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Copyright © 1979 Acad. Sci.

SUMMARY OF INVESTIGATIONS IN LATE GEOLOGY OF OHIO1 2

MYRON T. STURGEON, Department of Geology, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701 Abstract. This report summarizes the development of our understanding of the , paleontology and economic geology of the and Systems of Ohio, and can conveniently be divided into four time units: prior to 1869, 1869-1900, 1900-1949 and 1949 to the present. The first period was a time during which and Indians sought essential mineral substances and early explorers reported on geologic features and resources. Notes and reports were published on newly established mineral industries during and after settlement. This period also included publication of two annual reports de- scribing the accomplishments of the short-lived First Ohio Geological Survey in the mid-1830's and publication of notes by individuals on general geology, and mineral resources of the State between 1840 and the Civil War. Systematic investi- gation and reporting on Ohio's geology really began with the establishment of the Second Ohio Geological Survey in 1869 and has continued under three subsequent surveys. The distinguished staff of the Second Survey prepared and published reports on stratigraphy, fossils and mineral resources and the first geologic map including accompanying structure and stratigraphic sections. The Third Survey increased the emphasis on economic geology in its publications, and the Fourth and present Surveys have continued this attention in their appropriate reports and maps. In 1949 the Survey became a division in the Ohio Department of Natural Resources. OHIO J. SCI. 79(3): 99, 1979

This summary pertains to the develop- and most sources of other cited references ment of our understanding of the geology are available in the bibliography, where of the Carboniferous and Permian Sys- a total of more than 600 references are tems in Ohio, with emphasis on stratig- available. raphy, paleontology and economic geol- ogy. Most consideration will be given to PERIOD PRIOR TO 1869 the System, since it has Early Use of Minerals. The first indi- received more attention because of its viduals to seek and use the mineral re- large resources of important and sources of the Upper Paleozoic rocks in ceramic clays. This report can con- eastern Ohio were undoubtedly the ani- veniently be divided into several time mals requiring salt such as bison, deer, units roughly corresponding with the elk and bear as well as the extinct several organizations of the Ohio Geo- mammoth and (Hildreth 1838, logical Survey: prior to 1869, 1969-1900, p. 57; Stout, Lamborn and Schaaf 1932, 1900-1949, and 1949 to the present. p. 11), and animals such as birds, beaver Bibliography of Ohio Geology, 1819-1970, and wasps using mud for plugging dams published in four parts by the Ohio Divi- and building homes and nests. American sion of Geological Survey, has been most Indians made the first human observa- useful in preparing this review. Only the tions on the rocks in search of suitable more pertinent references are listed herein, materials for pigments, pottery, tools and weapons, but their early explorations, 1Manuscript received 7 October 1977 and in like those of the animals, are lost in the revised form 27 June 1978 (#77-78). 2 mists of unrecorded antiquity. The abo- Part of a Symposium on the History of Geology in Ohio, presented 2 April 1977 at the rigines did find and use ironstones for Ohio Historical Center. decorative paints (Ohio Historical Society 99 100 MYRON T. STURGEON Vol. 79 1977), buff-burning clays for their pottery tion was expanded by 1800 and attained (Stout et al 1923, p. 7), excellent flint for its maximum production between 1806 their tools and weapons (Stout and and 1808. Twenty furnaces were in Schoenlaub 1945, p. 7) and salt licks and operation and each furnace averaged 50 salt springs for salt (Hildreth 1838, p. 57; to 70 bushels of salt per week, which sold Stout et al 1932, p. 11). for $2.50 per bushel. Other sources of Early Sources of Salt and Development salt were soon discovered throughout the of the Salt Industry. Much of the infor- area of Pennsylvanian outcrops, and mation on salt in the early period has richer brines from these sources and from been taken from Bownocker (1906, pp. wells replaced the Scioto Saline as a 9-18), Hildreth (1838, pp. 57-62) and source of salt. The National Congress Stout et al (1932, pp. 11-14). Hildreth's as early as 1796, and later the Ohio report was the original and principal Legislature, enacted several laws con- source of information on early develop- cerning salt sources and governing the ment of the salt industry for the other salt industry in order to prevent the two reports. establishment of a salt monopoly. The Salt was not only a necessity for cer- danger of a monopoly was over by 1825 tain animals and for the Indians, but also and the saline areas were sold. for the first settlers in Ohio. The ani- Drilled wells soon replaced the seeps mals had long ago discovered and used and springs as sources of salt because they salt seeps and springs, a number of which yielded more copious and richer brines. exist in the Pennsylvanian System of The salt industry expanded into the southeastern Ohio. The bison came in Muskingum Valley in 1817, where pro- herds and developed well established duction increased to between 300,000 and trails that were still recognizable decades 400,000 bushels in 1833. Other early im- after those animals were extirpated from portant producing areas were along Yel- the State. Most likely the Mound Build- low Creek in Columbiana County, the ers and certainly the later Indians ap- Hocking Valley in Athens County and preciated the salt areas as sources of game Leading Creek in Meigs County. In fol- animals and of the salt itself. The abo- lowing decades, expansion continued in rigines developed simple means of refining Athens, Columbiana, Guernsey, Meigs, the salt by evaporation in sunlight. Morgan and Tuscarawas Counties. Meigs One of the better known prehistoric County, in the vicinity of Pomeroy, be- salt sources was Scioto Saline along Salt came the largest and most important Creek in Jackson County, where weak producer of salt from brines. The brine brine flowed from the Sharon conglom- salt industry began a decline about 1870 erate (Stout et al 1932, p. 11). Here the as a result of competition from Indians, at low water stages during the rock salt, first in Michigan and later in summer, evaporated in sunlight the weak northeastern Ohio, with an accompanying brine from the creek in basins dug in the decline in price. Production from brines sandstone. They continued this practice has, however, continued until recently at as late as 1815. Pomeroy, and brines are still a source of Manufacture of salt was the first min- magnesium and of various materials for eral industry to be established in Ohio chemical industries (Stout et al 1932, p. 9). during its settlement as a territory. It Flint and Its Uses. Flint, which was is probable that French fur-traders knew so essential to the American Indians and of the salt sources in the State early in their culture, was also a necessity to the the 1700's and Virginia colonists definitely pioneers for buhrstones used in grinding knew of them in 1755. Salt brought their grain in water-powered mills. In from the Atlantic seaboard cost $4.00 to Ohio, flint occurs locally in certain Penn- $8.00 a bushel, and the early settlers sylvanian marine strata, viz., Boggs, eagerly sought local sources of that es- Brush Creek, Cambridge, Mercer, Put- sential commodity. Possibly as early as name Hill, Vanport and Zaleski members. 1795, and certainly by 1797 or 1798, the The Vanport flint on Flint Ridge in Lick- settlers started evaporation of brine in ing County and near McArthur in Vinton kettles at the Scioto Saline. The opera- County was the principal source of buhr- Ohio J. Sci. PALEOZOIC GEOLOGY OF OHIO 101 stones. Quarrying of buhrstones con- was mined in Jackson County and tinued until approximately 1840 (Stout used for salt manufacture in 1823 and and Schoenlaub 1945, pp. 7-8). Flint was later in the metallurgy of iron. Coal also used in flintlock rifles of the pioneers, was used not only for heating and black- but Ohio's flints were not of high enough smithing purposes but also for evapora- quality for this purpose. Today flint is tion of brines, to heat steam boilders, used only for decorative purposes and is and in iron blast furnaces and forges. Ohio's "gemstone". Recorded prices indicate that coal sold Coal and Development of Coal Mining for 3 cents a bushel at Marietta in and Use. Eavenson's The First Cen- 1812 and was almost as cheap at Zanes- tury and a Quarter of American Coal ville. In 1810, coal shipped from Pom- Industry, privately published in 1942, was eroy to Louisville, Kentucky sold for 25 the source of much information for the cents a bushel or $6.25 a ton. following summary. The Indians did The coal industry received a big stim- not mine or use coal except for black pig- ulus with the digging of canals, and the ments and ornaments carved from cannel first coal shipments via canals were made coal since wood was plentiful for fuel. in the late 1820's. Numerous new mines The early European explorers and traders were opened along the canals wherever certainly saw numerous exposures of coal good minable coal was available. In but recorded few notes of their observa- 1852, 392,520 tons of coal were hauled on tions. Maps by Pattin in 1752 (Eaven- Ohio's canals, but 1850 is an approximate son 1942, Map 3, between pp. 6 and 7) date when the railroads began to en- and Evans in 1755 (Eavenson 1942, p. 7) croach upon the freight formerly trans- show or mention coal in the Ohio Country ported on canals. Increases in popula- and on the Hockhocking and Muskingum tion and in the use of coal, as well as im- Rivers. In 1755, Evans reported coal on proved transportation facilities on canals fire near the present location of Bolivar and railroads, resulted in marked in- in Tuscarawas County in 1748 (Eavenson creases in production of coal as shown in 1942, p. 19). Notes of those times com- table 1. monly referred to coal as "sea coal", "mineral coal" or "stone coal" to dis- TABLE 1 tinguish it from charcoal. Mention of Coal Production in Ohio 1800-1870.* coal became more frequent as surveying, sale and settlement of Ohio's lands pro- Production gressed. The early settlers made some Year in tons use of coal for heating and blacksmithing where it was easily available locally, but 1800 100 wood was so abundant that it was the 1805 800 1810 2,700 usual fuel. Except for local use, coal 1815 11,350 mining did not develop in the State until 1820 32,750 after 1800. Coal could not be moved 1825 78,600 easily or economically to distant markets 1830 106,900 1835 183,642 except along the larger streams such as 1840 401,550 the Muskingum and Ohio Rivers. Coal 1845 775,870 mining began near Pomeroy in 1806 with 1850 1,950,250 shipment on log rafts, but was unsuccess- 1855 6,780,500 1860 9,913,000 ful. In 1808 a mine was opened in 1865 9,512,988 Springfield Township, Summit County 1870 11,942,355 and the coal was hauled to market in wagons. Mention was made of abundant •Taken form Collins (1976). coal and iron ore near Zanesville in 1810. Mining of coal in Perry County began in S. P. Hildreth, in 1828 and 1836 (1835), 1816, "Coal mines were reported as published noteworthy contributions to plentiful in Athens County" in 1817, information on coals of the Ohio Valley successful mining and shipping of coal region, with the latter being a lengthy re- were resumed at Pomeroy in 1819 and port in the American Journal of Science. 102 MYRON T. STURGEON Vol. 79 In the same period before 1868, E. B. The period of such utilization was thus Andrews (1864), L. Lesquereux (1852), about 119 years, from 1804 to 1923. The H. D. Rogers (1843), B. Silliman (1859), Ohio ores still have a future." B. Tappan (1830) and C. Whittlesey Each early iron furnace was the center (1853, 1854) published notes on Ohio's of a self-sufficient community which was coals including cannel coal, which was dependent upon the furnace and em- distilled for the production of coal oil ployed ore miners, charcoal producers (kerosene) for lamps, before Drake's dis- and other essential miscellaneous work- covery of oil at Titusville, Pennsylvania ers. Stout also compiled a comprehen- in 1859. sive history profusely illustrated with Iron Ores, Iron Furnaces and the Iron photographs of our early iron industry. Industry. Native ironstones including It is unfortunate that this history has hematitie, limonite and several varieties never been published, although to pub- of siderite, found mostly in the Penn- lish it with all its photographs would cost sylvanian System and abundant hard- a mere fraction of the cost of a mile of wood forests as a source of charcoal, were new highway and it certainly would last the bases for establishing an iron industry much longer than the pavement. as early as 1804, which has grown into Clays, and the Ceramic Industry. our modern steel industry dependent Ohio has been the leading state in the upon outside fuels and ores. Limitations manufacturing of ceramic products for do not permit delving fully into the de- many years and the principal basis of this tails of the origin and growth of the iron top position has been the excellent industry, but a brief statement concern- Pennsylvanian underclays of the Alle- ing the early importance of our native gheny and Pottsville Groups, although ironstones is given by Stout (1945, p. 3): other high quality raw ceramic materials occur in the System. Need "In Ohio some utilization for the smelt- ing of iron has been made of iron ores and of for ceramic wares and readily available ferruginous rocks found in a wide expanse surface and coal formation clays led to of strata, ranging through certain beds the early establishment of small ceramic from the Brassfield in the Si- factories, many of which were operated lurian system to the Creston Red beds in the Permian system and on even to the part-time by farmers originally for the bog ores laid down since the retreat of the manufacture of building bricks and soon Wisconsin glacier. The ores that were of afterwards of earthenware and stoneware prime importance, however, fall in the pottery. The buff-burning coal forma- Pottsville and Allegheny series of the Pennsylvanian system and were smelted in tion clays were very satisfactory for the the furnaces in the belt extending from manufacture of stoneware, yellow ware Scioto and Lawrence counties on the Ohio and Rockingham. The first potteries River to Mahoning and Columbiana coun- using coal formation clays were started ties on the Ohio-Pennsylvania state line. Various deposits were used in other areas. at Steubenville in 1806 and at Zanesville The native ores thus supported the char- in 1808. Many additional plants were coal iron industry of the State—eighty-six established until, in 1840, the 6th census furnaces in all—that began with the erec- recorded the number of potteries in the tion, in 1804, of Hopewell furnace on Yellow Creek in Mahoning County and closed with Pennsylvanian-Permian area (table 2). shutting-down, at 3 P.M. December 26, In that year, those factories in operation 1916, of Jefferson furnace near Oak Hill in produced wares exceeding $65,000 in Jackson County. Also throughout most of value. The ceramic products not only "the active life of the fifty-six coal furnaces erected between 1845, Mary at Lowellville, supplied the local markets, but were sold and 1887, New York at Shawnee, the fer- as far south as New Orleans. In the ruginous part of the burdens consisted en- area under consideration, the ceramic tirely or largely of ores gathered not far industries continued to develop, with distant from the stacks. Further, many of the more modern coke furnaces built be- some lag during the Civil War in the tween 1863 and 1895 used some native ores latter part of the century. Important along with that from outside sources. The pottery centers developed, notably in smelting of Ohio ores thus ceased about Crooksville, Roseville, East Liverpool, 1923. Of the total of 226 blast furnaces built in Ohio all but about 60 have smelted Zanesville, and numerous lesser centers native ores, over one-half nothing else. elsewhere. A wide variety of ceramic Ohio J. Sci. PALEOZOIC GEOLOGY OF OHIO 103

TABLE 2 suitable sandstones, including the Fish Number of Potteries in the Creek, Gilmore, Hundred, Jollytown, P ennsylvanina- P ermian A rea Mannington, Marietta, Niveveh and in 1840* Waynesburg, occur in the Dunkard Group and have been used to some ex- Ohio County No. of Potteries tent, especially for grindstones. Belmont 1 Principal uses of sandstone employed Columbiana 5 by the pioneers and later Ohioans in- Guernsey 2 cluded bridge abutments and bridges for Harrison 3 Holmes 2 roads and railroads, buildings, canal Knox 1 locks, caps and sills, chimneys and chim- Lawrence 2 ney caps, coping, curbstone, flagstone, Licking ? foundations, grindstones, pavements and Monroe 2 Morgan 1 miscellaneous uses. Quarrying opera- Muskingum 22 tions developed and increased through- Perry 2 out the 1800's but sharply declined with Portage 1 the increased use of concrete near the Stark 11 Summit 5 turn of the century. Bownocker (1915) Tuscarawas 2 published a bulletin on the building Wayne 1 stones of Ohio. Total 63 First Ohio Geological Survey. Only brief mention of the First Ohio Geological *Taken from Stout et al (1923). Survey need be made here, as its history was summarized by Hansen and Collins products have been manufactured in- (1979). The survey was authorized in cluding chemical stoneware, conduits, 1836 and continued for only two years. cooking and serving wares, fire proofing, C. Briggs, J. W. Foster, S. P. Hildreth, hollow blocks, jugs, knobs, paving bricks, J. Locke and C. Whittlesey made brief refractory bricks, retorts, roofing tiles, reconnaissance observations and reports several varieties of building bricks, silica on Upper Paleozoic rocks in W. W. bricks, sewer pipes, terra cotta, various Mather's two annual reports (1838a, b), tiles and many other minor products. G. P. Merrill (1906, p. 333) gave the fol- Stout et al (1923, pp. 7-102) has pub- lowing summary of the first survey's lished a detailed history of the clay in- accomplishments: dustry in Ohio. "The general results of the survey may Building Stones. Another geologic re- be summed up as follows: The principal formations, as indicated, beginning with source used extensively by early Ohioans the oldest, are first, the great limestone was building stones. Upper Paleozoic deposit (Silurian and ) which was rocks have an abundance of sandstones erroneously regarded as equivalent to the suitable for building and other purposes. Mountain or Carboniferous limestone of Europe. This was found in Adams County, Useful and widely used Mississippian extending thence to the western portion of sandstones include the high quality Berea the State. It was felt by Locke as not un- and Buena Vista Sandstones and the reasonable to suppose that the particles Euclid Bluestone of the Bedford , composing it were once held in aqueous solution and subsequently deposited in several sandstones including the Black tranquil waters along the bottom of the Hand Sandstone of the Cuyahoga Forma- ocean. This may then have been con- tion and Byer and Vinton Sandstones of solidated by subterranean heat. Overly- the . The Pennsyl- ing this is a bed of shales (Upper Devonian) two or three hundred feet in thickness, vanian System has numerous suitable black, fissile, and with a fetid odor. Next sandstones including the better known comes Waverly sandstone, the series be- Bakerstown, Bellaire, Buffalo, Clarion, ing thus first named. Fourth, a con- Connelsville, Cow Run, Freeport, Gilboy, glomerate cropping out on the western border of the and varying in Graf ton, Mahoning, Massillon, Sharon thickness from 80 to 100 feet. Fifth, a lower and Sewickley members that were widely coal series, consisting of alternations of used mostly for local purposes. Thick, sandstone, shales, limestone, iron ores, and 104 MYRON T. STURGEON Vol. 79

coals, some 300 feet in thickness. Sixth, PERIOD OP 1869-1900 buhrstone. Seventh, the upper coal series, The financial panic of 1837 and petty made up of sandstones, shales, coal, iron ores, and . Eighth, the Tertiary internal jealousies caused the termination deposits, under which head he included the of the First Ohio Geological Survey in prairies or barrens in the western part of the 1838. Private investigators continued State, and the pebble beds and boulders geologic observations mostly on economic of primitive rocks so abundant in some parts of the Scioto Valley; and ninth, the geology but only a few notes and short recent deposits, including as such those now reports were published, as previously forming along the river beds. The beds noted. Systematic examination and pub- were noted as having generally but a slight lishing on Ohio's geology really began dip and irregular undulations. Locke found near the boundary of Ohio and Indi- with the establishment of the Second ana a summit level and an anticlinal axis Ohio Geological Survey in 1869 and con- from which the strata dipped in opposite tinued under the Third Ohio Geological directions, eastwardly in Ohio and west- Survey in the middle 1880's. The Sec- wardly in Indiana. This is apparently the first recognition of what has since become ond Survey's staff included such out- known as the Uplift." standing persons as J. S. Newberry, Chief Geologist; E. B. Andrews and Edward Other Reports on General Geology. In Orton, Sr., Assistant Geologists; F. B. addition to the reports issued by the Meek, Paleontologist and T. G. Wormier, First Survey, Atwater (1819) and Whit- Chemist. The Third Survey had such tlesey (1869) made brief general reports well known men as Edward Orton, Sr., on the geology of eastern Ohio in the State Geologist, and N. W. Lord, Chem- American Journal of Science and in a ist. In addition, there were several no- memoir of the Boston Society of Natural table special assistants and volunteers in- History, respectively. cluding E. D. Cope, J. Hall, M. C. Read, Paleontological Reports. The abundant J. J. Stevenson and R. P. Whitfield who and conspicuous plants in the Penn- observed and reported upon the Upper sylvanian System soon attracted atten- Paleozoic rocks and their economic re- tion and a dozen notes and brief reports sources and fossils. concerning them were published prior to Accomplishments of the Second Ohio 1870 by Brongniart (1828, 1828-1838), Geological Survey. The Second Survey, J. W. Foster (1853), E. Granger (1821), between 1869 and 1882, published two S. P. Hildreth (1827), J. P. Kimball Reports of Progress for the years 1S69 (1857), S. G. Morton (1836 [1835]), J. S. and 1870 and four volumes. Volumes 1 Newberry (1853a, b; 1853/1854; 1856a, and 2 are in two parts, part 1 of each b, c) and C. Whittlesey (1849). Kim- devoted to geology and part 2 to paleon- ball's, Morton's and Newberry's reports tology, Volume 3 is entirely physical geol- are the most extensive and are presum- ogy and Volume 4 is a report on zoology. ably among the more important. Newberry (1871 [1870]a) summarized J. W. Foster (1852), Foster and Dill the progress of the geologic work in 1869 (1851), J. Hall (1863), S. G. Morton and included brief mention of some de- (1836), J. S. Newberry (1856c; 1857 tails of Carboniferous (Mississippian and and 1868), R. P. Stevens (1858a, b), Upper Devonian) and of Coal Measures E. de Verneuil (1846) and J. Wyman (Pennsylvanian) stratigraphy with notes (1857) published a dozen notes and short on the economic geology of coal, iron and reports on fossil invertebrates and verte- steel, salt and clays. Andrews (1871b, brates. Hall's notice of Waverly cri- c, d) who taught geology at Marietta Col- noids, Morton's inadequate descriptions lege and who was also the leading author- of Carboniferous invertebrates, New- ity on geology of southeastern Ohio, re- berry's notes and descriptions of fossil ported on stratigraphic and economic Carboniferous vertebrates, Steven's de- geology with some references to fossils in scriptions of Carboniferous invertebrates, the Second Geological District which in- de Verneuil's note on Fusulina and Wy- cluded southeastern Ohio south of the man's note on vertebrates are the more Central Ohio Railroad and extended to significant among these notes and de- Adams and Franklin Counties far enough scriptions. to include the area of exposed Ohio Shale. Ohio I. Sci. PALEOZOIC GEOLOGY OF OHIO 105 Newberry (1871 (l

and E. S. Dean 1930(1929) Analyses 1875b Supplement to the extinct Bac- of the coals of Ohio. Ohio Geol. Survey Bull. trachia and Reptilia of N. America; 1, Cata- 34, 360 pp. logue of the air breathing Vertebrata from Brant, R. A. 1954 The Lower Kittanning the Coal Measures of Linton, Ohio. Amer. No. 5 coal bed in Ohio. Ohio Geol. Survey Phil. Soc. Trans, n.s., 15: 201-278. Rept. Inv. 21, 59 pp. -, W. H. Smith and T. Arkle 1950 Field 1956 Coal resources of the upper part guide for the special field conference on the of the Allegney formation in Ohio. Ohio stratigraphy, sedimentation and nomencla- Geol. Survey Rept. Inv. 29, 68 pp. ture of the Upper Pennsylvanian and Lower and R. M. DeLong 1960 Coal re- Permian strata (Monogahela, Washington sources of Ohio. Ohio Geol. Survey Bull. 58, and Greene series) in the northern portion of 245 pp. the Dunkard basin of Ohio, W. Va., and Pa. Brongniart, A. 1828 Prodrome d'une histoire Priv. publ., 104 pp. des vegetaux fossiles. Dictionnaire Sci. Nat. 57:16-212. (in M. T. Sturgeon, el al) 1958 Fossil 1828-1838 Histoire des vegetaux fos- flora of the Dunkard Strata of eastern United siles ou recherches botaniques et geologiques States, Ohio Geol. Survey Bull. 57: 191-197. sur lcs vegetaux renfermes dans les diverses Cushing, H. P. 1888 Notes on the Berca grit couches du globe. G. Dufour and Ed. in northeastern Ohio. Amer. Assoc. Adv. D'Ocagne, Paris, vol. 1, 488 pp.; vol. 2, 72 pp. Sci. Proc. 36: 213-215. Brown, C. N. 1884 The Meigs Creek coal DeBrosse, T. A. 1957. Coal beds of the Cone- seam in Morgan, Muskingum, Guernsey and maugh formation in Ohio. Ohio Geol. Sur- Noble counties. Ohio Geol. Survey 5: 1059- vey Rept. Inv. 34, 33 pp. 1086. DeLong, R. M. 1955 The Pittsburgh No. 8 1888 The Pittsburgh coal seam in and Redstone No. 8A coal beds in Ohio. Jefferson, Belmont and Guernsey counties. Ohio Geol. Survey Rept. Inv. 26, 49 pp. Ohio Geol. Survey 6: 595-626. 1957 Coal resources of the lower part Claypole, E. W. 1884a On the occurrence of of the Allegheny formation in Ohio. Ohio the genus Dalmanites in the Lower Carbonifer- Geol. Survey Rept. Inv. 31, 43 pp. ous rocks of Ohio. Geol. Mag (3), 1: 303-307. 1884b Dalmanites in the Lower Car- 1963 Geology of Stark County. Ohio boniferous rocks. Science. 3: 563. Geol. Survey Bull. 61, 209 pp. 1887 Preliminary note on some fossil Denton, G. H. 1959 Coal geology as an as- wood from the Carboniferous rocks of Ohio. pect of coal research. Ohio Div. Mines, Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Proc, 35: 219-220. Ann., Coal and Nonmetallic Mineral. Rept. 1895 On an unrecognized coal horizon pp. 13-18. in northeastern Ohio. Ohio State Acad. Sci., 1960 Coal resources of the upper part 3rd Ann. Rept. p. 9-12. of the Monongahela formation and the and A. A. Wright 1893 Fossil fishes Dunkard group in Ohio. Ohio Geol. Survey of Ohio. Ohio Geol. Survey 7: 602-626. Rept. Inv. 38, 50 pp. Cobb, J. C. H. 1887 The Hanging Rock iron deVerneuil, E. 1846 Fusulina in the coal for- district. Ohio Mining J., 5: 112-116. mation of Ohio. Amer. J. Sci. (2) 2: 293. Collins, H. R. 1976 Coal production in Ohio, Eavenson, H. N. 1942 The first century and 1800-1974. Ohio Geol. Survey Info. Circ. 44, a quarter of American coal industry. Priv. 33 pp. publ, Pittsburgh, Pa. p. 3-8, 264-274. and B. E. Smith 1978 Geological and Eno, F. H. 1904 The uses of hydraulic ce- mineral resources of Washington County, ments. Ohio Geol. Survey Bull. 2, 260 pp, Ohio. Ohio Geol. Survey Bull. 66, 134 pp." Ferm, J. C. 1970 Allegheny deltaic deposits Condit, D. D. 1912 Conemaugh formation of in deltaic sedimentation, modern and ancient. Ohio. Ohio Geol. Survey Bull. 17, 363 pp. Soc. Econ. Paleontol. Mineral. Spec. Pub. 15: Conrey, G. W. 1921 Geology of Wayne 246-255. County. Ohio Geol. Survey Bull. 24, 145 pp. Flint, N. K. 1951 The geology of Perry Cooper, W. F. 1888 Tabulated list of fossils County. Ohio Geol. Survey Bull. 48, 234 pp. known to occur in the Waverly of Ohio. Foerste, A. F. 1887 Flint Ridge Bryozoa Denison Univ. Sci. Lab. Bull. 4: 123-130. (Ohio). Denison Univ. Sci. Lab. Bull. 2: 1890 The Waverly group. Denison 71-88. Univ. Sci. Lab. Bull. 5: 24-34. 1893 Fossils of the Clinton group in Cope, E. D. 1872 Carboniferous reptiles of Ohio and Indiana. Ohio Geol. Survey 7: Ohio. Amer. Nat. 6: 46. 516-601. 1873 On some new Batrachia and Foster, J. W. 1852 On the alternations of fishes from the Coal Measures of Linton, marine and terrestrial organic remains in the Ohio. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc. Carboniferous series of Ohio. Amer. Assoc. 1873: 340-343. Adv. Sci. Proc. 6: 301-304. 1874 On Ctenodus, a dipnoan fish from the Coal Measures of Ohio. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1853 New species of fossil plants from Philadelphia Proc. 1874: 91-92. Ohio. Ann. Sci., 1: 128-129. 1875a Synopsis of the extinct Ba- and J. Dill 1851 On fossil fish in the trachia from the Coal Measures. Ohio Geol. coal rocks of Ohio. Amer. J. Sci. (2) 12: 282- Survey 2 (pt. 2): 349-411. 283. 110 MYRON T. STURGEON Vol. 79

Foulk, C. W. 1925 Industrial water supplies Hodge, J. T. 1878 Geology of Coshocton of Ohio. Ohio Geol. Survey Bull. 29, 406 pp. County. Ohio Geol. Survey 3: 562-595. Granchi, J. A. 1958 Coal resources of the Hunt, T. S. 1874 The coal and iron of south- . Ohio Geol. Survey ern Ohio considered with relation to the Rept. Inv. 36, 53 pp. Hocking Valley coal field and its iron ores. Granger, E. 1821 . . . vegetable impressions Priv. publ., Salem, Mass. 78 pp. on the rocks connected with the coal forma- Hyde, J. E. 1921 Geology of the Camp Sher- tion of Zanesville, Ohio. Amer. J. Sci. 3: 5-7. man quadrangle. Ohio Geol. Survey Bull. Hall, J. 1863 Preliminary notice of some spe- 23, 190 pp. cies of Crinoidea from the Waverly sandstone (edited by M. F. Marple) 1953 The of Summit Co., Ohio, supposed to be of the Mississippian formations of central and south- age of the Chemung group of New York. ern Ohio. Ohio Geol. Survey Bull. 51, 355 pp. New York State Cabinet, Ann. Rept. 17: Kimball, J. P. 1857 Flora from the Appala- 50-60. chian coal field. Dissertation, Gottingen, and R. P. Whitfield 1875 Crinoidea of 38 pp., Gottingen. the Waverly group. Ohio Geol. Survey 2 (pt. Knowlton, F. H. 1893 Note on a supposed 2): 162-179, pi. 11-12. new endogenous tree from the Carboniferous. Hansen, M. C. and H. R. Collins 1979 A brief Science 21: 332-333. history of the Ohio Geological Survey. Ohio Lamborn, R. E. 1930 Geology of Jefferson J. Sci. 79: 3-14. County. Ohio Geol. Survey Bull. 35, 304 pp. Hazeltine, R. M. 1883 Horsebacks in the 1942 The coal beds of western Carroll lower coal measures and their origins. Ohio County and southeastern Mahoning County. Mining J. 1: 65-68. Ohio Geol. Survey Bull. 43, 33 pp. 1885 The Mahoning coal fields. Ohio 1951 Limestones of eastern Ohio. Mining J. 3: 24-26. Ohio Geol. Survey Bull. 49, 377 pp. Herrick, C. L. 1887 A sketch of the geological history of Licking County, accompanying an 1953 Geology of Coshocton County. illustrated catalogue of Carboniferous fossils Ohio Div. Geol. Survey Bull. 53, 245 pp. from Flint Ridge, Ohio. Denison Univ. Sci. 1956 Geology of Tuscarawas County. Lab. Bull. 2: 5-70, 144-148. Ohio Div. Geol. Survey Bull. 55, 269 pp. 1888 The geology of Licking County, , C. R. Austin and D. Schaaf 1938 Ohio, pt. 4, The Subcarboniferous and Shales and surface clays of Ohio. Ohio Waverly groups. Denison Univ. Sci. Lab. Geol. Survey Bull. 39, 281 pp. Bull., 3': 13-110, 4: 11-60, 97-123. Lesquereux, L. 1852 On the coal measures of 1889. Notes upon the Waverly group Ohio. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. Proc. 4: 175- in Ohio. Amer. Geol. 3: 50-51, 94-99. 179. 1893 Observations upon the so-called Lord, N. W. 1884a The Planging Rock region. Waverly group of Ohio. Ohio Geol. Survey Ohio Mining J. 3: 3-10. 7: 495-515. 1884b Iron manufacture of Ohio. Herzer, H. 1893a A new tree from the Car- Ohio Geol. Survey 5: 438-554. boniferous rocks of Monroe County, Ohio. 1884c Report of the chemical de- Amer. Geol. 11: 285-286. partment. Ohio Geol. Survey 5: 1087-1113. —• 1893b A new fungus from the Coal Lovejoy, E. 1888 The Pomeroy and Federal Measures (Tuscarawas Co., Ohio). Amer. Creek coal field. Ohio Geol. Survey 6: 627- Geol. 11: 365-366; 12: 289-290. 652. 1897 Psaronins. Ohio State Acad. Mark, C. G. (in D. D. Condit) 1912 The fos- Sci. Ann. Rept. 5: 55-58. sils of the Conemaugh formation of Ohio. Hicks, L. E. 1878 The Waverly group in cen- Ohio Geol. Survey Bull. 17: 261-318. tral Ohio. Amer. J. Sci. (3) 16: 216-224. Martin, W. D. and W. I. Mushake 1957 Re- 1879 Boulders in coal (in Perry lationships of the Waynesburg, Hockingport, County, Ohio. Amer. J. Sci. (3) 17: 68-69. and Antiquity sandstones of the Dunkard Hildreth, S. P. 1827 Notice on fossil trees basin. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 68: 1896-1897. near Gallipolis, Ohio. Amer. J. Sci. 12: 205- 206. and B. Henniger 1965 The Hocking- port and Waynesburg Sandstones (Penn- 1828 Miscellaneous observations on sylvanian and Permian) of the Dunkard the coal, diluvial and other strata of certain Group. Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Bull. 49: portions of the State of Ohio. Amer. J. Sci. 348-349. 13: 38-40. 1836(1835) Observations on the bi- Mather, W. W., et al 1838a First Annual tuminous coal deposits of the valley of the Report of the Geological Survey of the State Ohio, and the accompanying rock strata; of Ohio. Ohio Geol. Survey, 34 pp. with notices of the fossil organic remains and 1838b Second Annual Report of the the relicts of vegetable and bodies, Geological Survey of the State of Ohio. Ohio illustrated with a geologic map and by numer- Geol. Survey, Columbus. 286 pp. our drawings of plants and shells, and by McMillin, E. 1884 The gas coals of Ohio. views of interesting scenery. Amer. J. Sci. Ohio Geol. Survey 5: 722-749. 29: 1-154. Meek, F. B. 1871a Descriptions of new spe- (in W. W. Mather) 1838 Report (on cies of invertebrate fossils from the Car- the coal measures). Ohio Geol. Survey 1st boniferous and Devonian rocks of Ohio. Ann. Rept. p. 25-63. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc. 1871: 57. Ohio J. Sci. PALEOZOIC GEOLOGY OF OHIO 111

1871b Descriptions of new species of 1871b Sketch of the structure of the fossils from Ohio and other western states lower coal measures in northeastern Ohio. and territories. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila- Ohio Geol. Survey Prog. 1870: 14-53. delphia Proc. 1871:159-184. - 1873a The general geological rela- 1875 A report on some of invertebrate tions and structure of Ohio. Ohio Geol. fossils of the Waverly group and Coal Mea- Survey l(pt. 1): 1-167. sures of Ohio. Ohio Geol, Survey 2 (pt. 2): 1873b Report on the geology of Cuya- 269-347. hoga County, Summit County. Ohio Geol. Mendenhall, T. C. 1871 Discussion of the Survey l(pt. 1): 171-222. heating powers of some Ohio coals. Ohio 1873c Descriptions of fishes of the Geol. Survey Rept. Prog. 1870: 236-242. Carboniferous System. Ohio Geol. Survey Merrill, G. P. 1906 Contributions to the his- l(pt. 1): 325-355. tory of American geologv. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1873d Descriptions of fossil plants Ann. Rept. 1904: 189-733"; from the Coal Measures of Ohio. Ohio Geol. Miller, S. A. and C. L. Fabcr 1892 Descrip- Survey l(pt. 2): 359-385. tions of some Carboniferous and Subcarboni- 1874a The Carboniferous system. ferous Cephalopoda. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Ohio Geol. Survey 2(pt. 1): 81-180. Hist. I. 14: 164-168. 1874b Geology of Lorain and Erie Minshall, F. W. 1888 The history and de- Counties and the Islands. Ohio Geol. Sur- velopment of the Macksburg oil field. Ohio vey 2(pt. 1): 183-224. Geol. Survey 6: 443-475. 1874c Fossil plants from the Ohio coal Morningstar, H. 1922 Pottsville fauna of basin. Cleveland Acad. Nat. Sci. Proc. 1: Ohio. Ohio Geol. Survey Bull. 25, 312 pp. 26-53. Morse, \V. C. 1910 The Maxville limestone. 1874d Analysis of Ohio coals. Cleve- Ohio Geol. Survey Bull. 13, 128 pp. land Acad. Nat. Sci. Proc. 1: 80-82. 1911 The fauna of the Maxville lime- 1874e On Coelacanthus from the Coal stone. Ohio State Acad. Sci. Proc. 5: 355- Measures of Linton, Ohio. Lyceum Nat. 420. Hist. New York Proc. 2:30-32; 3: 76-77. Morton, S. G. (in S. P. Hildreth) (1836(1835) 1874f The Linton coal bed of Ohio Notice and description of organic remains. and its fauna. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York Amer. J. Sci. 29: 149-154. Proc. 2: 134-135. Newberry, J. S. 1853a New fossil plants 1874g Notes on the genus Conchiopsis from Ohio coal basin. Ann. Sci. Cleveland Cope. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc. 1: 95-97,106-108. 1873: 425-426. 1853b On the characteristics of the 1875 Fishes of the Carboniferous Sys- Carboniferous flora, with descriptions of tem. Ohio Geol. Survey 2(pt. 2): 41-64. fiftv new species of fossil plants. Ann. Sci. 1878a Report on the geology of Cleveland,1: 280-281. Tuscarawas County, Columbiana County, 1853/1854 New fossil plants from Portage County, Stark County. Ohio Geol. Ohio. Ann. Sci. Cleveland 1: 116-117, 152- Survey 3: 52-176. 153, 164-165 (1853); 2: 2-3 (1854). 1878b Report on the geology of Jef- 1856a On the structure and affinities ferson County, Mahoning County. Ohio of certain fossil plants of the Carboniferous Geol. Survey 3: 761-814. era. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci. Proc, 7: 157- 1883 On the coal beds of Massillon, 162. Ohio. New York Acad. Sci. Trans. 2: 87-88. 1856b On the Carboniferous flora of 1884. On the recent discoverv of new Ohio, with descriptions of fifty new species of and remarkable fossil fishes in the Carboni- fossil plants. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci. Proc. ferous and Devonian rocks of Ohio and 7: 163-166. Indiana. British Assoc. Adv. Sci. Rept. 54: 1856c Description of several new gen- 724-725; Geol. Magazine (3) 1: 523-524. era and species of fossil fishes from the Newton, H. 1884 The manufacture of coke. Carboniferous strata of Ohio. Acad. Nat. Ohio Geol. Survey 5: 555-576. Sci. Philadelphia Proc. 8: 96-100. Norling, D. L. 1958 Geology and mineral 1857. On the deposits of the fossil fishes and reptiles of Linton, Ohio. Edin- resources of Morgan County, Ohio. Ohio burgh New Philosophical J., 5: 364-365. Geol. Survey Bull. 56, 131 pp. 1868 On some fossil reptiles and fishes Ohio Hist. Soc, Dept. Archaeology, Columbus, from the Carboniferous strata of Ohio, Ohio, oral communication, March, 1977. Kentucky and Illinois. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Orton, E., Sr., 1878a Report on the geology of Sei. Proc. 16: 144-146. Franklin County Ohio Geol. Survey 3: 596- 1871(1870)a Report on progress of 646. the geological Survey of Ohio in 1869. Ohio 1878b Supplemental report on the Geol. Survey Rept. Prog. 1869: 3-53. geology of the Hanging Rock district. Ohio 1871(1870)b Preliminary geological Geol. Survey 3: 883-941. map of Ohio. Ohio Geol. Survey Rept. 1884a The stratigraphic order of the Prog.1869. Lower Coal Measures of Ohio. Ohio Geol. 1871a Report of progress of the geo- Survey 5: 1-128. logical survey in 1870. Ohio Geol. Survey 1884b The coal seams of the Lower Rept, Prog. 1870: 5-14. Coal Measures of Ohio. Ohio Geol. Survey 5: 129-300. 112 MYRON T. STURGEON Vol. 79

1884c The iron ores of Ohio. Ohio 1882 Causes of wants or areas of bar- Geol. Survey 5: 371-435. ren ground in the coal beds of the State. 1884d Building stones of Ohio. Ohio Ohio" Mining ].l: 32-35. Geol. Survey 5: 577-642. 1883a Notes on the coal field. Ohio 1884e The coal seams of the Lower Mining J. 1: 82-86. Coal measures of Ohio. The Hocking Val- 1883b Coal mining in Ohio. Ohio ley coal field. Ohio Geol. Survey 5: 912-991. Mining J. 2: 3-15. 1888 The Berea grit as a source of oil 1884a The Ohio coal fields. Ohio and gas in Ohio. Ohio Geol. Survey 6: 311- Mining J. 2: 121-129. 409. 1884b The Jackson shaft coal and 1893a Geological scale and geological the Wells ton coal of Jackson County. Ohio structure of Ohio. Ohio Geol. Survey 7: 3-44. Mining J. 2: 162-175. " 1893b The clays of Ohio, their origin, 1884c Sketch of the Glasgow-Port composition, and varieties. Ohio Geol. Washington works of Tuscarawas Countv. Survey 7: 45-68. Ohio Mining J. 3: 10-15. 1893c The coal fields of Ohio. Ohio 1884d Review of Prof. Orton's dis- Geol. Survey 7: 255-290. cussion of the lower coal measures of Ohio. Orton, E., Jr. 1884 The clays of Ohio and Ohio Mining J. 3: 39-49. the industries established upon them. Ohio 1884e Coal mining in Ohio. Ohio Geol. Survey 5: 643-721. Geol. Survey 5: 301-370. 1893 The clay-working industries of 1885 The lower two hundred feet of Ohio. Ohio Geol. Survey 7: 69-254. the coal measures of Jackson County. Ohio and S. V. Peppel 1906 The limestone Mining J. 3: 34-38. resources and the lime industry in Ohio. 1887 The identification of coal seams. Ohio Geol. Survey Bull. 4, 365 pp. Ohio Mining J. 5: 14-17. Parham, W. E. 1964 Lateral clay mineral 1888 Waving of the coal measures. variations in certain Pennsylvanian under- Ohio Mining J. 6: 33-38. clays. In Clays and clay minerals, Proc. (in H. Howe) 1890 The mines and 12th Nat'l. Conf., Atlanta, Georgia, 1963, mining resources of Ohio. Historical collec- Pergamon Press, New York, pp. 581-602. tions of Ohio, Columbus, Ohio 1: 110-118. Peppel, S. V. 1905 The manufacture of arti- 1894 The coal seams of Jackson ficial sandstone or sand-lime brick. Ohio County. Ohio Mining J. 21: 12-16. Geol. Survey Bull. 5, 79 pp. 1899 Geology of the Jackson coal Potter, P. E. and R. Siever 1956 Sources of shaft. Ohio Mining J. 27: 120-124. basal Pennsylvanian sediments in the Eastern Schultz, L. G. 1958 Petrology of underelays. Interior Basin. J. Geol. 64: 225-244, 317-335, Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 69: 363-402. 447-455. Scudder, S. H. 1888 An interesting Paleozoic Prosser, C. S. 1905 Revised nomenclature of cockroach fauna at Richmond, Ohio. Boston the Ohio geological formations. Ohio Geol. Soc. Nat. Hist. Proc. 24: 45-53. Survey Bull. 7, 36 pp. Silliman, B., Jr. 1859 Report on cannel coal 1912 The Devonian and Mississippian lands situated in Columbiana County, Ohio. formations of northeastern Ohio. Ohio Geol. Pittsburgh, Pa. 16 pp. Survey Bull. 15, 574 pp. Smith, G. E. 1952 The Pittsburgh coal of Read, M. C. 1873 Reports of the geology of the Federal Creek field; with notes on the Ashtabula, Trumbull, Lake, and Geauga surface geology of Ames Township, Athens Counties. Ohio Geol. Survey l(pt. 1): 481- County, Ohio. Ohio Geol. Survey Rept. 533. Inv. 14, 13 p. 1878a Report on the geology of Huron Smith, W. H. 1951 Ohio coals, pt. 2 of further County, Richland County, Knox County, studies of Ohio coals and oil shales. Ohio Licking County. Ohio Geol. Survey 3: 289- St. Univ. Eng. Expt. Stat. Bull. 143: 30-55. 361. and N. R. O'Brien 1962 Geological 1878b Report on the geology of Ash- observations and clay mineralogy of some land County, Wayne County, Holmes County. dense multicolored clay in Pennsylvanian Ohio Geol."Survey 3: 519-561. rocks of Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and West 1878c Report on the geology of the Virginia. Geol. Soc. Amer. Spec. Paper 68: Hocking Valley coal field. Ohio Geol. Sur- 275. vey 3: 647-715. and 1965 Middle and late Penn- 1883 Berea grit. U. S. Geol. Survey, sylvanian flint clays. J. Sed. Petrol. 35: 610- Min. Res. 1882: 478-479. 618. Reese, D. 1942 Oral communication. Stauffer, C. R. and C. R. Schroyer 1920 The Rogers, H. D. 1843 An inquiry into the origin Dunkard series of Ohio. Ohio Geol. Survey of the Appalachian coal strata, bituminous Bull. 22, 167 pp. and anthracite. Assoc. Amer. Geol. Rept. Stevens, R. P. 1858a Description of new 71, 433-474. Carboniferous fossils from the Appalachian, Root, W. J. 1888 The manufacture of salt and Illinois and Michigan coal fields. Amer. J. bromine. Ohio Geol. Survey 6: 653-670. Sci. (2) 25: 258-265. Roy, A. 1876 The coal 1858b Contributions to the paleonto- region. American Inst. Mining Eng. Trans. logical synchronism of the Coal Measures of 4:188-190. Ohio and Illinois. Amer. J. Sci. (2) 26: 72-79. Ohio I. Sci. PALEOZOIC GEOLOGY OF OHIO

Stevenson, J. J. 1878 Geology of Carroll, White, G. W. 1949 Geology of Holmes Harrison, Guernsey, Muskingum, and Bel- County. Ohio Geol. Survey Bull. 47, 373 pp. mont Counties. Ohio Geol. Survey 3(pt. 1): Whitfield, R. P. 1881 Notice of a new genus 177-287. and species of air-breathing mollusk from the 1892 Discussion of Prof. I. C. White's coal measures of Ohio, and observations on "Stratigraphy of the bituminous coal field of Dawsonella. Amer. j. Sci. (3) 21:125-128. Pennsylvania, Ohio and West Virginia". 1882 Descriptions of new species of Amer. Geol. 9: 352-355. fossils from Ohio, with remarks on some of Stout, W. E. 1916 Geology of southern the geological formations in which they occur. Ohio. Ohio Geol. Survey Bull. 20, 723 pp. New York Acad. Sci. Ann. 2: 193-244. 1918 Geology of Muskingum County. — 1891/1893 Contributions to inverte- Ohio Geol. Survey Bull. 21, 351 pp. brate paleontology of Ohio. New York 1927 Geology of Vinton County. Ohio Acad. Sci. Ann. 5: 505-620 (1.891); Ohio Gcol. Geol. Survey Bull. 31, 402 pp. Survey 7:407-494 (1893). 1931a Pennsylvanian cycles in Ohio. Whittlesey, C. 1849 Description of a coal Illinois Geol. Survey Bull. 60: 195-216. plant supposed to be new. Amer. J. Sci. 1940 Clarion clay of Hope and Lincoln (2) 8: 375-377. Furnace fields. Ohio Geol. Survey Bull. 40, — — 1853 Western Reserve coal field. 48 pp. Ann. Sci., Cleveland, Ohio, 1: 70-72. 1945(1944) The iron-ore bearing for- 1854 The Allegheny coal field. Ann. mations of Ohio. Ohio Geol. Survey Bull. Sci., Cleveland, Ohio, 2: 127-132. 45, 230 pp. 1869 The physical geology of eastern and R. E. Lamborn 1924 Geology of Ohio. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. Mem. 1: 588- Columbiana County. Ohio Geol. Survey 597. Bull. 28, 408 pp. 1872a Notice of the "Great Vein" , R. E. Lamborn and D. Schaaff 1932 coal region near Straitsville, Perry County, Brines of Ohio. Ohio Geol. Survey Bull. 37, Ohio. Priv. publ., Cleveland, Ohio, 7 pp. 123 pp. 1872b Straitsville, Ohio, as a point and R. A. Schoenlaub 1945 The oc- for making iron. Priv. publ., Cleveland, currence of flint in Ohio. Ohio Geol. Survey Ohio, 4 pp. Bull. 46, 110 pp. 1873 The dip of the great Straitsville -, M. C. Shaw, G. A. Bole and D. Schaaf coal seam, Ohio. Priv. publ., Cleveland, 1931b The Lawrence clay of Lawrence Ohio, 4 pp. County. Ohio Geol. Survey Bull. 36, 134 pp. 1874 The Allegheny coal field. Cleve- , R. T. Stull, Wm. J. McCaughey and land Acad. Nat. Sci. Proc. 1: 99-113. D. J. Demorest 1923 Coal formation clays 1875 Coal seam No. 6, Ohio geology. of Ohio. Ohio Geol. Survey Bull. 26, 588 pp. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. Proc. 17: 183-200. , K. Ver Steeg and. G. F. Lamb 1943 1877a Iron ores of the great coal seam Geology of water in Ohio. Ohio Geol. Sur- region. Priv. Publ., Cleveland, Ohio, 4 pp. vey Bull. 44, 672 or 694 pp. 1877b Great seam coal region, Ohio. Sturgeon, N. T., et al 1958 The geology and Priv. publ., Cleveland, Ohio, 7 pp. mineral resources of Athens County, Ohio. 1878 Geology of Portage County, Ohio Geol. Survey Bull. 57, 600 pp. Ohio. Priv. publ., Cleveland, Ohio, 3 pp. Tappan, B. 1830 On cannel coal in Ohio. 1879 General geology of the counties Amer. J. Sci. 18: 376-377. of Columbiana, Stark, and Tuscarawas. Ulrich, E. O. 1888 A list of the Bryozoa of Ohio Sec. State, Ann. Rept. 1878: 561-578._ the Waverly group in Ohio, with descriptions 1880 Columbiana County, Ohio, its of new species. Denison Univ. Sci. Lab. geological structure. Priv. publ., Cleveland, Bull. 4: 62-96. Ohio, 2 pp. Vodges, A. W. 1888 The genera and species 1883 Discovery of coal in Ohio and of North American Carboniferous . early mine works. Ohio Mining J. 2: 15-17. New York Acad. Sci. Ann. 4: 69-105. 1884 The lower limestone group coal Wanless, H. R. 1939 Pennsylvanian correla- series of northeastern Ohio. Ohio Mining J. tions in the Eastern Interior and Appalachian 2: 55-62. coal fields.Geol. Soc. Amer. Spec. Paper 17, Williams, H. S. 1891 Correlation papers; 130 pp. Devonian and Carboniferous. U. S. Geol. Westgate, L. G. 1926 Survey Bull. 80, 279 pp. County. Ohio Geol. Survey Bull. 30, 147 pp. Winchell, A. 1871 Remarks on a boulder in Wheat, A. W. 1878 Geology of Medina a coal bed in Ohio. Amer. Nat. 5: 606. County. Ohio Geol. Survey 3: 362-380. Winslow, J. D. and G. W. White 1966 Geol- White, C. A. 1871 Remarks on a boulder in a ogy and ground water resources of Portage coal bed in Ohio. Amer. Nat. 5: 606. County, Ohio, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper White, I. C. 1879 Special report on the cor- 511, 80 pp. relation of the coal measures in western Penn- Wormley, T. C. 1871 Report of chemical sylvania and eastern Ohio. Pennslyvania department. Ohio Geol. Survey Rept. Prog. Geol. Survey, 2nd, QQ; 215-303. 1870: 401-462. •— 1891 Stratigraphy of the bituminous Wyman, J. 1857 On some remains of batra- coal field of Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West chian reptiles discovered in the coal forma- Virginia. U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 65, 212 pp. tion of Ohio. Amer. J. Sci. (2) 25: 158-163.