Sunday clothes,

large 's'iimma-dress with embroidered finery

stripe on each end It'll 71kind of strong drink

Mt? limitrophe 11111.)if cultivate (plants) ine h Sunday clothes, M. lA appear

finery, the best clothes vrt a° chopped meat

(see 114 I.1 over one 's head

* f 71, t/11-11 follow 7,1 3 I s I vanity

3 31

d3. m, .conaer-.n 11 be thatched

il" 11 1 he (1,ned singill roof thatching, clothing

* 71CCD/ 101;011 carry out, tt be bad

perform .r)itto.;CterSina low state

tNQLI be performed, be lie/y)insit is not a bad idea

arranged,be carried out 'Tilt evil

elbow, cubit, arm rise

in);proper name 71 hlarge, important

`nlErwing 111; AL" lift and lower

7)) ix.E,lip altitude

lipstick 11-q:71-. ;IAgurgle

* Irri, 71/111neigh, whinny mit, evil (see )

11)14.cackle (r..) topay islincrushed grain tyik participate, share in,

eVO:Orftkind of dish divide up

Y")141star 715,0 divide

rri-n:*(PL cast a horoscope 1177 L., divide up

r114):71tplin1 t casting 111 1,/1 be divided

horoscopes 711.1.1t k A divide

11,1 j,cackle (n.); see *jr) c S payment, share, division

',Vit.cane 4111.1, participant, sharer

H b.; 4-11. npi carry a cane [ See also in q.6

n) in various places, frail v15 A share, part, category (see 711 A) all over (seeYij1 ) SI§A:Lflt region

tit dragon c. 4 Halo)century

it% renounce , oPer? (.) , see102, tb 4,f be opened, open (vi. )

sp;canteen, leather bottle 11 5,1 altitude (see tri 7,11 )

"y1 thatch . 111 S wrap up for the burial 3

L,'be wrappedup for the time when a festival occurs, means burial of celebrating a holiday

csshroud kaaa-p.1-ao P- A ) O

*fh.).,,pgpA assist in the negotiations *)- 1 L.1 flatten toga* ctoN, 1ei velvet /% ip G4444,-cast. expediter Cct 04)3 q.2payment, share, .division chamois

(see11 L/1 ) ohagreement (see * )

111. round cap (on head) ma'smake an agreement

put on i,..e cap 0A,11,7,(2)16(1 take off

* eDlinAn,7, 0. it nfn fly (banners),

wave

water . Ohl daughter (used in proper names)

L fetch water Oki-contract (see * ep )

water at favor, good deed, gtatuity 114. col 6)4'1 d..7..aw p. it

the spring c &A): (Phdo a favor

flooding /i1.4j.:nil) do good .

r) j- who has one's gratitude (ph , ne collective o nd the day, spend the time (D))/give birth to sP at home, be celebrated (of t son(NU.trot°, 1,1%1140

holiday) be held (of market), be 0 TV parents

applied, make use of, be used t(D2)E native, offspring of a

It I I ho Lespent the day family, collateral.

romehow (lit. having spent the I 11)1 titt birthright

day he spent the d Artbirth

+ imperfect + keep doing, A A#i Birth of the Virgin

somethtng (as in 71trrr. # P? m n )..DAtgeneration

she has been keeping aeon, child

warm) [See alsoMA I'

tbpS wayof spending the day, A *. 0-1 mortgage, mortgaged,land. (seeh ) 32. 3 * (D trt/I air fiiscuss, talk 03- E humilitttion, disgrace

(s.ee 02.0 ) 017:kr"who fetches water

0:4 news, information, gossip% rumor It.0)-4S-ksong leader

(see * L.e.shape

e 0 04 various rumors ta-C AIN frost

m rmonth Oz. btturn

n PQ monthly (adv.) * Ø ) gV) remind, refer to 'something

In inherit hguarantor

V3L-rt1 bequeath 06 Lilimit,. delimit, determine, set

cD-Lhinheritance (a date)

otrhheir tOr1111 be lintited, be restricted.,

UriII heirship be anpOint d decided

cbci)04,Imeans of inheriting e/Deli specific 3 114.b.71who bequeathes (D.Itz) resolution, decisibn

71%4,h means of inheritance CO-rig)inside

c family land,plot of ground, &him To rat implicit meaning

4)gold 11 0110 within, in

IAconcluding line of a hymn 61 from among

. 0 bqseason e> hm it) intrinsic ;.

fr,71plane tree, sycamore * ct be stuck (in) 4,1 rD

hurl COhli)".71/1 lie down close to cTyoL . LIgo down (1);frt lie (n.) 4

10 LS.let off, recite (verses), alp thresh

chant Q-ft.threshing

* **1" eP LI, in Or *04:1. shag stones

f? LI- while it is handed down" ID-}n; custodian spirit

Ot.Lig recite , V) 6).1) n_ spirit divinator

Q)j, Ls. intone 00. time

0.rt: 3 r1-n intermediary /4.1.1 threshing (see Op ) reading stage 328 630 beauti1'u(see ) 0 3 I-, Aconaunal labor, things

Q (1)-- rr+ beauty, handsclencr:s (see W'n) done in return

fl proper name 01 N,who participates in CD+ .....1)K t+'be on .the go conrr,unal labor

CD. trsoldier 0)0sieve to16 courage,zeal swim

cchief, main up? :; swimming pool

is (VCprinciral 111conuot

[Sec also CI) MIsheen, enthusiasm

01)cseat (i)7.1 M 1pfull of enthusiasm P---croc sit at the- joidig

feet bf el) (711 eve

(Di n kbrigand Q11 etc.

s. banditry 6, c0-1n * P I- y p discuss

principal (see5),7) pe.-hA utter cries of woe,

river e el professional mourner

(DIM:, 0)1,4 go to Ulf; river . mQl woe is me:

for water or

to 3 1.-male, 'man gray

C9 } 1 F athe husband VA .woe is me: ( /0 e )

GUY} manhood vine

0)14iTh bachelor (Deine(PlcQjkna) lady 03tip brother to el Li young bullock

03 2 fm ift brotherhood toward, to

(1) Is c'tmanhood (seeell ) to L + verbal noun + 10), tend

eD 11 'AT criminal cD1 precious (see )

dospel kJ toward here

r, at;horn cup 0,21.1/4):(D81.0...fothere and there * Vad1, help each other IA plump 325 (i) ,e L + 0 L be corIAred, 3pipree al, em-net,: pierce

conteqt (DItalk,conversatlon4,story, custom

* IDSM, 7.0).).P.31prair,e e°1'pLT t-, o a talking, ta)k at , 1 Ck si 0711'4 (In Praise of nary length, indulge in conversation

(title of book) nacriproperly

02.4)fall down, fall into di:;use f)price, value,. reward

osvP.) there 110.- be appreciated

0)A,3%ti) back and forth n--- T3in reward for

: 701go around here e (1,170-tri 1):11..k dicker and there (j) plowshare ring

111.4 -.MX& after that 012 hip, waist

i'rr right after 011 side, family,team .9-1,grilV right evay * (Dirt Imipi excommunicate

0:Le love, like +(Dili be execrated

tOceg, be liked, be loved, be * 014; .+01.e. be avoided

beloved, be popular 1,1-1 01 ft getaway,rid of

1)11)//hook up, put together 7 16- supporting post in the house 0.2i- friend Q)-7) 7sunray

friendship 1D61 go out, come from, be produced,

1).0popular transgress

popularity, ( 0 n overcome)

desirability ( 4O-1I1'.0.)..LE..1yivieq.. bargain

Pretraffection and haggle)

eft, popular `I% fp Rt produce,pay out, take out,

0}k precious get out, make of something

11111.- friend (seemg. ) ( ID /.2, ponder)

friendship 7011.6)-t1D-:YNO-C161-:4Slir Wetterly-Gras (kind of, rifle) discuss thoroughly)

330f 71M/Drrihave brought out

11 contribute

r71..1,6go out a little way

( Aar. a little outside of) Ivoin7) H.9because of this

61 711accomplished, 71121eacnhant

successful U>3:6-) rt.,ivory

711Dn1(T) procedure of producing, Ae lend". a

the way in which it came about deaf ear

g). contribution H/1411 go through, go far, proceed,

agbexit go in, penetrate

Of%)result. n a proceed

[See alsoa) 41),64-p,41 }lb ?ill further

4.) sauce fti II permanency

inswallow e Il II tt 3.asting-

'ITITTO))means for making things Annefra. for long periods

ralatable 71H A t f 6:1- forever

0 m Lstretch, distend. Hillnomad MLbe stretched * h, (rD:httrrnchant, sing

n 11) irkL be full of*-at) Kathymn Map.youth halr7,Atake up zema chant

0)-M,)-result (seeOa) ) P.sing a song

Commokid 112 1-0/),quietly, silently ogv,expenditure (see CDs) ) ;innhang. down

(Its?,outside (see In ) Han,sing

4). outside of "H L,hymn, clinging

05,bird Hob)" expedition, foray 0 4.4, ivy)kind of zar-spirit H (I'D") time

ri) j4.:;,Abe rather thick H A L n1) out-of-date

0 §.f,,grinder, mill 670). el I), advanced in age

t/14(.11 n 1).. at present 7,H L,turn (yt.)

P H 01) 1)- modern ?1go around from place to

eticro:6-ohorx,'new Year place, be transfered, wander about lig finally, in the last Hrm4- modern

modernity analysis

rh.11,1=3 4.11 tiname of all the way around

person H L G171.1t,Li spread

* trbt, t l'itri).tbe related, be HE (1)-ti name of king

associate HLN Llist, explain in detail, thqt1)1make relate discuss in detail

[See also 11 Crb "ri11) kg H rHEone by one

H n A- (pl.Micrrik, ) relative -tirliEdetail (n.)

(see * Fl6n,) h_ ksall the way around (seeHi.)

Nub ....thiltr7Le...relatives L around

who has a lot of HH-L3,0. around it

relatives HL)stretch out

-itip21relationship (see * titS7),P.,) nI.) be spread, extend (vi.)

H b. sow H L7Li. spread out

U Ir be sown F-f-L,4rob

Pfil,f16.what is to be sown tHLA.be robbed

[See alsoHr. H 144,plunderer

lirdescent, lineage, group (seeHG.) H&...x7m. young buck

1.11.) today 10scoop up (dung)

11227)41-0 even today -HipIMbe low, be inferior,

until a month lessen (vi.)

from today .7110:3 Asmall, little, low

yrzar-spirit It 4), ea)lower

zar r, offspring [See also709 fT 3 P ET:co-II Hi_go around 11low(see'Hi)) 3'

et,co down(ofsun), set (of sun) r_ always, constantly H

flit reins P110 )1- constant., ordinary,

*1-11-041 be confused usual, nonna.1, always

n.-flraisin e -n el everyday clothes

n s tguard hil(D`}'L always

ein-1)C FinS 1..mperial Go.ard H Li see 14 L.

itt 5 f ti c 5 be relaxed -ft 2 in n Fl grl -OAin that regard.

ern rain, rainfall nay13)- there

* visn 7-o-th RA be inclined, 'Nisin addition

incline,be dominant b a 0-there

1.119 inclination ft/TD'after that

H) 2.by . H L dance zar-darices, sing zar-songs t-rikby let.zar-song H) inasmuch as, in view H Q, n,quip of the fact that, frau H,method (imperfect)+ Hi /-in order figjartful

that, so that /-13lock.apin, close

Hi Zrbaboon H) close (vi.)

H1 forget 1-1-1-ehshell .

c't staff * 1116 H-Iirb head slowly

ri shed 9kind of tree

1,7tdiverge Hi tiscoop up

HT) L. give alms ragout C cormacznorationof a saint *Hik 171),/ prepare, get ready

(usually by a banquet in his 1.preparation, organization

honor) *717H 'IIIpreparation

do something 4 tree * HON., 1)frimfL frequently sing

1140 always, frequently 13,L1 be sung 3 Ho. song 6). 3 -11 however

to throne large the number of people may be

H- I) s. set up the throne nevertheless (see.LP )

without

tr( out of place

--frEstriped Tithere is not ehnl?it should not

e eer) coel 7e eiis there not?

0)this ei ,in 7) ---c,h :1)rather than

0121:Lp9be that as it may (see707 ) g Aabout, it equals elwhere?

+ verbal noun4- 911.)Ain somewhere

order that IT c,rmfrom no one

---S it) just for (as in )) 0): knows where

i16 just. for an example) fithat (fem.)

jedej_hew much? e ; Rte,indigent,needy (see% )

e pew feet+ flaias much as, then, at that time

as long as then

e +imperfect + ,it)g) just, eihrAt university

as much elname of place

94)A this much elit.)- February

.ti; 3 91,that much

y as much, that Yakatit Square

many times Vy0),the same

: V Ajust as many fa.the same, that is

as there may be nihlsuccessful, accomplished,

121) to the (see09 )

(when preceded by 6. extent that it now exists g[Itake,

n el ro 3 zy. in such-and- verb or by a verbal noun)

titleh amount of time 3 3 32.1

.f.,eH be kept (9991) impartial f$ If Cr}) contain 411stick hip S H impound Si4

be connected, be linked, .thcosauce made of pepper, roasted

be joined onion, garlic and salt

( 3 11.. ebfly come down from .g.p))) middleman, jobber

ancient times) IA) illus ion

3,3,}4 join together bj"whitish.

(,21, including, with g ttAquarius (constellation)

level off, divide in equal Pi%71 ,in /)13)c,1-. Ph.th

El when it becemeihard parts, assign S

to see 71 7) be allotted, be

management, control apportioned

isITconstraint 7111A/1 soothe, take care of

fraprmeans of catching 2 blood, complexion p crock of complexion 11S Q 71grip (see above) e.1. Thlfp (figure of speech indicating that e von eternal (see 07))(7) )

eeibtseedth the woman possesses an extraor- ek3 61r 1.14 he is considered dinary amount of this quality)

the personwho hasto stand a hgr one whose duty is to

congratulatory round of drinks avenge his kingmen

(2)4775 revengeful, who is engaged

in the vendetta

..st 5poor pick

,)cgood *4-4441)-*14m011P---beederl- A,'Shf who is in a sound /(mb.the day before Masqal, bonfire for

condition Masgal

smbe really good R. 01)(pbe gay (holiday), be much of

Al 'AA)be biased something e of 4,lively P L befall

cry Z'r, liveliness ylvImake read

, see xtended

tr.}, salary, hire; kind of rarriage 0-C15 share (n.)

.tnconclude ,f; Loicdresser

entr/criLsconclusion P- share (n. ) ;see ..e1.6

+tirD fr)be heeded 47 be dry, be hardened

ern hear, listen 71A Lcp, harden

gimth-V,listener it pa fast .hard

.telvii voice t 4 L dry,strong (coffee), fat-fret

g b. be animated (market), be lively [See also

(market) £-[/Hihay (see t ) to L.flirt Lnwear over something;put on (a ) .41.0 forest, cape), put atop

S.I.give in r.arri.age, 'marry off in n (I at the same time

'KY_be given in marriage A L7 chest, breast

;I,:°I's but 1. 11.. enumerate

/ICside 4ALA L be enumerated, be lined

AA:AL circumlocutional_ly up, stand in'line

SlIrs" ralong the sides LI be organized, get rich

n Acalong ..417,j organize, put in order

- AC beside ar./1- organization, character

e c riverside level, station (of life) tL.necklace degree (rank)

Q-L necklace standard of living

caickan ).,to do

rt CrDmchicken sauce C 1 4 function

arrive 1.0 (food) provision, gift of

4/.60)) he came to his aid hospitality offered strangers ATI, in h pleasing (see glf/.4,41,small round douptballc-

also * ) which have been roasted until

but made from poles and covered they dry ti.nd. brittle; e.fait,ob.( cons,' tet, .114 a.A4 (1,(4..h with leaves and branches p make bread

tbdossier, docket communal labor

r1 sordid, shabby 9 h ,e rengagedincommunal' labor

A ItAshack .2,1111 room with someone

* ig 4- be pleased, enjoy nI1 be associated

oneself, firid pleasure .fir sheepskin cloak

eiit- please (rt.) * rl A q4) mix together

pleasing 29 71 $1)be associated, be mixed

irb.Z pleasure IAtvi,/3). together

h, dpleasure, joy [See also 42 A,'13

e merry 1.4- 4,1 4,confusion (see* n )

[See also n L RI L fertilize

OD student g Inc ( pl. rt try' ) church

(the breast) e.f.-1)E 4 k Os vicar

tAtbe beaten (of breast) eifkL,Tirtn:p4e, name of a

4- etbeating church

.4)1Tigre kind of dish ntouch'lightly,grope

,QLjqi bastard n III pat t flour, powder n'groping, feeling one's way s.44,;-capacity of deacon, deaconship, 8, nt)P6,fkine/netbe done

rank of deacon (see summarily

thud /1# conceal

,?611drum fl 7I4)in secret

,e,11 stamping .r7¢ 6tlearned men having some g rbread(bi a t . / r a g r ht a d fLtses4U.7 clerical capacity

Ku tuts.bit a a ( dt 41 C 5' rank of dibtara 44.114) -(1 4 U S tf- func tion of dab-Cara ) 1 g stone g,nI t)pottery maker i1.1 decree (v.) k 1 VIbeating ;11 be decreed

II se.d(Lie me.t kl) /,regulation, decree, rule tit) be safe, be snared be alarmed

6? save Cirn frighten

; + be admirable; proper narle ..t11 01surprise

'tie la ti)be admired a41. shyness

t, surprise, stir 2, judge

admiration .ejf 4. judgment

. 1)11251 marvelous Amfootstep

712-c 1, admiration 471:41/s-name of gate in Harar

"Pit g reason for admiration ,A114.1,Eau de Cologne .04,1,be deaf- ,P, biro, g oil Core tired, exert oneself

Y1 ) L deafen irlvn) get tired

Ilciqr kind of sacrifice 2 .y) ? VIbe somewhat weakened

g f1 rule klisfatigue, effort

n 21-ri thoroughly eg feeble

kao 0. as is the rule uvaltness

n? customer 41measure of twenty qunna (or

kinrboundary 300 kg.)

ridsCustomer (see g ) ), Psaltery, Psalm

till tent s:ek, ill

AhHffbe dull g .kg f cf ) deacon ig 3gsack R. cdeaconship, rank of deacon

virgin t d,-,or, doorway, home

etiomtevirgin :11),), the eastern door of the

g- 3 7 sudden, suddenly church (lit. the door of peace;

sudden, unexpected it is the traditional place for

distributing alms to the needy) hihl and * IR7roll down the

7 c' altitude outer garment to the waist, wear

1.2.1good therv.anma..,in a respectful manner,

gr 1. .1 c.; vla. favorable eye .Q111, supportfr.), k. bAgetkpAg goodness, bounty A°...9.1p baked bread

ash ( around the waist) .eh,t. be bold, violate

book having musical notation 't StL. t, be violated

'ker.! !.1 De Gavle Square + AI., L. treat with impudence, be

r1repeat, do again, recite impudent

?Al ofbe recited C :lit be bold

2110do something over again (1.Qb, I.,impudent

say repeatedly g. 5. L'boldness, intrepidity

be repeated 4 ixL6be,come turbid (water)

17'a repeatedly) h kLis) disrupt

roc it4ion Q5,17 cover

.01o1psecond '1)si6,,t) bank the fire

fr, again .1-.1L,1/4 be banked (fire)

471ep repeatedly et. : Nsbeer 'must

Ale)make feast preparation

L gin thebanquet is prepared

hbanquet ti) unarmed

,R 3hbanquet giver r. begin (vt.)

millet 11071Lbegin (vi.)

Alotimake designs on leather, a) beginning from, from

decorate book cover 3 eb ,I ni /43 beginning

ro design on leather riieear

* re i f, 11 slit be difficult, be hard. AE6)1..0)10,4)17heed

71 Al + (a) he is unable El back III

,e,oi vi. goodness, bounty (see gq ) k toi whip 3 C k-nhyena lA A retire., wi tbdraw ( vi . nc(coffee) pot t 111A be separated

4114brave deeds 11 A 'AY, L/ segregate

Vokind of niit'n.la with wide red -1.6,1'1spire

stripe 17,Aniyoung ran sun 11 (ptbecome a prostitute

11? 1TEkind of landholding 1 4.7)m.7,Astare

red oxhide, sleeping nv-...t ihrichaff

Ailsuffuse Winknee, effort, labor, strength,

fon171 umbrella endurance

kat.14;toflutter el.evil physical .110communal labor (Ann)copy kiffTcommunal laborer Y)-mriniturn this way and that nok.e tLf 01A 0'14 of ticknovI, Oletne14.'er.pslifeo) rig hero, br.ive p convenience market .t-

(1 bravery * X-ml 71 serve, be of

service

1 yi /1114'4 service

2to the house, near to, close to 1 separate two people who fight

dawn, daybreak -1,41-7,&_weed, break up clods

/DA:ft+g.at dawn (see1 / st- m express, explain, interpret

11body (a text)

-11:7inbathe )0/n4 revealing

1 A 71 LIearth 1714), interpreter, that expresses

"PIbe red hot 071)61 open, open air

0/A, in poi) private, personal, 4't°171%, expression

one's own [See also ath (3), g,

G,1 1) individual ihipAn.)...eLl spread (see 771 )

41111 1171: film clearly 1/6), interpreter, that expresses

1.10 clearly (see -Mtn ) 31 9reveal, show., state (see )Arn ) eh&neir,hborhood (see to ns )

t1A q,be revealed -10the part behind the house, backyard

tv4.- clear, plain N.toncter fal

n &) ca early 9 IT ? *45ewonderfully

L mbare the teeth ClE9 glory

14/ blood money "1st. citL(rot 1,-)4/..(rDLogrumble

al OA camel young man

ha.1f, some of Lburn (of sun)

15114 some 'IL C..hget somewhat hot (of sun)

[See alsoICI 71 -).rh,in eah4.:-).rttdaily bread

glibsore, half ( see1QV/) (see leLit )

e valur...ste take a znbuthful,..put food into

'f'1G1 be supposed one's mouth

01 1. appraisal A put food into someone's mouth fly}approximately rtbtrisi put morsels in one's X1411 opinion mouth

trbi cabbage 1.11,6.111 put food into the mouth

101 ..t rope together with someone else

0) Intportion [See also1-r/if1-Li

lrei?mountain range 1 .rigratuities, morsel (see ) .10-Dm take a bit 111neighbor (seeler )

)6.mountain 1-C-111-;neighborhood 3riin 7)---7c with lor 'CV:1h hoarse to. ,ea 14).4 0117.left , maid

qtr.:13, rankofdabtara .triclat bower ifq puzzled strut tr. el11 ttl- f3-)4..es, confUsing. -).6.-1) name of an ethnic group r 11.r : erovvi

ai : rica, without confusion -1,1:11, L , 0,1, lament,

"1 & Urdrop in recite poems of sorrow 341, 37 °1V?! rimarry each other

L. b..%thin q aprec

t1 L. 14. vs.hinped 19 VIenter a .little way, get

flood, swelling ofEt involved

-mtribe iri.income

-VIkind of grass (or plant) serving compoluid

for mak i ng ropes -n marriage

111roaring t1ri. appropriate erienvfriodds and ends owl (LSentrance

1W 9 reprimand °Vila g instrument serving to

1W91 scolding put in

lhunfiltered beer fiZrjrnmarrying .

°Ii:MIunfiltered .beer aril 194 smutual understandir:,

measure of land (ca.iohectares) 1-0414on a high place v.. a plant the leaves of which are thick s$rmi.a puton in the evening

usedLogive a'bitter taste to inn. compound (see -1 )

I the drink -)rn,farmer

laneselbow (v.) 4.1 t Sagriculture, farming

17/1:al) name of a monastery 117 G servant

1r)go in, start /-nr banquet, feast '

ri(a)under stood ea1-nCIM34 fine wheat

1f) be proper 9-n r taxes

(19ri a he has to) 01flr Nnetion, activity, effet,t,

( ) 9 he ought to) temperament (efti...19 due) L;fr) sexual relations

( alrippnee-i(D11 whether eel -it moral

it is proper or not) [See also *PI 9G

1.11r1rrirrj el fir C agriculture, farniing (see n

bring in h barley hh11 , 3 4 2 3- 3. I fi //9 barley - colored in Q t i:ocr

n3 table * n prenare the dough

4. h the table was for bread

4cleared 1" Egypt

eltr)01:/'.1114.- training -1,t lord

installation (lit. a table,, for *TH.,t'1 t!_ jut out

-.education) t tr granary -ny marriage (see19 ) -1-ottdrag, conjure up (spirits)

1-03visit (v.) +/'7111 drag somewhat, be some-

visitor what underdeveloped

p.sserbly, conference "1).7. earring

in conclave Z SChristmas., hockey

nti invite iT still, yet, right away

is7 nH be invited cr11) but

.41-1 nH invite one another 1-01 side

rrnfine young man, good fellow! ?fl side by side

1--infc. virility, manliness, `h-- I-el close, to

excellence build of stone

n etransact business in thg market 11-nwall, castle

n Se 'transact business eon n, house of stone

ne make a transaction, do I crock

business irlifiC forehead

rOln,qs. marketing lotn hJ : 5 bow down and rise again

[See also n , 1b) ) sf44,4,1sp"iftit

'111 market (see )- T). relation, connection

Pin 3; 6-nh run-of-the-mill (see *.);. )

clothes 1 tiki enshroud

Who went out H be enshrouded 111n 3 .1 for business (i.e. she became H1 Book OfFuneral Ceremony prostitute) 343 '33. H .1. Ht.) i 0-1/Ge7.11/1.i(cor,:;tenatiOQ)

13 H.0 mon.2y Ft buy

3 tt -11% n-n money coil ec tor, be bo be purchased.

ehlirman of a society vnere 11r. buyer

lectinj, money is involved rfl place where one buys, means

H of purchasing

H financier fitravel.(se.(.;)H )

Pi font the processional obsequies

* 1401 t)s.; n put around the waist tri.H,on time

* lac 1, h1.01,;:), give a mouthful /11.)1,63.,for a short period, for

of drink the momeni;

6)- eho.ak sh.1.1.4inopportunely, occasione.11y

P=Tr,d,:e n PZ lib 0..from time to time, many

-1 }la) boil over times

Lit boil up 7-:-1-kerosene

I) kind of dish H, th-m go through the primary

* cfind, obtain reading stage (see01614 )

-t 1T be present, be: available, * i"), fl travel, journey, go

meet ),'Nbaggage

5'; meet one another [See also1- bring together H I.anathematize \\ "1) discovery H spread grass on the ground.

x'155 the coming together 111 11. recite magic formulas

6015114 association magic recitation

(TINTmethod of obtaining some- H substance

thing 111-q 'massive

I) s relation,' connecti on If bodily, external

I el primary reading stage (see "").t.the ..ast day before Christmas

also * 7 P1) 3,1 4 33' 9 Q-neces,z1Ly 11p 91C journey

0,-1 dc.,E.: not mind companion

k-by necessity, necessarily Aiell- companionship

harm, doh-1 .0.-n 1 .2k Qt murderers (see )

4.121 beh,"1:1E:Ci elaffair, matter

pantry V11-.; el a person with a problem

sh kill vi.cei killing, spoils (see1,0,1)

1.1h be killed 144be forced

')/ A kill cech other force, compel

1g1c,murderer 9.e- necessity

9.,4tei killing 9.Pirobligation, duty

* shlean to one side 9.40- obligation, necessity. -r (load), slip dcwn 71 III-obligation, duty (see1 g,)

"7-o /i) lack, be missing st tpit, yell

g A (ce)he lacks "a&break the fast, omit 7-tlq (WOhe failed to do 411& be reduced

for him 41, §. ). a- non-fast day

tag be left out j? but

11.2h,missing La. set up housekeeping

z-1, in 71 TO 2.) more or NImeans for sett?ing them-

less selves up In their home

* 3 iz01) lay out Pert, 411C domestic matter

lel° 0111 lie down flbe eager 1.picio monastery * 1 f 111-1be a rumbling noise

Ecalf * 10, 711 -a-1,71 be forgotten (time)

* 7 I, to)/ t.m. show self- through being busy with something denial for politeness sake else, be neglected

Rb;4, obligation, necessity * 110/ ?)lin recuperate

(see'IAA ) 1L bake 34 5 3 3 1

E be:,1:e t ( Oil 1 It 1\ 1-013.-to-do)

'11h )1L le 4,o bake, have 1 k- c i on larrso sc:.1.1c

brike:1 9finjustice

1-1:1 "9 k shointY,, pushing

**) 7 crow (11).114encroaching (on boundaries) C{) stall, livestock Den 7, v.) bere it is not bad 111 :Alm adorn oneself, be lc, in in quantity decorated *1 L, 71.7 16 1,oversee

IP decoration, trasDnings 717/.14 supervisor (at a banquet)

14) 11 rf,) jewelry Iv6,I. tonsure 1MOD fit, join, write poetry 1.14 be thin (of ox) iitl)rni) be cc7.posed (posns) 10 strip off

cri (51 t21: 7,A be closed 41 II, be stripped away, be taken [ See also 1 tit cp off, be deprived of tivr poetry, lyrics of sons, verse (see 1(164 )

cr)1\0 9 eisolo poem reciter MI hate ? 7,9fri A the manner of frfal be disliked, be loathed reciting fril71quarrel (v.) "pot country, countryside tii14- enemy °1 /11 7 pasture, grazing place ep 11 hatred 1 in 9 saddle-sore antagonist it page (fl!beer fl ts'fil.present, gift (01:Moil brew beer lit push, be advanced (in age, in fro abandon, leave, throw, toss, dkot education), go on (time) (Otil;tith attend the aqqub, hold

1'7 It advance (vi.), shove one theagqub) another, be crowed, urcet MI:9;\ prepare mead) 111.;11A be large, be great, exceed 3 4 1, +KM be held, ty, (i) be

credit. .-:ooteLy). The exprer.r:;i:.,n tarnbe thirs ty 4/(0 of (or+11-0 )is justified tripbet.rd

because- of the. chlr:i.ct..,er.int.ic /robbe savory

activity of the society in the nin(a)like (v.)

draw :n_; of lots (seenhave little liking

4?V.7 Li puton (a llt%), t 161,rb be flavored

wrap around (a shawl), leave a Inmantastehere andthere, pick

little- bit tribir,taste, good taste

1.1 al al A,in e 61 fri inmug) be crooked, be warped

the :manner of reciting a poe!1 'hirVrt)c.:1)cause to be warted

shade, nhalty ria e * mot. X 47 join, couple

6.) cast an evil spell oi ernt, be linked, be associated

IT1A4 be deep, go down (of sun), tAtrol) brew

set (of .3un) ma name.rse oneself in water inA4)*.A.tri deeply trADISbe baptized mAf:lributt in Atilrit4 baptize

a) 1% 41depth, profundity co 441)43: e-ihIf`j John the Baptist

611.14'1 o-deep 016)4111f place where one baptizes e"qmt.t tattest,ei eph"hdowry, gift

MOenemy (seem ") ) [See also elyiblq)

61714stripe eivib (I))Epiphany (seetnii044 )

m07 hatred (see ni) ) tip 94,r Epiphany pool

ep ?IT.antagcnist (seeWI ) mcrDi rifle

suspend from * MAMA' Y)',61/1/I1/1 nunyoke up

one's arm (14/(r%M fp- he was engaged in

rn n be suspended work)

m kollbroider 1MO he involved

4l j.embroidery [See " 33 (Ant") cleLthe,wear a turban p pear

Ofecicr, tUr;)an [See also (I)C J nit,-be p'ire Mie, tit fltruny.',et

filterea, be clear (PipPn:cbt blow the trumpet

e4/11.. filtered . (PE ti tooth

4.1 b.1 pureness * (1) LtrD, n M &et)Tri collect'', save

4,good fintriAt51) be collected, collect

Mt-invite, sunnon, call out (vi ), gather (vi.)

n-s..rA(r-invite to coffee) tOLnctIrve

Mt,- be invited, be famous trni.nbe squared

?Ihm& cause to call Met effort, strive (seefr) )

b invitation 11) tainvitation (seeIn U )

611,7invitation product

trbrn L tern, aprell at i on [n[111 battle ( n. )

(11)/71 11/IF) appellation trtrzilt:1(1) oh battle (v.) iljstry very hard, be afflicted /1.1).1-1 bind (a book)

77/TI1 i. be in death throes filtr1-1 volume, book

er)L1 effort mCI( edge trl b.roof alL-1 sweep

Au, good (see ) tinLi be swept away

ill goodness, excellence rn ir Z 1sweep

4124, raw, green (grain), grain nu_ro_doubt, distrust

ts) 24 H 11 cash 111.111r fill.be in doubt

61/...all.rock salt tProu,,suspicion

MI: January (A kitable

AL provide for someone, care for (AP/smoke (see also 011)

the aged parents 1T # 7violate

ir 14provider rjbe violated

4113:Orltwho takes care of MIbeat, knock 33r ),,tn. at tack r) be n iinti oned

'Anic:po.. ht.: is beset 6Vsileimention, impinr;e

Ithruot:ingup with loneliness) in j J Al tn#

trt hpack, irrt',D,'Tollup into the sky.

trnr'J11i be pricked, eczpress , * (II i!) 7) curl up

include, curl up 411/ipt small

CP t few, a, few m Pi 7\ roll up

ren:sral (adj.) mgsuck

mc',71i)cgenerarly 1Y breast, bosom

generally, in (11-ft quarrel tn (1)--11 general tnnfquarrelsome, antagonist

n fn?pi 70, generally, in evn_spring

general m n dlholy water

") 1 generally Mnfil roast (v.)

speaki :v 011t1 toA.st (n.)

wait, await, watch, guard, keep, 11 IP ;1)7 1) 01,:h., eigenerally aincP

considered observe, heed, preserve

[See alsofiyil)lei 1 illIfIct)be kept, be observed

province (see /1h) fat 9 n (I) await al.4)1 : PI be fastened (7) q) 71 : at) KGsheadquarters m n4 benefit, render service, be f l nrbe stuck together beneficial is) 4greatly, vigorously

> filgurn make use of 41114) strict

tin+CO(n1) he used it fijn#. lawyer

ens In: mbe beneficial, be i :14hire a lawyer mastery more .useful rnri illsin Pli 111'1 i)tt

(C) ,#r)benefit , advantage, value /Mil be narrow, become restricted .61114 , rblack ./Ann have apprehension

(1) clq)mention, cite xtnn crowd (rt..) 34 9 0 6);C 7,1 /),TPublicliealth tinn lie crowded

inn-n rarrowly Coller;e

12-1) tn I4) narrow , [See alsoOK prepare the ingredients of beer 17111.1 netaismith (seeecl nn,rt1e, ) nont

n-ntechnique, skill, knowledge h ei mixture of ingredients for

the preparation of beer (seern )

I1 en,age in sorcery, divine es) n n 'Sa.,7.7r..-,with multicolored hems S

n1 = the ?raker of the 6,11`',4 divination

taiSab m d ivinat6r

mn-fi = e uneLforoidered 541) th S (pck be careful

mph.lamb Mt(l') :.ern, give a warning

mn quarrelsome (see m-11 ) )411r04) complete, acctuire' com-

nature, character pletely

of rood character an 4 -. -f) 4-a carefully mrie;rb41 To O r mnmn, m mn be. scattered 1.1(1)54. completely divinator (seem 5 t 6 ) albosom (seemr1 ) niqs, steadfastness (see M try7 :41r7adopt a child MO olden days, in olden days, in the ay.finger (3) 3 ).

flp morning old. days, origin, originally from the beginning Mc be strong (see also9)5 ) `71 e

Hell study 6)30) from the very beginning,

*Mc be studied, be learntd, --p (9 3s from the very beginning,

be scrutinized originally

*11:. U- 4.original circumstances iT15 be strong original basis en: 91)strong ep t -.OWL

cl steadfastness t L essentially

AV health, sound essence

e ; 6Irj-0) 1 health officer ,M31--9-nr essential qur.lificatio:4

Qlp3 of old, old, ancient

013 5 () 337 M VI! anc c-it sm.11 structure in which

M1)-(E11)- antiquity mead is sold

M 1-1 RI? rue (see 131) ) rti rropare the mead

rn'1'111. be strorm

1') L strength:2n,, bols Ler t72come near

(11,VYI 7, be s trcng 1. 613 take, >shelter, gather

epirt tou-hness ;, m let,apprpach, let have

Arn4 (3) fr) c- 4. be hostile shelter

[ See also* I: ] tr) 74, A rove

1-1 buzzing eiln ;eikt9along the edge

m hpair (nee MO ) fa/ client status

cm?,leather ball frrZ-S shelter, means of protection

r96tirtaste, good taste (see apra) minbe sated nrinwnilc? hoey, dark brovn -17 *, satisfactory fieip dark 1riS arrogant 110 (MI05) dark quality sufficiency le ,

, m 4,ask, require, inquire, visit, rr}-7,1repair

hold responsible + fn 71 S be repaired over and

fi) pl.rbe required over again (1) m 4,require 1T). client status (seerrr7) r1),g Iwho asks, who holds Mal drink

responsible +1111) be drunk

ttn2ct who is asked ( Al 1)one drinks)

4)..tet question, request (n.) Xmaigive to drink

f) rnetalsmith (see alsotwo ) uAm 6)drink, strong drink1, liquor

pat on the fire tf) problem, need, affair, want,

.tnis. be put on the fire plication

q)o-,juniper e11) ; 0) household items

rnimead rrirwild honey 3 3 g * fl fl sits : -.ee (J' 1m 41), ,'gymT,'Ose a gulp

, ni s rifonT (rinz-molly used a$ measure,

//11 disanrc.,:s.r, be 1 ackini: Le but also in the expressionr,

absent, cease hiIv from

1irn vraste, wirie out,fiowrong, head to foot) zzeit

destroy, kill ano-ni. add

1-1., crime, misdeed, s in 9.?cin addition

14 write (see als6 (1)() 11--(yrrin addition to

docu:rent, scroll additional

CDtli book, text al in addition

millet b stir up

`nraq..:hAa fn consider 64j,fly whisk

something no more than a trifle ,C`c twig, sticks

(lit. no more than a grain of (AL?)finish

caroletely; (with a negative

t1g.candle verb) at all

ryi L tie (v.) 411q401 end

Exfingernail moon (toss 040 mit`? see Annales d'Ethiopie 89-109CiliE:)9cloth, banner

h,11document ,scroll (seein 014dunged earth

(;11t7crime, misdeed, sin (seemit ) m> elsmoke (v.)

4111:0r1111. commit a misdeed M 111 smoke (vt.), cause to smoke

614,s p.? guilty 61),hsmoke (n.); see also ITLI1

tri in be _tasty, be sweet 45T' mud

RI Iat 6tt)savor, flavor I7pvillage headman

Cr) Xhdry' Li sheathe

KDAI4)dispute

a 11dagger glAtglass bead necklace p name of place

f), 3 3 Carlinsqueeze cicopperson of rank, well-bred, gentle

cause to clasp, make folic, uneducated

seize, give good breeding (i)

grasp, squeeze fp , in R, *at t (pi ) tplay, chat.,

mhandful discuss

0,41(n_an;';ara cake h talk with someone

! flin 0), nIn clap 01410.3rcftzne

6fl 41.1 >1clapping [See also * cp.1

kind of bush the leaves o1 which al, T.).game, play (see* Mrpt )

have a mildly narcotic quality Ca pi :SHbe engaged in conversation

load (v.) e co giplaying field

00 be placed (load), ireigh 10.good. upbringing (seeill, 9)

down 41 1471nuptialhouse

eark., honeymoon but

ofnWocrpack strap, gjzth stY.ap * 141q,chirP

6Z) Sbe rnbarrassed, be at a loss plomilkcontainer

tGtl 1.P have anxiety 41,6)-ntlikind of Galls. dish (edi, tat ftowi, 4,1.4d bmtbeit aMd spiry, no shoulder L dance (v.)

61).3 head 0,s. b.dance (n.)

61),qcargo (see Mirl)) a'bhZdance (n.)

e6111,41. -t. pack animal & body of troops, adherent rapiforest

*.i.,:rovrflour of roas..ed g.Ps-i-na6

prepared with butter and pepper bishop

611,111, atrocity, perseverance

eiDis)..pqratrocity

Poll cry (see ifft-514.) f2 sun el shoutinf;, bleating (of sheep), q10secretary, scribe (see )

outcry (see (ATM) SI di 7, II Minister of Pen r. t ) 0 44*, tti, Writillir, (Set! censer

n. ; vrite r) conceive

;11 to.1.rr it i charm (seeQ1/ ) Q. tenacity (see ()lc )

e 11,1... office * Ars-, see9,1,

11.1,, prayer (seeQ, T e ) * (At) t, iD 4. be hostile

condu :t the prayer [See also * )

Q11},-t `,1)4)1,r) say prayers tp cup, chalice

4 1113.tyf) Pray, say prayers 94.1 be clean, be pure

.tAht4...1\411-h lio"ly Thursday , A qi, .P) p clean (v.)

A, 4. T"sayer of prayers Q1.21 ; A white

(AV,votive stone cleanliness

,(1114.4.17 sayer of prayers (see914-4) he declared righteous, be pious,

0pray be valid

an4 place of prayer ).) 9.) confirm

414.9 rrayer tyD 9; ,in nip) 9 y. 4, piously

Srafast (v.) 91 it. 4, (Pl. glt d)) ) righteous, holy prb it is bein; fasted holiness

[See alsog, /T' ) 14, 21, cleanliness (see Cel )

9)? fast, fasting, (see i) (rn ) 4/.0grace, favor, honor, beneficence

42111halter of fast, h 9,5 rich

ipto ..11-3,title of book , in e ''''.1415.F.'ast of Sage

, inn1-1-0.;quietly 911,c hair

j sex rose; proper noun

91cbe firm, get too strong, become 91 mi. silence

effective' (see also(71 ) 411. sorrow

1 ek S'Sconsole 9)/4 write, write down (see also na )

e Cstrong, organiied 9& have something written down

n 1) strongly [See also 91;61,, ef,, t 51 tenacity 141.3T1,cstern

' t.,R1 Your:" steer rir sentence h..71 boil (vi.), ferment (of ...rink) 4E rk,`i court mol boil (Vt.) bind of dish

rx,.ker 11,16be spilled

.1 ej 1.`ast of .1-*,)1r.ita 71A. spill, pour hc phno3c,p.-; Olt A,66obtain an abundant LiAtr filter beer income)

.471(-- Cpa:r.e. of a cate in.Harar inicr vlace to pour out, place

L.711loot; for, seek, need, wish to dump s. necessary &hi')celebrate Easter

I necelsity btrLyi Easter

it is necessary 7-t_Fascist

A)search, ir. search, need. b., rub, tan

Vri)i, need, desire 4.1tanner VA)fashion, notion itt3toothbrush

b, Irfear * itLi A b, (I) Llove (v.)

G..be feared &,4C love (n,)

7.01/,,trcause to be feared t it love philter

* tre x b..produce, provide, develop 1..cpi allow, permit, desire

(a character) f et,/ look for one another

k[cmchest n f b, 10 ft 1, ogle each other)

fall apart, be ruined permission

/041.111 ruin, break (an agreement) LI-.5119111) willingness

2,.. i L fti fall into ruin, fall apart 1011,71 factory

k L h horse Li' release, leave off, unyoke, absolve, 6.141: 7117 )),,,,hk n i m K et pi) 0 ccf. Hatvo", i. Lei 4 horse:ran divorce ..

* eu.i. ii)f #1, &Lc") alternate 71 hil,J cause to be released, have

released 33 5 5 ) instead or crack ee.rni other's f'icance,

divor.:e pi explode blo,:n

in) ilmc: 7v somewhatapart, he

face, in front., in r:r.e front separated

7- 11,1: (J J be servile 441tfig g7be apart from

!If7: 1/71, each other

Lfti the future a't/7) L; sopartfte (adj.)

(v. ) rn Lt a little.d.i.stance,1

future eiDIA4 r.

L spin e r: , see above

13, 4,project(a beam oflight), emit.

gnaw(of * b,44- TI, ti; q- t 4.3 out hun,;er) L, S m Hhold a fantasia

qs;rrabsolution, &,1 rn' -I2display of prowess, .. (ree y. ;I.- ) fantasia ' -

Drayer of LILL}, name of place

absolution .41.yrhole tLe waee E,,est.out t s Ke test (v. ) L boast;narrateono'sprowess

+LI be tested fa.1111. boast,compete

1) be tempted. .`Y) (r boasting

be in contact with * i"1/ 10 ri7 licure ( *. )

LI( L4distribute nuIrsels * 1),H (hi) he made fun of him 0741nearing, kHHIbeecrie/feeble,'become dttllv(ofeye)

divorce (see 12.).) e

lu( Way, neighborhood g AAphabet

sernrate ty La ?.".(t), to r(12,d, raster

,share, portion, turn the alphabet t42 )siv).,h, rn L t 11.)w L.. 0,71 v ;(wit'n IL; verb) ab.-;oi.,,Iteiy not

e 1-4 GIL 93!111:.-lis. rt. (11,(0111-perf.'co.ti.on i. T -r r 74. ti oc.lice

trZ. ttit (r.ee E ?) 1.1

rj--fwy. P.54.riarch

TSrli Pir'zza (name of sqclare in Addis

la, hold back Ababrt)

t c,powder jx,[nt.create (vi.)

ci-o&mr.

fits:v.1'1efr.--Ist,

II m 1 up

qred (n.)

kabgrind. grain

h1.41"),) have ground

grinding

444Tb grinder, mill

b accomplish, performsettle,

convey

1- 4,111) beperforxed, be

lalfilled, be over,befinished

1,09, trb bring to a settlement, a have carried out 11 e011piete