Lecture IV: Lagrangians
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University of California Santa Cruz on An
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SANTA CRUZ ON AN EXTENSION OF THE MEAN INDEX TO THE LAGRANGIAN GRASSMANNIAN A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in MATHEMATICS by Matthew I. Grace September 2020 The Dissertation of Matthew I. Grace is approved: Professor Viktor Ginzburg, Chair Professor Ba¸sakG¨urel Professor Richard Montgomery Dean Quentin Williams Interim Vice Provost and Dean of Graduate Studies Copyright c by Matthew I. Grace 2020 Table of Contents List of Figuresv Abstract vi Dedication vii Acknowledgments viii I Preliminaries1 I.1 Introduction . .2 I.2 Historical Context . .8 I.3 Definitions and Conventions . 21 I.4 Dissertation Outline . 28 I.4.1 Outline of Results . 28 I.4.2 Outline of Proofs . 31 II Linear Canonical Relations and Isotropic Pairs 34 II.1 Strata of the Lagrangian Grassmannian . 35 II.2 Iterating Linear Canonical Relations . 37 II.3 Conjugacy Classes of Isotropic Pairs . 40 II.4 Stratum-Regular Paths . 41 III The Set H of Exceptional Lagrangians 50 III.1 The Codimension of H ............................... 51 III.2 Admissible Linear Canonical Relations . 54 IV The Conley-Zehnder Index and the Circle Map ρ 62 IV.1 Construction of the Conley-Zehnder Index . 63 IV.2 Properties of the Circle Map Extensionρ ^ ..................... 65 iii V Unbounded Sequences in the Symplectic Group 69 V.1 A Sufficient Condition for Asymptotic Hyperbolicity . 70 V.2 A Decomposition for Certain Unbounded Sequences of Symplectic Maps . 76 V.2.1 Preparation for the Proof of Theorem V.2.1................ 78 V.2.2 Proof of Theorem V.2.1.......................... -
Functor and Natural Operators on Symplectic Manifolds
Mathematical Methods and Techniques in Engineering and Environmental Science Functor and natural operators on symplectic manifolds CONSTANTIN PĂTRĂŞCOIU Faculty of Engineering and Management of Technological Systems, Drobeta Turnu Severin University of Craiova Drobeta Turnu Severin, Str. Călugăreni, No.1 ROMANIA [email protected] http://www.imst.ro Abstract. Symplectic manifolds arise naturally in abstract formulations of classical Mechanics because the phase–spaces in Hamiltonian mechanics is the cotangent bundle of configuration manifolds equipped with a symplectic structure. The natural functors and operators described in this paper can be helpful both for a unified description of specific proprieties of symplectic manifolds and for finding links to various fields of geometric objects with applications in Hamiltonian mechanics. Key-words: Functors, Natural operators, Symplectic manifolds, Complex structure, Hamiltonian. 1. Introduction. diffeomorphism f : M → N , a vector bundle morphism The geometrics objects (like as vectors, covectors, T*f : T*M→ T*N , which covers f , where −1 tensors, metrics, e.t.c.) on a smooth manifold M, x = x :)*)(()*( x * → xf )( * NTMTfTfT are the elements of the total spaces of a vector So, the cotangent functor, )(:* → VBmManT and bundles with base M. The fields of such geometrics objects are the section in corresponding vector more general ΛkT * : Man(m) → VB , are the bundles. bundle functors from Man(m) to VB, where Man(m) By example, the vectors on a smooth manifold M (subcategory of Man) is the category of m- are the elements of total space of vector bundles dimensional smooth manifolds, the morphisms of this (TM ,π M , M); the covectors on M are the elements category are local diffeomorphisms between of total space of vector bundles (T*M , pM , M). -
Hamiltonian and Symplectic Symmetries: an Introduction
BULLETIN (New Series) OF THE AMERICAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY Volume 54, Number 3, July 2017, Pages 383–436 http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/bull/1572 Article electronically published on March 6, 2017 HAMILTONIAN AND SYMPLECTIC SYMMETRIES: AN INTRODUCTION ALVARO´ PELAYO In memory of Professor J.J. Duistermaat (1942–2010) Abstract. Classical mechanical systems are modeled by a symplectic mani- fold (M,ω), and their symmetries are encoded in the action of a Lie group G on M by diffeomorphisms which preserve ω. These actions, which are called sym- plectic, have been studied in the past forty years, following the works of Atiyah, Delzant, Duistermaat, Guillemin, Heckman, Kostant, Souriau, and Sternberg in the 1970s and 1980s on symplectic actions of compact Abelian Lie groups that are, in addition, of Hamiltonian type, i.e., they also satisfy Hamilton’s equations. Since then a number of connections with combinatorics, finite- dimensional integrable Hamiltonian systems, more general symplectic actions, and topology have flourished. In this paper we review classical and recent re- sults on Hamiltonian and non-Hamiltonian symplectic group actions roughly starting from the results of these authors. This paper also serves as a quick introduction to the basics of symplectic geometry. 1. Introduction Symplectic geometry is concerned with the study of a notion of signed area, rather than length, distance, or volume. It can be, as we will see, less intuitive than Euclidean or metric geometry and it is taking mathematicians many years to understand its intricacies (which is work in progress). The word “symplectic” goes back to the 1946 book [164] by Hermann Weyl (1885–1955) on classical groups. -
Arxiv:1505.02430V1 [Math.CT] 10 May 2015 Bundle Functors and Fibrations
Bundle functors and fibrations Anders Kock Introduction The notions of bundle, and bundle functor, are useful and well exploited notions in topology and differential geometry, cf. e.g. [12], as well as in other branches of mathematics. The category theoretic set up relevant for these notions is that of fibred category, likewise a well exploited notion, but for certain considerations in the context of bundle functors, it can be carried further. In particular, we formalize and develop, in terms of fibred categories, some of the differential geometric con- structions: tangent- and cotangent bundles, (being examples of bundle functors, respectively star-bundle functors, as in [12]), as well as jet bundles (where the for- mulation of the functorality properties, in terms of fibered categories, is probably new). Part of the development in the present note was expounded in [11], and is repeated almost verbatim in the Sections 2 and 4 below. These sections may have interest as a piece of pure category theory, not referring to differential geometry. 1 Basics on Cartesian arrows We recall here some classical notions. arXiv:1505.02430v1 [math.CT] 10 May 2015 Let π : X → B be any functor. For α : A → B in B, and for objects X,Y ∈ X with π(X) = A and π(Y ) = B, let homα (X,Y) be the set of arrows h : X → Y in X with π(h) = α. The fibre over A ∈ B is the category, denoted XA, whose objects are the X ∈ X with π(X) = A, and whose arrows are arrows in X which by π map to 1A; such arrows are called vertical (over A). -
Cotangent Bundles
This is page 165 Printer: Opaque this 6 Cotangent Bundles In many mechanics problems, the phase space is the cotangent bundle T ∗Q of a configuration space Q. There is an “intrinsic” symplectic structure on T ∗Q that can be described in various equivalent ways. Assume first that Q is n-dimensional, and pick local coordinates (q1,... ,qn)onQ. Since 1 n ∗ ∈ ∗ i (dq ,... ,dq )isabasis of Tq Q,wecan write any α Tq Q as α = pi dq . 1 n This procedure defines induced local coordinates (q ,... ,q ,p1,... ,pn)on T ∗Q. Define the canonical symplectic form on T ∗Q by i Ω=dq ∧ dpi. This defines a two-form Ω, which is clearly closed, and in addition, it can be checked to be independent of the choice of coordinates (q1,... ,qn). Furthermore, observe that Ω is locally constant, that is, the coefficient i multiplying the basis forms dq ∧ dpi, namely the number 1, does not ex- 1 n plicitly depend on the coordinates (q ,... ,q ,p1,... ,pn)ofphase space points. In this section we show how to construct Ω intrinsically, and then we will study this canonical symplectic structure in some detail. 6.1 The Linear Case To motivate a coordinate-independent definition of Ω, consider the case in which Q is a vector space W (which could be infinite-dimensional), so that T ∗Q = W × W ∗.Wehave already described the canonical two-form on 166 6. Cotangent Bundles W × W ∗: Ω(w,α)((u, β), (v, γ)) = γ,u−β,v , (6.1.1) where (w, α) ∈ W × W ∗ is the base point, u, v ∈ W , and β,γ ∈ W ∗. -
The Hypoelliptic Laplacian on the Cotangent Bundle
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY Volume 18, Number 2, Pages 379–476 S 0894-0347(05)00479-0 Article electronically published on February 28, 2005 THE HYPOELLIPTIC LAPLACIAN ON THE COTANGENT BUNDLE JEAN-MICHEL BISMUT Contents Introduction 380 1. Generalized metrics and determinants 386 1.1. Determinants 386 1.2. A generalized metric on E· 387 · 1.3. The Hodge theory of hE 387 1.4. A generalized metric on det E· 389 1.5. Determinant of the generalized Laplacian and generalized metrics 391 1.6. Truncating the spectrum of the generalized Laplacian 392 1.7. Generalized metrics on determinant bundles 393 1.8. Determinants and flat superconnections 394 1.9. The Hodge theorem as an open condition 395 1.10. Generalized metrics and flat superconnections 395 1.11. Analyticity and the Hodge condition 397 1.12. The equivariant determinant 397 2. The adjoint of the de Rham operator on the cotangent bundle 399 2.1. Clifford algebras 400 2.2. Vector spaces and bilinear forms 400 2.3. The adjoint of the de Rham operator with respect to a nondegenerate bilinear form 402 2.4. The symplectic adjoint of the de Rham operator 403 2.5. The de Rham operator on T ∗X and its symplectic adjoint 404 ∗ 2.6. A bilinear form on T ∗X and the adjoint of dT X 407 2.7. A fundamental symmetry 408 2.8. A Hamiltonian function 409 2.9. The symmetry in the case where H is r-invariant 412 2.10. Poincar´e duality 412 2.11. A conjugation of the de Rham operator 413 2.12. -
Manifolds, Tangent Vectors and Covectors
Physics 250 Fall 2015 Notes 1 Manifolds, Tangent Vectors and Covectors 1. Introduction Most of the “spaces” used in physical applications are technically differentiable man- ifolds, and this will be true also for most of the spaces we use in the rest of this course. After a while we will drop the qualifier “differentiable” and it will be understood that all manifolds we refer to are differentiable. We will build up the definition in steps. A differentiable manifold is basically a topological manifold that has “coordinate sys- tems” imposed on it. Recall that a topological manifold is a topological space that is Hausdorff and locally homeomorphic to Rn. The number n is the dimension of the mani- fold. On a topological manifold, we can talk about the continuity of functions, for example, of functions such as f : M → R (a “scalar field”), but we cannot talk about the derivatives of such functions. To talk about derivatives, we need coordinates. 2. Charts and Coordinates Generally speaking it is impossible to cover a manifold with a single coordinate system, so we work in “patches,” technically charts. Given a topological manifold M of dimension m, a chart on M is a pair (U, φ), where U ⊂ M is an open set and φ : U → V ⊂ Rm is a homeomorphism. See Fig. 1. Since φ is a homeomorphism, V is also open (in Rm), and φ−1 : V → U exists. If p ∈ U is a point in the domain of φ, then φ(p) = (x1,...,xm) is the set of coordinates of p with respect to the given chart. -
SYMPLECTIC GEOMETRY Lecture Notes, University of Toronto
SYMPLECTIC GEOMETRY Eckhard Meinrenken Lecture Notes, University of Toronto These are lecture notes for two courses, taught at the University of Toronto in Spring 1998 and in Fall 2000. Our main sources have been the books “Symplectic Techniques” by Guillemin-Sternberg and “Introduction to Symplectic Topology” by McDuff-Salamon, and the paper “Stratified symplectic spaces and reduction”, Ann. of Math. 134 (1991) by Sjamaar-Lerman. Contents Chapter 1. Linear symplectic algebra 5 1. Symplectic vector spaces 5 2. Subspaces of a symplectic vector space 6 3. Symplectic bases 7 4. Compatible complex structures 7 5. The group Sp(E) of linear symplectomorphisms 9 6. Polar decomposition of symplectomorphisms 11 7. Maslov indices and the Lagrangian Grassmannian 12 8. The index of a Lagrangian triple 14 9. Linear Reduction 18 Chapter 2. Review of Differential Geometry 21 1. Vector fields 21 2. Differential forms 23 Chapter 3. Foundations of symplectic geometry 27 1. Definition of symplectic manifolds 27 2. Examples 27 3. Basic properties of symplectic manifolds 34 Chapter 4. Normal Form Theorems 43 1. Moser’s trick 43 2. Homotopy operators 44 3. Darboux-Weinstein theorems 45 Chapter 5. Lagrangian fibrations and action-angle variables 49 1. Lagrangian fibrations 49 2. Action-angle coordinates 53 3. Integrable systems 55 4. The spherical pendulum 56 Chapter 6. Symplectic group actions and moment maps 59 1. Background on Lie groups 59 2. Generating vector fields for group actions 60 3. Hamiltonian group actions 61 4. Examples of Hamiltonian G-spaces 63 3 4 CONTENTS 5. Symplectic Reduction 72 6. Normal forms and the Duistermaat-Heckman theorem 78 7. -
1. Overview Over the Basic Notions in Symplectic Geometry Definition 1.1
AN INTRODUCTION TO SYMPLECTIC GEOMETRY MAIK PICKL 1. Overview over the basic notions in symplectic geometry Definition 1.1. Let V be a m-dimensional R vector space and let Ω : V × V ! R be a bilinear map. We say Ω is skew-symmetric if Ω(u; v) = −Ω(v; u), for all u; v 2 V . Theorem 1.1. Let Ω be a skew-symmetric bilinear map on V . Then there is a basis u1; : : : ; uk; e1 : : : ; en; f1; : : : ; fn of V s.t. Ω(ui; v) = 0; 8i and 8v 2 V Ω(ei; ej) = 0 = Ω(fi; fj); 8i; j Ω(ei; fj) = δij; 8i; j: In matrix notation with respect to this basis we have 00 0 0 1 T Ω(u; v) = u @0 0 idA v: 0 −id 0 In particular we have dim(V ) = m = k + 2n. Proof. The proof is a skew-symmetric version of the Gram-Schmidt process. First let U := fu 2 V jΩ(u; v) = 0 for all v 2 V g; and choose a basis u1; : : : ; uk for U. Now choose a complementary space W s.t. V = U ⊕ W . Let e1 2 W , then there is a f1 2 W s.t. Ω(e1; f1) 6= 0 and we can assume that Ω(e1; f1) = 1. Let W1 = span(e1; f1) Ω W1 = fw 2 W jΩ(w; v) = 0 for all v 2 W1g: Ω Ω We claim that W = W1 ⊕ W1 : Suppose that v = ae1 + bf1 2 W1 \ W1 . We get that 0 = Ω(v; e1) = −b 0 = Ω(v; f1) = a and therefore v = 0. -
A Cotangent Bundle Slice Theorem
Differential Geometry and its Applications 25 (2007) 101–124 www.elsevier.com/locate/difgeo A cotangent bundle slice theorem Tanya Schmah Macquarie University, Department of Mathematics, NSW 2122, Australia Received 2 June 2005; received in revised form 14 October 2005 Available online 21 June 2006 Communicated by P. Michor Abstract This article concerns cotangent-lifted Lie group actions; our goal is to find local and “semi-global” normal forms for these and associated structures. Our main result is a constructive cotangent bundle slice theorem that extends the Hamiltonian slice theorem of Marle [C.-M. Marle, Modèle d’action hamiltonienne d’un groupe de Lie sur une variété symplectique, Rendiconti del Seminario Matematico, Università e Politecnico, Torino 43 (2) (1985) 227–251] and Guillemin and Sternberg [V. Guillemin, S. Sternberg, A normal form for the moment map, in: S. Sternberg (Ed.), Differential Geometric Methods in Mathematical Physics, in: Mathematical Physics Studies, vol. 6, D. Reidel, 1984]. The result applies to all proper cotangent-lifted actions, around points with fully-isotropic momentum values. We also present a “tangent-level” commuting reduction result and use it to characterise the symplectic normal space of any cotangent-lifted action. In two special cases, we arrive at splittings of the symplectic normal space. One of these cases is when the configuration isotropy group is contained in the momentum isotropy group; in this case, our splitting generalises that given for free actions by Montgomery et al. [R. Montgomery, J.E. Marsden, T.S. Ratiu, Gauged Lie–Poisson structures, Cont. Math. AMS 128 (1984) 101–114]. The other case includes all relative equilibria of simple mechanical systems. -
A Student's Guide to Symplectic Spaces, Grassmannians
A Student’s Guide to Symplectic Spaces, Grassmannians and Maslov Index Paolo Piccione Daniel Victor Tausk DEPARTAMENTO DE MATEMATICA´ INSTITUTO DE MATEMATICA´ E ESTAT´ISTICA UNIVERSIDADE DE SAO˜ PAULO Contents Preface v Introduction vii Chapter 1. Symplectic Spaces 1 1.1. A short review of Linear Algebra 1 1.2. Complex structures 5 1.3. Complexification and real forms 8 1.3.1. Complex structures and complexifications 13 1.4. Symplectic forms 16 1.4.1. Isotropic and Lagrangian subspaces. 20 1.4.2. Lagrangian decompositions of a symplectic space 24 1.5. Index of a symmetric bilinear form 28 Exercises for Chapter 1 35 Chapter 2. The Geometry of Grassmannians 39 2.1. Differentiable manifolds and Lie groups 39 2.1.1. Classical Lie groups and Lie algebras 41 2.1.2. Actions of Lie groups and homogeneous manifolds 44 2.1.3. Linearization of the action of a Lie group on a manifold 48 2.2. Grassmannians and their differentiable structure 50 2.3. The tangent space to a Grassmannian 53 2.4. The Grassmannian as a homogeneous space 55 2.5. The Lagrangian Grassmannian 59 k 2.5.1. The submanifolds Λ (L0) 64 Exercises for Chapter 2 68 Chapter 3. Topics of Algebraic Topology 71 3.1. The fundamental groupoid and the fundamental group 71 3.1.1. The Seifert–van Kampen theorem for the fundamental groupoid 75 3.1.2. Stability of the homotopy class of a curve 77 3.2. The homotopy exact sequence of a fibration 80 3.2.1. Applications to the theory of classical Lie groups 92 3.3. -
PDF File of Graces's Thesis
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SANTA CRUZ ON AN EXTENSION OF THE MEAN INDEX TO THE LAGRANGIAN GRASSMANNIAN A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in MATHEMATICS by Matthew I. Grace August 2020 The Dissertation of Matthew I. Grace is approved: Professor Viktor Ginzburg, Chair Professor Ba¸sakG¨urel Professor Richard Montgomery Dean Quentin Williams Interim Vice Provost and Dean of Graduate Studies Copyright c by Matthew I. Grace 2020 Table of Contents List of Figuresv Abstract vi Dedication vii I Preliminaries1 I.1 Introduction................................2 I.2 Historical Context............................ 10 I.3 Definitions and Conventions....................... 26 I.4 Dissertation Outline........................... 35 I.4.1 Outline of Results......................... 35 I.4.2 Outline of Proofs......................... 39 II Linear Canonical Relations and Isotropic Pairs 41 II.1 Strata of the Lagrangian Grassmannian................. 42 II.2 Iterating Linear Canonical Relations.................. 45 II.3 Conjugacy Classes of Isotropic Pairs................... 48 II.4 Stratum-Regular Paths.......................... 49 III The Set H of Exceptional Lagrangians 60 III.1 The Codimension of H .......................... 61 III.2 Decomposing Linear Canonical Relations in the Complement of H .. 63 IV The Conley-Zehnder Index and the Circle Map ρ 69 IV.1 Construction of the Index Using the Circle Map ρ ........... 70 IV.2 Properties of the Extensionρ ^ ...................... 71 iii V Unbounded Sequences in the Symplectic Group 75 V.1 A Sufficient Condition for Asymptotic Hyperbolicity.......... 76 V.2 Decomposing Certain Unbounded Sequences of Symplectic Maps... 82 V.2.1 Prerequisites............................ 85 V.2.2 Proof................................ 87 V.3 A Proof that ρ2 May be Extended Continuously...........