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Abbott, Sammie, 1965 1899, 1901, 1902, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1910, American Association for the Advancement of Abdul-Jabbar, Kareem, 1973 1911, 1912, 1933, 1936, 1937, 1940, 1943, Science, 1948 Abdy, E. S., 1826, 1828, 1832, 1833 1949, 1950, 1954, 1955, 1959, 1961, 1963, American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 1964, Abel, Stephen, 1967 1965, 1966, 1967, 1974, 1977, 1979, 1981, 1968 Abernathy, Ralph D., 1968, 1971 1984, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1994, 1995, American Colonization Society, 1816, 1817, abolitionists, 1789, 1792, 1835, 1836, 1846, 1998; join Roman Catholic Church, 1889; 1830, 1831, 1834, 1860 1861, 1863, 1868, 1869, 1878, 1920; landholders, 1820, 1830, 1850; led by American Committee on Africa, 1961 National Era published by, 1847; stage raid Reverend Alexander Crummell protest lack American Council for Human Rights, 1959 at Harpers Ferry, 1859 of black bishops in Episcopal Church, 1883; American Council on Race Relations, 1948 Abraham, Abraham, 1970 migration to urban areas of, 1917; passage of American Medical Association, 1884 Actor’s Equity Association, 1947, 1948, 1951 laws improving conditions for, 1869; receive American Negro Academy, 1897, 1903 Adams, Henry, 1878 invitations to Lincoln’s inaugural reception, American Orchestra Club, 1890 Adams, James L., 1864 1865; refused admission to American Medical American Red Cross Blood Bank, 1943 Adams, John (first African American teacher in Association and Medical Society of American Slave Trade (Torrey), 1807, 1816, District), 1818, 1822 Washington, 1884; refused seats in National 1817, 1821 Adams, John, inauguration of, 1797 Theatre balcony, 1873; reign of terror in American Social Science Association, 1877 Adams, John Quincy, 1825, 1836 Virginia for, 1831; tear down wall separating American Tract Society, 1862 Adams, Numa Pompilius Garfield, 1929 LeDroit Park from adjoining black American Veterans’ Committee, 1946 Addison, Anthony, 1801 community, 1888; volunteer during WWI, Amphion Glee Club, 1892 Addison, Mary, 1833 1917; YMCA for, 1853 Anacostia, 1863, 1954, 1976, 1979, 1991, Aden, Alonzo, 1943, 1944 African Freedom Day, 1961 1992; Bonus Marchers set up in, 1932; the Advisory Neighborhood Commissions African Heritage Dancers and Drummers, “Ridge,” 1813 (ANCs), 1974 1959 Anacostia Museum, 1967 African-American Catholic Congregations, African Liberation Day, 1961, 1972, 1984 Anacostia River, 1799, 1863, 1971 1989, 1994 African Methodist Episcopal denomination, Analostan Island, 1863 African American Civil War Memorial, 1998 1834 Anderson, Jesse, 1971 African Americans: admitted to practice before “Ain’t Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me ‘Round,” Anderson, Marian, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939, U.S. Supreme Court, 1865; admitted to U.S. 1964 1952, 1953 Army Nurse Corps, 1941; astronauts, 1941, Alcorn, James, 1878 Anderson, Trezzvant, 1955 1978, 1985, 1989; become active in Aldridge, Ira, 1878 Annual Conventions of People of Color, 1830 Republican clubs, 1866; begin exodus to Aldridge Players, 1900 Anthony Bowen YMCA, 1853, 1972, 1982, 1995 Kansas and midwestern states, 1878; Booker Alexander, Lewis, 1900, 1923 The Anti-Slavery Examiner, 1841 T. Washington becomes celebrity spokesman Alexander, Sandy, 1862 Appomattox Court House, surrender at, 1865 for, 1895; business ownership, 1819, 1835, Alexis, N., 1958 Arbutus, 1957 1860, 1866, 1869, 1871, 1876, 1877, 1882, All-African Peoples Congress, 1961 architects, 1907, 1913, 1920, 1921, 1924, 1883, 1884, 1889, 1893, 1900, 1901, 1902, All-African People’s Revolutionary Party, 1972, 1936, 1941, 1942, 1951, 1954, 1958 1904, 1908, 1910, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1917, 1974 Argus (ship), 1833 1919, 1920, 1926, 1932, 1933, 1939, 1942,COPYRIGHTEDAll-African Students, 1961 MATERIALArgus (weekly newspaper), 1879 1943; Charlotte Ray becomes first woman Allen A.M.E. Chapel, 1850 the Ark, 1862 attorney, 1872; debate WWI efforts, 1917; Allen, Richard, 1830 Armfield, John, 1836 denied full citizenship by U.S. Supreme Allen, Sandy, 1996 Armstrong Adult Education Center, 1996 Court, 1857; “Double V” war campaign Alley Dwelling Authority, 1934 Armstrong, Samuel Chapman, 1902 promoted among, 1942; election of, 1868, All Souls House of Prayer, 1973 Armstrong Technical High School, 1902, 1904, 1870, 1871, 1872, 1875, 1890, 1901, 1919, All States, 1957 1909, 1920, 1960, 1962, 1996 1928, 1934, 1944, 1960, 1967, 1968, 1971, Sister Aloyons. See Becraft, Maria artists and photographers, 1878, 1907, 1911, 1972, 1974, 1976, 1978, 1979, 1982, 1986, Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority, 1908, 1913 1924, 1925, 1930, 1933, 1936, 1942, 1943, 1990, 1992, 1994, 1996, 1998; first Greek Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity, 1907, 1941 1944, 1953, 1954, 1961, 1963, 1964, 1965, letter society of, 1911; Franklin Roosevelt’s Ambush, James Enoch, 1833 1971, 1974, 1978, 1990, 1992, 1998 good standing with, 1937; Hoover meets Ambush School, 1833 Asbury Methodist Church, 1836 with, 1932; important posts held by, 1828, A.M.E. conference, 1856 Asbury Methodist Episcopal Church, 1849 1870, 1871, 1874, 1877, 1881, 1889, 1897, American Anti-Slavery Society, 1833, 1836 Ashmun Institute, 1840

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Associated Charities, 1906 Belger (Camp), 1863 Bolling, Wanamaker Von, 1954 Associated Community Teams (ACT), 1964 Bell, George, 1794, 1801, 1807, 1818, 1820 Bonus Marchers, 1932 Associated Publishers, 1921 Bell School, 1807 Bookbinder, Hyman, 1960, 1984 Associates in Negro Folk Education (ANFE), Bell, Sophia Browning, 1794, 1800, 1801, Booklovers Club, 1894 1935 1807, 1810 Book of Life (autograph scrapbook of Sojourner Association for the Study of Negro Life and Beneficial Society School, 1818 Truth), 1864 History, 1915, 1922, 1932, 1950, 1960, 1971 Benevolent Society of Alexandria, 1826 Borren, Anthony. See Bowen, Anthony Association of the Oldest Inhabitants of the Benjamin Banneker High School, 1981 Boule, 1958 District of Columbia, 1959 Benjamin O. Davis, Jr., American: An Bowen, Amanda R., 1895 “Atlanta Compromise” speech (Booker T. Autobiography, 1913 Bowen, Anthony, 1809, 1830, 1853, 1856, Washington), 1895 Bennett, William James, 1834 1863, 1870 Atlanta Cotton States and International Ben’s Chili Bowel, 1958 Bowen, Sayles J., 1850, 1853, 1868 Exposition, 1895 Berean Baptist Church, 1877 Bowen’s Cottage, 1901 Augusta, Alexander Thomas, 1863, 1864 Berks, Robert, 1974 boycotts, 1918, 1933, 1961, 1966, 1967 An Autumn Love Cycle (Johnson), 1918 Bethel Literary and Historical Association, Boys Club of the Metropolitan Police, 1937 1881, 1900 Bradley, William A., 1809, 1830 Bethune, Mary McLeod, 1933, 1935, 1936, Brandon, Daniel, 1907 Bachelor-Benedict (club), 1927 1937, 1948, 1955, 1974 Brandon, Marie, 1907 Back Biters, 1927 Bible Way Temple, 1981 Branton, Wiley, 1978 Bailey, Gamaliel, 1847 Billings, Mary, 1810, 1820, 1821 Brawley, Benjamin Griffith, 1931 Bailey, Henry, 1864 “Billy Taylor’s Jazz at the Kennedy Center,” Braxton, Joanne M., 1950 Bailey, Pearl, 1918, 1922, 1935, 1948, 1990 1994 Braxton, William E., 1878 Baker, Dora F., 1877 Birch, James H., 1839, 1853 Brazile, Donna, 2000 Baker, Ella, 1978 Birth of a Nation, 1915, 1918 Breed, Daniel, 1862 Ball, Thomas, 1876 Birth of a Race, 1918 Bremer, Frederika, 1839, 1850 Balthrop, Carmen, 1948 Bishop, Gardner, 1947, 1950, 1953 Brent, John, 1849 Baltimore Afro-American, 1920, 1922, 1934 Black Athletes Hall of Fame, 1975 Brent, Robert, 1801 Baltimore Annual Conference, 1965 Black Bourgeoisie (Frazier), 1957 Brightwood (Camp), 1862 The Bama Hour, 1979 Black Broadway, 1919 Broadside Press, 1914, 1965 Bankhead, Tallulah, 1955 Black Cabinet, 1936, 1937, 1961 The Broken Banjo (Richardson), 1910 Banneker, Benjamin, 1731, 1791, 1792, 1800, black codes, 1808, 1850, 1862 Bronze (Johnson), 1918 1806 Black Congressional Caucus, 1971 Brooke, Edward, 1936, 1941 Banneker, Mary, 1731 Black Entertainment Television, 1980 Brooke, Edward William, III, 1919, 1967, 1978 Banneker Relief Association, 1885 Black Family Reunion, 1986 Brooke, Helen, 1919 Banneker, Robert, 1731 Black History Week, 1976 Brooks, Anne, 1891 Barker (Camp), 1862 Black Industrial Savings Bank, 1913 Brooks, Arthur, 1888, 1893, 1896, 1897, 1909 Barnett-Aden Gallery, 1943 Black, James, 1814 Brooks, Preston, 1856 Barrows v. Jackson, 1953 Blackman’s Development Center, 1971 Brooks, Walter H., 1882 Barry, James, 1867 Blackman’s Volunteer Army of Liberation, 1971 Brotherhood Week, 1956 Barry, Marion, 1973, 1982, 1985, 1987, 1989, Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, 1966 Brown, Charles I., 1914 1996: announces Free D.C. Movement, 1966; Black Power, 1967, 1968 Brown, Chuck, 1980 appointments of, 1975; becomes mayor of Black Repertory Company, 1970, 1973 Brown, Daisy Turnbull, 1984 District of Columbia, 1978; becomes Blacks in Government (BIG), 1975 Browne, Hugh, 1886 president of D.C. Board of Education, 1971; Black Sports Hall of Fame, 1974 Brown, Harvey, 1955 charges against, 1984, 1990; declines to run Black Star Line, 1919 Brown, H. Rap, 1970 for reelection, 1998; election of, 1974, 1976, Black United Front, 1971 Brownie’s Book (monthly), 1906 1979, 1986, 1992, 1994; establishes Pride, Blair, Ezell, Jr., 1960 Brown, John, 1859 Inc., 1967; heads Washington SNCC chapter, Bland, Allan, 1867 Brown, LaBarbara, 1977 1965; shooting of, 1977 Bland, James, 1867, 1901 Brown, Ron, 1996 Barry’s Farm, 1867, 1874 Blood for Britain campaign, 1943 Brown, Solomon G., 1829, 1844, 1852, 1871, Basil Sim’s Rope-walk, 1820 Bluebirds, 1927 1874 Bates, Daisy, 1959 Blue-Eyed Black Boy (Johnson), 1918 Brown, Sterling Allen, 1901, 1929, 1936, Batson, Flora, 1864 Blue Moon Inn, 1935 1937, 1941, 1975, 1984 Battle, Thomas, 1986 Blue Network (ABC), 1944 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, Bayh, Birch, 1970 Blyden, Edward W., 1881 1952, 1954 Baylor, Elgin, 1975 B’nai B’rith, 1977 Bruce, Blanche Kelso, 1919, 1976: active Beason, May L., 1877 Board of Health, 1871 political and social life of, 1878; appointed Becraft, Maria, 1820, 1827, 1830 Board of Public Works, 1871 recorder of deeds for District of Columbia, Becraft, William, 1820 Bohemian Tavern, 1926 1889; appointed register of Treasury, 1881, Beecher, Henry Ward, 1848 Bolling, Sarah, 1953, 1954 1897; leads investigation of Freedmen’s Beer’s Tavern, 1829 Bolling, Spottswood T., 1950, 1953, 1954 Savings and Trust Company failure, 1874; Belafonte, Harry, 1958 Bolling v. Sharpe, 1950, 1952, 1954 represents Mississippi in U.S. Senate, 1875

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“Bruce Grit” (John Edward Bruce column), Capitol: Congress forbids blacks on grounds Civil Rights Act: of 1866, 1866; of 1875, 1875; 1879 of, 1829; Freedom statue placed on dome of, of 1957, 1957; of 1960, 1960; of 1964, 1964 Bruce, John Edward, 1879 1863; march on, 1971; Union troops billeted Civil Rights Cases, 1883 Bruce, Roscoe Conkling, 1878, 1919 on grounds of, 1861 Civil War, 1859, 1861, 1862, 1863, 1887 Bryant, William Benson, 1977 Capitol Ballet Company, 1961, 1983 Claggett, Albert, IV, 1978 Bryson, Lyman, 1935 Capitol Hill in Black and White (Parker), 1944 Clarke, David A., 1989 Buchanan, James, 1857 Capitol Hill Restoration Society, 1955 Clay, Henry, 1816 Bugg, Arna J., 1953 Caplan, Marvin, 1958 Clay, William, 1971 Buggy Riders, 1927 Cardozo Business High School, 1928, 1981 Cleveland, Grover, 1885, 1893 Bulletin of Negro History, 1950 Cardozo, Francis Louis, 1884, 1891, 1903 Clinton, J. J., 1848 Bunche, Ralph Johnson, 1928, 1931, 1936, Cardozo, Francis L., Sr., 1905 Clinton, William Jefferson, 1993, 1997 1954, 1971 Carey, Isaac, 1836 Clorindy, Or the Origin of the Cake Walk, 1898 Bureau of Colored Troops, 1863 Carmichael, Stokely, 1968, 1970, 1974 Club 29, 1957 Bureau of Freedmen, Refugees and Abandoned Carr, Kenny, 1976 Club Dejour, 1957 Lands, 1865 Carr, Oliver, 1980 Club Philitus, 1957 Burnside, Ambrose E., 1864 Carter G. Woodson Building Fund, 1960 Coates, James E., 1974 Burrill, Mary, 1905, 1920 Carter, Jeanette, 1917 Cobb, James A., 1916 Burroughs, Nannie Helen, 1883, 1909, 1961 Carter, Jimmy, 1974, 1977, 1979 Cobb, William Montague, 1930, 1948, 1954, Bush, Eliza, 1839 Carter, Stewart, 1868 1968 Bush, George H. W., 1989 Cary, Mary Ann Shadd, 1869, 1870, 1871, Coca-Cola Spotlights Bands series, 1942 Bush, William, 1839 1883, 1976 Cocks, J. H., 1857 business and industry, 1926, 1932, 1942: Cassell, Albert Irvin, 1895, 1921, 1924, 1942 Cohen, Julius, 1947 banking, 1874, 1888, 1900, 1908, 1913; Catholic Afro-American Congress Movement, Coke, Emily, 1839 Barnett-Aden Gallery, 1943; Black 1889 Coke, William, 1839 Entertainment Television, 1980; Black Center Market, 1801 Coleman, Frank, 1911 Industrial Savings Bank, 1913; Black Star Central Committee of Negro College Men Coleman, Julia F., 1917 Line, 1919; Broadside Press, 1965; Capital organized, 1917 Cole, Mrs. Nat King, 1961 Savings Bank, 1888, 1903; Cortez Peters Charles Sumner School, 1978 Cole, Nat King, 1961 Business College, 1964; C. S. Skinner Charmettes, 1957 Coleridge-Taylor, Samuel, 1901, 1903 Company, 1917; Customcraft Studio, 1954; Chase, Salmon P., 1865 Collins, George, 1971 Dunbar Hotel, 1946; Harrison’s Café, 1920, Chase, Thomas W., 1872 Collins, Mary, 1830 1959; Industrial Bank of Washington, 1913; Chase, William Calvin, 1854, 1882 colonization, 1816, 1833: anticolonization John R. Pinkett, Inc., 1958; Madison Hall Chase, William T., 1872 activities, 1817; arguments against, 1830; excursion boat, 1927; McGuire family funeral Chauncey, John S., 1844 Chiriqui, 1862; of freed slaves, funds set homes, 1933; Mutual Housing real estate Checker, Chubby, 1961 aside for, 1862; public debate on, 1831, See company, 1920; National Negro Business Chicago Defender, 1953 also resettlement League, 1900; Radio One, Inc., 1980; Childers, Lulu Vere, 1891, 1905 Colored American (weekly magazine), 1893, Southern Aid Society, 1920; Tourmobile, Childs, Marquis, 1955 1902, 1904 1981; Tri-Continental Industries, 1979; Chipman, Norton P., 1971 Colored American Opera Company, 1873 Whitelaw Hotel, 1919; WOOK (radio The Chip Woman’s Fortune (Richardson), 1910 Colored Girls School. See Miner School station), 1962, 1970; WOOK-TV, 1963; Chisholm, Shirley, 1971 Colored High School Cadet Corps, 1888, 1893, Wormley Hotel, 1871, 1877, 1884, 1893; “Chitlin’ Circuit,” 1910 1897, 1917 WTTG, 1947 A Choice of Weapons (Parks), 1942, 1944 A Colored Man’s Reminiscences of James Madison Butcher, Margaret, 1954, 1956 Christ Church, 1812 (Jennings), 1814, 1820 Butler, Andrew, 1856 “Christianity vs. Islam” debate, 1961 Colored Mission Sabbath School, 1862 Butler, Ben, 1861 churches. See specific churches Colored Officers Training Camp, 1917 Butler, H. H., 1848 Church, Mary. See Terrell, Mary Church Colored People’s Educational Monument Butler, Josephine, 1993 Church of the Redeemer, 1967 Association, 1865 Butler, William, 1830 Church, Robert, 1887 Colored Presbyterian Church, 1841 Citizens for New Columbia, 1993 A Colored Woman in a White World (Terrell), Citizen’s Golf Club, 1922 1940 Cafritz, Peggy Cooper, 1974 City Lights, 1989 Colored Women’s League, 1892, 1895 Cailloux, André, 1863 civil rights, 1957: activists, 1949; acts, 1953; for “Color: Unfinished Business of Democracy” Calloway, Cab, 1944 African Americans, cadre of black attorneys (Locke), 1942 Cameron, Simon, 1861 created dedicated to legal pursuit of, 1929; Columbian Institute, 1822, 1825, 1830, 1834. Campbell Hospital, 1862, 1865 Civil Rights Cases, 1883; leaders and See also Union Seminary Camp Pleasant, 1906 NAACP establish Marian Anderson Citizens Commission on Civil Rights, 1957 Cane (Toomer), 1921, 1923, 1967 Committee, 1939; legislation, 1866, 1869, Committee for Racial Democracy, 1947 capital, 1788, 1789, 1814, 1861 1875; racial discrimination barred in most Committee on Equality of Treatment and Capital Hill Employees Association, 1969 public places, 1872; suit brought against Opportunity in the Armed Service, 1948 Capital Press Club, 1944 Washington Opera House, 1900; supporters, Committee on Fair Employment Practices, Capital Savings Bank, 1888, 1903 protest parts of Enlistment Act, 1864 1942

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Committee on Participation of Negroes in the for man to buy freedom from slavery, 1833; The David Frost Show, 1969 National Defense Program, 1939 pays off debt to Alethia Tanner, 1832; raises Davidson, Eugene, 1941, 1954, 1959 Committee on the Reorganization of Congress, money to erect Union Bethel Church, 1838 Davis, Angela, 1970 1992 Cook, John Francis, Jr., 1855, 1863, 1868 Davis, Arthur Paul, 1941 Community Chest, 1929 Cook, Laurena, 1826 Davis, Benjamin Oliver, 1877, 1899, 1905, Compromise of 1850, 1850 Cook, Will Marion, 1869, 1890, 1895, 1898 1912, 1920, 1940, 1965, 1970 Confederacy, 1861, 1862, 1863, 1865 Coolidge, Calvin, 1923, 1924 Davis, Benjamin Oliver “Chappie,” Jr., 1912, Confederate States of America, 1861 Cooper, Anna Julia, 1881, 1887, 1892, 1893, 1913, 1932, 1933, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, Conference of Church Workers Among 1900, 1901, 1925, 1929, 1964 1954, 1959, 1965 Colored People, 1883 Cooper, Edward E., 1893, 1904 Davis, Elnora, 1912 Congress, 1901: allows Washington City to Cooper, Oscar J., 1911 Davis, Garrett, 1870 hold elections, 1820; attempts to fund public Coordinating Committee for the Enforcement Davis, Henrietta Stewart, 1877, 1899 schools for black children, 1864; bill of the D.C. Anti-Discrimination Laws, 1949, Davis, James C., 1956 introduced to extend vote to black men in 1950, 1953 Davis, Jefferson, 1860 District of Columbia, 1865; changes Coordinating Committee of Anacostia and Davis, John Aubrey, 1933 government of District, 1874; closes Vicinity, 1954 Davis, John P., 1933, 1936 Freedmen’s Bureau activities, 1868; combines Coppin, Levi J., 1837 Davis, Lotte, 1920 Washington City, Georgetown, and Corning, Hobart, 1954 Davis, Louis Patrick Henry, 1877, 1899 Washington County under one territorial Cortez Peters Business College, 1964 Davis, Washington, 1834 government, 1871; defeats resolution for Cosby, Bill, 1958 Dawson, Mary, 1942 emancipation of slaves in District of Costin, Fannie M., 1877 Dawson, William L., 1949, 1955, 1963 Columbia, 1805; dilemma for, 1861; enacts Costin, Louisa Parke, 1822 “Day of Prayer for Merit Hiring and gag rule pertaining to slave trade, 1836; Costin, Martha, 1822 Abstinence from Shopping,” 1958 grants limited home rule charter to District Costin, William, 1818, 1821, 1822, 1841 DC Cab, 1980 residents, 1802; Hiram Revels is first African Cotten, Elizabeth, 1893, 1940 D.C. Development Corporation, 1977 American elected to, 1870; mandates Cotton States Expositions (Atlanta, Georgia), D.C. Statehood Commission, 1980 funding of colored public schools, 1864; 1885 The Deacon’s Awakening (Richardson), 1910 NAACP fights segregationist initiatives in, Council on Human Relations, 1958 Deal, Marvin, 1959 1913; passes bill for universal male suffrage Cowell, Effi, 1978, 1979 Deal, Melvin, 1989 in District, 1866; passes bill requiring Cox, Albert, 1948 Deanwood Civic Association, 1893 separate public schools for blacks, 1862; Cox, Pearlie, 1955 DeBow, Charles, 1942 passes Civil Rights Act of 1866, 1866; passes Craft, Ellen, 1920 Dedman, Jess O., Jr., 1963 Compromise of 1850, 1850; passes Craft, George, 1970 Delaney, Martin, 1847 Enlistment Act, 1864; passes Militia Act, Craft, William, 1920 Delano, Frederic, 1929 1862; passes Residence Bill, 1790; petitioned Craig, James D. C., 1877 Delaplaine, Esther, 1960 for suffrage for black men, 1864; prohibits Cranch, William, 1821, 1836 Dellums, Ronald, 1971 racial segregation in District streetcars, 1865; Crandall, Reuben, 1835 Delta Sigma Theta sorority, 1913, 1959 repeals Fugitive Slave Act, 1864; repeals gag Crawford, Cheryl, 1947 Department of Housing and Urban rule, 1844 The Crisis: A Record of the Darker Race, 1906, Development, 1966 Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), 1961, 1963 1910, 1917, 1963 depression, 1893 Conkling, Roscoe, 1878 Cromwell, John Wesley, 1821, 1840, 1848, DePriest, Oscar, 1928, 1934 Connally, John, 1963 1863, 1876, 1897, 1927 The Derek McGinty Show, 1991 Consolidated Parents Group, 1947, 1953, 1954 Cropp, Linda, 1990 desegregation, 1871, 1948, 1953, 1957 Constitution Hall, 1939, 1948, 1952, 1953, Cruikshank, Robert, 1829 Diagne, Blaise, 1919, 1921 1970 Crummell, Alexander, 1873, 1879, 1883, The Diary of Elbridge Gerry, Jr., 1813 Continentals, 1957 1894, 1897 Dictionary of American Negro Biography, Contraband Relief Association, 1862 Crusor, William, 1814 1982 Convention of Colored Men, 1866 C. S. Skinner Company, 1917 Diggs, Charles, 1958, 1963, 1971, 1972 Convention of the Free People of Color, 1835 Cuney, William Waring, 1906, 1960 Diggs, Judson, 1848 Conyers, John, 1971 Curtis, Austin M., 1898, 1902 Diners, Mary, 1863 Cook, George F. T., 1868 Curtis, Lemuel R., 1942 discrimination, 1900, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1950, Cook, Helen Appo, 1892 The Cuss’d Thing (Miller), 1935 1959, 1961: African Americans refused seats Cook, Isabelle, 1869 Customcraft Studio, 1954 in National Theatre balcony, 1873; banned Cook, John Francis, 1822, 1855, 1869: Alethia in hiring by defense industries, 1941; barred Tanner purchases freedom of, 1826; in most public places, 1872; black troops becomes director of Columbian Institute, Dabney, Ford Thompson, 1883, 1958 excluded from victory parade in District, 1834; becomes pastor of Fifteenth Street Dandridge, Ann, 1821 1919; Congress forbids blacks on grounds of Presbyterian Church, 1841; holds memorial Daniels, Bennie, 1961 Capitol, 1829; experienced in Washington service for Abraham Lincoln, 1865; mobs Dantley, Adrian, 1976 by Marian Anderson, 1939; faced by white seek, 1835; ordained as first black Daugherty, Joseph, 1810 men connected to Howard University Presbyterian minister in District of Daughters of the American Revolution, 1939, Medical School, 1868; increase of Columbia, 1843; organizes benefit program 1948, 1952 prohibitions against, 1870; in interstate

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discrimination (Continued), District of Columbia: A Bicentennial History Duncan, John B., 1961 commerce, 1942; within NRA, 1933; poetry (Lewis), 1868 Duncan, Robert Todd, 1903 focusing on prejudice, racism, and, 1918; District of Columbia Redevelopment Act, 1945 Dunlop, Page C., 1834 prohibited in District streetcars, 1865; District of Columbia Self-Government and Durkee J. Stanley, 1920, 1924, 1925, 1926 refusal of black physicians in AMA and Reorganization Act of 1973, 1973 Medical Society of Washington, 1884; on Division of Negro Affairs (National Youth street cars, 1863, 1864; by U.S. government, Administration), 1936 Earls, 1927 1919. See also black codes; segregation Dixon, Arrington, 1974, 1987 Eastland, James O., 1970 District Congregational Church, 1884 Dixon Court, 1954 Ebenezer Church, 1820 District of Columbia: bill introduced to extend Dixon, Henry L., Jr., 1963 “Economic Bill of Rights,” 1968 vote to black men in, 1865; black codes Dixon, Sharon Pratt, 1989, 1990, 1991. See “The Economic Position of Free Blacks in the passed into law in, 1808; blacks voting for also Kelly, Sharon Pratt District of Columbia, 1800–1860” first time in, 1867; black troops excluded The Doctor of Alcantara, 1873 (Provine), 1857, 1860 from victory parade in, 1919; Bonus Dodson, Jacob, 1844, 1861 Edmonson, Amelia, 1848 Marchers set up in, 1932; celebration of Dodson, Owen Vincent, 1940, 1983 Edmonson, Paul, 1848 emancipation in, 1864; clubs, 1927; Dodson, Thurman, 1941 Edward Fletcher Award, 1990 Congress appoints financial overseers for, “Dollar or More to Open the Door” campaign, Eisenhower, Dwight D., 1932, 1953, 1957, 1995; Congress approves new government 1954 1958, 1959, 1960 structure for, 1967; Congress changes Donaldson, Ivanhoe, 1985 El Diez, 1957 government of, 1874; continuing black Douglass, Anna, 1895 Eliason, Mary, 1844 migration to, 1870; effects of economic Douglass, Frederick, 1818, 1884, 1893, 1895, Ellicott, Andrew, 1731, 1791, 1794 depression felt in, 1893; elections for local 1922: appointments of, 1871, 1877, 1881, Ellington, Edward Kennedy “Duke,” 1899, officials held in, 1974; emancipation 1889; attends Lincoln’s inaugural reception, 1918, 1919, 1921, 1923, 1931, 1942, 1944, resolution for slaves in, defeated in 1865; becomes president of Freedmen’s 1946, 1954, 1956, 1962, 1966, 1974 Congress, 1805; enactment of new black Savings and Trust Company, 1874; first issue Ellington, Mercer Kennedy, 1918, 1974 codes in, 1850; first all-black firehouse of Douglass’ Monthly, 1859; makes donations E. Madison Hall (excursion boat), 1927 opens, 1919; first elected City Council, to freedmen, 1862; publishes North Star, Emancipation Day parade, 1899 1976; first horse-draw streetcar line, 1863; 1847; sent to Santo Domingo to investigate Emancipation Monument (Ball), 1876 freedmen in need of medical care residing U.S. annexation, 1870; speaks at Emancipation Proclamation, 1862, 1863 in, 1868; gets first black troop regiment, Emancipation Monument dedication, 1876; Emergency Committee on the Transportation 1863; gets right to vote in presidential visits White House, 1863, 1864, 1866 Crisis, 1965 elections, 1961; “Home Rule Act,” 1973; Douglass, Helen Pitts, 1982 Emery, Matthew, 1870 House of Delegates, 1872; influenza Douglass, Joseph Henry, 1881, 1892 employment of blacks, 1807, 1819, 1820, epidemic hits, 1918; Initiative 3, 1980; Douglass’ Monthly, 1859 1841, 1844, 1852, 1861, 1863, 1864, 1865: integration of school systems in, 1874; Ku Douglas, William O., 1961 limitations on, 1831, 1836; at Navy Yard, Klux Klan marches in, 1925; limited home Downing, George, 1866, 1869 1799; special tax on wages, 1862; by U.S. rule charter granted to, 1802; manumission Drayton, Daniel, 1848 government, 1830, 1861, 1862, 1871, 1944, and emancipation records, 1820, 1826, Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857 1959; at White House, 1897, 1909 1844; Mary Church Terrell appointed to Drew, Charles Richard, 1904, 1935, 1943, Engine No. 27, 1945 Board of Education for, 1895; May Miller 1946 English, Chester, 1848 appointed to Commission on the Arts and Drew, Nora (Burrell), 1903 Enlistment Act, 1864 Humanities, 1935; migration of ex-slaves to, Drew, Richard, 1903 Epicurean Eating House, 1835 1862; news headline regarding racial riots Drum and Spear bookstore, 1968 Episcopal Church, 1883 in, 1919; ordinance, 1816; ordinance, 1820; DuBois, W. E. B., 1963: attends First Pan- Epps, Edwin, 1843 ordinance, 1826, 1836; outlawing of slave African Conference, 1900; becomes first Equal Employment Commission, 1964, 1990 trade in, 1850; police brutality charges in, president of American Negro Academy, Esputa, John, 1873 1947, 1955, 1957, 1965, 1967; population 1897; elected secretary of First Pan-African E Street Mission, 1856 of, 1820, 1830, 1959; promotion of equal Congress, 1919; organizes Niagara Ethel Payne Day, 1982 opportunity employment in, 1958; residents Movement, 1905; organizes Second Pan- Ethiopian Art Players, 1900, 1923 lose opportunity to have voting African Congress, 1921; publishes The Europe, James Reese “Jim,” 1881, 1883 representatives in Congress, 1985; second Crisis, 1906; supports officers training camp Evans, Henry, 1832, 1833 all-black firehouse opens in, 1945; for blacks, 1917; writes The Star of Ethiopia, Evans, Lillian. See Madame Evanti segregated streetcars prohibited in, 1865; 1915 Evans, Wilson Bruce, 1891, 1902 segregates Fire Department, 1919; Duke Ellington School of the Arts, 1974, 1995 Evening Exchange, 1985 segregation becomes legal in, 1901; size, Dukes, 1957 Evening Star, 1860 reduced by more than one-third, 1846; Duke’s Washingtonians, 1899 Executive Order: 8802, 1941; 9808, 1946; slavery outlawed in, 1862; slave trade in, Dunbar High School, 1900, 1901, 1916, 1919, 9981, 1948; 10308, 1951; 11246, 1965 1808, 1836, 1839, 1841, 1846; survey of, 1920, 1921, 1933, 1936, 1937, 1946, 1952, Exodusters, 1878 1791; taverns of, engaged in slave trade, 1959, 1969, 1990 Experience Unlimited (EU), 1980, 1988, 1829; universal male suffrage bill passed, Dunbar Hotel, 1946 1989 1866; Voting Rights Amendment, 1978; Dunbar, Paul Laurence, 1898, 1899, 1916 Exposure Group African American vulnerability of, 1861 Dunbar Theatre, 1920 Photographers Association, Inc., 1978

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ex-slaves: arrests of, 1862; attending to health Fitzjohn, William, 1961 Freedmen’s Hospital, 1862, 1865, 1868, 1894, needs of, 1865; Fourteenth Amendment Fitzpatrick, Sandra, 1933, 1950 1895, 1896, 1898, 1902, 1930, 1934, 1935, confers citizenship on, 1868; labeled as Flagg’s Cottage, 1901 1943, 1946, 1950, 1961, 1962, 1975 contraband by federal government, 1862; Fleet, James H., 1804, 1834, 1835, 1836, 1840 Freedom, 1863 migration of, 1863; negotiators from South Fleetwood, Charles W., 1840 Freedom Singers, 1973 promise to protect political rights of, 1877; Fleetwood, Christian Abraham, 1840, 1863, Freeman, Daniel, 1885 rapidly increasing population of, 1862; 1864, 1869, 1887, 1888, 1890, 1914: entry Freeman, Roland, 1963 schools for, 1862; speech of, at contraband from diary of, 1862, 1863, 1864, 1865 Free South Africa Movement, 1984 camp, 1862; Sterling Brown changes focus Fleetwood, Sara Iredell, 1869, 1893, 1896 “Freight Train” (Cotten), 1893, 1940 of interviews of, 1936 Fleming, George G., 1963 Frelinghuysen, Frederick, 1917 Fletcher, Edward Frankllin, 1990 Frelinghuysen University, 1907, 1917, 1929 Ford, Gerald L., 1974 Fremont, John C., 1861 Fagan, Elenora. See Holiday, Billie Ford’s Theatre, 1880 Friends of Art in the District of Columbia Farmer, Frank, 1966 Ford, William, 1841 Program for Public Schools, 1935 Farrakhan, Louis, 1989, 1995 Foreman, Clark, 1933 Friends of Negro Freedom, 1920 Fauntroy, Walter Edward, 1959, 1960, 1961, Forten, Charlotte. See Grimké, Charlotte Friends of the West Indies Federation, 1958 1963, 1967, 1971, 1978, 1990, 1993 Forten Fugitive Slave Act, 1850, 1864 Fauset, Jessie Redmon, 1906, 1918, 1919, Forten, John, 1878 Fulwood, Isaac, 1981 1921 Foster, Moose Osato, 1969 Featherstone, Ralph, 1970 FotoCraft Camera Club, 1990 Federal City College, 1966, 1977, 1989 Foundry Methodist Church, 1836 Gadsby’s Hotel, 1839, 1841 Federal Council on Negro Affairs, 1936 Fourteenth Amendment, 1868, 1883, 1896, Gallinger Hospital, 1948 Federal Employment Practices Commission, 1953 Gandhi, Mohandas “Mahatma,” 1934 1941 4th Cavalry Brigade, 1877 Garfield, James, 1881 Federal Housing and Home Finance Agency, 4th U.S. Colored Troops, Company G, 1863 Garnet, Henry Highland, 1864, 1865, 1866 1961 Fourth Baptist Church, 1864 Garvey, Marcus, 1919 Federal Housing Authority (FHA), 1942 Francis, Bettie Cox, 1905 Gay, Alberta, 1939 Federal Writers’ Project, 1936 Francis, John R., 1916 Gaye, Marvin, 1939, 1984 Federation of Citizens’ Associations, 1910, Francis, Samuel, 1831 Gay, Marvin P., 1939 1954, 1955 Francis, Will, 1831 Gay, Marvin Pentz, II. See Gaye, Marvin Federation of Civic Associations, 1910, 1953, Frank Holliday’s billiard parlor, 1910 General Order 100, 1863 1954, 1955, 1963 Franklin, Isaac, 1836 Georgetown College, 1868 Felton, Zora M., 1967 Franklin, Nicholas, 1807 Georgetown Day School, 1958 Fenty, Adrian, 1998 Frank Reeves Center for Municipal Affairs, Georgetown Lancasterian School, 1834 Ferguson, Dutton, 1933 1986 Georgetown University, 1874 15th Regiment Band, 1881 fraternal organizations, 1902, 1915, 1922, George Walker Day, 1996 Fifteenth Amendment, ratification of, 1870 1924, 1927 Gerry, Elbridge, 1813 Fifteenth Street Presbyterian Church, 1822, fraternities, 1907, 1911, 1914, 1941, 1958 Gibbs, Charles, 1893 1841, 1854, 1862, 1864, 1865, 1866, 1870, Frazier, Alice, 1991 Gibson, Josh, 1943 1878, 1884, 1889 Frazier, Edward Franklin, 1946, 1957, 1959 Gibson, Luther A., 1973 54th Massachusetts Volunteers, 1863 Frederick Douglass Memorial and Historical Giovanni, Nikki, 1965 Fillmore, Millard, 1848, 1849 Association, 1936, 1954, 1982 Girl Friends, 1957 Finley, Robert, 1816 free blacks, 1784, 1788, 1789, 1804, 1807, The Gladiator, 1838 1st Engineers, 1863 1819, 1820, 1825, 1826, 1850, 1861: Golden, Marita, 1990 1st Louisiana Native Guards, 1863 advocation of resettlement for, 1816; Gold Star mothers, 1930 1st Separate Colored Battalion of District Benevolent Society of Alexandria provides Goodwin, Maria, 1933, 1950 National Guard, 1887, 1896, 1902, 1916, relief and assistance to, 1826; challenge new Goodwin, Moses, 1810, 1820, 1826, 1827, 1917, 1918 restraints, 1821; curfew imposed on, 1827; 1831, 1853, 1860 1st U.S. Colored Troops, 1863 establish St. Augustine’s Catholic Church, Gore, Al, 2000 First Baptist Church, 1839, 1862 1857; join militia, 1814; kidnappings of, Gospel Spreading Association, 1942 First Colored Baptist Church, 1839, 1841, 1812, 1817, 1841, 1853; limitations on Gospel Spreading Church, 1968 1870 occupations of, 1836; new restraints enacted Graae, Steffen, 1994 First Congregational Church, 1868, 1870 pertaining to, 1821; population of, 1860; Grace, Charles Manuel “Daddy,” 1960 “The First Negro Churches in the District of public debate on colonization of, 1831; Graham, D., 1880 Columbia” (Cromwell), 1821, 1840, 1848 registration required for, 1810, 1812; Grand Masonic Lodge, 1825 1863 schools for, 1804, 1830, 1836, 1853; sell Grant, Henry, 1916, 1919, 1921, 1952 First Pan-African Conference, 1900 goods in public markets, 1800, 1801; sold Grant, Julia C., 1877 First Pan-African Congress, 1919 into slavery, 1817, 1850 Grant, M. L., 1922 First Presbyterian Church, 1820 Free D.C. Movement, 1966, 1973 Grant, Ulysses S., 1869, 1873, 1876 Fischer, Michael, 1967 Freedman’s Savings and Trust Company, 1874 Graves, Denyce, 1995 Fisher, Rudolph, 1897 freedmen, 1862, 1863, 1866, 1867, 1868 Gray, John, 1871 Fitzhugh, N. Naylor, 1933 Freedmen’s Bureau, 1865, 1867, 1868, 1874 Gray, Vernard, 1976

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Great Depression, 1929 Harper, Frances Ellen, 1896 Hobson, Julius, 1953, 1961, 1963, 1964, 1965, Greater New Bethel Baptist Church, 1959 Harpers Ferry, 1859, 1864 1967, 1971, 1972, 1974, 1977 Greek letter societies, 1911 Harper’s Weekly, 1857 Hobson v. Hansen, 1967 Greene, Evelyn F., 1942 Harrison, Anna, 1872 Holiday, Billie, 1959 Greener, Richard Theodore, 1871, 1877, 1879 Harrison, Benjamin, 1889 Holliday, Frank, 1910 Green, Tamar, 1814 Harrison, Bob, 1959 Holman, M. Carl, 1971, 1988 Gregory, Frederick D., 1941, 1978, 1985, 1989 Harrison, Hubert, 1917 Holmes, Eleanor Katherine, 1937, 1964 Gregory, James M., 1916 Harrison’s Café, 1920, 1959 Holmes, Richard John, 1850, 1902 Gregory, Thomas Montgomery, 1921 “Harrison’s Old Fashioned Molasses Kisses,” Holmes, Richard John Lewis, 1902 Griffing, Josephine, 1862 1920 Holy Trinity Church, 1787, 1827 Griffin, Hattie, 1954 Harrison, William Henry, 1841 “Home Rule Act,” 1973 Griffith, Calvin, 1960 Harris, Patricia Roberts, 1945, 1959, 1965, The Homes of the New World: Impressions of Griffith, D. W., 1915, 1918 1969, 1977, 1979 America (Bremer), 1839, 1850 Grimké, Angelina Weld, 1905, 1930 Harris, William B., 1945, 1959 Homestead Grays, 1937 Grimké, Archibald Henry, 1905, 1930: Hart, Gary, 1984 Hooks, Robert, 1970 awarded Spingarn Medal by NAACP, 1919; Hastie, William Henry, 1924, 1930, 1933, Hoover, Herbert, 1929, 1932 becomes president emeritus of NAACP, 1937, 1941, 1943, 1950 Hoover, Mrs. Herbert, 1928 1925; becomes president of Washington Hatton, Isaiah T., 1908, 1913, 1920 Hopkins, Johns, 1853 NAACP, 1912; elected president of American Hawkins, Augustus, 1971 Hopkins, Mrs. Archibald, 1936 Negro Academy, 1903; elected president of Hawthorne, Edward W., 1960 Hopkins Place, 1936 Washington, D.C. branch of NAACP, 1913; “Hayes Compromise,” 1877 Horizon Guild, 1915 forms Friends of Negro Freedom, 1920; Hayes, Rutherford, 1877 Horne, Lena, 1975 “Her Thirteen Black Soldiers,” 1917; Haynes, Euphemia L., 1964 Horton, Gilbert, 1826 protests segregation increase in District, Haynes, George E. C., 1953, 1954 Hoskins, Samuel, 1955 1916; questions role of blacks in WWI, 1917 Haywood, Claire, 1961 House Committee on Government Operations, Grimké, Charlotte Forten, 1878, 1881, 1916, Haywood, Ethel E., 1942 1949 1976 H. Carl Moultrie Court House, 1991 House, Edwin J., 1943 Grimké, Francis James, 1878, 1881, 1884, Healy, Patrick Francis, 1874 House of Delegates, 1871 1885, 1889, 1917, 1930 The Heart of a Woman and Other Poems House of God Church, 1939 “Growing Up in Washington: A Lucky (Johnson), 1918 housing, 1936, 1945, 1946, 1980, 1989 Generation” (Logan), 1888 Height, Dorothy Irene, 1977 Houston, Charles Hamilton, 1911, 1917, The Guide to Black Washington (Fitzpatrick and Helping Hand, 1957 1919, 1924, 1929, 1930, 1935, 1946, 1948, Goodwin), 1933, 1950 Henderson, Bernice G., 1948 1950, 1953, 1958 Henderson, Edwin Bancroft, 1904, 1920, Houston, Mary, 1911 1939, 1974 Houston, William L., 1911, 1919, 1921, 1930, Hagans, Ted, 1980 Henderson, Elmer W., 1942 1953 Haiti, 1800, 1862, 1877, 1889, 1958 Henderson, Stephen, 1977 Howard, Charles, 1867 Halfway House, 1918 Henry, James, 1875 Howard, Oliver Otis, 1865, 1867, 1974 Hall, Adolphus, 1871 Henry, Laurence, 1960 Howard Players, 1900 Hall, Anne Maria, 1810 Henson, Elizabeth, 1832 Howard Theatre, 1910, 1929, 1962, 1970, Hall, Ann G., 1948 Henson, Josiah, 1789, 1883 1975, 2000 Hall, R. David, 1991 Henson, Matilda (Matlinda), 1832 Howard University, 1948: Center for Sickle Hamilton, Ed, 1998 Henson, Matthew A., 1866 Cell Disease, 1972; Central Committee of Hamilton, West A., 1954 Henson, Tobias, 1813, 1832, 1833 Negro College Men organized, 1917; charter Hamlin, Hannibal, 1861 Herring, James, 1925, 1943 granted to, 1867; Dental College established, Hammond, Bernice, 1939 “Her Thirteen Black Soldiers” (A. Grimké), 1881; Department of Architecture, 1895; Hammond Dance Studios, 1939 1917 faculty, 1870, 1871, 1879, 1890, 1895, 1899, Hampton Institute, 1884, 1886, 1902 Hiawatha Theatre, 1944 1901, 1905, 1907, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912, Hampton, James, 1964 Hicks, George, 1820 1916, 1919, 1921, 1922, 1924, 1925, 1926, Hanafi Muslims, 1973, 1977 Highland Beach, 1901 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1933, 1935, 1937, Handy, James Albert, 1834, 1871 Hill, Polly, 1814 1938, 1940, 1943, 1945, 1953, 1954, 1957, Handy, W. C., 1944 Hilyer, Andrew Franklin, 1892, 1901 1958, 1960, 1961, 1964, 1969, 1974; first Hansberry, William Leo, 1922, 1953, 1959, Hilyer, Amanda, 1901 black president appointed to, 1927; Law 1965 history and culture, 1865, 1868, 1871, 1875, School begins accepting students, 1869; Happiness Hour (religious radio show), 1968 1881, 1882, 1894, 1897, 1899, 1900, 1905, Medical College established, 1868; Happy News Café, 1933 1914, 1915, 1916, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1921, Mississippi Project, 1968; Moorland- Harding, Warren G., 1921, 1923 1922, 1927, 1930, 1931, 1935, 1936, 1939, Spingarn Research Center, 1914, 1930, Hardy, Willie, 1974 1940, 1941, 1942, 1950, 1958, 1960, 1974, 1973, 1986; soccer team wins NCAA Harlan, Stephen, 1995 1982, 1986, 1992, 1994 Division I Championship, 1971 Harlem, 1923, 1926 History of Schools for the Colored Population in Howard University Players, 1921 Harlem Renaissance, 1905, 1918, 1925, 1974 the District of Columbia (Goodwin), 1810, Howard Welfare League, 1925 Harmon Foundation, 1878 1826, 1827, 1831, 1853, 1860 Hughes, Catherine “Cathy,” 1973, 1980

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Hughes, Dewey, 1980 Jackson, Fanny Muriel, 1837 Judge, Philadelphia, 1821 Hughes, Langston, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1944, Jackson, Jesse L., 1967, 1983, 1984, 1985, Jungle Inn, 1935, 1938, 1990 1954, 1967 1989, 1991, 2000 Junkyard Band, 1980 Human Kindness Day, 1974 Jackson, Samuel, 1948 Just, Ernest Everett, 1907, 1912, 1915, 1925, Humphrey, Hubert, 1946 Jacobs, Harriet, 1897 1954 Hunt, Ida Gibbs, 1919, 1921 James, C. L. R., 1989 Hunton, Alphaeus, Jr., 1936 Jamestown Exposition, 1907 Hurd v. Hodge, 1948 Janie Porter Barrett School, 1958 Kahane, Meir, 1977 Hurok, Sol, 1939 Jarvis, Charlene Drew, 1989, 1998 Kane, Betty Ann, 1979 Hurston/Wright Award, 1990 Jarvis Funeral Home, 1959 Kappa Alpha Psi, 1958 Hurston/Wright Writers’ Week, 1990 Jefferson, Burtell M., 1978 Kaunda, Kenneth, 1961 Hutchins, Emma J., 1870 Jefferson, Thomas, 1791, 1792, 1800, 1801 Keckley, Elizabeth, 1860, 1862 Hutchinson, Louise, 1967 Jennings, Benjamin, 1799 Kelly, Sharon Pratt, 1994. See also Dixon, Jennings, Paul, 1799, 1814, 1817, 1820, Sharon Pratt 1848 Kendrick, Dolores, 1994 Ickes, Harold, 1933, 1939 Jernagin, Cordelia Woolfolk, 1912 Kennedy, John F., 1960, 1961, 1963 Imani Temple, 1994 Jernagin, William Henry, 1912, 1919, 1950, Kennedy, Robert, 1961, 1968 Imru, Ras H. S., 1948 1953, 1954 Kephart, George, 1836 In Dahomey, 1898 Jeru-Ahmed, Hassan, 1971 Key, Francis Scott, 1817 Industrial Bank of Washington, 1913 Jewish Defense League (JDL), 1977 Khaalis, Hamaas Abdul, 1977 Ingram, John, 1849 John A. Wilson Building, 1990 Killens, John Oliver, 1977 Initiative 3, 1980 John R. Pinkett, Inc., 1958 Kinard, John R., 1967 Institute for Colored Youth (Philadelphia), Johnson, Alice, 1898 King, Coretta Scott, 1958 1837, 1886 Johnson, Andrew, 1865, 1866, 1867 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1955, 1957, 1965, Institute of African-American Relations, 1953 Johnson, Bruce, 1979 1967, 1968, 1971 Institution for the Education of Colored Youth, Johnson, Georgia Douglas, 1881, 1909, 1918, Kinlow, Eugene, Sr., 1979 1863 1920, 1925, 1935, 1954, 1966 Knight, Etheridge, 1965 integration, 1946, 1948, 1949, 1954, 1956, Johnson, Henry Lincoln, 1918 Krigwa Players, 1910 1958, 1961, 1965: of armed forces nursing Johnson, James Weldon, 1919 Ku Klux Klan, 1925, 1982 corps during World War II, campaign for, Johnson, Jason Miccolo, 1978 1934; of blacks into military, seeking of, Johnson, Jim, 1978 1939; in churches, 1820; of classrooms, Johnson, Karen, 1984 labor and unions, 1869, 1871, 1969 opposition to, 1810; convenes multiracial Johnson, Lyndon B., 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, La Comrades, 1957 group, 1870; of District schools bill is 1967, 1968 Lacy, Sam, 1955 defeated, 1871; of District school systems, Johnson, Mordecai Wyatt, 1926, 1928, 1946 Ladner, Joyce A., 1995 1874; of public schools ordered by Supreme Johnson, Robert, 1864 Lafayette Tavern, 1829 Court, 1955; of White House Easter egg Johnson, Terrence, 1978 L’ Allegro Glee Club, 1952 hunt, 1900 Johnson, William, 1861 Lamon, Ward H., 1861, 1862 “Integration or Separation,” 1961 John Wesley A.M.E. Zion Church, 1849, 1958, Landow, Nathan, 1980 Inter-Denominational Bible College, 1907, 1917 1959 Langston Golf Course, 1939, 1991 International Congress of Women, 1904 Joint Center for Political Studies, 1970 Langston, John Mercer, 1868, 1869, 1871, International Liberty Union of the World, 1915 Joint Committee on National Recovery, 1933 1876, 1877, 1890, 1897 Inter-Racial Section of Defense Savings Jones, Alfred, 1860 Langston Terrace, 1936 Program, 1944 Jones, Alfred E. (Puddin’ Head), 1959 Lankford, John Anderson, 1902 Interstate Commerce Act, 1942 Jones, Doris, 1961, 1983 The Last Ride of Wild Bill and Eleven Narrative Interstate Commerce Commission, 1942 Jones, Eugene Kinckle, 1933 Poems (Brown), 1975 In the Clearing (Miller), 1935 Jones, John, 1866 Laura Street Presbyterian Church Ionia R. Whipper Home for Unwed Mothers, Jones, Lois Mailou, 1974 (Jacksonville, Florida), 1885 1953 Jones, Maria, 1840 Lautier, Louis, 1955 Ira Aldridge Players of Grover Cleveland Jones, Marvin, 1978 law and medicine, 1863, 1865, 1868, 1869, School, 1900 Jones, O. T., 1956 1870, 1871, 1872, 1879, 1883, 1884, 1896, Iredell, Sara. See Fleetwood, Sara Iredell Jones, Pearl Williams, 1966 1897, 1898, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1911, 1912, Israel Bethel A.M.E. Church, 1821, 1822, Jones, William, 1920, 1925 1919, 1921, 1924, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1933, 1833, 1834, 1838, 1843, 1862, 1863 Jones, William V., 1956 1934, 1935, 1937, 1943, 1945, 1946, 1948, Israel Bethel Colored Methodist Episcopal Jordan, Absalom, 1988 1950, 1953, 1954, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, Church, 1820, 1821 Journal of a Residence and Tour of the United 1964, 1968, 1969, 1972, 1975, 1977, 1991 It Was Fun Working at the White House (Parks), States of North American (Abdy), 1826, Law, Eliza Custis, 1821 1929 1827, 1833 Lawson, Belford V., 1933, 1937 Journal of Negro Education, 1932 Lawson, Belford V., Jr., 1933 Journal of Negro History, 1848, 1857, 1860, Lawson, Jesse, 1907, 1917 Jackson, Andrew, 1829, 1833 1863, 1916, 1930, 1937, 1950 Lawson, Marjorie, 1962 Jackson, E. Franklin, 1958, 1959 J. R. Giddings School, 2000 Lawson, Rosetta E. Coakley, 1905, 1917

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Layton, John Turner, 1978 Lloyd, Earl, 1950 Marshall, Thurgood, 1951, 1954, 1974, 1979, Lear, Benjamin L., 1823 Lloyd’s Tavern, 1829 1993 LeDroit Park, 1888, 1919, 1924, 1925, 1929 Locke, Alain Leroy, 1954: appointed to faculty “Marsh Market,” 1801 LeDroit Tigers, 1937 of Howard University, 1912; establishes Martin, J. Sella, 1869, 1870 Lee, Alfred, 1860 Associates in Negro Folk Education Martin Luther King Jr. Public Library, 1972 Lee, Don L. See Madhubuti, Haki R. (ANFE), 1935; and Howard University Marvin, C. H., 1946 Lee, E. Brooke, Jr., 1982 Players, 1921; lobbies for African Studies Maryland Colonization Society, 1840 Lee, Norvell, 1948 Department at Howard, 1915, 1924, 1928; Mason, Hilda, 1971, 1977, 1990 Lee, Robert E., 1865 publishes The New Negro, 1925; selected as Masonic Temple, 1924, 1927 Lee, Spike, 1988 Rhodes Scholar, 1907 Mason, Thomas, 1814 Lee, Ulysses, 1941 Logan, Rayford Whittingham, 1888, 1900, Massachusetts 54th, 1863 Lend-A-Hand Club, 1931, 1953 1912, 1918, 1919, 1921, 1925, 1932, 1938, Masters, Cora, 1994 L’Enfant, Pierre Charles, 1791, 1801 1939, 1941, 1942, 1944, 1958, 1970, 1982 Matthews, Ralph, 1957 Lenox, Walter, 1853 Lomax, Alan, 1938 Mayfair Mansions, 1942 Leonard, Sugar Ray, 1976 Loomis, Silas L., 1868 Maynor, Dorothy, 1952 Les Amies, 1957 Lorton Reformatory, 1978 Mayo, James, 1967 “Les Amis de la Langue Francaise,” 1925 Love, Edgar A., 1911 Mazique, Edward C., 1956 “Letters of Davy Carr, a True Story of Colored Lovett, Edward P., 1933 Mboya, Tom, 1961 Vanity Fair” (Williams), 1925 Loving, Mildred, 1967 McAdoo, William, 1913 Lewis, David Levering, 1868 Loving, Richard, 1967 McCain, Franklin, 1960 Lewis, Henry, 1892 Loving v. Virginia, 1967 McCandless’s Tavern, 1829 Lewis, John Whitelaw, 1913 Lowe, Mr. (first instructor at Bell School), McCarthy, Joseph R., 1954 Lewis, William Henry, 1911 1807 McClellan, John L., 1954 Liberia, 1830, 1831, 1833, 1834, 1840, 1862, Minister Lucius, 1959 McCollough, Walter, 1983 1899 Lula B. Cooper French Beauty Salon, 1939 McCoy, Benjamin, 1833 Liberty Bonds, 1917 Lundy, Benjamin, 1828 McCoy, Fannie E., 1877 Library of Congress, 1861, 1868, 1871, 1898, Lyceum, Israel, 1864 McGinty, Derek, 1991 1901, 1938 Lyceum Observer, 1862 McGuire, R. Grayson, 1933 Like Men of War: Black Troops in the Civil War Lynch, Althea, 1862 McKenzie, Floretta, 1975 (Trudeau), 1864 lynching, 1893; anti-, crusaders, 1892 McKinlay, Whitfield, 1916 Lilacs for Voice and Orchestra (Walker), 1996 McKinley, William, 1897, 1901 Lincoln, Abraham, 1861, 1862, 1863, 1864, McLaughlin, Robert, 1958 1865 MacArthur, Douglas, 1932 McMillan, John L., 1972 Lincoln and the Negro (Quarles), 1865 Mack, Tom, 1981 McNeil, Joseph, 1960 Lincoln Colonnade, 1922, 1939, 1941 Madame Evanti, 1891, 1902, 1918, 1925, McNeill, Robert H., 1933 Lincoln-Douglas Debate Dinner, 1905 1942, 1943, 1967 Medical Society of Washington, 1884 Lincoln Heights Dwellings, 1946 Madhubuti, Haki R., 1965, 1977 Medico-Chirurgical Society of the District of Lincoln, Mary Todd, 1860, 1862 Madison, Dolley, 1817 Columbia, 1884 Lincoln Memorial, 1922, 1939, 1957, 1958, Madison, James, 1799, 1809, 1812, 1813 Meridian Hill Park. See Malcolm X Park 1963, 1968 Malcolm X (El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz), 1961, The Messenger, 1917, 1925 Lincoln Memorial Temple Congregational 1964, 1965, 1977 Metcalf, Ralph, 1971 Church, 1954 Malcolm X Day, 1978, 1989 Metropolitan African Methodist Episcopal Lincoln Park, 1876 Malcolm X Park, 1974, 1979, 1982, 1984 Church, 1881, 1886, 1892, 1893, 1895, “Lincoln Thanksgiving Pilgrimage,” 1954 Malone, Mike, 1974 1913 Lincoln Theatre, 1922, 1984, 1991 Mamout, Yarrow, 1820 Metropolitan Baptist Church, 1864, 1961 Lincoln University, 1906, 1926 Mannequins, 1957 Metropolitan Memorial Church, 1965 Lindsay, Melvin, 1976 manumission, 1782, 1796, 1807, 1810, 1818, Mexican campaign, 1916 Lindsay, Mildred, 1947 1823, 1825, 1840, 1844 Mexican Revolution, 1899 Lindsay, Vachel, 1925 March, Fredric, 1947 Meyers, Isaac, 1869 Lisner Auditorium, 1946, 1947 March on Washington, 1993 Michaux, Elder Lightfoot Solomon, 1933, literature, 1874, 1881, 1898, 1899, 1900, March on Washington Committee, 1941 1942, 1947, 1958, 1961, 1968, 1970 1901, 1906, 1909, 1910, 1913, 1914, 1917, March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, Michaux’s Church of God, 1933 1918, 1921, 1923, 1927, 1929, 1935, 1936, 1963 Midnight Frolics (Florenz Ziegfeld), 1883, 1937, 1939, 1940, 1942, 1944, 1950, 1954, Margolis, Carolyn, 1967 1957 1957, 1960, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1974, 1977, Marino, Eugene A., 1974 Miles, Catherine, 1830 1984, 1990, 1994 Marion, Will. See Cook, Will Marion Miles, Willie L., 1960 Little Ark, 1814, 1816 Marriott Wardman Park Hotel, 1925 Military District of Washington, 1862 “Little Ebenezer” Methodist Episcopal Church, Marshall, C. Herbert, 1954 military service, 1863, 1864, 1865, 1877, 1820 Marshall, George C., 1943, 1957, 1959, 1967 1887, 1888, 1896, 1898, 1899, 1905, 1912, “Little Society of Nine.” See John Wesley Marshall, Harriet Gibbs, 1903 1913, 1917, 1918, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1950, A.M.E. Zion Church Marshall Heights Community Development 1954, 1965, 1998 Liverpool, Moses, 1807 Organization (MHCDO), 1979 Militia Act, 1862

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Miller, Annie May (Butler), 1899 Mugabe, Robert, 1980 National Black Feminist Organization, 1964 Miller, E. Ethelbert, 1950, 1974 Muhammad, Elijah, 1959, 1961, 1964 National Capital Country Club, 1925 Miller, Kelly, 1890, 1897, 1899, 1907, 1925, Murphy, Carl, 1920, 1934 National Capital Housing Authority (NCHA), 1926, 1929, 1934, 1938, 1939 Murray Brothers Printing Company, 1908, 1934, 1961, 1971 Miller, May, 1935. See Sullivan, May Miller 1964 National Capital Park and Planning Million Man March, 1995 Murray, Daniel Alexander Payne, 1861, 1871, Commission (NCPPC), 1945, 1954 Milloy, Courtland, 1983 1898, 1899 National Colored Labor Union, 1869 Miner, Charles, 1829 Murray, Pauli, 1943 National Committee on Segregation in the Miner Fund, 1870 Muse, Lindsay, 1828 Nation’s Capital, 1946, 1948 Miner, George W., 1946 musicians, 1867, 1869, 1873, 1881, 1883, National Conferences on the Problems of the Miner, Myrtilla, 1850, 1852, 1853, 1863, 1870 1890, 1891, 1892, 1893, 1895, 1898, 1899, Negro and Negro Youth, 1937 Miner Normal School, 1876, 1930 1901, 1903, 1905, 1910, 1916, 1918, 1919, National Convention of Colored Men, 1868 Miner School, 1829, 1850, 1860 1921, 1922, 1925, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1938, National Council of Negro Women, 1935, Miner Teachers College, 1891, 1977 1939, 1940, 1942, 1944, 1948, 1952, 1958, 1955, 1977, 1986 Minton, Henry, 1911 1959, 1961, 1962, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, National Democratic Fair Play Association, Mitchell, Arthur, 1934, 1941 1972, 1973, 1975, 1980, 1989, 1994, 1995, 1913 Mitchell, Bobby, 1962, 1968 1996 National Equal Rights League of Colored Men, Mitchell, Jesse, 1913 Muslims, 1820 1867, 1919 Mitchell, Parren, 1971 Mu-So-Lit Club, 1905, 1957 National Era, 1847 Miya Gallery, 1976 Mystic Hypnotism, 1957 National Federation of Afro-American Women, Model Inner City Community Organization My Thirty Years Backstairs at the White House 1896 (MICCO), 1967 (Parks), 1909 National Football League Owners, 1957 Moens, H. M. B., 1919 National Fraternal Council of Negro Churches, Molyneux, Tom, 1784 1912 Molyneux, Zachary, 1784 Nabrit, James M., 1950, 1952, 1953, 1961 National Freedmen’s Relief Association, 1862, Momyer, William, 1943 Narrative of Sojourner Truth, 1864 1864 Mondale, Walter, 1984 National Afro-American Press Association, National Gallery of Art, 1878 Fort Monroe, 1861 1889 National Guard, 1887, 1896, 1897, 1916, Monroe, James, 1817 National Annual Conference of Afro-American 1917, 1948 Montgomery Street Methodist Church, 1814, Writers, 1974, 1977 National Historic Landmarks, 1974, 1975, 1816 National Archives for Black Women’s History, 1976, 1995 Montreal Olympic Games, 1976 1982 National Historic Sites, 1982 Moore, Alice Ruth, 1898 National Association for the Advancement of National Intelligencer, 1831, 1841, 1853 Moore, Dorothy Rudd, 1968 Colored People (NAACP), 1913, 1953, National Intelligencer and Washington Moore, Douglas E., 1971, 1974 1954, 1956, 1957, 1963: appoints Charles Advertiser, 1801 Moore-Forrest, Marie, 1921 H. Houston special counsel, 1935; Archibald National League of Colored Women, 1896 Moore, Hazel Rasheeda, 1990 Grimké becomes president emeritus of, National Medical Society, 1870, 1884 Moore, Howard, 1970 1925; awards Spingarn Medal to Ernest Just, National Museum of American History, 1964 Moore, Jerry A., 1946, 1961, 1974 1915; awards Spingarn Medal to Marian National Negro Business League, 1900, 1953 Moore, Thomas W., Jr., 1971 Anderson, 1939; awards Spingarn Medal to National Negro Congress, 1936; Police Moorland, Jesse E., 1914, 1930 William Hastie, 1943; begins publishing The Brutality Committee, 1947 Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, 1914, Crisis, 1910; criticizes U.S. War Department National Negro Opera Company, 1942, 1943 1930, 1973, 1986 for segegration of Gold Star mothers, 1930; National Park Service, 1982, 1991 Morse, Leonard, 1914 designates January 26 as “National Defense National Political Congress of Black Women, Morse, Samuel, 1844 Day,” 1941; establishes Marian Anderson 1964 Morse Telegraph Company, 1844 Citizens Committee with civil rights leaders, National Press Club, 1955 Morton, Jelly Roll, 1935, 1938 1939; establishment of, 1909; formation of National Rainbow Coalition, 1983 Morton, Louis, 1983 Washington branch, 1912; investigates National Recovery Administration (NRA), Moryck, Brenda Ray, 1927 Washington riots, 1919; militant blacks 1933 Moss, Annie Lee, 1954 become disenchanted with, 1920; Niagara National Register of Historic Places, 1991 Moten, Lucy Ellen, 1893 Movement, as precursor of, 1905; Spingarn National Theatre, 1838, 1873, 1931, 1947, Moton, Robert Russa, 1917, 1922 Medal, 1915, 1919, 1935, 1939, 1943, 1950, 1948, 1951, 1955 Moulton, Forrest, 1948 1951, 1955, 1956, 1957 National Trade and Professional School for Moultrie, H. Carl, Sr., 1991 National Association of Colored Graduate Women and Girls, 1961 M Street High School, 1891, 1892, 1893, 1900, Nurses, 1934, 1951 National Training School for Women and 1901, 1902, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1909, 1910, National Association of Colored Women, Girls, 1909 1911, 1914, 1916, 1919, 1932, 1964 1896, 1936, 1954, 1958 National Urban Coalition, 1988 Mt. Carmel Baptist Church, 1912 National Association of Colored Women’s National Urban League, 1994 Mt. Zion Cemetery, 1879 Clubs, 1954, 1982 Nation of Islam, 1973, 1977, 1989, 1995; Mt. Zion Methodist Church, 1823 National Association of Negro Musicians, Temple No. 4, 1959 Mt. Zion Methodist Episcopal Church, 1816 1919, 1952 Navy Yard, 1799, 1807, 1812 Mt. Zion United Methodist Church, 1991 National Baptist Convention, 1909 Navy Yard Bridge, 1863

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INDEX

Neal, Gaston T., 1971 “Not That Far” (Miller), 1974 Perry, Lavinia, 1839 Neal, Lucy, 1814 Nugent, Richard Bruce, 1905 Pershing, John, 1919 The Negro Caravan, 1941 Nugent, Shadrack, 1814 Pettigrew, Amos, 1862 Negro Community Council of the National Phi Beta Sigma fraternity, 1914 Capital Area, 1963 Phillips, Channing E., 1971 Negro Convention Movement, 1834 Oberlin Preparatory School Conservatory of Phipps, Benjamin, 1831 Negro History Bulletin, 1937 Music, 1869 Phyllis Wheatley YWCA, 1905 Negro History in Thirteen Plays (Miller), 1935 Oberlin University, 1837, 1855 Pigskin Club, 1957, 1958 Negro History Week, 1950 Oblate Sisters of Providence, 1829, 1830 Pinchback, Nina, 1893 The Negro in American Culture (Locke), 1954 Odd Fellows Temple, 1924 Pinchback, Pinckney Benton Stewart, 1893, The Negro in American Fiction (Brown), 1937 Odegard, Peter, 1946 1894 The Negro in American Life and Thought: The Olney, Dan, 1936 Pinckney, Cornelia A., 1877 Nadir, 1877–1901 (Logan), 1912, 1913 Omega Psi Phi, 1911 Pinkett, Flaxie, 1959 The Negro in Athletics (Henderson), 1939 Oneida Institute, 1873 Pinkett, John Randolph, Sr., 1932, 1958, 1959 The Negro in Slavery, War and Peace, 1862 “Operation Breadbasket,” 1967 Pinkett, Roscoe, 1958 The Negro in the Making of America (Quarles), Operation Cabin Guard, 1968 Pittman, William Sidney, 1853, 1907, 1958 1913 Opportunity magazine, 1906, 1926, 1927, 1928 Pittsburgh Courier, 1939 Negro National League, 1937, 1943 Orange, Vincent, 1986 Pitts, Helen, 1884 Negro Poetry and Drama (Brown), 1937 Organic Act, 1874, 1878 Playwrights’ Circle, 1900 “The Negro Problem in America” (Cooper), Organization of Afro-American Unity, 1964 Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 1900 Orr, Henry, 1823 Plotkin, Mark, 1991 Neighbors, Inc., 1958 Osborne, Albert R., 1971 Poems (Miller), 1935 Nell, William C., 1847 Ouanga (White), 1949 Poindexter, Hildrus A., 1943 Nevius, John A., 1971 Overton, Evelyn F., 1942 Polk, James K., 1845 New Bethel Baptist Church, 1971 Owen, Chandler, 1917, 1920 Poor People’s Campaign, 1967, 1968 New Deal, 1957 Poor People’s March, 1963, 1968 New Era, 1870 “Poor People’s March on Washington,” 1967 New Jersey Street Manual Training and Pace, Gladys E., 1942 Porgy and Bess, 1931 Industrial School, 1916 Padmore, George, 1957 Porter, Dorothy, 1930 Newman, Constance, 1995 “Pan African Day,” 1974 Porter, Henry, 1831 New National Era, 1874 Pandora’s Box (Miller), 1935 Porter, James Amos, 1930, 1953, 1965 The New Negro (Locke), 1925 Pannell, N. T., 1915 Port Hudson, 1863 New Negro Alliance, 1933, 1934, 1937, 1961 Pannell, R. L., 1915 Positve Image, 1978 New Negro Alliance Day, 1937 Paris Exposition (1900), 1899 Potter, Henry, 1809, 1810, 1820 New Negro movement, 1918 Parker, George A., 1930 Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr., 1944, 1958, 1967, New Negro Opinion, 1933 Parker, John A., 1877 1969 Newton, Huey, 1966 Parker, Robert, 1944 Powell, Colin, 1998 New York Amsterdam News, 1938 Parks, Gordon, 1942, 1944 Powell v. McCormack, 1969 Niagara Movement, 1905, 1963 Parks, Lillian Rogers, 1909, 1929 Pratt, Rachel Bell, 1801, 1810, 1826, 1828 Nichols, William, 1821 Parks, Rosa, 1955 Pratt, Thomas G., 1801 Nineteenth Amendment, 1920 Patterson, Frederick D., 1901 “Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom,” 1957 Nineteenth Street Baptist Church, 1828, 1839, Patterson, Mary J., 1871, 1879 Preparatory School, 1870, 1871, 1877, 1879, 1848, 1870, 1877, 1882, 1896, 1946, 1961, Paul Dunbar High School, 1916 1884, 1886, 1887, 1891 1975 Payne, Daniel Alexander, 1821, 1843, 1862, Presidential Committee on Civil Rights, 1946, 99th Pursuit Squadron, 1941, 1942, 1943 1881 1947 9th Cavalry, 1877, 1898, 1899 Payne, Ethel L., 1953, 1982, 1984 President’s Committee on Government 9th Corps, 1864 Payne, George, 1862 Contract Compliance, 1951 Nixon, Richard M., 1969, 1973, 1974, 1991 Paynter, John, 1848 Price, Augustus, 1835 Nix, Robert, 1971 Pearis, Ella, 1976 Price, Hugh, 1994 Nkrumah, Kwame, 1972 Pearl (ship), 1848 Pride, Inc., 1967, 1971, 1973, 1981 Nnamdi, Kojo, 1985 Pearl Harbor, 1941 Prince Hall Masonic Temple, 1922 “No Images” (Cuney), 1906 Pearl Williams-Jones Soul Trio, 1972 Proctor, Thomas, 1844 Non-Criminal Police Surveillance Act, 1977 Pearson, Drew, 1955 The Progress of the Negro Race (Olney), 1936 Non-Violent Action Group, 1960 Peary, Robert, 1866 Prosser, Gabriel, 1800, 1801 Norrel, Doris M., 1948 Peets, Elbert, 1951 protests, 1888, 1933, 1947, 1948, 1954, 1955, North Pole, 1866 Pennsylvania Avenue Development 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1963, 1964, 1966, North Star, 1847, 1848 Corporation, 1979 1967, 1968, 1969, 1985: anti-Klan, 1982; Northup, Solomon, 1839, 1841, 1842, 1843, Pennsylvania Society for the Relief of Free freedom rides, 1961; by Howard University 1850, 1852, 1853 Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage, 1792 students, 1943; injunction stops New Negro Norton, Edward Worthington, 1964 People’s Advocate, 1876 Alliance, 1934; Lisner Auditorium, 1946; Norton, Eleanor Holmes, 1850, 1978, 1984, People’s Church of Boston, 1864 National Negro Congress is formed, 1936; of 1990, 1992, 1994 People’s Party, 1972 New Negro Alliance, 1933; organized by

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Rayford Logan, 1918; against segregation in Reed, Philip, 1863 Saulsbury, Willard, 1870 military, 1941; against segregation in Reed, Vincent E., 1975, 1979 Sayres, Edmund, 1848 National Theatre, 1931; sit-ins, 1960 Reese, Jack, 1831 School for Negroes, 1796 Prout, John, 1822, 1825, 1830, 1834 Reeves, Frank, 1960, 1961, 1970, 1986 schools, 1821, 1833, 1841, 1947: attempts to Provident Hospital (Chicago), 1894 Referendum Act, 1977 fund public schools for black children, Provine, Dorothy, 1857, 1860 Reggae Festival, Inc., 1982 1864; for blacks, 1809, 1810, 1812, 1818, publications (books; magazines; newspapers), “Remembering U Street” festival, 1994 1822, 1823, 1827, 1833; for black students 1792, 1801, 1807, 1812, 1813, 1815, 1816, Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln by improve, 1868; Congress mandates funding 1817, 1819, 1826, 1830, 1831, 1833, 1834, Distinguished Men of His Time (Allen of colored public, 1864; Congress requires 1835, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1843, 1847, 1848, Thorndike Rice), 1865 separate public schools for blacks, 1862; 1850, 1852, 1853, 1857, 1859, 1860, 1862, Republican (newspaper), 1879 for ex-slaves, 1862; fight to desegregate 1863, 1864, 1865, 1867, 1870, 1872, 1873, Republican clubs, 1866 District, 1871; first African American 1874, 1876, 1879, 1882, 1893, 1901, 1902, resettlement, 1816, 1862. See also colonization teacher in District, 1810; for free blacks, 1904, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1912, Residence Bill, 1790 1804, 1830, 1836, 1853; for girls, 1820; 1913, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1921, Resolute Beneficial Society, 1818, 1822 industrial, set up on grounds of Campbell 1922, 1923, 1925, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, Resurrection City, 1968 Hospital, 1865; kindergartens introduced 1932, 1933, 1934, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1940, Reuther, Walter, 1946 into colored public, 1892; set up be 1941, 1942, 1944, 1946, 1954, 1955, 1957, Revels, Hiram, 1870, 1871 Freedmen’s Bureau, 1865; track system in, 1959, 1961, 1963, 1964, 1971, 1990, 1994 Reyburn, Robert, 1868, 1884 1964, 1967; vandalization and destruction Public Works Administration, 1933 Rialto Theatre, 1938, 1939 of, 1835. See also specific schools Purvis, Robert, 1830 Rice, Ella, 1954 School Without Walls, 1994 Pushkin, Alexander, 1878 Rice, Moses P., 1900 Schwartz, Carol, 1986, 1994 Puzzles (Cuney), 1960 Richardson, Willis, 1910 science, 1731, 1792, 1876, 1907, 1912 Richmond, David, 1960 Scott, Blanche L., 1942 Richmond Enquirer, 1859 Scott, Clarissa, 1920 Qualls, Charles, 1954 Robert H. Terrell Law School, 1931 Scott, Dred, 1857 Quarles, Benjamin, 1865, 1913 Roberts, George S., 1942 Scott, Emmett, 1920, 1957 Queen Elizabeth II (of England), 1979, 1991 Robeson, Paul, 1947 Scott, Roland, 1972 Queenettes, 1957 Robey’s Tavern, 1829, 1832, 1835 Scott, Walter L., Jr., 1957 Quesada, Pete, 1961 Robinson, Hilyard, 1936, 1941, 1954 Scraps of African Methodist Episcopal History The Quiet Storm, 1976 Robinson, Jackie, 1956, 1958 (Handy), 1834 Robinson, Randall, 1984 Scurlock, Addison, 1900, 1907, 1911, 1954, Rock, 1992 1964 Race Adjustment (Miller), 1907 Rock, John, 1865 Scurlock Collection, 1964 race riots, 1835; East St. Louis, 1917; “Red Rogers, Lillian. See Parks, Lillian Rogers Scurlock, Robert S., 1954 Summer,” 1919; Snow riots, 1830 Rogers, Maggie, 1909, 1929 Seale, Bobby, 1966, 1978 Radio One, Inc., 1980 Rolark, Calvin, 1964, 1994 Second Baptist Church, 1848 Ramsay, Catharine, 1823 Rolark, Wilhelmina, 1974, 1978, 1988, 1991, Second Pan-African Congress, 1921 Ramsay, Charles, 1998 1992 Seeger, Mike, 1940 Ramsay, William, 1823 Roman Catholic Church, 1889 Seeger, Peggy, 1940 Ramsey, Charles, 1988 Roosevelt, Eleanor, 1936, 1937, 1939, 1946 segregation, 1814, 1904, 1947, 1948, 1950, Randall Community Players, 1900 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 1933, 1937, 1940, 1954: becomes legal in District, 1901; black Randall, Dudley, 1914, 1965 1941, 1945, 1961 political activists testify protesting increase Randolph, A. Philip, 1917, 1920, 1936, 1941, Roosevelt, Theodore, 1901, 1905 of, 1916; of blood supplies, Dr. Charles 1957, 1958 Ross, Araminta. See Tu bman, Harriet Drew protests, 1943; Charles H. Houston Randolph, James, 1817 Rossiter, P. S., 1948 takes over NAACP legal strategy against, Randolph, John, 1816 Ross, Mac, 1942 1935; at dedication of Lincoln Memorial, Rangel, Charles, 1971 Ross, Mamie (Brooks), 1901 1922; de facto, 1967; in dining cars is The Raw Pearl (Bailey), 1922 Ross, Robert, 1812 violation of Interstate Commerce Act, 1942; Ray, Charlotte, 1872 Ross, William, 1901 end of, in public schools, 1954; in federal Ray, John, 1978, 1984, 1989, 1993, 1994 Rothenberg, Dan, 1946 agencies, Wilson ushers in new era of, 1913; Razaf, Andy, 1944, 1972 Ruffin, Josephine St. Pierre, 1896 of Fire Department in Washington, D.C., Razafinkeriefo, Andreamentania Paul. See Rustin, Bayard, 1961, 1968 1919; of Gold Star mothers by U.S. War Razaf, Andy Department, 1930; Ida B. Wells-Barnett Reagan, Ronald, 1981 fights, 1913; of interstate travel, upheld by Reagon, Bernice Johnson, 1973 Sahdji, an African Ballet (Nugent), 1905 Supreme Court, 1907; of lunch counters at Reconstruction, 1917, 1919 Samuel Coleridge-Taylor Choral Society, 1901 Peoples Drug Store, 1933; in military, Recreation and Amusement Among Negroes in Sanchez, Sonia, 1965 protests against, 1941; NAACP takes Washington, D.C. (Jones), 1920, 1925 Sanjuan, Pedro, 1961 leadership role in fighting, 1913; in National Redevelopment Land Agency, 1945, 1951, Saturday Circle, 1881 Theatre, 1931; Plessy v. Ferguson legalizes, 1958, 1966, 1980 Saturday Morning in the South (Johnson), 1918 1896; policies of DAR, 1939; prohibition “Red Summer,” 1919 Saturday Nighters, 1881, 1910, 1918, 1925, 1935 of, 1964; protests against, in federal

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segregation (Continued), slave trade, 1826, 1836: Congress enacts gag St. Luke’s Episcopal Church, 1873, 1879, 1895, government, 1913; protests against, in rule pertaining to, 1836; in District of 1897, 1919, 1976 restaurants and theaters, 1943; Rayford Columbia, 1808, 1828, 1829, 1839; St. Martin de Porres, 1864 Logan book demands end to racial, 1944; outlawed in District of Columbia, 1850; St. Martin’s Church, 1864 Sojourner Truth opposes, 1865; on street outlawing of international, 1808 stock market crash, 1929 cars, 1863, 1864; of troops during WWI, Slowe, Lucy Diggs, 1908, 1919, 1922 Stockton, John, 1870 1918; unconstitutionality of, 1946; William Sly and the Family Stone, 1970 Stokes, Louis, 1971 H. Jernagin challenges, 1912; Woodrow Smith, Carolyn, 1977 Stone, Chuck, 1961, 1971 Wilson gets angry after concerns are Smith, David, 1821, 1822 Storer College, 1864 presented regarding, 1914. See also Smith, Fannie Shippen, 1881 Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 1789, 1847, 1852 discrimination Smith, Frank, 1982 St. Paul (church), 1856 Segregation in Washington, 1948 Smith, Henry, 1893 Street, Elwood, 1929 Selassie, Haile, 1948 Smith, John C., 1841 Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee Selective Service Act, 1917 Smith, Louise A., 2000 (SNCC), 1964, 1965, 1969, 1973, 1978, Senate Permanent Investigating Committee, Smith, Sam, 1971, 1979 1979, 1982 1954 Smithsonian Institution, 1852, 1871, 1878, St. Vincent de Paul Players, 1900 “separate but equal” principle, 1896 1964, 1967, 1973, 1974 Suburban Gardens, 1920 Seventh War Loan drive, 1944 Smith’s Southern Hotel, 1829 suffrage, for blacks, 1874: Convention of Seward, William Henry, 1862 Smothers, Henry, 1822, 1825 Colored Men petitions Congress for, 1866; Shackleton, Polly, 1974 Smothers School, 1825, 1841 Fourteenth Amendment penalizes states for Shadd, Absalom, 1835 Snow, Benjamin, 1835 denying, 1868; Georgetown and Share My World (Johnson), 1918 Snow race riots, 1830 Washington hold referendum on, 1865; Sharpe, Melvin, 1950 Society of Black Composers, 1968 Johnson vetoes bill for, 1866; Mary Ann Shaw, Evelyn D., 1893 Sojourner Truth Home, 1885, 1895 Shadd Cary attends Woman Suffrage Shaw Heritage Center, 1995 Soldier’s Retreat, 1863 Convention, 1870; Mary Ann Shadd Cary Shaw Junior High School, 1919, 1924, 1978 “Solidarity Day,” 1968 registers to vote in District, 1871; petition Shaw Project Area Committee, 1977 “The Song of Hiawatha” (Coleridge-Taylor), to Congress requesting, in District of Shaw, Robert Gould, 1863 1903 Columbia, 1864 Shelby, Richard, 1992 sororities, 1908, 1913, 1920, 1959 Sullivan, May Miller, 1881, 1899, 1974 Shepard, Alexander, 1871 Soul Searchers, 1980 Sumner, Charles, 1856, 1863, 1865, 1871 Sherman, William Tecumseh, 1864 Southern Aid Society, 1920 Sumner School, 1877 Shiloh Baptist Church, 1912, 1959 Southern Christian Leadership Conference Fort Sumter, 1861 Sigma Pi Phi, 1911 (SCLC), 1957, 1961, 1963, 1967, 1971, 1978 Sunday Item, 1879 Sinatra, Frank, 1961 Southern Conference on Human Welfare, 1946 Survey Graphic magazine, 1925, 1942 Singletary, Edward A., 1995 “Southern Manifesto,” 1956 Suter’s Tavern, 1791 Singleton, Moses “Pap,” 1878 Southern Road (Brown), 1975 Swart, James, 1978 Sizemore, Barbara, 1975 Spaulding, William R., 1974 Sweeney, Al, 1955 Skinner, Charles S., 1917 Special Protocol Service Section, 1961 Sweet Honey in the Rock, 1973 The Slabtown District Convention (Burroughs), Spencer, Ruth B., 1956 Swing Shift Dances, 1944 1909 Spingarn, Arthur B., 1930 Symington, Stuart, 1954 Slaughter, Henry, 1958 Spingarn High School, 1975 Syphax, William, 1865 slavecatchers, 1850 Spingarn, Joel, 1917 slaveholders, 1828, 1831, 1833: forms to free Spingarn Medal, 1915, 1919, 1935, 1939, slaves available to, 1820; Fugitive Slave Act 1943, 1950, 1951, 1955, 1956, 1957 Taft, William H., 1909, 1948 and, 1850; monetary compensation for, Spirit of Washington, 1991 Tall Girls, 1957 1862 Spock, Benjamin, 1972 Tanner, Alethia Browning, 1800, 1810, 1826, slave revolts, 1800, 1831: discovery of alleged, The Sporting Girl, 1901 1828, 1830, 1832, 1841 1838 Sprague, Rosetta, 1896 Tasby, Willie, 1961 slavery: abolished by Thirteenth Amendment, Stallings, George Augustus, Jr., 1989, 1994 Tate, Loretta, 1979 1865; benefit program to help many buy Stantontown community, 1813 Taylor, A. Langston, 1914 freedom from, 1833; escape from, 1810, The Star of Ethiopia (DuBois), 1915 Taylor, Billy, 1921, 1969, 1994 1848; foreshadowing of coming struggle Statehood Party, 1971, 1974, 1977 Taylor, Carrie E., 1877 over, 1859; free blacks sold into, 1817, St. Augustine’s Catholic Church, 1858, 1860, Taylor, Zachary, 1849 1841; outlawed in District of Columbia, 1864 Temple of Freedom Under God, 1958 1862 Staupers, Mabel Keaton, 1934, 1941, 1951 Temporary Committee for the Negro in Mass slaves: advertisement for purchase of, 1822; Steuart Petroleum, 1979 Communication, 1963 being held illegally, Benevolent Society of Stevens, R. C., 1961 “Ten Blocks from the White House” Alexandria established to liberate, 1826; cost Stewart, Billy, 1962, 1970 (Washington Post), 1968 of, 1835; district jail in use as pen for, 1862; Stewart, Charles, 1838 10th Cavalry, 1898 escaped, declared contraband, 1861; Stewart, Paul R., 1948 Terrell, Mary Church, 1887, 1891, 1893, runaway, 1810, 1848, 1856. See also St. Frances Academy for Colored Girls, 1829 1895, 1896, 1903, 1906, 1917, 1933, 1940, Underground Railroad; taxes on, 1816 St. John’s Episcopal Church, 1821 1949, 1950, 1953, 1954, 1975

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Terrell, Robert Herberton, 1887, 1891, 1899, True Reformer Building, 1853, 1902, 1903, segregationist measures in, 1913; Oscar 1901, 1910, 1925, 1975 1937, 1998 DePriest elected to, 1928 Terrence Johnson Legal Defense Fund Truman, Harry S, 1945, 1946, 1948, 1949, U.S. Senate: approves presidential appointment Committee, 1978 1951 of Frederick Douglass, 1877; Blanche Kelso Thanksgiving Day Howard-Lincoln football Trumwell, William, 1814 Bruce seated in, 1875; NAACP opposes game, 1920 Truth, Sojourner, 1864, 1865 segregationist measures in, 1913 theater, 1881, 1885, 1900, 1901, 1905, 1907, Tu bman, Harriet, 1820, 1896 U.S. Supreme Court, 1946, 1948, 1952, 1953, 1910, 1915, 1918, 1920, 1921, 1923, 1940, Tucker, Sterling, 1956, 1958, 1963, 1968, 1967: admission of first black lawyer to, 1948, 1949, 1970, 1978, 1995 1974, 1975, 1978 1865; denies full citizenship to African “The First Negro Churches in the District of Turner, Henry McNeal, 1862, 1863 Americans, 1857; ends efforts to ensure Columbia” (Cromwell), 1821, 1863 Tu rner, Maurice T., Jr., 1978, 1981, 1989 rights guaranteed in Fourteenth Theodore Roosevelt Island, 1863 Tu rner Memorial Church, 1954 Amendment, 1883; ends segregation in They Knew Lincoln (Washington), 1862, 1863, Tu rner, Nat, 1831 public schools, 1954; establishes “separate 1865, 1877, 1879, 1884, 1888, 1942 Tu rner Rebellion, 1831 but equal” principle, 1896; New Negro 3rd Louisiana Native Guards, 1863 Tuskegee Air Field, 1941 Alliance has case heard by, 1933; orders Thirteenth Amendment, 1865 “Tuskegee Experiment,” 1941 integration of public schools, 1955; rules Thomas, Alma, 1924, 1978 Tuskegee Institute, 1901, 1907, 1941, 1953, city cannot prohibit New Negro Alliance Thomas, Henry, Sr., 1986 1958, 1961 from picketing, 1937; rules segregated Thomas, Larry Erskine, 1967 12th Street YMCA, 1853, 1956, 1958, 1967, dining cars violate Interstate Commerce Thomas, Lorenzo, 1863 1972 Act, 1942; rules separate facilities in Thomas, Mary E. M., 1877 Twelve Years a Slave: Narrative of Solomon railroad travel must be substantially equal, Thomas, Neval H., 1920, 1930 Northup, 1841, 1843, 1850, 1852, 1853 1941; upholds right of railroads to Thompson, Anna, 1819 25th Infantry, 1898 segregate interstate travel, 1907 Thompson, Edna, 1918 24th Infantry, 1898, 1917, 1950 U Street/Cardozo Metro station, 1991 Thorne, M. Franklin, 1933 Twenty-third Amendment, 1961 U.S. War Department, 1863, 1941 Thornton, Mrs. William, 1835 Twyman, Lawrence Dunbar, III, 1964 Thornton, William, 1816 Tyler, John, 1841 “Thoughts on the Colonization of Free Blacks” Tymous, William, 1947 Van Buren, Martin, 1837 (Finley), 1816 Vance, Cyrus, 1968 332nd Fighter Group, 1943 van der Rohe, Miles, 1972 351st Field Artillery, 1917 Uline Arena, 1947 Van Lommel, John, 1827 366th Combat Infantry Regiment, 1941 Uline, Michael, 1947 Van Ness, General, 1817 Three Musketeers, 1911 Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe), 1789, 1847 Vickers, George, 1870 Throne of the Third Heaven of the Nations Underground Railroad, 1820, 1821, 1856 vigilantism, growth of white, 1919 Millennium General Assembly (Hampton), Union, 1860, 1861, 1862 Virginia Union University, 1925 1964 Union Army, 1861, 1863 Volador (ship), 1831 Thurgood Marshall Center for Service and Union Bethel Church, 1838 Voting Rights Act of 1965, 1965 Heritage, 1995 Union League Directory, 1892, 1901 Voting Rights Amendment, 1978 Thurmond, Strom, 1970 Union League Hall, 1869 Tibbs, Lillian “Madame Evanti” Evans. See Union League of District of Columbia, 1892 Madame Evanti Union Seminary, 1822, 1834, 1835, 1841 Wadsworth, James S., 1862 Tibbs, Roy, 1918 Union Temple Baptist Church, 1978, 1989 Fort Wagner, 1863 Tibeats, John M., 1842 Union Wesley A.M.E. Zion Church, 1848 Waldron, John Milton, 1912 Till, Emmett, 1955 United Auto Workers, 1961 Walker, Charles L., 1977 Tobriner, Walter N., 1960 United Black Fund, 1994 Walker, George, 1898 Tolton, Augustus, 1889 United House of Prayer for All People, 1960, Walker, George Theophilus, 1996 Toomer, Jean, 1894, 1904, 1914, 1920, 1921, 1983 Walker, James Edward, 1896, 1916, 1923, 1934, 1967 United Order of True Reformers, 1902 1917 Toppers, 1957 University of the District of Columbia, 1977, Walker, Theodore Micajah, 1919 Torrey, Jesse, 1807, 1815, 1816, 1817, 1821 1978, 1989, 1994 Walker, Theophilus, 1922 “To Secure These Rights,” 1947 Unseld, Wes, 1978 Wallach, Richard, 1867 Tourmobile, 1981 Urban Coalition, 1971 Waller, Thomas “Fats,” 1972 Training School for Nurses (Freedmen’s Urban League, 1958, 1963, 1968 Wall of Honor, 1998 Hospital), 1894, 1896 urban renewal projects, 1945, 1951, 1954, WAMU (radio station), 1991 Travis, Hark, 1831 1955, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1963, 1966, 1967, Ward, Congressman, 1826 Travis, Joseph, 1831 1977 Ward, James, 1933 Treadwell, Mary, 1967, 1973, 1981 U.S. Civil Rights Commission, 1971 Wardman Park Hotel, 1925 Tribune, 1908 U.S. House of Representatives, 1865, 1871, Ware, Richard, 1915 Tri-Continental Industries, 1979 1901; election of Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Ware’s Department Store, 1915, 1916 Trotter, William Monroe, 1913, 1914, to, 1944; is petitioned for suffrage for black Ware’s Hotel, 1901 1919 women, 1870; John Mercer Langston wins War of 1812, 1812 Trudeau, Noah E., 1864 election to, 1890; NAACP opposes Warren, Earl, 1954

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Washington Afro American, 1908, 1934, 1946, West, Harriet M., 1942 Winter, Nadine P., 1974 1947, 1948, 1954, 1955, 1957, 1959, 1961, West Virginia Collegiate Institute, 1922 Within the Shadow (Miller), 1935 1964, 1971, 1990 What Good Are We (club), 1927 WKYS (radio station), 1980 Washington and Georgetown Railroad, 1863 What the Negro Wants (Logan), 1944 WMMJ (radio station), 1980 Washington Bee, 1882, 1916, 1917, 1919 “When I Worked for Dr. Woodson” (Hughes), WOL (radio station), 1980 Washington, Booker T., 1878, 1895, 1900, 1927 Woman Suffrage Convention, 1870 1901, 1913, 1915, 1957 Where Is My Wandering Boy Tonight? The Women of Plums (Kendrick), 1994 Washington, Bushrod, 1816, 1817 (Burroughs), 1909 Women’s Armed Services Integration Act, 1948 Washington Cadet Corps, 1880 Where There Is No Vision the People Perish Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC), Washington Capitols, 1950 (Hampton), 1964 1942 Washington, Caroline, 1880 Whipper, Ionia Rollin, 1903, 1931 Women Wage-Earners Association, 1917 Washington City: census, 1800; plans for, Whipper, William, 1830, 1866 Wonder, Stevie, 1978, 1981 1791; provision of taxes to fund public White, Clarence C., 1949 Woodlawn Cemetery, 1895 schools for black children, 1864 White, George H., 1901 Woodson, Anne Eliza, 1875 Washington Conservatory of Music and School Whitehead, Henry Preston, 1923, 1939, 1975, Woodson, Carter Godwin, 1875, 1950, 1971, of Expression, 1903, 1919, 1949, 1952 1998 1976: anger over dismissal of, 1925; at Washington Corporation Council, 1810; White House: African Americans employed by, Association for the Study of Negro Life and imposes curfew on free blacks, 1827; limits 1897, 1909, 1929; delegation to, protests History, 1932; awarded Spingarn Medal, occupations of free blacks, 1836; passes Act segregation, 1913; Frederick Douglass 1926; begins publishing Journal of Negro Providing Revenues for the Corporation, visits, 1863, 1864; has integrated Easter egg History, 1916; earns Ph.D. from Harvard 1831 hunts, 1900; Hoover meets with African University, 1909; establishes Associated Washington Eagle, 1872 American leaders on lawn of, 1932; Publishers, 1921; establishes Association for Washington Federalist, 1800 memorial service for Abraham Lincoln held the Study of Negro Life and History, 1915; Washington, George, 1789 on grounds of, 1865; picketing of, 1964 firing of, 1920; and Friends of Negro Washington Grit, 1879 White, Jane, 1983 Freedom, 1920; joins Howard faculty, 1919; Washington Informer, 1964, 1994 Whitelaw Hotel, 1991 as president of West Virginia Collegiate Washington, Jerry (“The Bama”), 1979 White, Sampson H., 1839, 1841 Institute, 1922; publishes Negro History Washington, John Edwin, 1862, 1863, 1865, White, Walter, 1948 Bulletin, 1937 1877, 1880, 1884, 1889, 1942 Whitted, Burma, 1953 WOOK (radio station), 1962, 1970 Washington, Martha, 1821 Whittier, John Greenleaf, 1847 WOOK-TV, 1963 Washington, Mary Margaret, 1896 Whittington, Eydie, 1996 Works Progress Administration (WPA), Washington National Housewives League, Inc., WHUR (Howard University radio station), 1935 1953 1973, 1976 World Black and African Festival of Arts and Washington Pilots, 1937 Wilberforce University, 1905 Culture (FESTAC), 1976 Washington Post, 1919 William and Ellen Craft (Johnson), 1918 World War I, 1881, 1917, 1918, 1957 Washington, Robert, 1980 William Randall Junior High, 1939 World War II, 1941, 1945 Washington Technical Institution, 1977 Williams, Anthony, 1995, 1998 Wormley, Anna, 1860 Washington Theatre, 1833 Williams, Bert, 1898 Wormley Hotel, 1871, 1877, 1884, 1893 Washington, Walter E., 1933, 1961, 1968, Williams, Christopher, 1925 “Wormley Hotel Agreement,” 1877 1974, 1978 Williams College, 1901 Wormley, James, 1819, 1860, 1871, 1884 Waters, Maxine, 1992 Williams, Daniel “Dr. Dan” Hale, 1894, 1895, Wormley, Mary, 1830 Watson, Ella, 1944 1896, 1898 Wormley, Peter Leigh, 1819 Wayland Seminary, 1865, 1878 Williams, E. C., 1920 Wormley, William, 1830, 1835 Weaver, Robert Clifton, 1933, 1948, 1961, Williams, Henry Sylvester, 1900 Wright, James B., 1877 1963, 1966 Williams-Jones, Pearl, 1972 Wright, J. Skelly, 1967 Webster, Daniel, 1816, 1817, 1848 Williams, Maurice, 1977 WritersCorps, 1994, 1997 Weinstein, Jacob, 1948 Williams, Nelson, 1831 WTTG (radio station), 1947 “Welcome to the Ransomed, or Duties of the Williams, Pearl Verna, 1956 WYCB (radio station), 1980 Colored Inhabitants of the District of Williams, Smallwood E., 1954, 1956, 1981 Columbia” (Payne), 1862 Williams, Wesley A., 1954 Welles, Gideon, 1861 Williams, William, 1839 YMCA, for black men, 1853 Wells-Barnett, Ida B., 1889, 1892, 1893, 1896, William Syphax Elementary School, 1939 Younger, Edward C., 1850 1913 Willis, Calvin, 1977 “Youth March for Freedom,” 1958 Wells, Ida B. See Wells-Barnett, Ida B. Willis, Joanna, 1977 Youth Poetry Slam League, 1997 We Love Anacostia Day, 1979 Wilson, Jerry, 1968 “We Shall Overcome,” 1964 Wilson, John A., 1974, 1978, 1990 Wesleyan Seminary. See Ambush School Wilson, Josephine, 1878 Zeta Phi Beta sorority, 1920 Wesley, Charles Harris, 1930 Wilson, Willie F., 1978, 1989 Ziegfeld, Florenz, 1883 Wesley, Dorothy Porter, 1995 Wilson, Woodrow, 1913, 1914, 1917, 1919 Zora Neale Hurston/Richard Wright West African Heritage Dance Company, 1989 Winston, Michael R., 1964, 1973, 1982 Foundation, 1990

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