Ethiopia April 2011

"Strengthening Fisheries Management in ACP Countries"

Final Technical Report

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia

CU/PE/UG/10/007

Ethiopia

April 2011

A project implemented by:

“This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union.” Project Funded by the European Union

“The content of this document does not necessarily reflect the views of the concerned governments”

"Strengthening Fisheries Management in ACP Countries"

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia

CU/PE/UG/10/007

Ethiopia

This project was implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Team Composition: Team Leader (Senior Fisheries Management Expert): Ansen Ward Small-Scale Fisheries Specialist: Tesfaye Wudneh Wakayo

“The content of this document does not necessarily reflect the views of the concerned governments”

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report Table of Contents

Section Page

Acknowledgements ...... ii Abbreviations ...... ii Executive Summary ...... 1 1 Introduction...... 3 2 Comments on the ToRs ...... 3 3 Organisation and Methodology ...... 4 4 Description of Activities ...... 6 4.1 Briefings and Courtesy Calls ...... 6 4.2 Document Review ...... 6 4.3 Training Needs Assessment ...... 7 4.4 Development of FMP Training Modules and Pilot Testing ...... 11 4.5 FMP Training Workshop ...... 12 4.6 Development of FMP and Validation ...... 12 5 Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 13 6 References ...... 14

Annexes

Annex 1. Terms of Reference Annex 2. Programme and People Met Annex 3. Training and Assessment Checklist Annex 4. TNA Matrix Annex 5. Training Modules Annex 6. Training Workshop Participants Annex 7. Workshop Timetable Annex 8. Training Evaluation Results Annex 9. Lake Chamo Fisheries Management Plan Annex 10. Lake Ziway Fisheries Management Plan Annex 11. FMP Validation Meeting Participants

P a g e | i

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

Acknowledgements

The consultants would like to thank Edmealem Shitaye and Hussein Abegaz of the Agricultural Extension Directorate of the Federal Ministry of Agriculture for their support and guidance during the mission. Thanks and appreciation also goes to Laloto Sadore, Regional Fishery Expert, SNNPRS Region for helping the team on all fronts during their stay in Hawassa. Mention must also be made of the excellent support and co-operation received from Bulbula Regassa of Oromia Region and Bimrew Tadesse of SNNPRS during fieldwork and training. The consultants are also grateful for the interest and enthusiasm of the training workshop participants and the assistance received from all those met during the mission.

Abbreviations

ACP African, Caribbean and Pacific States (Lomé Convention IV) EU European Union FMP Fishery Management Plan GoE Government of Ethiopia LVFO Lake Victoria Fisheries Organisation MoA Ministry of Agriculture RVL Rift Valley lake SWOT Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats TNA Training Needs Assessment Tors Terms of reference UK United Kingdom SNNPRS Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Regional State

The contents of this report do not necessarily reflect the policy or official position of the Secretariat of the ACP Group of States or the European Commission.

P a g e | ii

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

Executive Summary

In accordance with the tors, the bulk of the mission (75%) was devoted to a TNA, workshop and training preparation and implementation. A further 20% of time was allocated to the development of two draft case study FMPs, including two validation meetings with key stakeholders.

The results of the TNA were used to design a participatory workshop process and guide the development of training modules and materials. Issues raised during the TNA such as priorities of senior government fishery officers and influencing factors which could assist or hinder the uptake of FMPs and training, were reflected in the FMPs produced as outputs by the mission.

A seven day training workshop was held in Hawassa for 13 fishery officers, from Oromia, SNNPRS and Ahmara Regions. The trainees were taken through the key stages of FMP development and “learnt by doing”. A set of training modules was developed which could be used by the trainees, or others, in future. Technical information discussed during the workshop was used to help develop FMPs for Lake Ziway and Lake Chamo, which are seen as the most overexploited and yet commercially important RVLs. The draft FMPs are working documents which require further development and discussion. They reflect a precautionary approach to future management and promote a co-management system which mirrors the government administrative structure. They also reflect and highlight the lack of information on stocks, fishing effort and socio-economic data. The draft FMPs were discussed at validation meetings towards the end of the mission and are now at the stage where government should present the ideas and proposed measures and co-management approach to a wider audience of stakeholders including the resource users. Implementation of the FMPs was beyond the scope of this mission, but is something which needs to moved forward either by government or with outside support such as from the ACP Fish II programme and any other interested donors.

It is recommended that the template for the FMPs be used by the trainees representing Lakes Tana, Abaya and Hawassa to develop similar FMPs for those fisheries.

It is recommended that the MoA and Regional governments carry out a wider consultation process with resource users and other key stakeholder groups regarding the draft FMPs with a view to implementing the plans as soon as possible. The Action Plans contained in the FMPs should be used to guide the immediate necessary next steps.

P a g e | 1

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

P a g e | 2

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

1 Introduction

In 2008, the fish catch in Ethiopia was approximately 17,000 tons. The bulk of which (74%) originated from the six main lakes (Tana, Ziway, Langano, Awassa, Abaya and Chamo) and a further 26% from other water bodies. As fish potential is estimated at 45,000–51,500 tons per year, according to several sources, less than 38% of this potential is currently exploited, demonstrating considerable room for expansion through proper management. However, the sector suffers from:

 Environmentally unsustainable and illegal fishing practices (such as small mesh size nets, seeds and plants to intoxicate the fish);

 Low participation of the fishing communities in fisheries management;

 Lack of information on most water bodies and their catch and potential, given that no systematic fish stock assessment has been carried out so far;

 Limited institutional, technical and financial capacity, especially in the areas of resource monitoring, control and surveillance, planning and coordination of activities;

 Low research and development capacities.

In 2009 the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) expressed to the ACP Fish II programme a desire for support to help introduce improved fisheries management and a more co-management style approach to the management of the country’s fisheries. This report describes the ACP Fish II Project « Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia » assignment, which was a response to that request. Working closely with fisheries staff from the Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Oromia Region and SNNPRS (Southern) Region the consultants (Key Expert 1 and 2) undertook a document review, training needs assessment (TNA), prepared and delivered a 7 day fisheries management planning training workshop in Hawasa and then finalised the drafts of two case study fisheries management plans (FMP) as key outputs from the mission. The terms of reference (ToR) for the assignment are given in Annex 1.

The mission took place from 15 March to 21 April 2011 and the consultants were contracted by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd. A detailed itinerary for the 30 day period, including the people met, is presented in Annex 2. The main text of the report presents the context of the mission, the methodology used, a description of the activities carried out and conclusions and recommendations.

2 Comments on the ToRs

The objectives and scope of work are clearly defined in the terms of reference and the necessary requirement for a more collaborative/co-management approach to fisheries management is clear. Some specific comments are:

At the beginning of the mission the MoA requested the consultants develop 2 FMPs: for Lake Chamo and Lake Ziway. The idea of developing two FMPs was not clear from the tors. There was also a request to increase the number of trainees attending the workshop from 10. The consultants endeavoured to satisfy the MoA requests by drafting two FMPs and training 13 fishery officers.

Key to the development of an effective fisheries management plan (FMP) for the target fisheries is the availability of relevant data and information on the fisheries, including stock assessment data. The terms of reference highlight that there is a lack of such information and limited research and development capacities to rectify this problem in the near future. Efforts have been made during the mission to collate as much available information as possible and Key Expert 2 has a significant collection of information on Ethiopian fisheries that was referred to. Efforts were made during the training workshop to include primary data from participants into the FMP development process and

P a g e | 3

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

the workshop invitation letter asked for certain data to be collected in readiness for the workshop. Despite these efforts, it is clear that certain key data is lacking and this is reflected in the FMPs and the Action Plans included in them.

The issue of low participation of fishing communities in fisheries management is given as a factor affecting the implementation of proper fisheries management. The activities and approach used during the mission aimed at addressing this issue by introducing a more participatory and co- management approach to fisheries management. MoA officials expressed a desire to focus the FMP on a co-management approach to implementation and this was factored into the training workshop.

The limited institutional, technical and financial capacity, especially in the areas of resource monitoring, control and surveillance, planning and coordination will have a significant bearing on the ability of management stakeholders to successfully implement any FMP. Changing this will require the political will to safeguard fisheries through proper management. See the TNA section for further details.

A variety of management measures are available to fisheries managers for inclusion in an FMP and each has different implications for the results of an FMP and also in terms of the fishers and other interest groups relying on the fishery for their livelihoods. Typical management measures include those related to the control of fish mortality through measures such as fishing gear restrictions, control of fishing effort, area and time restrictions, licensing, quotas, as well as enhancement of fisheries production through restocking. To a certain extent the Agricultural Development and Transformation Plan outlines already some of the management measures to be considered or adopted as does EU/MoA (1997). Some of these measures such as licensing are specified in the Federal Fish Utilization Proclamation (GoE 2003).

Under normal circumstances fisheries policy stipulates the broad directions and priorities regarding the utilization of aquatic resources. The policy is used to guide the focus of fishery management plans. At the moment it would appear there is no set formal development policy for the fishery sector in Ethiopia, consequently the fisheries management plan will rather be guided by focus provided by senior management authority officials during the early stages of the contract and the Federal Fish Utilization Proclamation.

An important aspect of fisheries management is the identification of alternative livelihoods for those who, because of changes in management practice, may become excluded from the fishery. Authorities should be prepared to recognize that it is likely that there will need to be some exclusion of people from the sector in order to control fishing effort and the level of resource exploitation. To compensate for this will require the creation of alternative livelihoods for those excluded.

During the early stages of the mission some errors were observed in the original terms of reference. The target fisheries are located in two, rather than one, regional administration: Oromia Region and SNNPRS. The lakes are not 10 to 50km apart, which would have made fieldwork relatively straightforward bearing in mind the time available for the mission, but 10 to 250 km apart. This meant more travel time during the TNA period and rather less opportunity for pilot testing training materials and practical fieldwork during the training workshop.

3 Organisation and Methodology

As per the terms of reference in Annex 1 the main activities for the overall assignment were to be:

i. Briefing by the ACP Fish II;

ii. Document review and training workshop module preparation;

iii. Courtesy calls in Addis Ababa and consultation meetings in Hawasa with the Fisheries Administration and other key stakeholders;

P a g e | 4

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

iv. Training needs assessment (TNA);

v. Design and adaptation of fisheries management planning training module (based on TNA);

vi. Make all the logistical arrangements to complete the training itself;

vii. Delivery and evaluation of 7-day training workshop;

viii. Review and develop one Fisheries Management Plan (FMP) during the training as a case- study;

ix. FMP draft validation with the Fisheries Administration and other key stakeholders;

x. Preparation of the required reports.

A work plan for the assignment was finalised during the early stages of the mission and is summarised in Table 1 and reflected in Annex 2.

Table 1: Scheduling of Activities

Activities Timing Stage 1 Courtesy calls, TNA, document review, preparation for workshop Days 1 to 15 Stage 2 Training workshop, FMP development and validation Days 15 to 30

During Stage I a document review was undertaken and used to help develop and implement a training needs assessment (TNA). The document review drew on available information either in the possession of the consultants or collected during meetings with key stakeholders. Information from the document review is included in the draft FMPs.

The TNA approach used during the mission was influenced by the guidance given in the LVFO HRD strategy (LVFO 2006) document and training needs assessment guidance from Donovan & Townsend (2005). The main focus of the TNA was to identify the management priorities for the sector, the more detailed needs of different stakeholders, but especially the fisheries officers that would attend the training workshop and draft learning objectives that would be used to inform the training modules and materials development.

A checklist to guide the TNA process was developed (Annex 3) and discussed with the MoA. A series of meetings and field visits was organised in conjunction with the MoA to the Oromia and Southern Regions where interviews were conducted with key stakeholders, including target beneficiaries, and observations made of fisheries management practices. These interviews and visits were undertaken in conjunction with MoA officials from the Federal and regional administrations and the discussions guided by the TNA checklist (Annex 3). The results of the interviews and visits were used to develop a TNA summary matrix (Annex 4).

A 7 day training workshop was then organised and training modules and materials developed. Fisheries officers from Oromia, Southern and Amhara Regions participated in the workshop which was held in Hawassa. The workshop combined training in fisheries management planning with the development of draft FMPs. The workshop outputs were developed further following the workshop and the FMPs were presented and discussed with key stakeholders at validation meetings before being finalised.

The consultant team provided a mix of training design and delivery skills and experience, experience of participatory approaches to development and an in-depth knowledge and long-term experience of

P a g e | 5

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

Ethiopian fisheries and the management of these. As Key Expert 2 was an Ethiopian national, some fieldwork discussions and training facilitation took place in Amharic.

Consultations were conducted with MoA and key government stakeholders as an on-going process to ensure that the training content, learning objectives and FMP were acceptable to the needs of the country. The possibility of setting up an FMP management team involving senior managers and key stakeholders from the fisheries sector was explored and terms of reference for this group were drafted and sent to the MoA for further action.

4 Description of Activities

This section provides an overview of the various different activities undertaken as per the terms of reference.

4.1 Briefings and Courtesy Calls

A briefing with the MoA and ACP Fish II Regional Coordinator was held on March 16th in Addis Ababa. It was suggested during the briefing by the MoA that two FMPs be developed. Courtesy calls were then conducted and combined with the TNA process which involved meetings and discussions with key stakeholders in Addis Ababa, Oromia and Southern Regions. These meetings enabled the consultants to raise awareness of the objectives and the nature of the work, solicit key stakeholders views and ideas as well as provide an opportunity to collect further data to help the FMP development process (see Annex 2). The outline design of the training workshop was also discussed. Terms of reference were drawn up for an FMP advisory group who would be a reference point for the consultants during the implementation of activities. The tors were forwarded to the MoA to identify the group members.

4.2 Document Review

A key aspect of an FMP is presenting an understanding of the fishery concerned including biological information, past and current management and a stakeholder analysis as well as situation analysis. To assist with this a review of available secondary data was made as an initial activity during the mission. The review developed an understanding of key issues and helped identify gaps in knowledge and set the scene for primary data collection through key stakeholder consultations and during the FMP training development workshop. The document review contributed to the understanding of the following:

 Synthesis of national policy documents related to fisheries management in Ethiopia.

 Set of lessons learnt from related fisheries management examples.

 Fisheries management measures and approaches used within Ethiopia.

 Overview of the target fisheries including ecology, biological characteristics of the stocks, productivity levels, stock assessment, existing management systems, the nature of existing fisheries activities related to stock exploitation etc.

 Stakeholder analysis.

 SWOT considering biological, ecological, social and economic factors.

The document review was presented in the Interim Technical Report submitted by the consultants and information from it was subsequently incorporated into the draft FMPs for Lake Chamo and Ziway.

P a g e | 6

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

4.3 Training Needs Assessment

A training needs assessment was carried out to identify knowledge, skills and attitudes required by fishery officers and other key stakeholders to be involved in the FMP training workshop. This section of the report summarises the results of the TNA process which was guided by the checklist in Annex 3. The results here were used to help finalize the design of the training workshop and modules and some issues have been used to inform the two draft FMPs. More detailed information is presented in the TNA matrix (Annex 4).

4.3.1 Priorities

In order to help focus the training on the long term development objectives of the sector, discussions were held with those responsible for overall or higher-level fisheries management decision making, planning and implementation. The aim was to identify the future priorities or long-term objectives they have, particularly in regard to fisheries management and the skills and knowledge of fisheries officers. The priorities are summarised as follows including the relevant stakeholder group from which the information came:

 Fisheries and other proclamations to be applied (Research, trader’s organisation).

 Management strategies applied immediately especially measures related to mesh size, gear type, closed areas, closed seasons (MoA, Research, trader’s org, Cooperatives).

 Licensing of fishermen implemented (MoA, trader’s organisation).

 Number of fishermen reduced (MoA).

 More fisheries officers at zonal and district levels (MoA).

 Policymakers are aware of the importance of fisheries and the need for serious management of the resources (MoA).

 Prevent open access (Research, trader’s organisation).

 Systematic data collection in place (Research).

 Control environmental impacts of industry, agriculture, deforestation (MoA, Research, Cooperatives).

 Awareness raising of zonal and woreda policy makers on the problems faced (Research).

 Awareness raising of all stakeholders on co-management (Research).

 Prevent new entrants being encouraged into fishery (Ziway Agric Bureau).

 New fisheries officers have proper fisheries science educational level and background (MoA).

 Improved government collaboration and coordination (Cooperative, Research).

In theory, the training and implementation of the FMP developed by the mission should contribute directly or indirectly to the achievement of all of these priorities. To a large extent these priorities identified during the TNA are also reflected in the FMPs.

P a g e | 7

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

4.3.2 Expectations

A key step in the TNA was to clarify who the beneficiaries of the training are and what they do (tasks) and are expected to do well (See Annex 4). Once the tasks have been clarified it is then possible to set performance goals or expectations for stakeholders related to the tasks they perform. The performance goals help identify what needs to change and who needs to change in terms of skills, knowledge, attitude and behaviour. These are then used to guide the learning objectives. From the terms of reference (Annex 1), the principal target group of this mission were identified as fisheries officers. In conjunction with the MoA, it was agreed that the training workshop would be for fisheries officers from the federal, regional (Oromia, SNNPRS, Ahmara), zonal and district (woreda) levels as well as representatives from fisheries research institutions. Whilst this made the design of training more complicated, the mix of participants from these different levels of government and with different decision making responsibilities enhanced the training workshop discussions and the FMP development process.

In terms of the skills and knowledge related to fisheries management that fisheries officers require, the response from MoA was that training should ensure that the participants are equipped with the knowledge and skills to promote a co-management approach to fisheries management within the local context. In response the training workshop included a co-management module and the FMPs incorporate a co-management approach to implementation.

4.3.3 Influences

Whether training is successful and new skills and knowledge can be applied, attitudes or behaviour changed depends not just on the quality of the training but also on a variety of other factors which need to be understood as part of an assessment process. These influencing factors are broken down into those which will help training to be successful and those which will hinder the uptake and success of the training. The key issues identified are summarised below and shown in Annex 4. Issues which were identified and that can assist in the uptake and adoption of training and an FMP include:

 fisheries cooperative's exist in most fisheries and have the potential to participate in a co- management arrangement with government;

 cooperatives have bylaws and these could be developed to cover fisheries management issues;

 some cooperative members understand the need for fishery management measures such as gear restrictions, closed seasons and environmental protection;

 the Oromia regional government are prepared to allocate resources to ensure the results of the consultancy are applied;

 federal level move to increase extension staff numbers;

 lessons and outputs from kebele fisheries management approach on Lake Tana could be used to inform work on other rift valley lakes;

 presence of kebele at community level could help implement management measures/directives;

 local government funding to support co-management maybe available through kebele;

 fisheries management legislation in place in some areas and environmental protection legislation;

 regional government has ability to implement FMP;

P a g e | 8

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

 training materials/manual available after the training for on-going training and awareness raising.

Issues which could hinder the effectiveness of training and implementation of an FMP were identified and include:

 lack of follow-up and monitoring by government;

 transfer of staff from fisheries to other sectors and between geographical areas;

 trained fisheries staff move to better funded positions either within government or to other sectors;

 fisheries is not given enough priority at the higher political levels and hence sufficient resources are not allocated to management activities e.g. few extension staff, fisheries officers lack transport to monitor and implement existing legislation, office facilities;

 low levels of motivation amongst staff (lack of promotional prospects, low salary, risk of transfer, no fisheries background);

 in some areas there is no legal framework to support fisheries management;

 enforcement of management legislation can lead to physical and verbal abuse of fishery officers;

 zonal level fisheries officers given other responsibilities other than fisheries – not full time fisheries staff;

 cooperatives weak and may not be able to effectively participate in co-management;

 weak relationship between fisheries extension and research;

 weak relationship between fisheries and cooperative department;

 lack of stock assessment data;

 poor coordination amongst different institutions both sectorally and geographically making overall management of a lake difficult;

 conflicts between fisheries stakeholders, fisheries stakeholders and government/parks and within local fishery cooperatives;

 fisheries not well represented in existing multi-stakeholder coordination processes;

 fisheries officers/MoA advice on management measures not heeded by other government departments;

 lack of enforcement of legislation to protect lake and catchment area from degradation (pollution, land encroachment, deforestation).

4.3.4 Solutions

For those factors which hinder the uptake of training, the assessment process has tried to identify potential solutions which should be considered by those responsible. The solutions would appear mainly to lie in the hands of the government which is the resource owner, but has not succeeded yet in implementing existing management measures. The reasons for this appear complex, but certainly

P a g e | 9

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

committing budget and manpower resources to ensure proper monitoring, motivation, and extension is carried out as well as the proper implementation of directives will go a long way to solving many of the issues which are likely to hinder the application and uptake of outputs from the mission. Another key issue is coordination across sectors, geographical areas and institutions at all levels in order to have a coherent management approach which encompasses the needs of different stakeholders and addresses the environmental impacts of resources and conflicts between resource users and managers. Again this is something that must be led by government. These ideas have been incorporated into the FMPs and are highlighted in the Action Plans.

4.3.5 Non-Training

The assessment process also aimed to identify ways in which the training needs can be addressed through ways other than running training workshops. This is useful as it can help determine alternative ways in which key messages and skills required can be transmitted to fisheries officers and other key stakeholders. Some of these non-training initiatives may be more cost-effective and reach more people more easily than a training workshop. Ideas for non-training capacity building initiatives include:

 awareness raising on topics covered in the training during regular government, cooperative meetings;

 large posters depicting key messages using pictures and images and local language that can be displayed at landing sites and cooperatives;

 as many people in fishing communities listen to radio, broadcasting messages related to management may reach key stakeholders;

 drama to entertain and educate whether it be live in the community or films and then shown via DVD could be used for FMP implementation;

 fishermen are often not aware of the details of any directives/management measures and how these are to be applied. Dissemination by fisheries officers could be aided by simple leaflets/posters outlining the fisheries management measures and legislation and how these can be applied.

4.3.6 Training

The TNA reflected on the type of training that may best suit the FMP training for fisheries officers, although to a certain extent this has been set by the terms of reference, as a 7 day workshop for 10 participants. It is anticipated that the training will focus on key fisheries management concepts and the development of a draft FMP with a co-management emphasis.

The training workshop will consist of a mix of theory, plenary discussion, working group sessions, case studies and hopefully fieldwork. A draft training workshop plan was designed and presented to key stakeholders.

4.3.7 Learning Objectives

Using the performance goals as a guide, a series of learning objectives has been set, where possible using the SAS approach:

Situation: what situation will the fishery officers be in when they need to perform the task skilfully?

Action: what will they be able to do specifically after the training session is over?

Standard: some measure by which they will be able to judge success.

P a g e | 10

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

Learning objectives (see Annex 4) are a reflection of the discussions, observations during field visits and the contents of recent training materials used for training in the region. These learning objectives were used to guide the outline plan for the workshop training modules.

4.3.8 Audit

In order to understand what training needs to focus on to achieve the learning objectives the current levels of knowledge and skills of fisheries officers were assessed as much as possible through discussion, observation and document review. One of the major gaps identified was related to the understanding of co-management and how this can be applied in a fisheries context. It was concluded that very little fisheries management planning training had taken place, with the exception of a comprehensive plan produced by the Lake Fisheries Development project Phase II (EU/MoA 1997). This highlights the catch limits and management measures proposed for several lakes, which in the absence of more up to date information, was used to inform the FMP produced during the mission.

4.4 Development of FMP Training Modules and Pilot Testing

Following the TNA, a draft training workshop plan was prepared and then presented to key stakeholders for validation. The general content of the workshop was agreed as:

 Introduction.

 What is an FMP – overview of FMP purpose, content and development process.

 What is the situation now – group work to develop overview of fisheries, stakeholder analysis and SWOT analysis.

 Where are we going – purpose, goals, management objectives, management approach.

 Management measures – discussion and agreement on appropriate measures.

 Co-management approach – case study, development of co-management plan, validation of plan with fishery stakeholders.

 Action plan – data, capacity building, institutional changes, resources.

 Evaluation – assessment, evaluation process.

Training modules were designed around each of these topics. And a final evaluation questionnaire was provided by the MoA. The modules are presented in Annex 5 and show the job aids required for delivery; the end of module objectives; teaching points: sources of contents; notes for the instructor and session timing details.

Several key references were used to design and implement the training. These are:

 Hindson J, Hoggarth D D, Krishna M, Mees C C, O’Neill C (2005) How to manage a fishery. A simple guide to writing a fishery management plan. FMSP Project R8468, MRAG, London.

 FAO (1997) Fisheries management. Guidelines for Responsible Fisheries No. 4, Rome.

 Government of Ethiopia Fisheries development and utilization proclamation 315/2003.

 Ministry of Finance and Economic Development (2010) Growth and transformation plan. 2010/11 – 2014/15. Draft.

P a g e | 11

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

 Pomeroy R S, Williams M J (1994) Fisheries co-management and small-scale fisheries. A policy brief. ICLARM, Manilla.

 Pomeroy R S, Cinner J E, Raakjaer Nielsen J (2011) Conditions for successful co- management: lessons learned in Asia, Africa, the Pacific and the wider Caribbean. In: Small- scale Fisheries Management. Frameworks and Approaches for the Developing World. Cabi, UK.

 LVFO (2005) Guidelines for beach management units on Lake Victoria. Jinja.

 LVFO (2008) Lake Victoria Fisheries Management Plan 2009 – 20014. Draft. IFMP Project, Jinja.

Preparation of materials such as hand-outs of key technical information, case studies, working group sessions, and practical work activities was undertaken prior to the workshop. As well as hard copies of materials and references, a resource CD including all the training material plus the key reference documents was produced as part of the consultancy and made available to all trainees and MoA officials.

It was not be possible to pilot test the training process and modules, due to time limitations prior to the workshop. As a consequence, the FMP workshop acted as an opportunity to pilot the modules, process and materials. Changes identified during the training have been incorporated into the modules presented in Annex 5.

4.5 FMP Training Workshop

A total of 13 fishery officers and researchers from Oromia, SNNPRS and Amhara regions participated in a seven-day participatory FMP training and development workshop held in Hawasa from April 4 to 12th. A list of workshop participants is given as Annex 6. A workshop timetable is given as Annex 7. The technical content of the workshop is highlighted in the section above and the modules are presented as Annex 5.

The workshop combined theory, working group sessions, plenary discussion and practical fieldwork. Participants learning was assessed as an on-going process using recapping question and answer sessions and the results of practical work which involved the development of draft FMPs for target fisheries. Daily evaluations helped the trainers understand what was going well and what was not going well and required immediate attention. A final evaluation exercise was conducted to enable participants to provide feedback on all aspects of the training. The results of this are provided as Annex 8 and indicate that the workshop was well received and appropriate.

Emphasis during the workshop was placed on providing key technical background and knowledge and then guiding the trainees to learn for themselves and to use their existing knowledge and understanding to develop inputs for the draft FMPs. This helped build up a high degree of local ownership of the FMPs, increasing the likelihood of uptake.

Technical information developed during the workshop was used to help develop the Lake Ziway and Lake Chamo FMPs presented as Annexes 9 and 10.

4.6 Development of FMP and Validation

Although the bulk of the mission (75%) was devoted to the TNA, workshop and training preparation and the training workshop itself, 20% of time was allocated for the development of a draft case study FMP. At the request of the MoA, two draft FMPs were developed. These focus on Lake Chamo and Lake Ziway, which are seen as the most overexploited and yet commercially important RVLs. The FMPs are presented as Annexes 9 and 10. The FMP structure used follows the relatively simple, short, concise approach proscribed in Hindson et al (2005) and consists of:

P a g e | 12

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

 Introduction.

 Overview of fishery.

 Status stocks.

 Current management issues.

 Stakeholder analysis.

 Situation analysis and SWOT.

 Long terms objectives for the fishery (based on the best scientific information available).

 Specific management objectives.

 Management measures.

 Co-management.

 Action Plan.

Sessions and consultations during the training workshop were used to help draft key sections of the FMPs and hence include the knowledge, experiences and ideas of a cross-section of stakeholders involved in the use or management of the target fisheries as well as the knowledge and experience of the consultancy team. Following the workshop the information available was embellished by the consultants and technically edited.

In order to validate the draft FMPs two workshop/meetings were convened, one for each FMP, at which a cross-section of key stakeholders from each region identified in the stakeholder analysis were invited to discuss the draft documents (see Annex 11). Feedback from the meetings was then used to finalise the two draft FMPs (See Annexes 9 and 10) In the absence of up to date information on stocks and evidence of overexploitation the FMPs present a precautionary approach to future management and a system of co-management which mirrors the existing government administrative structure but with the inclusion of resource users and community representatives. Each FMP includes an Action plan which outlines the immediate and short term follow-on activities related to the further development of the FMPs and their implementation.

5 Conclusions and Recommendations

This section presents the main conclusions and recommendations from the mission.

Firstly, all activities proposed within the terms of reference were completed. In accordance with the tors, the bulk of the mission (75%) was devoted to the TNA, workshop and training preparation and the training workshop itself. A further 20% of time was allocated to the development of two draft case study FMPs, including two validation meetings with key stakeholders.

Courtesy calls and TNA interviews were conducted by the Key Experts in conjunction with Federal, Regional and Zonal government fishery experts. Meetings were held with a cross section of public and private sector stakeholders in Oromia and SNNPRS regions to introduce the mission, implement the TNA and collate information for the document review. A draft document review was produced which was later incorporated into the two FMPs produced: Lake Chamo and Lake Ziway.

The results of the TNA were used to design a participatory workshop process and guide the development of training modules and materials. Issues raised during the TNA such as priorities of

P a g e | 13

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

senior government fishery officers and influencing factors which could assist or hinder the uptake of FMPs and training, have been reflected in the FMPs produced by the mission.

A seven day training workshop was held in Hawassa for 13 participants, thus accommodating a MoA request for more trainees to be trained. Participants, who were fishery officers, came from Oromia, SNNPRS and Ahmara Regions and represented Regional, Zonal and Woreda government administrative levels as well as research institutions. On the one hand this made addressing all training needs challenging, but the mix enhanced the FMP development process during the workshop. The trainees were taken through the key stages of FMP development and “learnt by doing”. A set of training modules was developed which could be used by the trainees, or others, in future. Technical information developed during the workshop was used to help develop the tow FMPs for Lake Ziway and Lake Chamo. These focussed on Lake Chamo and Lake Ziway, which are seen as the most overexploited and yet commercially important RVLs. The draft FMPs are working documents which require further development and discussion. They reflect a precautionary approach to future management and promote a co-management system which mirrors the government administrative structure. They also reflect and highlight the lack of information on stocks, fishing effort and socio- economic data. It is recommended that the template for the FMPs be used by trainees representing lakes Tana, Abaya and Hawassa to develop similar FMPs for those fisheries.

The draft FMPs were discussed at validation meetings towards the end of the mission and are now at the stage where government should present the ideas and proposed measures and co-management approach to a wider audience of stakeholders including the resource users. Implementation of the FMPs is beyond the scope of this mission but is something which needs to be thought about and funded either by government or with outside support such as the ACP Fish II programme and other interested donors. Both plans include Action plans which highlight the key next steps to development and implementation. It is recommended that the MoA and Regional governments carry out a wider consultation process with resource users and other key stakeholder groups regarding the draft FMPs with a view to implementing the plans as soon as possible. The Action Plans contained in the FMPs should be used to guide the immediate necessary next steps.

6 References

EU/MoA (1997) Lake Management Plans. Lake fisheries Development Project Phase II, Working Paper, Addis Ababa.

GoE (2003) Fish utilization proclamation 2003/315. Addis Ababa.

P a g e | 14

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

Annex 1. Terms of Reference

1.1 Overall objective

The overall objective of the ACP Fish II Programme is to contribute to the sustainable and equitable management of fisheries in ACP regions, thus leading to poverty alleviation and improving food security in ACP States.

1.2 Purpose

In line with the objectives of the ACP Fish II Programme, as stated above, the purpose of this contract is to provide Technical Assistance to the Fisheries Administration in Ethiopia to improve fisheries management planning through on-the-job training (OJT). Fulfilling this purpose will ultimately ensure that the sector’s current and potential nutritional, social, economic and environmental benefits are fully realised for present and future generations.

1.3 Results to be achieved by the Consultant

The Consultant will achieve the following results as part of this contract:

A fisheries training module is prepared and piloted;

Selected fisheries officers and stakeholders are trained in fisheries management planning;

A Fisheries Management Plan (FMP) is prepared covering selected lake(s) located in the Great Rift Valley.

1.4 Specific activities

This contract is organised in two phases: the preparatory phase and the implementation phase.

Briefing by the ACP Fish II;

Document review and training workshop module preparation;

Courtesy calls in Addis Ababa and consultation meetings in Hawasa with the Fisheries Administration and other key stakeholders;

Training needs assessment (TNA);

Design and adaptation of fisheries management planning training module (based on TNA);

Make all the logistical arrangements to complete the training itself (including invite participants, arrange travel, book and pay for flights and vehicles for participants as necessary, pay per diems or expenses of participants, arrange visas, training venue costs and field visit)

Delivery and evaluation of 7-day training workshop;

Review and develop one Fisheries Management Plan (FMP) during the training as a case- study;

FMP draft validation with the Fisheries Administration and other key stakeholders;

Preparation of the required reports.

A n n e x 1 | 1

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

The Consultants are required to produce the following reports in English:

An Interim Technical Report (ITR) within 10 days of arriving in the duty station for the first time. The ITR will be no longer than 12 pages and must include the results of the Training Needs Assessment (TNA). It will include the proposed methodology, the calendar and programme of activities, places to visit, people to meet and an outline of the contents of the Final Technical Report.

The Final Technical Report (FTR), taking into account changes and comments from the Fisheries Administration/MoARD, the RFU and CU will be submitted within one month of the Consultant leaving the country. A draft FTR will be submitted before the Consultant leaves the country on completion of the training and drafting of the FMP. Comments on the draft FTR may be made by the Fisheries Administration/MoARD, the RFU and CU within 14 days. If required a second draft FTR will be submitted.

A n n e x 1 | 2

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

Annex 2. Programme and People Met

Date Location Name and Title Remarks/Activities UK Depart UK for Ethiopia Tues 15 Addis Ababa Expert 1 arrives Addis Ababa Dr Tesfaye Wudneh Wakayo, Key Expert 2 Project briefing meeting e-mail: [email protected] Mobile: 00 251 91 1407773 Edmealem Shitaye, Deputy Director of Agricultural Extension Directorate, Federal Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) Hussein Abegaz, Senior Fisheries Expert, Federal Ministry of Agriculture (MoA), Addis Ababa Tel : 0911172571, 0116461965 (office) Email : [email protected] Bulbula Regassa, Oromia Region Fishery Development Facilitator Tel : 0911663451 Email : [email protected] Getachew Mamecha, Economist, Managing Director, Afri Tech Consult PLC Tel: +251 911249428 Email: [email protected] Key Expert planning meeting Wed 16 Addis Ababa As per project briefing above ACP Fish II Briefing at MoA Mr. Koane Mindjimba Regional Manager for Eastern Africa ACP FISH II Programme Tel: +256 414 251 640 mailto:[email protected] [email protected] Document review and TNA preparation Tadesse Gutta, Deputy Head of Oromia Livestock Project briefing meeting Agency with Oromia Regional Tel: 0911894259 Email: [email protected] Administration Tamiremamriam woldemesteel, Livestock and Fishery Development Extension Coordinator Tel: 0911983782 Hussein Abegaz & Bulbula Regassa as above Thurs 17 Addis Ababa Document review and TNA preparation Yared Tigabu, National Project Coordinator, National TNA and document Fisheries Research Centre, Sebata review Tel: 0911435699 Email: [email protected] Fri 18 Addis Ababa Dr Eshete Dejen, Fisheries Technical Officer, FAO TNA and document Subregional Office for Eastern Africa review Tel: 091179094 Email: [email protected]

Mulugeta Mehary, Production Manager, Fish Production and Marketing Enterprise, Addis Ababa Tel: +251 912088341 Email: [email protected]

A n n e x 2 | 1

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

Date Location Name and Title Remarks/Activities Ziway Aysha Hassan, Fishery Expert, TNA and document Tel: 0913467388 review Kitau Desefa, Animal Nutrition& Apiculture Expert Gemechu Jambo, Agriculture and Fishery Extension Expert Dr Lamessa Keno, Animal Health Expert Agriculture and Livestock Agency, Ziway Wareda

Mr Lemma Abera, Director, Ziway Fisheries Research Centre Tel: 0916820678 Email: [email protected] Sat 19 Ziway Various stakeholders at fish landing sites on Lakes TNA and document Ziway and Langano review

Adefris Kasaye, Branch Manager, Fish Processing and Trading Business Tel: 0913386703 Workshop planning and preparation

Team meeting Sun 20 Ziway Feyiso Jifu, Chairman of Cooperative Society and TNA and document Fishermen’s Union review Tel: 0911757076

Safayo Ashuta, Ziway Cooperative Promotion Office Tel: 0913371517 Email: [email protected] Hawasa Workshop planning and preparation Mon 21 Hawasa Finalisation of workshop venue and invitation letter Melese Gasha, Acting Head, Bureau of Agriculture and TNA and document Livestock, Hawasa Regional Government review Tel: 0911021681 Email: [email protected]

LalotoSadore Regional Fishery Expert, SNNPRS, Hawasa Tel: +251 911772804

Yosef Weldesenbet Atara Amelo Amora Gedel Fish Landing Cooperative, Hawasa

Kassahun Mereke, Fishery Researcher, Hawasa Fishery Research Centre Tel: 0911394195 Email: [email protected] Tues 22 Arbra Minch Mathewos Bundo Bunea, Vice Head, Department of TNA and document Agriculture review Tel: 0916834736 Email: [email protected]

Bimrew Tadesse, Fisheries Officer Tel: 0916830957 Email: [email protected] Report writing

A n n e x 2 | 2

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

Date Location Name and Title Remarks/Activities Wed 23 Arbra Minch Various stakeholders – Lake Chamo fish landings TNA and fieldwork Lake Chamo observations Samuel Mekonnen, General Manager, Crocodile Farm Tel: +251 911513078 Email: [email protected]

Solomon Lef, Chairman, Arbra Minch Fisheries Cooperative Tel: 0913398397

Mr Solomon, General Manager, Ethiofish, Fish Processing Plant Thurs 24 Hawasa Return to Hawssa (morning) TNA data analyses Document review Fri 25 Hawassa Bureau of Agriculture Office TNA results review ITR development/review Training workshop content Sat 26 Hawassa Sun 27 Hawassa Mon 28 Hawassa Bureau of Agriculture Office Training modules, materials and workshop preparation Tues 29 Hawassa Bureau of Agriculture Office Training modules, materials and workshop preparation Wed 30 Hawassa Bureau of Agriculture Office Training modules, materials and workshop preparation Thurs 31 Hawassa Bureau of Agriculture Office Training modules, materials and workshop preparation Fri April 1 Hawassa Bureau of Agriculture Office Training modules, materials and workshop preparation Sat 2 Hawassa Sun 3 Hawassa Mon 4 Hawassa Edmealem Shitaye, Deputy Director of Agricultural FMP Workshop Extension Directorate, Federal Ministry of Agriculture (MoA)

Hussein Abegaz, Senior Fisheries Expert, Federal Ministry of Agriculture (MoA), Addis Ababa Tel : 0911172571, 0116461965 (office) Email : [email protected]

Various stakeholders (see Annex Workshop Participants) Tues 5 Hawassa Various stakeholders FMP Workshop Wed 6 Hawassa Various stakeholders FMP Workshop Thurs 7 Hawassa Various stakeholders FMP Workshop

Mr. Koane Mindjimba Regional Manager for Eastern Africa ACP FISH II Programme Tel: +256 414 251 640 mailto:[email protected] [email protected]

A n n e x 2 | 3

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

Date Location Name and Title Remarks/Activities Fri 8 Hawassa Various stakeholders FMP Workshop

Evening reception Sat 9 Hawassa Sun 10 Hawassa Mon 11 Hawassa Various stakeholders FMP Workshop Tues 12 Hawassa Various stakeholders FMP Workshop

Fieldwork

Workshop close Wed 13 Hawassa Bureau of Agriculture Office FMP development and preparation for validation meetings Thurs 14 Hawassa Bureau of Agriculture Office FMP development and preparation for validation meetings Fri 15 Hawassa Bureau of Agriculture Office FMP development and preparation for validation meetings Sat 16 Hawassa Sun 17 Hawassa Mon 18 Hawassa Lake Chamo FMP validation meeting - Various Validation meeting Lake stakeholders (see Validation Meeting Participants Chamo FMP Annex) Tues 19 Ziway Lake Ziway FMP Validation Meeting - Various Validation meeting Lake stakeholders (see Validation Meeting Participants Ziway FMP Annex) Wed 20 Addis Ababa Hussein Abegaz, Senior Fisheries Expert, Federal Revision of draft FMPs Ministry of Agriculture (MoA), Addis Ababa Tel : 0911172571, 0116461965 (office) Depart Ziway Email : [email protected] Arrive Addis Ababa Thurs 21 Addis Ababa Depart Addis Ababa

Arrive UK Tues 26 UK Writing Draft Final Report Wed 27 UK Writing Draft Final Report

A n n e x 2 | 4

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

Annex 3. Training and Assessment Checklist

Priorities What are the priorities in terms of the management and objectives for the target fisheries and the training of fisheries stakeholders in management planning?….Where would you like the situation to be in 12 months’ time (Table a)? Expectations Define key tasks of different stakeholders in relation to fisheries management planning (Table b). What are the main ways in which fisheries stakeholders need to change or do things differently in terms of fisheries management planning and management (what is the problem, level of desired performance and actual performance and what is causing the problem? Who should do what differently…to define the performance goal (all)? or What behaviour pattern based on knowledge skills and attitudes do fisheries stakeholders need in order to carry out their tasks with competence (Table c)? Forces Use force field analysis to identify what will help of hinder fisheries stakeholders learn, try to apply new knowledge, skills and attitudes (Table d & e)? Solutions What are the solutions to the obstacles identified during the force field analysis (f)? Non-training Other than training what other cost/effective ways are there to achieve the desired performance/ expectation / development of knowledge, skills attitudes (brainstorm) (g)? Training What kind of training will best help fisheries stakeholders achieve the desired level of competence (h)? Learning objectives (Table i) Define learning objectives for each performance goal requiring training….SAS Situation – what situation with the fishery stakeholders be in when they need to perform the task skilfully? Action – what will they be able to do specifically after the training session is over? Standard – some measure by which they will be able to judge success Audit (Table j) Which individuals need how much training? Check for previous training in FMP, skills and knowledge in fisheries management, co-management, enforcement.

A n n e x 3 | 1

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

Annex 4. TNA Matrix

Federal Monitoring management Provide policy guidance on Cooperative's Lack of follow-up Govt commit awareness Workshop Be able to Some FOs measures at national co-management approach exist and there is and monitoring resources to raising on topics – group explain to have some level to senior level potential to by govt ensure in meetings work, relevant experience of Coordinate national management participate in a Transfer of staff proper posters case stakeholders developing development Prepare project proposals co-management Trained staff monitoring, studies, the purpose, FMPs, but not Cooperative's motivation, radio, fieldwork content and all programmes to implement FMP move broadcasting bylaws extension process of There is a Provide guidance on Identify research topics developed for Fisheries not drama developing a capacity building related to co-management priority Regional general lack management govt ensure leaflets outlining fisheries of Advise on manpower Advise on capacity building Resources not management Cooperative allocated directives fisheries understanding requirements for FMP implementation understand need developed management plan and how of co- Low levels of it should be Budget allocation of Understand the FMP for fishery Coordination measures management external programmes manpower and skills and management motivation implemented in fisheries processes according to Policy guidance to higher knowledge requirements No legal Regional created at all international level management of region, zonal, wereda framework government levels standards Policy guidance to Understand the ways in support Enforcement of Be able to regions on request which multi-stakeholder legislation leads Govt to increase explain to coordination should be extension staff to physical and Advise on national achieved for fisheries verbal abuse relevant research focus Lessons from stakeholders management FO undertake Lake Tana FMP co- non fisheries management Presence of activities kebele at and how this community level Cooperatives can be used weak to implement Legislation exists Poor relationship a FMP Regional between fisheries government extension and ability to research implement FMP Poor relationship Training between fisheries materials/manual and cooperative available after department/other mission institutions No stock assessment data

A n n e x 4 | 1

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

Regional Identification of research Provide policy guidance on topics for research co-management approach centres to Bureau management Advise bureau senior Prepare project proposals management on fisheries to implement FMP issues Identify research topics Report to senior related to co-management management and work closely with Liaise with zonal fishery research institutions officers Receive research results Collect information from and use these to guide zonal offices on catch policy and extension data, cooperatives decisions Advise on development of Advise on capacity building directives for FMP implementation Understand the FMP manpower and skills and knowledge requirements of region, zonal, wereda Understand the ways in which multi-stakeholder coordination should be achieved for fisheries management Initiate lake wide multi- stakeholder approach to management Develop directives to

A n n e x 4 | 2

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

c. Desired f. Solutions h. j. Audit for Fishery b. Description of g. Non- i. Learning performance/ d. Help e. Hinder to Training actual stakeholder stakeholder tasks training objective expectations obstacles solution performance support co-management approach and implementation of FMP Monitor and evaluate the implementation of FMP Periodically audit FMP and make any necessary changes

Zonal Undertake multi sectoral Integrate co-management activities into other sector work Advise on extension Provide capacity building activities e.g. training of for wereda fisheries cooperatives/stakeholders officers, cooperatives and Coordinate programmes other stakeholders to across weredas support FMP implementation Collect and analyse data from wereda Synchronize FMP implementation across Report to regional office different weredas and Liaise with cooperative institutions office Analyse data on catches and other indicators from wereda Monitor and evaluate FMP implementation with wereda Assist in the development of directives to implement FMP Provide guidance to wereda officers regarding FMP implementation

Wereda Monitor activities of Apply fisheries Able to cooperatives/fisheries management measures as explain key Provide training to per FMP and legislation concepts: cooperatives Assist in formulating fisheries

A n n e x 4 | 3

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

c. Desired f. Solutions h. j. Audit for Fishery b. Description of g. Non- i. Learning performance/ d. Help e. Hinder to Training actual stakeholder stakeholder tasks training objective expectations obstacles solution performance Provision of technical fisheries management management; advice and extension bylaws with zonal officers adaptive services and awareness and communities management, raising Provide training to co- Collecting catch data cooperatives and other management, precautionary Implementing stakeholders in FMP implementation approach, management conflict regulations/directives Collect data to help management Liaise with cooperative monitor stock levels and department MSY Synchronize FMP implementation with different stakeholders at wereda level

Research Conduct biological and Undertake research related officers resource related research to the implementation and Conduct socio-economic effects of FMPs including research socio-economic aspects Identify appropriate Periodically audit FMP and management measures make recommendations for suggested changes Transfer research findings to extension Transfer FMP research service findings to Regional Fishery Office Identify research topics along with agricultural office

A n n e x 4 | 4

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

Annex 5. Training Modules

TRAINING SESSION PLAN

Session No: 1 Date: Duration: 1 hr

Title: Introduction Objectives: Participants will be able to:

Introduce the participants to each other and the workshop objectives and process to the participants

Content: Training Points Methods Time Introduction 1. Overview of introduction session Presentation 2 mins

Development Introductions – name, job tasks, like & dislike Discussion 60 mins and individual Expectations preparation and Workshop objective presentations

Workshop schedule

Administration issues

Training materials/aids:

Cards to guide introductions and record expectations

Target groups: fishery officers, researchers

A n n e x 5 | 1

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

TRAINERS NOTES

TITLE: Introduction

Trainer Trainees Introduction ( min)

1. Briefly introduce the session Understand the content of the session

Development ( hrs )

The aim is to not only introduce the objectives of the Understand the content and nature of the workshop workshop and provide an overview of the different and what is expected of them. sessions, but to enable participants to participate early on and set the scene for the interactive nature of the Personal expectations are matched to objectives. process.

Participants are firstly asked to introduce, not themselves, but the person next to them. This acts as an ice breaker. And involves people getting to know others in the group.

The participants are then asked to give their expectations of the workshop before the workshop objective, schedule and administrative issues are introduced.

The objectives are to develop knowledge and skills in fisheries management planning and develop aspects of a fishery management plan

Participants are asked if they have any questions.

A n n e x 5 | 2

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

TRAINING SESSION PLAN

Session No: 2 Date: Duration: 1.5 hrs

Title: What is a fisheries management plan (FMP)? Objectives: Participants will be able to:

Describe the purpose and content of an FMP

Content: Training Points Methods Time Introduction Overview of session and objectives 5 mins

Development Definition of an FMP Discuss & 15 mins theory

Why are management plans needed? Brainstorm & 15 mins Importance of fisheries theory Fish stocks vulnerable Need for good planning

Content of an FMP Discuss and 15 mins Where are we now? theory Where do we want to get to? How are we going to get there? How we do know we have arrived? 15 mins How an FMP is developed Theory Data Stakeholders

Conclusion Recap main points on: Discussion 20mins Definition and Q & A Need for FMP Content Development process

Training materials/aids:

Copy of FMP guide Copy of FAO CCRF Fisheries Management Copy of stock assessment guide FAO State of World Fisheries Example of FMP OHP presentation & projector Flip chart & marker pens OHP hand-out

Target groups: Fishery officers, government planners, researchers, cooperatives,

Evaluation/Test:

A n n e x 5 | 3

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

TRAINERS NOTES TITLE: What is an FMP?

Trainer Trainees Introduction (20 min)

1. Brief the participants on the contents of the Participants will get an overview of the session and session. Show introduction slide. what they will learn from it. 2. Explain that at the session end participants will be able to describe what an FMP is and its content They will receive resource documents to aid this and and will know more about the following workshop following sessions sessions. 3. Distribute and explain the relevance of the resource documents Development (1 hr )

1. In plenary ask participants what they think a FMP Participants will mention what they think an FMP is is and list the ideas on flip chart/white board. Way of finding out what people already know and help Participants will acquire knowledge on what a FMP is further sessions. and what it consists of

Present 1 slide presenting a definition from CCRF FM 4.1

Link participants responses to definition

Seek for any clarifications Participants will acquire knowledge on why FMPs are 2. Ask why we think FMP are needed….what use are important they?

Present slide outlining the importance of fisheries and need to manage fisheries better and why (MRAG p9…update with latest SOFIA)

3. Ask participants what they think a FMP should Participants will acquire knowledge on what an FMP include/contain and record answers contains and the different stages in the development process. Present slide showing content based on MRAG p10 Participants will acquire more knowledge on the Refer to Table 4 at back of CCRF FM content of the following workshop sessions and what they will be doing Explain that there are different formats for FMP

Mention that FMP is working document that needs constant updating

Present slide showing the stages in development of an FMP diag p3 MRAG on slide. Refer to Table p4 MRAG

Explain that the workshop will focus on the development of key aspects of an FMP but that a draft document would need to be discussed with other key stakeholders Conclusion (20mins) Trainees answer questions and provide contribution. Recap by Q & A on: Can someone define what an FMP is? Why are FMP important? What does an FMP contain? Is an FMP a one-off document or does it need updating and if so why?

A n n e x 5 | 4

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

TRAINING SESSION PLAN

Session No: 3 Date: Duration: approx 9 hrs

Title: What are the fisheries like now? Objectives: Participants will be able to:

Describe the current status of a fishery and identify the associated strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats Content: Training Points Methods Time Introduction 1. Overview of session 10 mins 2. Why it is important to clarify the current situation

Development Outline data required and provide guideline for presentation Theory 15 mins

Working groups develop overview of fisheries using information Working 120 mins brought with them, key references, document review groups

Group presentations and discussions Plenary 60 mins

Introduce stakeholder analyses Theory 15 mins

Working groups develop stakeholder analyses Working 60 mins groups

Groups presentations and discussions Plenary 60 mins

Introduce SWOT process Theory 30 mins

Groups develop SWOTs Working groups 60 mins

Group presentations of SWOT and discussion Plenary 60 mins

Conclusion Recap main points on: Discussion 20 mins Reason for current situation analyses and Q & A Content SWOT Training materials/aids: Fishery overview outline/structure FMP development guide Reference material – secondary data brought by participants to workshop Stakeholder analyses matrix hand-out/slide SWOT matrix hand-out Document review Flip charts Target groups:

Evaluation:

A n n e x 5 | 5

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

TRAINERS NOTES

TITLE: What are the fisheries like now?

Trainer Trainees Introduction ( min)

1. Explain that this session is aimed at developing the first Will understand the objectives of this session part of the FMP which is an overview of the current and how it contributes to the overall situation development of an FMP 2. The session will consist of theory presentations on key aspects of the FMP including stakeholder analyses and SWOT 3. By the end of the session a draft current situation section will have been produced which will be used to guide the setting of management goals and objectives

Development ( hrs )

Notes can be taken for the overall session from the FMP Will learn how to develop the “current situation” guide (MRAG) pages 15 to 26. It is important to enable section of an FMP including how to develop a participants throughout the session to take ownership of the simple stakeholder analyses and carry out a process and their FMPs. The trainer is providing guidance SWOT to analyse the current situation. through the process and technical inputs when required. Participants should be encouraged to write up their group Will develop their own draft “current situation” work in a single MS Word FMP document, which will be section for their FMPs developed further during subsequent sessions.

Explain the general content of this section of the FMP.

Provide the hand-out of the checklist of key topics to be included in the section and discuss these.

Ask groups to spend time developing their sections using the checklist as a guide. Once the groups are ready, ask each to present the information in plenary. As a trainer, use the checklist to identify any gaps. Seek for questions and clarifications after each presentation. The stakeholder analyses process is then introduced. P17 – 20 of the FMP guide. The matrix structure is presented and different types of expected stakeholder defined. An example is worked through in plenary. Working groups then develop their own stakeholder analyses matrix and present these in plenary. The trainer should seek for clarifications and questions. The final activity is the SWOT. The SWOT guidelines are used on p 25 -26 of the FMP guide. A slide summarising the matrix is presented. Examples are worked through in plenary before working groups reflect on their current understanding of the situation and develop their own SWOT matrices. Once ready the groups present these in plenary for general discussion. Conclusion ( mins) Recap by Q & A on: Reinforce learning on the current situation and The content of the current situation section of the FMP how it is developed. and why are we developing this section? What is a stakeholder analyses and how is it used in the FMP process? Please describe different aspects of the SWOT and give examples?

A n n e x 5 | 6

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

TRAINING AIDS

Current Situation and Trends Structure

National and regional policy and legislation related to fisheries management Summary of existing legislation in place including directives (fisheries, environment, trade & industry etc)

Overview of target fisheries and trends

o Area of operation of the fishery and under which jurisdiction it falls o Outline of the fishery resources including particulars of life histories, breeding patterns/age/size and areas o Outline of all fishing practices o Ecosystem, its status and any particularly sensitive areas or features influencing or affected by the fishery o Details of non-fishery users or activities which impact on the fishery, and arrangements for liaison and co-ordination (agriculture, industry, forestry etc) o Details of those individuals or groups granted rights of access to the fishery, and particulars of the nature of those rights o Contribution of the fishery to development objectives . Food security (main consumer groups, location, fish price vs other protein sources) . Employment (number of fishermen, processors, traders…., dependency on fisheries – full time, part time, seasonal) . Income (approximate income of different stakeholders) . poverty reduction (benefits to poor and marginalised groups) . foreign exchange (exports)

Status of stocks & trends

o catch and effort data o stock assessments data o description of assessment methods used o stock indicators o biological limits/MSY

Current fisheries management measures and approaches used o History of fishing and management and trends o Management measure used o How are management measures applied

Lessons learnt from current and previous fisheries management o What has worked and why? o What has not worked and why?

A n n e x 5 | 7

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

Stakeholder analysis matrix

Stakeholder (public, Roles and How they should be Current situation/ private, civil society, responsibilities involved in fisheries observations academic) management

SWOT slide

A n n e x 5 | 8

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

TRAINING SESSION PLAN

Session No: 4 Date: Duration: 4 hrs

Title: Where are we going? Objectives: Participants will be able to:

Describe how to develop a purpose and objectives of a FMP and identify these in the local context Content: Training Points Methods Time Introduction 1. Overview of session 10 mins 2. Management approaches 3. Purpose, goals, objectives, standards 4. Develop aspects of FMP Development Management approaches Precautionary Theory & 60 mins Adaptive discussion Reactive & proactive Top down/command Co-management

Relevance of concepts to RVL situation

Purpose of FMP Working 60 mins group case Examples studies

120 mins Goals Biological Economic Social

Objectives Theory, plenary discussion, working groups

Management standards As above Indicators Reference points

Conclusion Recap main points on: Discussion 20mins and Q & A

Training materials/aids: Presentation slides FMP guide Transformation plan p4-12 L Vic Tilapia FMP p 77-81 Proclamation UN MDG Reference materials Flip charts

Target groups: fishery officers, researchers

A n n e x 5 | 9

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

TRAINERS NOTES TITLE: Where are we going?

Trainer Trainees Introduction ( min)

1. Introduce the session and refer to Fig 5 p30 MRAG Understand the objective if the session, what 2. Refer to the FMP in general and explain we are now in they will learn and how it will contribute to the the “where we are going phase” development of an FMP. Development ( hrs )

Management approaches Introduce the focus which is to provide background to key Will learn about familiar management concepts concepts related to the way in which we can manage and how these are or are not applicable to the fisheries. FMP process. Refer to p27-28 MRAG. Show the slide and ask if anyone has heard of any of these concepts? What do they mean? Once discussion is over then provide summary of what each concept means.

Discuss which concepts are relevant to our own situation and why?

Purpose Refer to p 31 MRAG Discuss what a “Purpose” is…. Helps to provide general focus of FMP General statement….generally a precautionary and proactive statement related to sustainability…..

Give examples from L Vic…..& MRAG Provide working groups with: Proclamation MDG Refer to past sessions…. And ask them to develop their own Purposes (30 mins)

Each group presents back its Purpose….

Trainers check to ensure the purposes are: General statements Proactive and focussed on sustainability Are precautionary in nature and not likely to endanger the resource or resource users….

Purposes are agreed and finalised….

Goals MRAG p 32 Broad statements but focussed on key aspects of the fishery and its contribution to national development objectives….. Biological – these are constraints and will affect the economic and social potential…. Economic - Social - Ecological…. Taken together the Goals should be the Purpose….

Goals are a trade-off…..achieving maximum employment will necessarily mean allowing the most number of fishermen into

A n n e x 5 | 10

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report the fishery but this will spread the catch amongst many meaning low average incomes for fishermen….whereas achieving highest incomes will mean limiting the number of fishermen to a few and enabling them to take higher catches using more gears and earn higher incomes…..(30 mins)

Working groups draft their own set of Goals in relation to their Purposes….They are encouraged to use MRAG p 32, the Proclamation and MDG, p 4 – 12 of Transformation plan….(45 mins)

These are presented back in plenary and reviewed. (60 mins)

Trainers should check that the Goals: Are general statements Cover at least Biological, Economic and Social parameters Are not contradictory Are in line with Govt policy and the achievement of national development objectives and MDG

The Goals are agreed and finalised.

Objectives Introduce matrix as per MRAG p 33

FMP Objectives Refer to P33 - 35 MRAG To achieve each Goal we have objectives…. These are measurable changes which are realised when the FMP has been successful….measuring and monitoring these objectives will give us therefore an understanding of whether our FMP is working or not… (10 mins)

Objective example Example for Biological Goal….. Go through this…… How realistic is this objective in terms of our knowledge or ability to measure the fish stock? VIRRP (verb, indicator, relationship, reference point) (15 mins)

Biological objectives Discuss these examples by asking participants: Where are the verb, indicator to measure, relationship, reference point.. The first example does not require stock assessment data to be available as cpue is measured….we need to know what cpue should be as per 1995 and monitor it to make sure it does not fall below this level… The second example requires knowledge of the MSY for the particular fish stocks and the ability to measure this and monitor it…it may also require more investment in manpower, research and costs…. Until the ability to accurately carry out stock assessments is in place it may be more practical to set objectives based on cpue? Discuss…(30 mins)

Economic & social objectives Discuss these examples in terms of structure…. Do we have information on minimum income levels?? Should we set the level higher? How do we define a fisher? The social objective comes 3rd here…as it depends on the

A n n e x 5 | 11

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report levels set by the biological and economic objectives….(15 mins)

Working groups develop objectives for each of their goals….(60 mins)

Presentations of objectives….(45 mins)

Trainers check that the objectives contain: Verb, indicator to be measured, relationship and reference point. Check how easy it will be to measure the objectives and do we have base line data for the indicator and reference point at the moment.

Management standards

P36 MRAG How are we going to measure whether we have achieved our objectives or not? How are we going to monitor progress towards achieving our objectives?

Indicators – where are we now or might be in the future

Reference points – where we would like to be…can be set as a limit below which it should not fall….can be set as a target also…limits are better….

Key issue is….how do we measure them? What data is required to estimate the quantity? What tool or analysis method will be used? For Biological objectives….much data can come from stock assessments…and fishery scientists…. (30 mins)

Discuss the table and the data and measurements required…

Discuss how we can carry out the measurements? Stock assessments Surveys What data do we have from existing sources….?? (30 mins)

Working groups develop management standards for their own objectives (60 mins)

Discuss these and the methods that could be used to generate the data. Do we have any available data that can be used? If so…this can now be included? How confident are we about the reliability of this data? What needs to be done to fill any gaps? (60 mins)

Conclusion ( mins) Recap by Q & A on: Definitions of purpose, goals, objectives, standards and examples

A n n e x 5 | 12

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

TRAINING SESSION PLAN

Session No: 5 Date: Duration: approx 3 hrs

Title: How do we get there - Management measures? Objectives: Participants will be able to:

Understand the advantages and disadvantages of different fisheries management measures and how these can be used to achieve the objectives of the FMP Understand which management measures are appropriate for achieving the FMP objectives

Content: Training Points Methods Time Introduction 1. Overview of session introducing the topic of management 10 mins measures 2. Participants will understand how management measures are included in an FMP

Development What are management measures Theory and 60 mins discussion How management measures are used to achieve the objectives of the FMP

Description of different types of measures Input Output Technical

Examples of measures and how these can help achieve objectives Working 90 mins Identification of management measures for FMPs groups & plenary discussion

Conclusion Recap main points on: Discussion 20mins and Q & A Different types of management measures and how they are used in an FMP

Examples from working groups used to illustrate different approaches

Training materials/aids:

FMP guide FAO CCRF Fisheries Management report Results of previous working group sessions and FMP objectives matrix MS Power point presentation Flip charts

Target groups: Fishery officers, researchers

A n n e x 5 | 13

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

TRAINERS NOTES

TITLE: How do we get there - management measures?

Trainer Trainees Introduction ( min) Understand what the session is focussed on, what they 1. Briefly describe the session objectives and will learn and do and how the session relates to activities and how this session relates to the previous and future FMP training sessions objective session and the session on co- management Development ( hrs )

Theory for this session is supported by: Understand what management measures are and how they feature in FMPs P41 – 48 FMP guide Section 3 of FAO CCRF Management Learn about different types of measures and which ones are appropriate for their own situations Use the presentation slides to introduce key issues and encourage discussions around each slide. Learn how to develop an important aspect of an FMP

Ask participants to provide examples of management measures currently in use and how these are applied and how effective these are.

Refer the participants to the goals, objectives matrix developed during the previous session and explain that the aim is to develop this further by including management measures for each objective.

Working groups then identify management measures appropriate for their own FMPs. These are then presented and discussed. The trainer should look to see if the management measures are logical and could be implemented. Is there any past history of such measures being applied?

Decision control rules are introduced and discussed in plenary.

Conclusion (mins) Recap by Q & A on: Learning reinforced on key issues What are management measures and how are they used? Examples of different types of measures

A n n e x 5 | 14

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

TRAINING AIDS The key training aid is the purpose, goals and objectives matrix developed during the previous session.

A n n e x 5 | 15

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

TRAINING SESSION PLAN

Session No: 6 Date: Duration: 1.5 days

Title: Co-management Objectives: Participants will be able to:

Explain what co-management is and how it could be applied in the local context Content: Training Points Methods Time Introduction 1. Overview of session Presentation 1 10 mins 2. Concept of co-management slide 3. Essential conditions for co-management to occur 4. Adapting co-management to the RVL context

Development Description of co-management Theory & 90 mins discussion

Key conditions for co-management Groups identify different Institutional design conditions from Supra community & community chapter 7 SCF Individual & household

Co-management planning Working groups 180mins case study

Preparation of presentations

Plan presented to local stakeholders/cooperative by Fieldwork Morning participants Analyses and 120 mins Draft co-management plan refined and finalised reflection

Conclusion Recap main points on: Discussion and 20mins Co-management Q & A RVL plan ideas

Training materials/aids:

Reference materials Chapter 7 SCF Co-management paper Lake Victoria BMU guidelines Co-management plan case study Presentation hand-out Flip charts Prepare meeting with Hawassa fishermen

Target groups: fishery officers, researchers

A n n e x 5 | 16

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

TRAINERS NOTES

TITLE: Co-management

Trainer Trainees Introduction ( min) Understand the content of the session and the output, 1. Ensure the participants are clear about the session which is a draft of ideas for a co-management plan and the various activities. Ask if there any questions.

Development ( hrs )

Co-management concept introduced using a mix of Understand the meaning of co-management and issues slides and discussion. related to its application.

Key conditions for co-management to be facilitated are Analyse data and develop an understanding of the introduced. There are a number of conditions and the conditions required for successful co-management. approach is to create 2 working groups which review different sections of Ch 7 from SSF book and identify the conditions they see. Each group lists the conditions on flip charts and prepares to feed back to whole group. The results are compiled to give an overall list. A hand-out covering a full list is presented.

Case study is introduced and L Vic BMU guidelines distributed. 3 working groups develop a draft co- Learn from the co-management experience of Lake management plan. Victoria and adapt ideas to suit the RVL context.

Fieldwork to enable the participants to present their Involvement of resource users in the co-management ideas to resource users. The experience will be process is essential and participants will experience reflected on afterwards and the ideas refined how this can be undertaken and views incorporated in accordingly to work towards an appropriate co- the process. management approach for RVL situation.

Conclusion ( mins) Recap by Q & A on:

A n n e x 5 | 17

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

TRAINING AIDS

CONSIDERATIONS FOR SUCCESSFUL COMANAGEMENT: SESSION NOTES There is no blueprint for co-management. Every fishery and the economic, political, environmental, social, human factors pertaining to it are different. Nevertheless, there are a number of considerations that should be borne in mind when initiating a co-management development process. These have been gained from experiences of co-management in various fisheries. 1. Clear boundaries will allow those involved to know where their responsibilities lie. The boundary could be related to ecological features or an area of water. In terms of the RVL the boundary may extend to the 1km zone around the lake shore? International boundaries through a fishery usually make management more difficult. In the case of the RVL we have regional and zonal boundaries to contend with as well as wereda. These pose an additional challenge to coordination and effective management. 2. Management organisations should be representative of the resource users but not too large as to impede effective decision making. 3. A balance is required to match the capability or capacity of a management organisation with the right level of mandate or responsibilities. In other words it may practical for organisations at the kebele level to be responsible for the activities within their locality to the boundary of the next kebele. 4. It should be clearly defined that those involved in the membership of a co-management institution should be those who have a real stake in the fishery. For example: fishermen, cooperatives, gear owners, traders. 5. All resource users should be included in the process from the outset. The resource users should be actively involved in decision making from the beginning. It is important to get their opinions and ideas at the early stages of a co-management planning process. And to enable them to make decisions as an integral part of the management process. The sense of ownership of the approach must be fostered. 6. Traditional knowledge should be factored into the planning and design process. 7. The benefits of co-management must be seen by all stakeholders soon for them to remain motivated to participate. 8. There must be an appeal to the individual’s incentives. Some personal gain must be achieved. 9. All partners must have a common understanding of the situation, root causes of problems and agree on appropriate solutions. The objectives must be agreed by all and it must be clear where the co-management process is heading. 10. There must be commitment to a co-management approach and willingness amongst all parties to participate in and share management responsibilities. This will initially require education and awareness raising about the concept of co-management and discussion on how it could be initiated. 11. Government must be supportive and show this amongst other things in policy and legislation. This may entail laws related to user rights, management authority structure, participation in co-management, enforcement, formation of organisations 12. Government must be willing to delegate control and responsibilities to communities/resource users. 13. There must be the local political will for co-management to succeed. 14. Local govt should be prepared to provide necessary support for enforcement, sanctions, extension and information provision 15. Property rights must be established and open access removed so that legal ownership of the resources is in place.

A n n e x 5 | 18

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

16. Co-management requires capacity building for all those involved. This may take a long time. It may be seen as a continuous activity. 17. External agents such as NGOs, research centres, religious organisations can play an important facilitating role (knowledge, training, logistical support, finance) for co- management but must remain impartial and not create dependency. 18. If resources users are used to a reliance on government to provide management and are expecting government to do everything for them then they will be reluctant to participate in co-management. Where this attitude exists it will need to be changed/influenced. 19. Regulations should be simple, clear, understandable and appropriate to the local situation. 20. Enforcement of rules developed in conjunction with resource users. Implementation of regulations should be flexible and should be a reflection of constant dialogue between the managers and the stakeholders. Enforcement requires an integrated and coordinated approach involving the various agencies responsible e.g. community, fisheries dept, police 21. There must be clear and effective mechanism to resolve conflicts and disputes. 22. Sanctions or penalties are necessary for those who break management rules. These may vary from education for the offender to enforcement and arrest. The approach should be flexible and graduated e.g. someone may have to be found to break a rule several times before they are arrested. Early offences are reprimanded with warnings and guidance on compliance. 23. When enforcement is used it should be swift and public and according to the law 24. Co-management will necessitate co-ordination, decision making and activities from the local to the national level as well as across geographical areas, administrations and sectors. From a practical institutional point of view this may be best facilitated by an evolution of a series of committees representing different responsibilities and decision making roles at different levels. It may be simply community and national? With each RVL proposing representatives which join other stakeholders e.g. govt in a RVL Co-management Committee which is responsible for policy and key development decisions. A kebele, wereda, zonal, regional and federal apex type system is used on Lake Victoria. 25. Alliances and networks can help advocacy and mitigate against powerful outside interests. 26. The approach should be open and transparent . 27. Management objectives should be monitored and evaluated using standards accepted by all managers. Monitoring should involve the community and take advantage of their knowledge of the resource. They should be involved in data collection and assessing the resource status. 28. Characteristics of communities and can influence co-management effectiveness. If the resources users/stakeholders reside near the lake, are homogenous in terms of ethnicity, gears used, religion, kinship, language then these are seen as helpful attributes. Furthermore, if they share a common understanding of the problem and are able to act collectively, this will also aid co-management. 29. Management organisations and committees require strong and effective leadership. 30. Co-management will benefit from the efforts of “champions of change”, people who are enthusiastic and prepared to go the extra mile to bring about positive change. 31. Resources users and management must be empowered through capacity building so they first of all understand the principles of sustainable resource use and co-management. 32. There must be effective communication between all stakeholders involved in co- management. 33. As co-management matures over time there must be the ability to adapt the approach if need be.

A n n e x 5 | 19

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

34. Existing community/traditional organisations could be integrated into new management structures. 35. Adequate funds for planning, implementation, coordination, monitoring and enforcement available 36. Co-management is not going to happen overnight. It will take time and sufficient time should be allocated for this to happen.

A n n e x 5 | 20

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

CO-MANAGEMENT PLAN: CASE STUDY

A senior Ministry official has just attended a Lake Victoria fisheries management conference in Kenya. They have returned with an overview of how co-management is being applied in that fishery. As a result of the meeting, the Ministry is now very keen to apply a co-management approach in the RVL area. As fisheries officers you have been asked by the Ministry to develop a draft co-management plan for further discussion as part of a FMP process. At the moment the Ministry has requested the co-management plan should simply include details of:

a) Why co-management could work and what benefits it will produce for different stakeholders in RVL area b) The enabling environment required in the RVL area for co-management to be introduced and succeed and how this can be achieved c) Who should be involved in a co-management process and how they should be involved d) How co-management could be used in practice to implement different management measures already identified e) The aspects of co-management that will be relatively straightforward to introduce/be acceptable f) The challenges facing co-management in the RVL and how these can be overcome

Task: Using your understanding of co-management, the information on the Lake Victoria fishery and any other reference material available, including the outputs of previous workshop sessions, develop a co- management plan that at least covers the issues suggested by the Ministry (2 hrs) Prepare a presentation to be given to a Ministry panel of fisheries experts that will review your plan and decide on the next steps (1 hr).

A n n e x 5 | 21

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

TRAINING SESSION PLAN

Session No: 7 Date: Duration: 1.5 hrs

Title: Action Plan Objectives: Participants will be able to:

Identify the next steps in terms of implementation or development of the FMP

Content: Training Points Methods Time Introduction 5. Overview of session and the aim is to develop a series of Presentation 10 mins next steps or actions which should be included in the FMP 6. Explain that participants will now identify the main activities related to the implementation of the FMP and what should happen next?

Development

Introduce action plan matrix Presentation 60 mins and plenary Identify next steps and actions to be taken by different discussion stakeholders

Conclusion Discussion and 10 mins Basis for further actions and recommendations Q & A

Training materials/aids:

Outputs from previous sessions FMP guide Action plan matrix

Target groups: fishery officers, researchers

A n n e x 5 | 22

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

TRAINERS NOTES

TITLE: Action Plan

Trainer Trainees Introduction ( min)

1. Explain the necessity of the session and it provides Appreciate the focus and content of the session and a way forward for post-workshop phase of the the activities to be performed FMP development or implementation process

Development ( hrs )

P49 – 55 FMP guide

Present the Action plan matrix as a guide and discuss Understand the importance of clarifying the key each heading and what it refers to. Seek examples to activities which are required for FMP validation, further illustrate each topic. development and implementation.

Ask participants to reflect on the things which need to Identify post-workshop activities necessary for the be now undertaken in their FMPs in terms of validating uptake and development of the FMP or developing the FMP further (especially if only fishery officers have been involved in the process so far there will be a need for wider stakeholder input). Likewise there will be activities which are required in terms of implementing the plan. It will also be necessary to discuss the resources required to implement the plan or carry out suggested activities.

Emphasise the need for the FMP to be periodically updated and reviewed

Depending on the time available, the matrix could be completed in plenary or working groups develop their own matrices and then present these for discussion. Conclusion ( mins) Recap by Q & A on: What are the objectives of an Action Plan? Understanding the importance of planning post- Examples of the sort of things that should be workshop activities reinforced considered.

A n n e x 5 | 23

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

TRAINING AIDS

ACTION PLAN MATRIX Policy/ Awareness Financial legislation (new Data Institutional Capacity raising/ Research / Human and collection change building dissemination/ Resources implementation) lobbying

A n n e x 5 | 24

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

Annex 6. Training Workshop Participants

Name Address Phone/email Bemrew Taddese Fishery Officer, Gamogofa Zone, Dept. of +251 468811961 Agric, PO Box 150, Arbaminch +251 916830957 (mob) [email protected] Maregu Lakew Fishery Extension Officer, Gamogofa Zone, +251 468810586 Dept. of Agric, PO Box 150, Arbaminch +251 916854292 (mob) Berhanu Bimbe Fishery Extension Officer, Hawassa Town +251 911988211 (mob) Urban Agriculture office, PO Box 77, Hawassa Kassahun Merke Fisheries Research Officer, +251 911394165 (mob) Southern Agric Research Institute, Hawassa [email protected] Agric Research Centre Zegeye Wondimu Fishery Extension Officer, Woloayta Zone, Dept +251 465512175 of Agric PO Box 42, Sodolo +251 5513017 Chalachew Aragaw Regional Fishery Officer, +251 918704810 Amhara Region Bureau of Agric, PO Box 437, [email protected] Bahir Dar [email protected] Tiruwork Demile Fishery Officer, Lihokemkem Woreda +251 913467388 Amhara region Alayu Yalew Fisheries Research Officer, Bahir Dar Fishery +251 911009212 and Aquatic Life Research Centre, PO Box 794, +251 918803196 Bahir Dar, Amhara Region [email protected] [email protected] Aysha Hassen Fishery Officer, A/T/J/K Woreda +251 913467388 Oromia Region Ahmed Kedir Fishery Officer, Arsi Nagelle Woreda +251 461160332 Oromia Region +251 916111165 Megerssa Endebu Fisheries Research Officer, Ziway Fisheries +251 911044974 Resource Centre, PO Box 229, Ziway, East [email protected] Shoula Bulbula Regassa Regional Fisheries Officer, Oromia Livestock +251 11 690005 Development and Health Agency, Addis Ababa +251 911 663451 (mob) [email protected] [email protected] Laloto Sadore Regional Fisheries Officer, Bureau of +251 911772804 Agriculture, Hawassa, Southern Region [email protected]

A n n e x 6 | 1

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

Annex 7. Workshop Timetable

Mon 4 8.30 Registration 9.00 Official opening 10.00 Break 10.30 Workshop introduction 11.30 Fisheries Management Plans 12.30 Lunch 14.00 Current situation 15.30 Break 16.00 Current situation 17.00 Daily evaluation & close Tues 5 9.00 Recap & overview of day 1 9.15 Current situation 10.30 Break 11.00 Current situation 12.30 Lunch 14.00 Current situation 15.00 Break 15.30 Current situation 17.00 Daily evaluation & close Wed 6 9.00 Recap & overview of day 2 9.15 FMP purpose & objectives 10.30 Break 11.00 FMP purpose & objectives 12.30 Lunch 14.00 FMP purpose & objectives 15.30 Break 16.00 FMP purpose & objectives 17.00 Daily evaluation & close Thurs 7 9.00 Recap & overview of day 3 9.15 Management measures 10.30 Break 11.00 Management measures 12.30 Lunch 14.00 Management measures 15.30 Break 16.00 Management measures 17.00 Daily evaluation & Close Fri 8 9.00 Recap & overview of day 4 9.15 Co-management 10.30 Break

A n n e x 7 | 1

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

11.00 Co-management 12.30 Lunch 14.00 Co-management planning 15.30 Break 16.00 Co-management planning 17.00 Daily evaluation & Close 18.00-20.00 Workshop reception

Mon 11 7.00 Fieldwork 12.30 Lunch 14.00 Fieldwork analyses and co-management plan 15.30 Break 14.00 Fieldwork analyses and co-management plan 17.30 Daily evaluation & close Tues 12 9.00 Recap & overview of day 6 9.15 Action plan and next steps 10.30 Break 11.00 Action plan & next steps 12.30 Lunch 14.00 Evaluation 15.30 Break 16.00 Closing remarks & certificates 16.30 Workshop close

A n n e x 7 | 2

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

Annex 8. Training Evaluation Results

Question Answer 1. Were you of the objectives of this workshop? Fully 100% Partially Not at all 2. How do you feel about the programmes? Very satisfied 78% Satisfied 12% Fairly satisfied Not satisfied 3. How were the training facilities? Excellent 71% Good 29% Fair Poor 4. how do you feel the activities of the workshop Interesting 92% were ? Stimulating 8% Informative None of the above 5. How would you rate the training methods used Lecture…..Very effective 35% gin this workshop? Effective 57% Not effective 8% Practical……very effective 60% Effective 40% Not effective 6. How do you the amount of time made available Far too much 8% for this workshop? Too much Just right 84% Too little 8% Far too little 7. How do you rate the balance between lectures Far too many lectures 8% and discussions practical? Too many lectures Just right 68% Too many discussions/ practical 24% Far too many discussion / practical 8. How do you rate the importance of this workshop Very high 68% for your own work? High 24% In between 8% Low Very low 9. How do you rate the relevance of the background Highly relevant 42% material distributed to all participants lecture notes? Quite relevant 42% About right 16% Not very relevant Irrelevant 10. Describe the duration of the sessions? Far too long 8% Too long Just right 84% Too short 8% Far too short 11. The theoretical level was? Far too high 8% Too high Just right 84% Too low 8% Far too low

A n n e x 8 | 1

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

Question Answer 12. The practical level was? Far too complicated 8% Too complicated Just right 84% Too simple 8% Far too simple 13. The amount of theoretical lectures was? Far too much Too much Just right 76% Too little 24% Far too little 14. The amount of practical work was? Far too much Too much 14% Too little 21% Far too little Very perfect 7% Just right 57% Additional comments The training was very practical, implementable. We are very much benefited. Trainers were very cooperative to answer our question. Excellent involvement of the participants on discussion. Important issues were addressed. Possible solutions for the current problems were suggested. Good friendly approach of the trainers coordinators, thanks The training that we took is crucial for our work but not enough. The experience sharing is only between ourselves(Ethiopians R.V lakes) it would have been better if the experience sharing training was between east Africans countries. For future some experience sharing between well advanced in (FMP) rift valley lakes experts(fishery Officers) should be considered Generally I can say I got a knowledge in Co- management practical and the way our trainers gave the training has given me stimulation This FMP workshop is first time to me. I am very happy on this workshop and I gain many things from this workshop. If it is possible please call me again. Thank you for all The lectures are transparent, have good approach towards the participant. The presentation of the different reasons was an impact to the workshop participant It was good training, we learn about all things. I like a work shop Like the workshop so much. But it seems not training; we were acting like a working group. So it looks technical team composed of different groups thank you

A n n e x 8 | 2

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

Question Answer The workshop found to be useful and given knowledge share from different grounds. If more Amharic language speaking period (sessions) was used for those who are interested of English language would have been excellent. Even though it is quite enough to congratulate the trainers for their excellent of their best sharing what they know. Good luck for the foreign trainers on this journey home and the home to the local trainers. This workshop for fishery staff is very important. A given new light. Everything is ok.

A n n e x 8 | 3

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

Annex 9. Lake Chamo Fisheries Management Plan

REVISED DRAFT

LAKE CHAMO FISHERIES MANAGEMENT PLAN

WORKING DOCUMENT

April 20 2011

Agricultural Extension Directorate Ministry of Agriculture

A n n e x 9 | 1

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

A n n e x 9 | 2

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

INTRODUCTION

Inland fisheries such as Lake Chamo tend to be undervalued yet are vital to the livelihoods and food security of thousands of people. Unfortunately, irresponsible fishing practices, habitat loss and degradation, water abstraction, drainage of wetlands and pollution have led to substantial changes to many inland water bodies. Furthermore, the poor state of knowledge of inland fishery resources and their ecosystems has hindered proper management decision making.

A fisheries management plan is a formal or informal arrangement between a fishery management authority and interested parties which identifies the partners in the fishery and their respective roles, details the agreed objectives for the fishery and specifies the management rules and regulations which apply to it and provides other details about the fishery which are relevant to the task of management.

Management plans serve as a reference and information source for the management authority and all interest groups, summarizing the current state of knowledge on the resource, its environment and the fishery, and reflecting all the decisions and actions agreed upon during the course of consultations between the management authority and the interest groups. Ensuring plans are developed and implemented for all fisheries helps to avoid planned management measures on one fishery creating unforeseen problems and externalities in a neighbour fishery for which no plan is available. Successful management plans are working documents constantly referred to by fishery managers and open to changes.

This FMP is a working document developed by the ACP Fish II Programme in conjunction with government fisheries staff from SNNPRS Region and the Ministry of Agriculture. It is supportive of the Government’s current Growth and Transformation Plan 2010 – 2015 (MoFED 2010) as well as the Federal fisheries utilization proclamation 315/2003 which promotes sustainable management, biodiversity conservation, whilst at same time ensuring food security.

A first draft of the FMP was discussed and validated at a meeting at the Tadesse Enjory Hotel, Hawassa on April 18 2011, attended by key Federal, Regional, Zone government and Nechisar National Park stakeholders. This revised draft requires discussion with a wider range of stakeholders in terms of its reflection of the current situation, proposed goals and objectives and management measures. The FMP also proposes a possible co-management approach which requires validation and consultation with those who would be involved in the management process itself.

Lake area and geographical location

Lake Chamo, the second largest lake in the Rift Valley next to Lake Abaya, is located in the Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples Regional State (SNNPRS) at an altitude of 1282 m a s l. It is situated at the coordinates Latitude 5 50 N, Longitude 37 37’E. It has a surface area of 550 km2, a mean depth of 6 m, shoreline length of 118 km and a wide catchment area of 14500km2. The major in flowing rivers are R. Kulfo and R. Sago from the north and west (Fig. 1, map of lake).

A n n e x 9 | 3

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

To Arba Minch Ganjule Island N Kulfo R. Nechisar National Kulfoayne Park MTA

Getachew LAKE CHAMO Bedena Elgo Segen Bole

Roads Ashowa Suga • Towns and villages Gumayde Perrennial rivers Soke Woseka • Sagan Landing site or camp Park boundary To Konso

Figure 1. Map of Lake Chamo showing location and some fish landing site camps

Fish species composition Lakes Abaya and Chamo are different from other Rift Valley Lakes to the north in that they have high diversity of the fish fauna. More than 20 species of fish have been listed from Lake Chamo (JERBE 1998). However the commercially important ones are only four - Oreochromis niloticus, (tilapia), Lates niloticus (Nile perch), and the cat fishes - Bagrus docmak and Clarias gariepinus.

Table 1: Fish commonly appearing in the commercial catch – Lake Chamo Species name Common name Local name Remark Oreochromis niloticus Tilapia Koda Lates niloticus Nile perch Nech asa Bagrus sp. Bagrid catfish Kerkero Clarias gariepinus Catfish Ambaza Barbus sp. Barbs Barbo Labeo horie Labeo Barbo Synodontis schall Synodontis Qoche No market Hydrosynus forskali Tiger fish Balebandira No market Mormyrus sp. Mormyrus Shotata No market

Biology of the major fish species The biology of the major species of economically important species like the Nile perch, tilapia and catfish has been studied by researchers. It is known that the tilapia and the catfishes breed in the shallow vegetated belt of the lake. Nile perch breeds in the deeper open water of the pelagic zone or it could also move into the estuarine area of the river mouth to spawn. In Lake Turkana it is known that Lates niloticus move to the mouth of the River Omo to spawn at the start of the flooding season. The spawning period for most fish species is during the wet period when the water level starts to rise and influx of fresh nutrient from the land comes into the lake. In Lake Chamo also the Nile perch moves into the Kulfo River mouth area inside the protected National Park (fig. 1) to spawn.

The adult Nile perch is mostly found in the deeper pelagic zone but the young ones are found also in the shallow areas of the lake where they feed on zooplankton and invertebrates. A study of the feeding, growth and reproduction of the Nile perch on Lake Chamo was undertaken by the Awasa Agricultural College in collaboration with the BoA and LFDP. The average length at first breeding (L50) for the Lates niloticus was found to be 88 cm for males and 108 cm total lengths for female (Elias Dadebo, 2001).

A n n e x 9 | 4

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

The tilapia and the catfishes spawn during the rainy season mainly in the undisturbed National Park reserve. The size at maturity of O. niloticus in Lake Chamo is about 30 cm as indicated in the LFDP report. Hence, this size could be easily attractive for the market and fishers may use gill nets of smaller mesh than allowed to collect and bring it to the market.

The Nile perch and Bagrus docmac are strictly predators, feeding mainly on small fishes. The Clarias catfish is an opportunistic feeder on wider food categories both of animal and plant origin. The distribution of this species differs seasonally as it moves into the shallow vegetated zone during the wet breeding period. In Lake Chamo the average size at maturity (L50) for Clarias gariepinus is 58 cm for females and 52 cm for males. The peak breeding season is March – June (Elias Dadebo, 2001).

The reproductive biology of the cyprinid fish, Labeo horie, in Lake Chamo has been studied by a researcher from Addis Ababa University (Elias Dadebo, 2001). Labeo horie has been among the dominant species in the catch of Lake Chamo fishery until recently until about 2001. The size at maturity of Labeo horie is 52 cm for the male and 62cm for the female. The main breeding season is during March –May. Labeo horie is a migratory fish species. It is known to migrate in to the riverine environment during the breeding season. During which time it exposed to heavy fishing pressure. It is proposed that the disappearance of Labeo from the Chamo is caused by the compounded impact of over-fishing and foraging by Nile perch for which it was the favoured prey (ref.....) on the lake and the intensive human activities – like water extraction and diversion of the water course – which have altered the river systems flowing into the lake disrupting breeding.

Fishing areas, fishing gears and method The main fishing gears and methods employed by the fishery on Lake Chamo targets the Nile perch, Bagrus and tilapia. The Clarias cat fish is not a commercial attraction in this lake. The Fishers use mainly gillnets and hooks for the target species. However, the type and size of the gill nets and hook size are different for the Nile perch and for other species. The tilapia gill net has narrower mesh and thinner twine than the Nile perch gill net. The long line hooks are mainly for the Nile perch and the catfishes. The gill nets, however, are most often operated as seine net and dragged in the shallow fishing areas sweeping the ground and indiscriminately collecting the juvenile tilapia as well. This is considered illegal by the office but still is practiced by many illegal fishers. The practice is also dangerous as it risks the fisher to attack by crocodile while wading in the deeper lake water. Fisher men are often attacked and killed by crocodiles. This unfortunate incident was observed during the current field visit by the study team, where a fisherman was badly beaten and seriously wounded by a crocodile on the leg.

Another illegal fishing practice is the use of gill nets for the chase and trap fishing by beating the water after setting the net. The recommended minimum stretched mesh size for the Tilapia gill net is 20 to 24 cm and for Nile perch from 28 to 35 cm 30 - 40cm (LFDP 1997). The use of monofilament gill nets is forbidden.

Part of the Lake Chamo (about 48 km2) lies in the Nechsar National Park, which is under conservation, not accessible to the public (or fishers) under the rules. The park domain of the lake was at one moment under the private management, African Parks, and during that time there was strict guarding of the territory. The lake area under the park is shallow and vegetated serving as a good breeding ground for the major fish species including tilapia. This effective closure from the fishery served as a sanctuary and many of the fish stocks revived due to this management of the park as indicated by the Zone fishery expert.

The fishing craft is mainly the raft made from very light wood but few have wooden plank boats (Table 2). The fisher cooperatives have motorized collection boats used to collect the catch from the scattered fish landing camps around the lake (Fig. 1). The fishermen do not live by the lake side but will camp for periods of up to one month fishing. The selection of a camping site is based on the availability of collecting boats and the expected catch on the nearby fishing grounds. There were about 30 camping or landing sites, reported by LFDP 1997 but the number of fishermen camping or landing sites have increased to 51 according to the recent study (Zerihn Dejene, 2008). The sites

A n n e x 9 | 5

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

were located almost throughout the shore, except at the shore of the closed area (Nech Sar National Park).

Annual fish catch data and trends The annual catch data records for five years 2001 – 2005, obtained from a recent study (RVLB study, 2007) indicates a constant decreasing trend in the total landing from the Lake Chamo (Table 1). Observing the data on the current effort (Table 2), supplied from the Gamu Gofa Zone Agriculture Office, this decreasing trend could not be a surprise. The total effort obtained from the survey made by the Zone agriculture Office indicates the current (2010) situation has exceeded the recommended effort size of tilapia nets (880) by almost three fold (2299) and the Nile perch nets even more – recommended 100 nets but on the ground 778 were found operational. The effort levels were recommendations set by the fishery professionals of Zone Agriculture office to be used as management guidelines.

Apart from this it was indicated that the some fishers use gill nets of smaller mesh than permitted. A study made in 2008 (Zerihun Dejene, 2008) indicates that almost 87 % of the tilapia nets and 94 % of the Nile perch nets had mesh sizes smaller than the recommended sizes by LFDP. Although the Southern Region has all the necessary fishery laws, regulations and directives in place, the implementation is not yet made practical. This is apparently due to the lack of awareness among the users/stake holders (at all levels) that should be processed soon.

In the meantime the unlimited effort increase due to the open access management system has caused over-fishing of the Nile perch and tilapia. The catch per unit effort (CPUE) had decreased to the extent that the income from the fishery could not support the livelihood. Many fishers were forced to abandon the fishery – which is a sign of a collapsing fishery as reported in RVLB Master Plan Study 2007.

Table 2: Annual Fish Catch data (all species) from the Lake Chamo Lake Total Fish Catch by Year (tonnes) Remark 00/01 01/02 02/03 03/04 04/05 Chamo 3358 3446 2712 2519 2327 Zone Agr. AM Source,:- RVLB Master plan studies 2007

[It is understood more recent catch data is available from MoA but this was not made available for this draft]

Catch per unit effort (CPUE) This vital information required for the management of the lake’s fishery is not available. Only a baseline survey and fishing gear inventory was conducted during 2006 that provided the data on the total effort at the time. Shortage of fishery officers and frequent transfer of fishery staff to other duties has been indicated as a major problem for this. It is also indicated that the budget allocation for the fishery sector was a problem to execute the data collection program.

It has been attempted to get information on cpue by asking the fishers, but it was found very unreliable and most fishers were not willing to provide. So, staff allocation is one important point to think about during the FMP implementation. The cpue data is a reliable indicator of stock condition, trend analysis and monitoring tool.

Catch size composition Length frequency (l/f) data collection was practiced during the fishery project period of the early 90’s. In this exercise the l/f data was used with catch and effort data to estimate the recruitment size of the tilapia and the Nile perch. In this way one could follow and monitor the trend of the fishery when a good data collection system is developed and maintained. In this exercise the LFDP report indicates that the Nile perch stock was over-exploited while the tilapia stock was still possible to carry more fishing effort at the time.

A n n e x 9 | 6

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

This data collection analysis is hardly observed being carried out for quite few years after the project phased out. Data that shows the population size structure is very essential in the monitoring and management of the fishery. The sampling and recording of length frequency data from the catch is one indicator of weather the stock is in a healthy state and indicates trend. The use of under sized mesh gill nets, when operated illegally, could be traced from the fish size composition data structure. However, it requires manpower and facilities to undertake such data collection program.

Seasonal fish catches In Ethiopia fish consumption pattern is seasonal and in this regard the demand and fish supply become seasonal. The high fish consumption season is March-April for two months and during July for two weeks. Although fish has nowadays increased demand throughout the years there is the seasonal pulse in fishing intensity and demand is still in effect. For some fish species like tilapia this is not a good season as it affects the breeding stock on the spawning ground unless strict control measure is applied by the management.

Fishing effort (canoes, gears) The following table shows the type of fishing craft and gill nets used. It also shows the fishing pressure exerted on the fish stocks as compared to the recommended figures. The data was obtained from the Zone Fishery office, during a recent study and updated to the current situation. The lack of enforcement of the fishery licensing law could be seen to have increased the fishing effort to an alarming size.

Table 3: Lake Chamo fishery – current Fishing effort (data from Zone Agri Office, 2006 inventory updated for number of fishers’ coops, 2010) Fishery FM Ass. Gill nets Hoo Raft Plank coops FM T N Np N k Bt. AM coop 151 158 500 320 790 150 32 Chamo coop 32 60 99 33 500 33 Leto 81 - Sago 122 - Harura Boshe 80 - Abulo Alfecho 60 - Derashie 70 - Ind. FM 1500 - 1700 425 4250 850 Total 2096 218 2299(880) 778 5540 1033 32 (100) Data obtained from Zone Agr. Office AM FM = Fishermen; TN = tilapia net; NpN= Nile perch net; AM = Arba Minch (880) = recommended effort size (zone Agr. Office Arba Minch)

Stock assessments data and description of assessment methods Nile Perch is commercially the most important species in the fishery of Lake Chamo. The demand for it has significantly increased during the years. The maximum increase in Nile perch catch was observed during 1995-96 when the new type of gill net (Gancho net) was introduced. With this type of fishing method the total landings of Nile Perch increased from a monthly level of around 10 to 20 tons to 190 tons. The net had wide mesh size and very strong twine to catch the large and old fish in the population. The LFDP report indicates that since then the total landings have dropped sharply and remained low. This could be taken as an indication of the maximum production capacity of the lake for Nile perch.

Based on this information it was necessary to study the breeding and growth of the species which was done in collaboration of researchers from the local university. This study showed the high fecundity of the fish (ovaries with 15.5 million eggs) and the breeding size (100 cm) of the fish that could be used for management of the stock.

A n n e x 9 | 7

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

Stock assessment and estimation of the Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) is essential information in the fishery management process. However, this practice requires extensive data collection for a long uninterrupted period. Also because fish stocks could be affected due to various factors environmental or man-made the information should be updated periodically. Good monitoring and follow up is also necessary.

In the case of Lake Chamo the MSY has been estimated based on annual catch data collected over some years during the project and also using empirical formulas from studies made on similar situations. The MSY estimate for Lake Chamo was 4500 ton/year for all species based on a combination of empirical models. This figure was arrived at based on the limnological conditions of the lake at the time, over 15 years back. The estimate, therefore, may have been affected by environmental and other human induced changes. Hence it will be essential and a priority to undertake the stock assessment research to update the information and revise the FMP in a short time interval. The precautionary management approach is an advantage under the situation.

Current status of stocks and indicators of exploitation The Nile perch stock is evidently over-exploited as seen from the overall catch composition from the lake. The current catch from the lake is mainly tilapia. The increase in fishing nets and rafts has made the situation much worse over the years and the Zone Agriculture fishery office has now established a task force to improve the monitoring and control over the Lake Chamo fishery.

The research from 2008 (Zerihun Dejene, 2008) indicates that based on number, only three species (i.e. O. niloticus, L. niloticus and C. gariepinus) were important in the landings during the study period. The numerical contribution of the other three species; dockmak, horie, and intermedius to the total landing was insignificant. O. nilot icus was markedly dominant in the fisheries, contributing more than 94% by number during the study period. The contribution of L. niloticus was 2.1 %, and that of C. gariepinus was 3.3%.

Labeo horie which used to be among the major catch some ten years ago is completely gone from the fishery and did not revive even after the closure of the park area for the fishery. Apart from the fishing on the lake the Labeo stock had extra negative impact from the water extraction and diversion of rivers where the fish migrate to breed.

Also some species like the Mormyrids, though not important in the commercial fishery are diminishing in stock size due to other causes related to the aquatic environment impacted by the shore based activities.

Stock size indicators like cpue, total catch or length frequency data should be collected in the future monitoring exercise. The decline in total catch is the indicator of stock trend from the available data.

ECOLOGICAL

Environmental influences on productivity,

Over-fishing and lake shore modification have been implicated as causes for serious changes in the limnology of Lake Chamo. That the lake is facing limnological crisis can be inferred from the 1978 mass kills of fish and wildlife in Lake Chamo, following algal blooms of possibly toxic strains of blue- greens (Microcysits).

A serious concern is pollution from the emerging industries (textile, tannery) and state farms (pesticides, fertilizers), which requires legislative intervention. Burning and clearing of the riparian forests and grassland is widely practiced by the indigenous people around the park and the lake, leading to widespread habitat changes, siltation and wildlife migration.

Additionally, Lake Chamo suffers from high catchment degradation because of the loose volcanic soil, high degree of human and livestock pressure and large state-farms and investments in the area. All

A n n e x 9 | 8

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

these call for enforcement and implementation of federal regulations, and enactment of new ones at regional and local levels to arrest the impending ecological crisis.

Indiscriminate destruction of the submerged reeds in the shallow area of the lake (the reed-belt) that used to serve as a refuge and breeding site for certain fish species like tilapia, catfish and other fish species has negative impact on the fish stocks. A recent pollution threat to the aquatic environment is the use of plastic bottles by large number of fishermen as floaters for the gill nets and left in the water.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC

It is known that Lake Chamo is a productive lake containing diverse fish fauna of high commercial values. As such its economic contribution to the national as well as to the local economy is very significant. Apart from providing food security to the local community at all times throughout the year, it creates job opportunities for the commercial fishers who earn their livelihood from the fishery. The high quality of the fish in the lake fetches good income to the fisher community. Current (March 2011) first point of sale prices for fish from Lake Chamo were 60, 50 and 38 Birr/kg respectively for Nile perch, Bagrus and tilapia. This is a large income as compared for the crop producers.

The fishers engaged on Lake Chamo are of two categories the cooperative units (“legal” fishers) and the individual or independent fishers (“illegal”). During the fishing operation the fishers stay camping and stay there fishing up to one month. There are over thirty camps and fish is landed there and processed before the buyer comes and collects it. The fishery coops have motorised collection boats.

Members of the fishing community have diverse background. Some have been to school and completed high school while others come from the surrounding farm. Still others find job opportunity in the fishery after having been to other profession like in the military. There are a mix of ethnic groups working in the fishery.

Fisheries development creates wide job opportunities. In the fishery industry the fishing gear supplier, the fish processor, the fish distributor and the restaurant owner are all beneficiaries from the fisheries. It is said that a single fisherman provides job for about five other persons. Hence it is referred as main income generating activity.

Fish provides high quality protein and minerals and in this respect it supports a healthy growth to the local community. Lake Chamo being the second largest in the Rift Valley has big contribution to the Regional economy. The development of the fishery industry contributes to foreign exchange earnings for the government direct through fish export or indirect through import substitution. The Nile perch is a high value fish product in the international market.

At the moment it is known that a large number of the local community is engaged in the fishery for their livelihood. This, however, could only be sustained under proper management practices to conserve the aquatic environment and by limiting the number of users by licensing. Under open access type of management where the users have no ownership rights it will be difficult to ensure sustainable benefit.

It is indicted that currently about 2300 fishers earn their income from the fishery. Including service providers and post-harvest activities, it is estimated that approximately 12,000 people may earn their living directly or indirectly from the fishery. Assuming the lowest catch, from Table 1, above of 2327 ton of whole fish was landed by fishers and the proportion was 10% Nile Perch, 80% tilapia and 10% Bagrus and the fillet yield is 35% then gross income from the fishery based on the current prices of fillets given above, would be:

230.27 tonnes x 35% of NP @ 60,000 brr/tonne = 4,874,100 brr

1861.6 tonnes tilapia @ 38,000 brr/tonne = 24,759,280 brr

A n n e x 9 | 9

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

230.27 tonnes bagrus @ 50,000 brr/tonne = 4,029,725 brr

Total = 33,663,105 brr per annum.

This is equivalent to an average gross income of 14,600 brr per fisher per year. Equivalent to US$860 per annum.

POLICY & MANAGEMENT

Lake Chamo is located within the SNNPRS in Gamu Gofa Zone, Arba Minch Zuria Wereda. The Southern Region (SNNPRS) is the first to prepare and enact fishery legislation after the Federal Fishery Law, Proclamation No. 315/2003 was proclaimed. This fishery law was ratified in 2004 - Also the necessary regulations or bylaw and directives to implement the fishery law have been prepared and released for application:–

Legislation, bylaws, directive related to fisheries, and a watershed management

SNNPRG Fish Resource Management, Development & Control proclamation No. 78/2004 (78/11997).

Federal Fisheries development & Utilization -- (315/1995)

SNNPRG Fish Resource Management, Development & Control by-law 62/1999

SNNPRG Agricultural Bureau Fish Resource Management, Development directives, May 2008

However, this management law has not been popularised/ promoted to the concerned stake holders to create a conducive environment for implementation and enforcement with a common understanding of the fishing community and other stake holders to protect the fishery resources in the various lakes in the Region. The necessary awareness workshop to the concerned stake holders was not given due to financial and other technical problems. The awareness and understanding of the resource users, main stakeholders, is very essential for effective implementation of the regulations which introduces the licensing as a new measure. The awareness of the other stake holders that will be partners in the enforcement of the law is also important.

In the absence of this the management practice at the Lake Chamo fisheries has been based on directives from the Zone Agriculture office as the situation demands. This could be taken as management decision control that comes as a reaction to counter or control the problems observed.

In these attempts various management systems were used for the fisheries of Lake Chamo. The Zone Agriculture office has established a Task Force (TF) to undertake the follow up, monitoring and enforcement of fishery management measures. This TF includes members from the Wereda Administration, the Cooperative Office, the Security & Justice, the Fishery coop, the Nech sar Park, Fish Trading Enterprise (FPME) and Zone fishery Expert as a chair. They have set up management measures they enforce to ensure the sustainability of the fishery.

The following are some of the attempted management measures:

Closed area - Part of Lake Chamo is under Nechi Sar National Park ( 48 km2) – closing this area for any type of fishing activity has proved effective in reviving some of the depleted fish stocks like tilapia

Reed belt and river mouth area – only reserved for subsistence fishing

A n n e x 9 | 10

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

Mesh regulation - the tilapia and Nile perch gill nets have minimum mesh size set based on the size at maturity – this is 28 to 35 cm for tilapia and 30 - 40cm for Nile perch

Restriction of fishing methods – Chase & Trap and beach seining prohibited

Output fish size control - Discourage under-sized fish in the market

How are management measures applied?

Give awareness first to the user group

The Task force randomly check these areas and confiscate prohibited gear or fishing nets set in prohibited, closed areas of the lake

Banning

Though the attempt form the concerned office and stake holders is very noble, the success in achieving of the intended goal has not been very satisfying. The TF had a great challenge of getting the job done. This is due to various factors including the lack of legal backing – based only on directives. Hence it is essential to have the fishery law made practically applied in a short period with the necessary groundwork completed. This means the required awareness workshop conducted, the manpower and budget allocated and the logistics for the monitoring and control made available.

The problems faced by the management presently are indicated below.

Lack of community participation,

inadequate financial support

lack of coordination in controlling degradation at water catchments areas;

inadequate regulatory system on over-fishing;

improper land use management and lack of buffer zone delineation;

These problems should be dealt with through intensive awareness building of the local community and fishers and convincing the participation of concerned government stakeholders whose development programs impact the catchment and the aquatic environment. As observed the committed involvement of the NNP has brought change in reviving some fish stocks that use the closed Park area of the lake as refuge and breeding grounds. The effective implementation of the FPM depends on the commitment and active participation of concerned stake holders that will be part of the management committee in the envisaged co-management of the Lake Chamo Fishery.

It will be necessary for some of the stake holders like the Environment, land use planning, cooperative office and the District Administration have strong commitment and contribute financially and in terms of participation and awareness building to make the management effective.

Legal backing is another important point to consider. The attempted licensing of fishers by the Zone Agriculture office some years back failed because it did not get the required support and legal protection from the concerned stake holders, justice and security. Hence it is important to have the already existing law practiced effectively on the ground as soon as possible. The management team to be formed from the different stake holders identified should also have a legal recognition in enforcing the management measures.

A n n e x 9 | 11

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

With regard to the problem with the Labeo horie fish stock that has almost disappeared from the lake it is suggested that management measures to rehabilitate the inflowing rivers, Kolfo, Sillie and Sego will be commendable. As this Labeo species is migratory in to the rivers for its breeding, this measure could help in reviving the stock.

Since it would likely be necessary to remove some of the fishing effort (fishermen) from the lake it would make the management easy to identify some job creating opportunities in the area. Thus it is possible to consider sport fishing and tourism development activities, or value addition activities through processing and improving the quality of the fish products.

The following management measures were suggested by the LFDP II to protect Chamo for sustainable use.

licensing: Each fishermen should obtain a licence to be issued by Ministry of Agriculture- Woreda office (BoA). It should state the bearer's name, photograph, kind and number of the gear he/she has, the expire date, and address. Licences are personal and not-transferable. They would be valid for lake Chamo only. These licences will be given for up to: 50 Nile Perch nets; 250 Tilapia nets; and 530 Labeo nets. Licences for Nile Perch nets will be awarded on a pro-rata basis of the existing numbers. Licenses for Tilapia and Labeo nets will be given to any fisherman asking for them, until the TRP are achieved. No fishing is allowed without a valid licence.

Taxes on effort: In accordance with the constitution the BoA will issue licenses against the payment of a fee. The fee amount will be defined taking into account average catch rates, price of fish and management objectives. For instance, a higher fee may be asked for Nile Perch nets than for Labeo nets.

Closed areas: It is proposed that the part of the lake bordering on Nechesar park be made a permanently closed area for fishery. This should help stabilising the catches from the rest of the lake and guarantying a minimum recruitment for all species. In addition, it has obvious beneficial impacts on the wildlife of the park itself. Here monitoring as well as controlling will be done by Nech Sar National Park.

Gear specifications: Minimum mesh sizes are necessary to ensure a minimum escape of mature fish and protect recruitment. Here the minimum mesh size for Nile Perch nets was determined based on the selection factors observed on other African lakes. The minimum mesh size for Tilapia and Labeo net was determined from the observation of the length frequency and exploratory fishing. The proposed gear specifications are summarised in table 9 below.

The gear sizes for the three important fish in Lake Chamo.

Maximum Maximu Minimum Minimu net m net stretched Species m twine length width mesh size size (m) (m) (cm) Nile perch 100 3 28 210/36 Tilapia 50 3 20 210/24 Labeo 50 2.5 12 210/15

Forbidden gears : It is proposed to ban Gancho nets and monofilament nets.

A n n e x 9 | 12

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

Stakeholder analysis

Some stakeholders such as resource users, the Bureau of Agriculture and fishery cooperatives are primary stakeholders who have a direct interest, responsibility and accountability for fishery resources conservation and use. Others, such as the local Administration, the Cooperative Promotion Offices and Environment Protection Authority are seen as partners responsible for facilitating the implementation of the FMP.

Whilst a number of stakeholders have been clearly identified here, there is now a need to initiate a dialogue with them regarding the content of this draft FMP which has been developed by the ACP Fish II programme in conjunction with representatives from the Regional Bureau of Agriculture, Zone and woreda fishery officers.

Table 4: Lake Chamo FMP Stakeholder Analysis Stakeholders Involvement in Involvement in FMP implementation FMP process Public Council office Inform them Form & coordinate task force Approve budget to implement FMP Bureau of Agriculture Discuss with the Prepare guideline, participate in task force, Monitor (BoA) different and evaluate in collaboration with others, Enforce departments Proclamations Bureau of Water Participate in the Involved in economic use of water and water quality Resources discussion assessment Give permission for water abstraction and pumping. Coop & Marketing Participate in the As task force member and organise coop and follow discussion up Environmental Involve them in the Do environmental impact assessment (EIA) Protection & Land Use discussion Enforce Proclamations Authority Investment Bureau Give them Give licenses based on information given by BoA & information EPA Trade & Industry Give them Give licenses to fish traders based on information information given by BoA Tax Office Give them Collect tax appropriately, high taxation to discourage information Court Give them Quick response to the cases information Justice & Security Give them Participate in the task force, Prosecution of those who Bureau information contravene law Parks, Hotels Involve them in the Participate in the task force, discourage under sized &Tourism discussion fishes

Health Bureau Involve them in the Act the bylaws on hygiene discussion Media Give information Awareness raising of communities Private

A n n e x 9 | 13

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

Stakeholders Involvement in Involvement in FMP implementation FMP process Fishermen Coop Involve them in the Participate in the task force, discourage under sized discussion fishes, control fishing gears, Awareness raising of their members Fishermen Involve them in Act according to FMP discussion Fish Traders Involve them in the Discourage under sized fishes, Aware consumers discussion Industries Involve them in the Act according to the law discussion Floriculture Involve them in the Act according to the law discussion Financial inst. Give information Create facilitation for fisheries and investors Consumers /Hotels, Give information Discourage under sized fishes etc/ Farmers /around Involve them in the Their leaders participate in task force water bodies/ discussion Civic society NGO /UNDP-small Consult Financial Support and projects to support grant, SOS Sahel, implementation Norwegian Church aid School Environmental Give information Participate in awareness creation Clubs Academic Institutions Universities /Hawassa, Involve them in the Participate in data analysis, Monitoring & Evaluation Arbaminch, Sodo,/ discussion Agriculture Research Involve them in the Participate in data collection, analysis, Monitoring & Centre discussion Evaluation

Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT)

A strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis is a useful way of assessing the current situation and identifying factors to be covered in the management plan. Table 4 provides a summary of the current strengths which influence the FMP goals and objectives, weaknesses which the plan should consider, opportunities may help implement and achieve the objectives and threats that may prevent successful implementation.

Table 5: Lake Chamo current situation SWOT

Strength Weakness Opportunities Threats Availability of Legal Laws & regulations are not Environmental Frequent Framework fully exercised protection and institutional conservation is a changes global issue Growing fish demand Weak linkage and Growing aquaculture Growing population coordination between demand /ponds, pressure different stakeholders dams/ may reduce pressure of resource Increasing fish price Open access nature of the Five year Growing fishery Development & environmental Transformation plan degradation supportive of fishery development

A n n e x 9 | 14

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

Strength Weakness Opportunities Threats Emphasis by government Limited alternative Growing Water shortage due given to the fishery sector employment opportunities infrastructural to river diversion development (Telephone, Electricity, access road etc.)

Organised cooperatives Weak data collection NGOs interest to system work on environmental protection Adequate biological Frequent institutional information (Commercially Change /less attention targeted species) given to the sector by the gov,/ Trained fishermen Pollution due to of /allowed & not allowed/, unplanned urbanization fishing gear making etc/

Current watershed Conflict between users management activities in /fishermen with fishermen, all kebeles of the region fishermen with wetland resource users/

Existence of strong kebele Encroachment of wetlands administration

Availability of local media No organised fishing gears (radio, newspaper etc) suppliers

Limited number of well organised fish traders

Limited availability of financial resources for the sector

No specialized park scouts /Lack some resources/

Lack of integrated large scale fishery development projects

Proposed FMP Management Approach

Given the indicated overexploitation of the fishery resources, problems of environmental degradation, the lack of current information on stocks and other key issues and the apparent lack of management of the fishery it is proposed that future management of the fishery would reflect a precautionary, adaptive, proactive approach. The government policy move towards decentralization and the failure of a command style management approach supports the need to evolve a co-management process. The following summarizes the key principles:

A n n e x 9 | 15

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

Precautionary – be careful…..if there is insufficient knowledge to make accurate management decisions then set the targets low;

Adaptive - trial and error to find the right management measures….and monitor and adjust quickly if need be;

Proactive - long term view…..what do we need to do to create a sustainable fishery?.....before problems occur;

Co-management - partnership between govt and resources users where by management responsibilities are shared….resource users participate more actively in management.

Focus of the FMP

This section outlines the purpose, goals and objectives of the FMP is designed to provide the way forward for the fishery and what the FMP is designed to achieve.

Purpose

The FMP has a single purpose which is designed to be general proactive statement which reflects sustainable development. The purpose is:

“Sustain the benefits from fishery resources by maintaining the biodiversity and the environment through effective participation of fisher community as well as other relevant stakeholders.”

The purpose is also supportive of the Federal Government Fisheries Development and Utilization Proclamation 315/2003 objectives which are:

“To conserve fish biodiversity and its environment as well as to prevent and control overexploitation of the fisheries resource”

“To increase the supply of safe and good quality fish and to ensure a sustainable contribution of the fisheries towards food security”

Goals the FMP goals focus on biological, economic and social aspects of what we would like the fishery to achieve. The extent to which the economic and social goals will be achieved is influence by the biological limits of the resource. The FMP for Lake Chamo has four goals (Table 5):

Biological To optimize sustainable fish production

Economic To maximize the net incomes of fishing communities

Social To maintain food security of the nearby communities and current job opportunities created by fishing activity, fish trading, fish processing and related petty trade

Ecological To protect the aquatic and lakeshore environments from misuse and degradation

When combined together, these goals will achieve the purpose of the FMP.

Objectives

Objectives are measurable changes that will be realized when the FMP is successful. Each objective includes verb, indicator, relation and reference point. The objectives are measured using

A n n e x 9 | 16

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

management standards, which referred to the indicator and reference point states in the objective. Table 5 provides a summary of objectives and management standards.

For the biological goal the objectives are related to the harvesting of the two key commercial species:

“Maintain half the average CPUE of Tilapia net which was achieved when the fish landings were at their peak in 2002”

“Maintain half average CPUE of Nile Perch Net which was achieved when the fish landings were at their peak in 1995”

The CPUE is used here as the indicator due to the lack of information on stocks. Even though CPUE data is also lacking it is possible to make some assumptions and approximate calculations to guide the use of these objectives until more data on the current status of stocks and biological limits is available. In 2002 when the total catch peaked at 3400 tonnes, it is assumed that landings of tilapia were at or near the MSY level at that time and hence this is used as a reference point. See Table 3. After this time the landings began to decline possibly due to over fishing beyond the MSY. There is no data on the catch composition at that time so it is assumed that 60% of the catch was tilapia and 30% Nile perch.

Assuming that in 2002 the tilapia fishery was purely a gillnet fishery and that the number of nets in use was the number recommended by the BoA of 880 then an approximate CPUE for tilapia for that year was 880 nets/2000 tonnes catch = 2.3 tonnes per net per year or 44 kg per week per net or 6.3kg per net per day (assuming a 7 day fishing week). Here the reference point of at least 50% of this figure is approximately 3.15 kg of fish per net per day. The CPUE has also been estimated at 10.2 kg per net per day in 2002 giving a target of 5.1 kg per net per day. There is therefore a target range of 3.15 to 5.1 kg of tilapia per net per day in order to achieve the objective.

In 1995 the average Nile perch landings were said to be at their peak of 190 tonnes per month or 2300 tonnes per annum. It is not clear what the catch per unit effort was then but assuming the recommended 100 nets was employed then the catch per net would have been 23 tonnes per net per annum or 442 kg per net per week (63 kg per day). This roughly corresponds with a current BoA estimate of CPUE of 50 kg per net per day for that period. Taking the 50% level, this gives a target range, or reference point, of 25 to 31.5 kg of Nile perch per net per day.

However more information is required on recommended number of nets for current use in the fishery and the current CPUE of the recommended gear type as well as more accurate calculations of historical CPUE.

For the economic goal the objective is concerned with the net income of fishermen and other resource users:

“To maintain annual net income per fisher per year three fold greater than the national minimum desired income (200 USD in the year 2010)”

At the moment this objective would be met if fisher’s net income was more than US$600 per annum. Socioeconomic data is required to understand the current net income status of fishers and a simple survey technique should be established so that the objective can be measured on a regular basis.

For the social goal the objectives are concerned with food security and employment from the fishery:

“To maintain job opportunities at the current level (estimated at 10000) which was created in the year 2010.”

A n n e x 9 | 17

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

Very little is known about the true contribution of the fishery to employment so this objective should be validated using recent socioeconomic data. A census or survey to understand the current number of fishermen and other stakeholders who rely on the fishery for their livelihoods is required. This could be combined with research understand net income (economic objective). It may be possible to use aerial photography to establish the number of fishermen in the same time the land use and environmental degradation which is occurring around the Lake (see ecological objectives). Some method of monitoring employment in the fisheries sector is also required so that the objective can be regularly measured.

For the ecological goal the objectives are related to the protection of lake water quality and proper use of land around the lake shore:

“Maintain agrochemical levels in lake environment below national standard”

“Prevent land use within buffer zone which contravenes environmental protection law”

“Maintain the rate of sedimentation at 25% or less of the current rate of sedimentation in areas most affected”

Research is required to establish the current agrochemical levels in the Lake and to monitor the levels against the national standards. Aerial mapping and GIS imagery could be used to monitor the land use changes within the designated buffer zone around the Lake. Sedimentation is linked to oligotrophication and reducing this will help maintain the biological condition of the lake and its productivity. It is anticipated that the Agriculture Research Center could carry out such research and analysis given the proper equipment and training.

Management measures

In order to achieve the objectives and goals of the FMP areas management measures are employed. In terms of the biological goal and objectives, the management measures are focused on either input, output or technical measures.

Input management measures control fishing effort by the mixing access to the fishery e.g. licensing, the size and power fishing craft and the amount of time a fishing craft can fish. Output measures control the amount of fish caught by setting quotas on the weight of fish landed by each craft or the total allowable catch. Technical measures refer to the control of where, when and how fish may be caught e.g. closed areas fishing, closed seasons or type and size of nets to be used and mesh sizes.

Input and output measures are commonly used as flexible controls that can be changed from yet to year as necessary to achieve the goals. Technical measures are usually put in place for a longer period of time. For example in many fisheries you cannot reasonably expect fishermen to change the mesh size of the nets every year. Setting management measures need good information based on careful stock assessments, including consideration of uncertainties, to ensure that the measures implemented to achieve the objectives.

The management measures proposed are a combination of input and technical measures which are designed to achieve the biological objectives. By achieving the biological objectives, automatically will contribute to the achievement of economic and social objectives and goals. Hence the biological management measures below will contribute to the achievement of 3 goals. The ecological goal and objectives will require a different set of management measures which require coordination with a wide range of stakeholders over pollution control, agriculture practices and wetland management issues. Wider discussion of these measures is required by specialists. Table 5 proposes some ecological management measures as well as additional measures to support the economic and social objectives. However, these also require further discussion with specialists.

A n n e x 9 | 18

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

The following fisheries management measures, which could be implemented using a co-management approach (see next section), are proposed:

a) Closed areas to protect breeding areas e.g. Park area, reed belts and river mouth b) Licensing certain number of fishermen and fishing gears according to biological limits c) Mesh size restrictions ….minimum 20 cm stretched mesh for tilapia gill nets, minimum 28 cm stretched mesh for Nile perch nets d) Ban certain fishing methods such as chase & trap, beach seining, monofilament nets e) Ban Nile Perch fishing for at least for 5 years f) Reintroduction or stocking with Labeo horie from Lake Abaya g) Relocation of fishing effort to L. Abaya

A, b, f and g are measures which can be adapted if need be within a short time frame or on an annual basis. C, d and e are more long term measures which are more difficult to change in the short term. Although e could be lifted at short notice if deemed feasible.

Implementation & Co-management

In line with the Government’s decentralisation policy and the difficulties in managing fisheries using a command style approach, it is proposed that the FMP is supported by a co-management implementation approach which is based on the existing governance administrative structure and enables management responsibilities to be shared between government, resource users and other key stakeholders.

Perceived benefits of co-management There are several benefits of co-management. Not only does it promote the government’s policy of decentralisation and a “bottom up” planning approach. But as all key stakeholders are involved in decision making it creates a common understanding, ownership and more effective decision making. Intra-lake conflicts will be reduced as a result of better coordination and dialogue between resource users and managers. Those who contravene regulations will be more easily brought to justice and will find it difficult to hide in fish landings as management would be lake wide.

Create more sustainable employment and income base for those allowed to access the resources and engage in post-harvest activities. More consistent supplies of fish will help the development of value- added businesses.

Resource users will be more able to provide indigenous knowledge to researchers and managers to help them better understand the lake and its resources and changes which are occurring. Resource users are also well placed to monitor changes in the resource and environment which can inform research and management decisions.

Self-control by resources users over management measures will reduce management costs to government. Cooperatives may provide funds for activities and offer voluntary help to reforest lake shore area watershed management and patrol and monitor for illegal gears and closed areas.

A n n e x 9 | 19

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

Table 6: FMP goals, objectives and management measures Management standards Management Measures Decision Purpose Goal Objectives Reference Indicators Management measures Control Points rules Sustain the Biological Maintain half the average Measurement of Estimate of CPUE Stock refuge - Close areas /Park benefits from Optimize CPUE of Tilapia net which Tilapia net CPUE (10.2kg whole area, reed belt, River mouth/ fishery resources sustainable fish was achieved when the from catch effort weight/50m/day) Effort control – Licensing /Quantity, by maintaining the production fish landing s were at their data already achieved in Mesh size, Length, width, twine biodiversity and peak in 2002 (Chamo). 2002 thickness/ the environment Restrict fishing method /Chase & through effective Trap, Beach seining not allowed/ participation of Organise fishermen - Encourage fisher community fishermen to be a member of as well as other cooperatives relevant Involvement - Participate stakeholders. anticipated stakeholders Wetland (Catchment) treatment Maintain half average – Buffer zone delineation, Minimize CPUE of Nile Perch Net water loss through irrigation which was achieved when Measurement of Estimate of CPUE (flooding) etc the fish landings were at Nile Perch Net (50kg whole Discouraging - undersized fish their peak in 1995 CPUE from weight/100m/ day) marketing by awareness creation (Chamo) exploratory which is already fishing program achieved in 1995 Ban Nile Perch fishing at least for 5 years Introduce its main prey (Labeo horie) from Lake Abaya Serious monitoring of the banning Enforcement - Control fish traders not to buy Nile Perch & Labeo from L. Chamo Awareness creation face to face & through local media about the on- going activities Shifting on voluntary base – Nile perch fishing gears to L. Abaya

A n n e x 9 | 20

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

Management standards Management Measures Decision Purpose Goal Objectives Reference Indicators Management measures Control Points rules Economic To maintain net income Measurement Data on national Better market for their catch through To maximize the per fisher per year three of Net per capital income product quality improvement & value net incomes of fold greater than the Income by level (200 USD addition fishing national minimum desired taking Per year) Minimize post-harvest loss through communities income (200 USD in the primary & infrastructure development. year 2010) secondary Find market for by products (Newly data Constructed government Poultry farm & others) Social To maintain food To maintain job job Job opportunity Promoting petty trades related to security of the opportunities at the opportunity in the year fishery surrounding current level (about (10000) 2010 Encouraging other environmentally communities and 10000) which was created friendly Agric. Activities /Beekeeping, current job in the year 2010. Bamboo tree planting, Forage opportunities development, rehabilitation of Soke created by tree / fishing activity, Tourism fish trading, fish Crocodile farming processing and Lake side lodges related petty NGOs participation trade Ecological Maintain agrochemical Lakes’ chemical National standard Increase the awareness of the community To protect the levels in lake environment physical and and administrative bodies to collaborate aquatic and below national standard biological property over wetland management

lakeshore Prevent land use within 1 altered by human Preventing growing of crops in lake shore

environments km buffer zone which activity in collaboration with concerned bodies as from misuse and contravenes Land use within EP law per the EPA regulation degradation environmental protection buffer zone Protecting the vegetation in the buffer law measured using zone GIS imagery/survey Maintain the rate of Reforestation of catchment area of lake sedimentation at 25% or Advising farmers to grow perennial fodder less of the current rate of 25% of current plants like Sesbania sesban next to their sedimentation in areas sedimentation rate Sedimentation rate farm land as a buffer area in the shore most affected

A n n e x 9 | 21

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

Management standards Management Measures Decision Purpose Goal Objectives Reference Indicators Management measures Control Points rules trapping chemical and physical pollutants

A n n e x 9 | 22

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

Enabling environment or co-management

For co-management to succeed or be initiated there are a number of essential considerations.

The GTP (MoFED 2010) is the key government policy framework for economic growth to 2015. Although it does not refer to the fisheries sector, it does encourage the strengthening of governance mechanisms and institutions which would support co-management.

Political recognition of the urgent need to better manage Lake Chamo is seen amongst key stakeholders in the MoA at Federal level. And was the driving force behind the development of this FMP. The same will and desire is also required at Regional, Zone and Woreda levels if serious change is to take place and improved allocation of resources for management allocated. Awareness raising regarding the problems and solutions for key decision makers is one way of changing perceptions. Awareness raising at both the Regional political level as well as at Woreda are seen as priorities.

The legislative framework for co-management to take place is required. For Lake Chamo Directives should be reviewed to ensure they promote more clearly the co-management approach. Supporting legislation for institutional arrangements may also be required so that management units are recognised as legal entities and are mandated with specific duties accordingly.

There must also be a high level commitment to better multi-stakeholder coordination and management of activities which are occurring within the ecosystem and which are currently degrading the terrestrial and aquatic environments. It will be of little use focussing solely on fisheries and ignoring the impact of agriculture and industrial practices which are leading to siltation, water abstraction and pollution. Issues such as wetland area management and buffer zone protection must be given priority. A Lake Management Committee would provide a forum for the various interest groups to be represented and management to be coordinated.

According to government law, all fishermen must be licenced. Such licencing is a pre-requisite for co- management to take place as it is a way of ending the open access nature of the lake fishery and provides a means to allocate user rights and hence control access and fishing effort. Licencing should be linked to the number and type of fishing gear to be used. As well as licencing fishermen, consideration should be given to licencing fish traders and include conditions related to better handling and distribution as part of the licence criteria.

Co-management may reduce the costs of management in the long term but introducing the process and implementing it will require funds for establishing kebele management units, capacity building, awareness raising, and dissemination amongst other things. Government should be prepared to allocate funding and co-management activities should be mainstreamed into the various government administrative level annual work plans and budgeting process.

At the same time local mechanisms should be explored that will enable funds to be generated to support management processes. Mechanisms include fees from licensing, penalties for contravening regulations, levies from fish landings and market taxes.

Specific development and research projects should be targeted at key issues effecting the fishery resource and ecology of the lake. The involvement of NGOs and donors in this respect may be encouraged by senior officials from federal and regional governments.

As well as financial resources, consideration should be given to improving the quantity and quality of fisheries staff whose responsibilities lie at woreda and kebele level and whose role would extend to fostering co-management.

Certainly there needs to be widening of the discussion regarding co-management in fisheries and how it can be achieved successfully. In terms of Lake Chamo, at the moment the concept is confined to a few government employees and therefore it needs to be discussed by a full range of stakeholders

A n n e x 9 | 23

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

including resource users. There are various mechanisms which could be used to achieve this. These include a lake wide awareness raising workshop, publication of summarised FMP approach and its distribution, radio talk shows and media reports.

Co-management institutions and stakeholders

There are a number of stakeholders who are directly involved in the exploitation of the fishery resources, the utilization of resources within the lake ecosystem, governance and management. The stakeholder analysis in Table ? provides an overview of these different public, private, civil society and academic institutions and stakeholders. In terms of a suggested co-management system the following describes the structure and roles of key institutions and potential partnership arrangements. Coordination is envisaged horizontally across different agencies and interest groups as well as vertically to ensure management information and guidance flows both from to and from the various management units or institutions described. Fig 2 summarises the proposed units and general hierarchy and interaction process.

Figure 2: Proposed co-management units and interactions Kebele Fisheries Management Unit

Management responsibilities will be devolved to the lakeshore kebele’s which are close to the resource and are well placed to monitor and oversee the activities of resource users and the implementation of management measures. A Kebele Fisheries Management Unit (KFMU) would comprise of the kebele administrator, BoA development/extension agent, fisheries fisher’s representative(s), community police/militia and community elders. Consideration should be given to the involvement of ethnic group leaders and religious leaders who are often influential in terms of natural resource protection and conflict resolution. The KFMU would:

Keep a register of all licensed fishers operating in its area

A n n e x 9 | 24

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

Advise on the issuance of licences

Develop by-laws related to FMP and development for endorsement by Woreda and local authorities

Advise and train fishermen on management measures

Monitor and enforce the implementation of instituted bylaws related to aquatic and land use

Resolve conflicts

Oversee the sustainable use of the lakeshore environment and buffer zone.

Assist in data collection and collaborate in research activities

Prepare monthly reports on activities for submission to WFMU

Financial management related to revenues and activity expenditure

The KFMU will be a legally mandated institution responsible for educating resource users and as well as the administration of penalties and punishment for those who contravene bylaws. Funds for KFMU activities would be derived from licencing fees, levies on fish landings and trade and fines from law enforcement.

Woreda Fisheries Management Unit

A Woreda Fisheries Management Unit (WFMU) would be responsible for coordinating activities across the different lakeshore kebeles within its jurisdiction. The WFMU would be responsible for overseeing the KFMU and its activities as well as licencing resource users in conjunction with the KFMU, provision of technical guidance and support to KFMU as well as monitoring and evaluating KFMU performance and conflict resolution which cannot be concluded at kebele level. It would also be responsible for the monitoring of environmental laws and the sustainable use of the lake shore and buffer zone environment. The WFMU would report regularly to the Zone Fisheries Management Unit. The WFMU would consist of the Woreda administrator, cooperative or fisher’s representative(s), BoA, fishery officer and police.

Zonal Management Unit

A zonal level task force or management unit would include the zonal administrator, zonal fishery officer or Livestock Process Development Dept., cooperative or fishermen representative of the woredas, and the Park Authority and would oversee the activities of the WFMU within its jurisdiction. It will be responsible for awareness raising for WFMU in resource management and sustainable utilization and the provision of information from research centres to WFMU for management purposes. The Zone will assist in the periodic updating of the FMP and according to an adaptive management approach should advise on any changes required to management measures as well as the co-management system. The Zone Unit also as a responsibility to liaise with agencies and the private sector e.g. industry, agriculture to ensure that activities within its jurisdiction are conducted according to the laws of the country and in a sustainable manner.

Resource users

Fishermen and the gears they use would be licenced and they would be affiliated to a KFMU or WFMU. They will have their representatives at the kebele, woreda and zone levels and be responsible for implementing bylaws related to harvesting of fishery resources and the protection of the aquatic environment and breeding grounds. data provision researchers and fishery officers, collaborate with other stakeholders.

A n n e x 9 | 25

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

Fisheries Research

A key element of fisheries management is data. At the moment one of the main weaknesses in fisheries management planning is the lack of current information on the resources as well as a systematic data collection system. The Agriculture Research Centre/University is well placed to conduct the necessary research and advise on management decisions. At the time of writing it is understood that stock assessment data is currently being collected and is due to be analysed in the near future. One of the roles of the research centre should be to facilitate the periodic evaluation of the current management plan and update it accordingly. It should also advise the zonal task force /management unit of research results and advice to guide management. The centre should also advocate for other research and conservation measures to be carried out related to the lake ecosystem.

Lake Management Committee

There are a wide range of institutions and stakeholders which have a role to play in the sustainable management of the lake. There is a need for lake wide coordination of management. A Lake Management Committee chaired by the Regional Head of the Bureau of Agriculture would provide a forum for the coordination of activities and interests of the key stakeholders.

It is suggested the LMC comprises of representatives from the:

Bureau of Agriculture Livestock Development Process Dept

Fisheries communities

Traders and Processors

Regional Bureau of Agriculture

Zonal Administrators

Nechisar National Park

Zonal Fisheries Management Units

agriculture industries

Agriculture Research Centre

Land Use Planning and Environmental Protection Agency

Justice and security

Bureau of Water Resources

Municipal council

The committee would periodically review the status of the resources and activities carried out in the lake shore environment. It would coordinate the monitoring of the FMP implementation and its regular updating and advise on activities to be conducted by the research and zonal units. Issues related to conflict resolution and setting of management measures such as the allocation of licences and the gear to be deployed would be agreed by the committee first.

A n n e x 9 | 26

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

Action Plan

The following constitutes those immediate or short term activities or actions which are required to continue the development of and implement the FMP once it has been finalised and endorsed.

Governance

Federal Government acceptance of the FMP will be followed by Regional government endorsement and hence legal validity prior to proper implementation.

Enforcement of the existing Regional fisheries proclamation.

Directives to be reviewed, enacted and incorporate support for co-management.

Licensing to provide user rights and control fishing effort is essential.

Allocation of resources by government to support management e.g. co-management approach, research and data collection, increased manpower and incentives, monitoring and evaluation of FMP. Creation of management fund and local funding mechanisms e.g. water abstraction tax, licencing fees etc. Co-management mainstreamed into annual work-plans.

Fishery management measures to be discussed with resource users and interest groups and decision rules added.

Creation of co-management units and system at kebele, woreda, zone levels and Lake Management Committee and the development of guidelines and terms of reference for the different units.

Specific research and development projects to address key threats and weaknesses and donor and NGOs support.

Capacity building

Wider discussion of co-management and the FMP amongst key stakeholders so far not included in the process is required. Various mechanisms could be considered to achieve this e.g. lake wide multi-stakeholder workshop, media, resource user group meetings at woreda level.

Strengthening in co-management and small-scale fisheries development of the Agriculture Extension Agents responsible for capacity building and supporting fishing and rural communities in the lake catchment area.

Capacity building in co-management for the management units is required.

Research capacity will need to be strengthened in terms of knowledge, skills and facilities, logistics and funding.

Research and data collection

A priority is to establish routine research and data collection in order to understand the fishery resource and associated socio-economics. Table 6 provides an overview of the data required for management purposes and the research required. There is an urgent requirement for a baseline survey to determine current populations of different key stakeholders, fishing effort and trends as well as livelihood analyses and the contribution of the fishery to development objectives.

A n n e x 9 | 27

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

Whilst the Agriculture Research Centre potentially could undertake the scientific research in conjunction with the Agriculture Bureau and Water Resources Bureau. The Agriculture Research Centre also has a mandate to conduct socio-economic research. It is envisaged that resources users and the various co-management units would play a role in data collection.

Table 7: Suggested types of data and research required for management Temporal Means Indicators Spatial requirement requirement Frame survey Total fishing effort Once every 2-4 Lake-wide and synoptic Distribution of fishing years (all states undertake effort survey at the same Changes in total effort time) Changes in facilities Catch Assessment Catch composition Every 3 months Lake-wide, synoptic survey Catch rates and effort (CPUE) Length distribution of catch and maturity size Additional biological sampling of catch as required Gillnet surveys Routine inshore population Twice yearly for Local and lake-wide monitoring lakewide (once per Biological characteristics of quarter at local inshore species station) Biomass indices Selectivity of gill nets Biodiversity indices Environmental parameters in shallow inshore areas Water quality Chemical composition 6 monthly Lake wide Sedimentation levels

Ecosystem Land use changes Regularly carried Lake wide changes Aquatic and terrestrial out biodiversity Socio-economics Contribution to Annual and Fishing communities employment, food monthly depending and nearby urban security, income, poverty on the parameter centres reduction e.g. fish prices and Livelihoods analyses markets monthly Value-chain analysis Fish prices and market trends

FMP Monitoring and Revision

Daily monitoring of management measures will be the responsibility of the KFMUs supervised by the WFMU. ZFMU will have local responsibility for supervising and monitoring the FMP and reporting to the LMC and ultimately to the Regional BoA. It is suggested that the BoA staff and extension agents lead the monitoring and supervision process. One of the main monitoring mechanisms will be the data collection activities outlined in Table 6. These will enable FMP objectives to be monitored and management decisions to be informed.

A n n e x 9 | 28

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

The FMP is a working document and will require regular updating based on monitoring and general evaluations of progress at the recommendation of the LMC and in light of the availability of new information on the resource and other issues. It is recommended that once data on stocks, fishing effort and socio-economics is available, then the FMP and especially the achievement of goals and objectives is assessed and then updated accordingly and changed to management measures introduced if necessary. In terms of timing, it is suggested that the FMP is reviewed and updated annually.

References

Elias Dadebo, (2001). Biology of some of the important fish species in Lake Chamo. PhD Thesis, Addis Ababa University.

LFDP, Phase II, 1997. Working Paper Lake Management Plans

MoFED (2010) Growth and transformation plan (GTP) 2010/11-2014/15. Ministry of Finance and Economic Development. Addis Ababa

Ministry of Water Resources (2007) Rift valley lakes basin integrated resources development masterplan study report. Halcrow Group Ltd and Generation Integrated Rural Development Consultants Report.

Zerihun Dejene, 2008. Impact of fisheries and water quality changes on the management of Lake Chamo.

A n n e x 9 | 29

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

Annex 10. Lake Ziway Fisheries Management Plan REVISED DRAFT

LAKE ZIWAY FISHERIES MANAGEMENT PLAN

WORKING DOCUMENT

April 20 2011

Agricultural Extension Directorate Ministry of Agriculture

A n n e x 1 0 | 1

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

A n n e x 1 0 | 2

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

INTRODUCTION

Inland fisheries such as Lake Ziway tend to be undervalued yet are vital to the livelihoods and food security of thousands of people. Unfortunately, irresponsible fishing practices, habitat loss and degradation, water abstraction, drainage of wetlands and pollution have led to substantial changes to many inland water bodies. Furthermore, the poor state of knowledge of inland fishery resources and their ecosystems has hindered proper management decision making.

This FMP is a working document developed by a the ACP Fish II Programme in conjunction with government fisheries staff from Oromia Region and the Ministry of Agriculture. It is supportive of the Government’s current Growth and Transformation Plan 2010 – 2015 (MoFED 2010) as well as the Federal fisheries utilization proclamation 315/2003 which promotes sustainable management, biodiversity conservation, whilst at same time ensuring food security.

An first draft of the FMP was discussed and validated at a meeting at Ziway Fisheries Resources Research Centre on April 19 2011, attended by key Federal, Regional, Zone and Woreda government stakeholders. This revised draft requires discussion with a wider range of stakeholders in terms of its reflection of the current situation, proposed goals and objectives and management measures. The FMP also proposes a possible co-management approach which requires validation and consultation with those who would be involved in the management process itself.

CURRENT SITUATION

Lake Ziway is one of the Rift Valley Lakes located about 160 km south of Addis Ababa in the Oromia Regional State. It is the most northerly rift valley lake, situated between 7°51’N to 8°7’N and 38°43’E to 38° 57’E. It has an area of 434km2 and shoreline length of 137km at an elevation 1636 m MSL (above Mean Sea Level). It has a maximum length of 32 km and maximum width of 20 km. It has a mean depth of 2.5 metres. The maximum depth is said to be seven metres.

There are two inflowing rivers: Meki and Ketar which flow into the lake in its northern part. The lake has an outflow, River Bulbula, which connects it with lake Abyata. There are three inhabited big islands on the lake: Tulugudo, Tsedecha and Funduro. Lake Ziway is under the administrative control of three Woredas of the Oromiya Region: Dugda Bora, Adamitulu Jido both in East Shoa, and Ziway Dugda in Arsi Zone (Fig. 1).

A n n e x 1 0 | 3

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

Meki R. East Shoa Zone

Golbe Ogolcho Gebriel LAKE ZIWAY Ketar R.

Tsedecha

Kontola Funduro Arsi Zone Tulu Gudo

Ziway

Towns and villages

Roads Adamitullu Bulbula R. Perennial rivers

To Awassa

Figure 1: Map of Lake Ziway

Fish species

Lake Ziway has six fish species of commercial relevance- Oreochromis niloticus, Tilapia zillii (tilapias), Clarias gariepinus (catfish), Caracius caracius (Crucian carp), Barbus intermedius (barbus,) and Cyprinus carpio carpio (common carp). Tilapia and catfish are currently the most economically important. According to Ministry of Water Res (2007) the introduced tilapia, Tilapia zilli has almost replaced the native tilapia, in addition to catfish which has taken over the fishery since 2005. The crucian and common carp as well as the catfish are introduced species. The introduction of crucian carp is seen as controversial as the fish competes for the same food source as tilapia and is of less commercial importance.

Fish species biology

The biology of the important fish species in the lake – the tilapia, Oreochromis niloiticus and the catfish, Clarias gariepinus has been well studied by various researchers (Schroder 1984; Tadesse 1988; LFDP, 1997; Wudneh 1998).

Tilapia

The tilapia, O. niloticus, in Lake Ziway is characterized as multiple spawning throughout the year with peak breeding seasons occurring in the rainy seasons. It has two peak spawning seasons, one during the short rains in March/April and the second more prominent one during the June/July, the long rainy season.

O. niloticus breeds in the shallow vegetated shore areas of the lake. The male prepares spawning nests where the female deposits the eggs. After fertilization the female tilapia incubates the fertilized eggs in its mouth and protects the offspring. The average size at first spawning (size at maturity, L50) of O. niloticus at Lake Ziway is said to be about 15.7 cm (LFDP, report). This information on fish size at maturity, the location of spawning grounds and the breeding season is important input for fisheries management. The size at maturity in combination with the gear selectivity data would be used to formulate regulations to protect the younger under-sized (juvenile) fishes from being exploited. The knowledge on the breeding season and spawning grounds is used to protect the area during the main

A n n e x 1 0 | 4

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

spawning period. The tilapia, O niloticus, responds to heavy fishing pressure by reducing its size at maturity. The relatively small size at maturity, 15.7 cm (LFDP, 1997), of O. niloticus in Lake Ziway is also an indication of the high fishing pressure on the lake and the stress on the tilapia population.

Catfish

Catfish can grow to 170 cm and weigh up to 60.0 kg. The fish are widely tolerant of extreme environmental conditions. The presence of an accessory breathing organ enables this species to breath air when very active or under very dry conditions. The fish can leave the water at night using its strong pectoral fins and spines in search of land-based food or can move into breeding areas through very shallow pathways It is a bottom feeder which occasionally feeds at the surface and forages at night on a wide variety of prey such as insects, plankton, invertebrates and fish but also takes young birds, rotting flesh and plants. It migrates to rivers and temporary streams to spawn. Spawning takes place during the rainy season in flooded deltas. The fishes make a lateral migration towards the inundated plains to breed and return to the river or lake soon afterwards while the juveniles remain in the inundated area. Juveniles return to the lake or river when they are between 1.5 and 2.5 cm long. First sexual maturity occurs when females are between 40-45 cm and males between 35-40 cm. Eggs are greenish. Incubations lasts little (about 33 hours at 25°C). Thought to spawn from February to May in Lake Hawassa.

Carps

Crucian carp can grow up to 64 cm with a common length of 15 cm. Burrows in mud in the dry season or during winter. Can survive at high temperatures and at very low oxygen concentrations. Tolerates cold, organic pollutants, and low oxygen levels in the water. Feeds all day but mainly at night on plankton, benthic invertebrates, plant materials and detritus. Usually very abundant in the absence of other fish species. Spawns in dense submerged vegetation. The eggs number 130000- 250000/female adhere to plants, and hatch after 4-8 days. Individual females spawn with several males. Males follow ripe females, often with much splashing. Eggs are sticky and are attached to water plants.

Common carp grows to 110 cm. The fish is hardy and tolerant of a wide variety of conditions. It is most active at dusk and dawn. Both adults and juveniles feed on a variety of benthic organisms and plant material. Spawns along shores or in backwaters. Adults often undertake considerable spawning migration to suitable backwaters and flooded meadows. Larvae survive only in very warm water among shallow submerged vegetation. Spawn in marginal, shallow, weed-infested areas. A spawning female is usually followed by several males. Under tropical conditions carp breeds throughout the year.

Fishing methods and areas

According to an LFDP survey (1997) there are over 30 fish landing sites around the lake. The fishery is mainly based on the beach seine, gill nets and long line fishing. Beach seine is used for tilapia mainly in the eastern and northern lake shore areas including the spawning and nursery grounds. These areas are more accessible to markets. Gill nets are used around the islands where the lake is deeper. Long lines are used for the cat fish in the deeper areas and also in the in shore vegetated areas. The fishermen use planked canoes for beach seining and long lining and traditional reed rafts for gill netting and for transport. Bofofe rafts are also commonly used in the hook and line fishery.

Information regarding the proportion of fishers using the different gears is provided from the Fishery Research Center at Ziway as follows:

Beach seine only : about 35% of the fishermen

Gillnet only: about 23% of the fishermen

A n n e x 1 0 | 5

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

Long line only: about 20% of the fishermen

Gillnet and long line together: 40% of the fishermen (2008 survey)

Almost all (96%) of the beach seine observed were below the recommended mesh size.

Other important stakeholders that play a role in the fishery are the gear owners who employ labourers and receive fish at the shore as it is landed.

The minimum mesh size recommended for the gill net and beach seine is 80 mm stretched mesh. However, it is reported that narrower mesh size nets are common resulting in the landing of undersized fish. Information on the recommended hook sizes for catfish was not available and should be established to aid selective fishing for adult Clarias gariepinus above the average size at first breeding (L50).

Fish catches and trends

The last recorded data on fish catch from Lake Ziway is from 2001, some 10 years ago (Fig 2). The dominant species in catches has been tilapia and this had showed a decline from the year 1998 to 2001 giving way to the increased catch of catfish which started to appear in catches approximately 20 years ago.

Recent catch data (from 2009) obtained from the Fisheries Research Center at Ziway indicates an annual catch composition of 628, 456, and 144 ton for tilapia catfish and carp respectively. Hence at present the contribution of tilapia has decreased to about 51% and that of catfish increased to 37% and carp contributes about 12%. In economic terms tilapia contributes most as it fetches the highest price. The increased importance of the catfish catch is clearly observed in the chart (fig. 2).

The increasing catch trend observed for catfish indicates that it is reproducing well and also since the adult Clarias gariepinus population is mainly found in the middle deeper areas of the lake it has apparently better protection from the beach seine fishery.

Figure 2: Yield by species from Lake Ziway (Felegeselam, 2003)

Fishing effort and trend

A n n e x 1 0 | 6

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

Intensive fishing activity usually occurs during the Orthodox Christians fasting periods of March/April and July/August when fish consumption increases. Beach seine fishing which is thought to contribute over 60% of the total catch is often used in the sensitive spawning grounds. Incidentally, this peak fishing period coincides with the tilapia breeding season.

Data on the current fishing effort, number of fishers and gear used by category is not available. Information from recent study on the lake carried out in 2008, by Ziway Fishery Research Center, is indicated below, (Table 1)

Table 1 Current Fishing effort at Lake Ziway (data from 2008)

Wereda Coops FM Ass. Gillnet Seine Hook Boat Remark locality FM net Dugda Bora 4 124 340 26 27 49129 41 Adami Tulu 4 135 370 182 46 31550 62 Ziway Dugda 3 185 500 277 61 44980 71 Tulu Gudo Is. 1 119 300 42 17 22350 29 Total 12 563 1510 527 151 148009 203

During 1995-97 the total number of fishermen was in the range of 1500 – 1750. The 3000 ton catch for the year 1997 was almost the MSY level estimated for the lake. Anecdotal data from 2011 suggests there are currently about 416 fishermen organised under fourteen cooperatives. The number of non-registered fishermen is estimated to be three times that of the registered giving a total number of fishermen of approximately 1600. MoWR (2007) indicates that the total number of fishers could be more than 5000 including the unregistered individual or “informal” fishers around the lake.

Stock assessment and status

There is no current stock assessment data available for Lake Ziway. Although it is understood that data has been collected for the past 2 years and will be analysed in the near future by Ziway Fisheries Resources Centre.

The available data is 14 years old from 1997 when according to the LFDP (1997) empirical models situate the potential yield of all species combined in the range of 3000 to 6680 tons per year. Preliminary results of stock assessment studies conducted for two years indicate that the maximum sustainable yield of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is probably only slightly above 2000 tons per year. Because Tilapia constituted the bulk of the catch, stock assessment studies had concentrated on this species. Very little work has been done on the others.

Tilapia landings, were recommended not to exceed 2200 tons per year. Assuming that 20 % of the landings are other species, mainly catfish, the total landings from lake Ziway were expected to reach 2750 tons.

The recording of catch data has been interrupted after the phasing out of the LFDP program. This has left a gap in the follow up and monitoring of the fishery trend. Data collected by the fishery research centre at Ziway has not been compiled yet. Hence it is necessary to refer and use available data from the earlier studies.

Current status of stocks and indicators of exploitation

Nothing appears to be known about the current status of the stocks and data collection has ceased for 10 years making management decisions very difficult. Lake Ziway is the most heavily fished lake in the basin, mainly due to its location, close to Addis Ababa, and the early fishing culture of the Islanders living in the lake. By the late 1990s catches were declining and the size at which the fish become mature and start reproducing was known to have declined significantly indicating a trend of

A n n e x 1 0 | 7

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

high fishing pressure. No evidence exists to suggest that fishing pressure has reduced in the last 10 years and stocks have had an opportunity to recover. The fishery is open access. Undersize tilapia are currently being landed which is an indication that illegal gears are being used. Fishermen are now starting to leave the fishery and migrate to nearby Lake Langano. Furthermore, the carrying capacity of the lake is being degraded by pollution and siltation making the use of past data on stock levels risky. It is therefore likely the fishery is in a state of overexploitation. Despite this new entrants are being encouraged into the fishery by the local government.

Lake Ecosystem and Status

Lake Ziway has rich and diverse plankton and fish biota. Molluscs and mosquitoes are abundant and malaria and schistosomiasis have been reported in local residents. Molluscs snails include Ancylus, Lymnaea, Melanoides, Biomphalaria and Bulinus, one of which (Melanoides) reaches nuisance bloom levels in some years. Economic exploitation of this large bivalve can be considered. The littoral macrophytes are reeds like Phragmites, bullrush (Typha) and Cyperus papyrus (papyrus). Floating macrophytes include the blue water lily (Nymphaea coerulea) and aquatic grass Paspalidium. Tall grasses such as Sporobolus and Cynodon cover most of the western shoreline, including the endemic grass C. aethiopicus is grazed by livestock during the dry season. The catchment is surrounded with Acacia woodland consisting of A. tortila, A. seyal, A. senegal and A. etbaica, and the tall grass of Hyparrhenia sp. Other remnant trees of Ficus, Treme and Balanites cover the surrounding landscape. Hippopotami and Nile lizards (Varanus) browse and shelter in the bank vegetation. Bird life is a mixture of migrants and residents. These include cormorants, geese, Marabou storks, terns, herons, gulls and fish eagles. It is not unusual to see up to 20 000 birds at a single time around Lake Ziway. However, bird numbers have decreased in recent years, even in the islands, due to human encroachment and habitat destruction.

Lake Ziway is used by the local people for various purposes, including watering cattle, laundering, fisheries, reed harvesting, sand extraction and recreational purposes to some extent. Considerable input of human and animal wastes is observed at some shore locations. It has been reported that the effluent from horticulture farms have high levels of fertilizer and pesticide and ultimately finds itself in the lake. Investors have planted generators and pumps to extract water for irrigation from the lake and river Bulbula for agriculture, flower horticulture and domestic uses. Such usages have not been subjected to water use regulations by the Ministry of Water Resources and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. The municipality of Ziway withdraws 1000 – 1500 cubic meter of Ziway water every day, which it filters at the Ziway water treatment plant and distributes to the residents of the city for drinking and washing purposes. The lake faces increasing oligotrophication, rather than eutrophication probably due to increasing sedimentation.

Degradation of forest areas and other vegetation in the catchment has enhanced soil erosion and subsequent siltation of the lake environment. The increased turbidity may be effecting productivity. Conflicting reports suggest either the water level has fallen or risen. Pollution from the surrounding industrial, municipal and agricultural effluents is also indicated as threatening the lake Ziway environment and the fishery resources.

One encouraging achievement implemented by the Ziway Fishery Research Center and the Wereda Agriculture officers with the collaboration of some of the fishery coops is the rehabilitation of the lake shore wetland vegetation on the western shore close to Ziway town and the research centre location. This type of coordinated work regarding environmental protection and rehabilitation should be more encouraged and coordinated by the town and wereda council as part of the FMP process.

Socio-economic importance

The contribution of the fishery is considered significant in terms of employment and food security, as it is the largest natural water body with fish resource potential in Oromia Regional State. There is however, a lack of data on the real contribution. Employment is created from fishing, processing, trade, inputs supply and distribution. Whilst predominated by men, some women are engaged in fish

A n n e x 1 0 | 8

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

trading.. The lake is thought to have between 1700 and 5000 fishers depending on the data source. Although according to LFDP (1997), if exploited sustainably, the fishery was expected to provide employment for up to 1800 fishermen.

Despite the lack of knowledge of the resource and indications of over exploitation, the local administration is continuing to encourage unemployed youth to enter the fishery. This is unlikely to lead to long term sustainable benefits in terms of livelihoods or the sustainability of the resource and is likely to lead to increasing conflicts and unsustainable fishing pressure.

There are nine islands in Lake Ziway; while most of them have small churches and religious icons, the largest one, Tulu Gudo, is inhabited by about 2000 residents. The Zay people have however abandoned the island in recent years due to inability of the land, livestock and fisheries to support the livelihood of the increasing population.

Clearly there is an urgent need for socio-economic research to provide a current understanding of the contribution of the fishery to national development objectives and the livelihoods of resource users. Value chain analysis would assist in understanding potential opportunities in terms of trade and value- addition. This information is important in management decision making.

Policy and management

Commercial fishing started during the 1950-60’s by an agreement between the government and concession holders. With the socialist system in the 1970’s, the government organised the fishermen to work in co-operatives. Fishers were organised in cooperative associations and registered by the Cooperative Promotion Office in their locality. The fishers which are embraced by the coop are then considered to have legal right to fish from the lakes and the non-member fishers often referred to as illegal fishers. The fishery coops were among the first to benefit from the first fresh water fishery development project assisted by EU. The Project, referred as Phase I Lake Fishery Development Project (LFDP-I) was mainly focused on promoting the market infrastructure and technical support to improve the production.

The project promoted increased production at the expense of management of the resources. Inputs were supplied to the fishery cooperatives, subsidized by the project. There was an increase in the catch and fishers This created the collapse of the tilapia fish stock in a span of a few years. In response the government closed the lake to fishing for two years during 1986-87.

After the closure the tilapia catches increased to a peak of around, 3000 tonnes in 1996-97. The number of fishermen again increased significantly as fish prices increased, gear was cheap, fishing became an attractive part-time occupation for famers and town residents and low barriers of entry made fishing attractive to unemployed youths.

To address the management vacuum the LFDP – II, was implemented from 1992 to1997 and aimed to:

Improved the logistics and infrastructure facilities for research and data collection

Upgrade the capacity of the fishery staff in management issues

In 1997 the LFDP II proposed to allow for the licensing of a maximum of 160 beach seines and 2900 gill nets. No limits are to be put on the number of long lines or hook and lines for the time being. All existing fishermen should be issued a licence covering the gear they are using at present. Once this is done, the extra 20 % effort would be licensed on a first come first serve basis. The following gear restrictions are proposed:

Gill nets: Recruitment could be affected if the stretched mesh sizes are allowed drop below 80 mm. Total landings and the values of the landings are thought to increase with bigger

A n n e x 1 0 | 9

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

mesh sizes. It is therefore proposed to increase the minimum mesh size by one 1 cm per year starting from 8 cm until 10 cm is reached. The maximum length of a gill net should be 60 metres. The thinnest twine allowed would be 210/3;

Beach seine nets. The minimum mesh size in the cod end should be 60 mm. The minimum mesh size in the wings should be 80 mm. The maximum allowed length of a beach seine would be 150 meters. No mechanisation of the operation of beach seines, such as the use of winches, is to be forbidden.

At the time it was proposed that there was potential to expand the long Line fishing on cat fish is thought to be good even though hard data are lacking. Catfish were only recently established in the lake and are gradually increasing their contribution to the total landings.

The most recent resource data was produced by the LFDP II project along with recommendations for management measures some 14 years ago and are described in a FMP from that period. It would appear the implementation of that FMP was not carried out nor has the FMP been updated since 1997.

Current management and management measures

There is no fishery management legislation enforced at the Regional level in Oromia. The fishery proclamation No.315/2003 that has been enacted at the federal level but has yet to be translated in regional legislation. Although attempts are currently being made by the Bureau of Agriculture to control fishing gear type and fishing areas through directives and sometimes in collaboration with some fishery cooperatives, the fishery is open access with no licensing of fishermen to enable user rights. Fishing effort is in reality uncontrolled. Official data collection ceased in 2001 and consequently hardly any data is available for management decision making. Weak management is compounded by a lack of staff, or poorly trained staff, especially at wereda (district) and kebel levels. Fishery officers aim to prevent wetland degradation encouraged by other government agencies and monitor environmental degradation. The current situation is blamed on lack of budget and manpower allocation. Many Fishery Officers (FO,s) were trained in fishery data collection methods and analysis by the LFDP II program have transferred to other sectors due to relatively low salaries paid in the fishery sector. For various reasons there appears to be no management of the fishery at the moment.

Stakeholder analysis

Some stakeholders such as resource users, the Livestock Development and Health Agency (LDHA) and fishery cooperatives are primary stake holders who have a direct interest, responsibility and accountability for fishery resources conservation and use. Others, such as the local Administration, the Cooperative Promotion Offices and Environment Protection Office are seen as partners responsible for facilitating the implementation of the FMP.

Whilst a number of stakeholders have been clearly identified here, there is now a need to initiate a dialogue with them regarding the content of this draft FMP which has been developed by the ACP Fish II programme in conjunction with representatives from the Regional LDHA, Ziway Fisheries Resources Research Centre and woreda fishery officers.

A n n e x 1 0 | 10

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

Table 2: Lake Ziway FMP Stakeholder Analysis

Stakeholder ( Public, Involvement private, civil society, in FMP Involvement in FMP implementation academic) processes Bureau of Agriculture Discuss the Economic use of water, minimize water loss, Livestock FMP draft with monitoring the gravity irrigations and water pumps Irrigation them. Experts should collaborate in enforcing the Crop Own the FMP implementation of the rules Natural resource Determine the distance of farm lands from the water bodies, control agrochemicals and soil erosion polluting the water bodies. Controlling deforestation, protecting fish breading grounds, enhancing the stock of endangered species etc. Water use budgeting for each user Kebele development Discuss the Should implement the FMP at grass-root levels agents (DA) FMP draft with along with the fishermen them Report any fisheries activities including the catch data to the concerned bodies Serve as a linkage between the government bodies and resource users Manage participation of family members (women, youth, handicaps) to participate in fishery activities at different stages. Ziway Fisheries Resources Discuss the They will supply scientific information on fisheries Research Centre draft with them such as: the lake limnology, fish biology(species, feeding, breeding), fishing gear to be used, fishing season, MSY, MEY, EMSY, potential pollutants, ecosystem and importance of the components etc. Follow-up and monitoring the FMP Academic, Consult them Provide scientific information on lakes, Universities (Addis Follow-up and monitor the FMP Ababa, Adama and others) Environmental Give Create awareness about fisheries and other clubs at schools information aquatic resources among the community. Bureau of Water Discuss the Economic use of water Resources FMP draft with Water quality assessment them Permission of water use for irrigation Bureau of Land Use and Discuss the Should consider the impact of pollution on Environmental Protection FMP draft with fisheries and ecosystem in the water bodies when them doing any activity around the water bodies. Permit necessary plot of lands for fish landing, processing etc,,, Industry and Trade Discuss the They should do environmental impact assessment Bureau draft with them (EIA) Support fishery community for sharing the resource Bureau of Investment Discuss the Environmental impact assessment should be done FMP draft with before the implementation of any investment. them The firm should pay for any damage it poses on the fishery (environment) Tax office Inform the FMP Water users should pay equitable tax for the

A n n e x 1 0 | 11

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

Stakeholder ( Public, Involvement private, civil society, in FMP Involvement in FMP implementation academic) processes volume of water they used Bureau of Mine and Inform the FMP Mining activities around the water bodies should Energy not damage the beach and should not pollute the water bodies and should not hinder fishery activities Agency of Wild Life Discuss the Should control fishing activities in protected areas Protection FMP draft with Should protect the aquatic life (animals, plants) them Different administrative Give Collaborate for the implementation of the FMP bodies (Kebele, district, information zone, regional, national) Administrative cabinets Give Give attention for the management of the information resource Quality assurance Inform the FMP Give standard to the products Ministry of Trade Inform Facilitate market linkage for fishery products Cooperative Promotion Inform the FMP Should organise fishermen in to legalized co- Commission operatives Provide them any possible supports like other cooperatives Micro enterprise Inform the FMP Should organise fishermen by consulting cooperative promotion commission and Bureau of Agriculture Reduce the current fishing pressure by re- organising fishermen in to other sector Municipal/city council Inform the FMP Should control or treat the municipal wastes that pollutes the aquatic environment Provide fish processing, storing and retailing sites Police and Justice Bureau Inform the FMP Should collaborate in controlling illegal activities on fisheries and aquatic environment Local media Give Aware the community about the resource, FMP, information advertise fish food Fishermen Create Take responsibility to protect the aquatic awareness and environment including the fish itself discuss the Use the fishery resources in a sustainable manner FMP draft with Inform any problem on fisheries to the concerned them bodies Fish farmers Create Should not pollute the area awareness and Should not bring new species that may affect the inform the FMP biodiversity Should not damage the natural stock (example, mass collection of fingerlings from lakes) Fishery unions Inform about Resource protection against any harmful activities the FMP Should support the fishery cooperatives in input supply, linkage with government policies and markets etc. Fishing gear owners Create Take responsibility to protect the aquatic awareness and environment including the fish itself discuss the Use the fishery resources in a sustainable manner FMP draft with Inform any problem on fisheries to the concerned them bodies Fish gear producers & Create Should not make/supply undersized/distractive suppliers awareness and fishing gears

A n n e x 1 0 | 12

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

Stakeholder ( Public, Involvement private, civil society, in FMP Involvement in FMP implementation academic) processes inform the FMP Fish processors and Create Should not take/buy undersized fish from traders (including fish awareness on fishermen meal processers) resource Should use standard and hygienic processing and management transporting kits and inform the Should not pollute water bodies and shore areas FMP Should pay fair price, receive the product from fishermen constantly Local inhabitants Discuss the Should collaborate in aquatic resource FMP draft with conservation them Have to use the water resource wisely (washing clothes, personal hygiene, domestic water, cattle drink, religious purpose, swimming etc) NGOs Inform the FMP Have to involve in soil and water conservations activities Have to work on fisheries and aquatic resource conservation Strengthen the coops or private fishers materially and technically Organisation and financing, capacity building, book keeping etc Consumers Create Aware the value of fish food awareness

Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT)

A strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis is a useful way of assessing the current situation and identifying factors to be covered in the management plan. Table 3 provides a summary of the current strengths which influence the FMP goals and objectives, weaknesses which the plan should consider, opportunities may help implements achieve the objectives and threats may end of the successful limitation.

Table 3: Lake Ziway current situation SWOT

Strength Weakness Opportunities Threats Fishery legislation Lack of regional Political will of Gov Lack of local at federal level proclamation, to give attention to employment Structure for directives, bylaws fisheries in the 5 opportunities fishery officers for management year Growth & increasing pressure on from region to Lack of Transformation fisheries district level professional Plan Expansion of Existence of Gov fisheries staff Aquaculture horticulture and structure at trained in production may industries around the kebele level management and reduce reliance on increasing risk of (DA’s) technical issues capture fisheries pollution Legally organised Lack of fishery Possibility of Mobility of staff and groups of knowledge adding value lack of incentives resource users in Agro-chemical Possibility to Difficulties in ensuring the form of pollution and fish initiate a new co- collaboration between cooperatives kills management stakeholders Awareness of soil erosion approach Lack of community some cooperative leading to siltation Catfish resource participation in

A n n e x 1 0 | 13

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

Strength Weakness Opportunities Threats members on Open access Data on stocks to management fishery resource nature of the be analysed in the Water abstraction and lake resource so near future Environmental management. fishers unlicensed New water bodies degradation and its Concern and have no user in the region and impact on regarding the rights could provide an productivity e.g. problems of Peak fishing alternative for oilgotrophication pollution and coincides with existing fishers Biodiversity reduction degradation of tilapia breeding Rich ecosystem due to habitat fish breeding lack of current strong demand for destruction and grounds data on stocks, fish and rising environmental local research landings, biology price degradation capacity exists and Further delays in graduate fishery socioeconomic formulating professionals issues management from universities Poor legislation and its administration enactment and data Use of destructive collection and fishing gears such as recording system beach seines and Insufficient small mesh gill nets budget allocation Encouragement of for management new entrants into Conflict between fishery fishermen Relocation of fishing tension between effort to nearby open different ethnic access water bodies and religious groups lack of coordination and collaboration between stakeholders

Proposed FMP Management Approach

Precautionary – be careful…..if there is insufficient knowledge to make accurate management decisions then set the targets low;

Adaptive - trial and error to find the right management measures….and monitor and adjust quickly if need be;

Proactive - long term view…..what do we need to do to create a sustainable fishery?.....before problems occur;

A n n e x 1 0 | 14

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

Co-management - partnership between govt and resources users where by management responsibilities are shared….resource users participate more actively in management.

Focus of the FMP

This section outlines the purpose, goals and objectives of the FMP is designed to provide the way forward for the fishery and what the FMP is designed to achieve.

Purpose

The FMP has a single purpose which is designed to be general proactive statement which reflects sustainable development. The purpose is:

“To create economically and ecologically sustainable fisheries resources under co- management system that produces socio-economic benefits.”

The purpose is also supportive of the Federal Government Fisheries Development and Utilization Proclamation 315/2003 objectives which are:

“To conserve fish biodiversity and its environment as well as to prevent and control overexploitation of the fisheries resource”

“To increase the supply of safe and good quality fish and to ensure a sustainable contribution of the fisheries towards food security”

Goals the FMP goals focus on biological, economic, social as well as ecological aspects of what we would like the fishery to achieve. The extent to which the economic and social goals will be achieved is influence by the biological limits of the results. The FMP for Lake Ziway has five goals (Table 4):

Biological To maintain productivity to ensure the maximum sustainable yield

Economic To maximize income of the fishermen and other resource users

Social To maximize the contribution of the fishery to food security

Social To create sustainable employment opportunities for the local community

Ecological To keep the lake environment healthy (chemically, biologically and physically)

At the moment there is no reliable information on the current. Data from 14 years ago suggests an annual MSY of 2000 tonnes for tilapia. No accurate data was available for other species. This may make the goal difficult to achieve unless current information on stocks of biological limits is available. When combined together the achievement of these goals will achieve the purpose of the FMP.

Objectives

Objectives are measurable changes that will be realized when the FMP is successful. Each objective includes verb, indicator, relation and reference point. The objectives are measured using management standards, which referred to the indicator and reference point states in the objective. Table 4 provides a summary of objectives and management standards.

A n n e x 1 0 | 15

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

For the biological goal the objectives are related to the harvesting of the two key commercial species:

“To maintain the CPUE for tilapia at 50% or above that attained during 1996 when the fish landings were at their peak”

“To maintain the CPUE for clarias at 50% or above that attained during 1996 when the fish landings were at their peak”

The CPUE is used here as the indicator due to the lack of information on stocks. Even though CPUE data is also lacking it is possible to make some assumptions and approximate calculations to guide the use of these objectives until more data on the current status of stocks and biological limits is available. 1996 is the year it is assumed that landings were at or near the MSY level at the time and hence this is used as a reference point. See Fig 2. After another year of peak catches the landings began to decline dramatically possibly due to over fishing beyond the MSY.

Assuming that in 1996 the tilapia fishery was purely a gillnet fishery and that the number of nets in use was the number recommended by the LFDP e.g. 2900 then an approximate CPUE for tilapia for that year was 2000 tonnes catch/2900 nets = 690 kg per net per year or 13 kg per week per net. Here the reference point is at least 50% of this figure which is approximately 7.5kg of fish per net per week. However more information is required on recommended number of nets for current use in the fishery and the current CPUE of the recommended that type.

For the economic goal the objective is concerned with the net income of fishermen and other resource users:

“To maintain the annual net income of fishermen and other resource users at or above the minimum desired income level (200 USD in 2010)”

It will be necessary here to clearly define who the fishermen and other resource users are. For example fishermen may be full time or part time or seasonal. Other resource users include processors and traders. Socioeconomic data is required to understand the current net income status of fishers and resource users and a simple survey technique should be established so that the objective can be measured on regular basis.

For the social goal the objectives are concerned with food security and employment from the fishery:

“Maintain at least 15% of the total catch for local consumption by community and 85% for the national market”

“To maintain the optimum number of fishing and post-harvest employment opportunities”

Very little is known about the contribution of the fishery to food security and employment so these objectives should be validated using recent socioeconomic data. Total catch data would be needed to help calculate the proportion of fish consumed locally and that which leaves the area of markets. 1997 data from the LFDP suggested that the lake could support 1800 fishermen. Whether this is the case now depends much on the current biological limits and efficiency of fishing methods. A census or survey to understand the current number of fishermen and other stakeholders who rely on the fishery for their livelihoods is required. It may be possible to use aerial photography to establish the number of fishermen in the same time the land use and environmental degradation which is occurring around the Lake (see ecological objectives).

For the ecological goal the objectives are related to the protection of lake water quality and proper use of land around the lake shore:

A n n e x 1 0 | 16

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

“Maintain agrochemical levels in lake environment below national standard”

“Maintain the rate of sedimentation at 25% or less of the current rate of sedimentation in areas most affected”

“Prevent land use within buffer zone which contravenes environmental protection law”

Research is required to establish the current agrochemical levels in the Lake and to monitor the levels against the national standards. Aerial mapping and GIS imagery could be used to monitor the land use changes within the designated buffer zone around the Lake. Sedimentation is linked to the increase in oligotrophication and reducing this will help maintain the biological condition of the lake and its productivity. It is anticipated that the Ziway Fisheries Resources Research Center could carry out such research and analysis given the proper equipment and training.

Management measures

Input and output measures are commonly used as flexible controls that can be changed from year to year as necessary to achieve the goals. Technical measures are usually put in place for a longer period of time. For example in many fisheries you cannot reasonably expect fishermen to change the mesh size of the nets every year. Setting management measures need good information based on careful stock assessments, including consideration of uncertainties, to ensure that the measures implemented to achieve the objectives.

The management measures proposed are a combination of input and technical measures which are designed to achieve the biological objectives. By achieving the biological objectives, automatically will contribute to the achievement of economic and social objectives and goals. Hence the biological management measures contribute to the achievement of 3 goals. The ecological goal and objectives will require a different set of management measures which require coordination with a wide range of stakeholders over pollution control, agriculture practices and wetland management issues. Wider discussion of these measures is required by specialists. Table 4 proposes some ecological management measures as well as additional measures to support the economic and social objectives. However, these also require further discussion with specialists.

The following fisheries management measures, which could be implemented using a co-management approach (see next section), are proposed:

a) Licensing a certain number of fishermen and fishing gears according to biological limits

b) Closed season (June –July) – to prevent fishing during one of the tilapia breeding seasons

c) Mesh size limitation of minimum 10cm stretched mesh for gillnets and 8cm for beach seine

d) Progressive reduction in number of beach seines by 50% in 2 yrs leading to total eradication

A n n e x 1 0 | 17

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

e) Prevention of beach seining in certain areas by placing obstacles in the near shore areas and planting of inshore vegetation

f) Closed areas to prevent fishing in designated areas where fish are known to breed

A, b, d and f are measures which can be adapted if need be within a short time frame or on an annual basis. C and e are more long term measures which are more difficult to change in the short term. D can be achieved with the help of licencing (a) as gradually the number of annual licences for beach seines is reduced.

Table 4: FMP goals, objectives and management measures

Management standards Management measures Goals Objectives Reference indicators Management measure points Biological To maintain To maintain the CPUE for 50% of CPUE Effort control – licensing & productivity the CPUE for tilapia level attained reducing current level of effort to ensure tilapia at 50% during 1996 Closed season (June –July) – maximum or above that tilapia spawning shore areas sustainable attained Mesh size limitation (10cm yield during 1996 stretched mesh for gillnet, 8cm for when the fish beach seine, landings were Progressive reduction in number at their peak of beach seines by 50% in 2 yrs and ban gradually To maintain Discouraging the beach seine by the CPUE for putting obstacle in seining areas of tilapia at 50% the lake or above that Closed area, allow restricted attained fishing from fish breading, shore during 1996 vegetation areas when the fish landings were at their peak

[above replicated for other commercial species]

Economic To maximize To maintain Net income of Data on Optimum catches income of the net fishermen from national Value addition on the products the income of socio-economic minimum Alternative income generating fishermen fishermen at survey income level activities and other or above the resource minimum users desired income (200 USD in 2010) Social To maximize Maintain at Supply of fish Total catch Aware the local community to the least 15% of to local from official consume the fish by giving

A n n e x 1 0 | 18

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

Management standards Management measures Goals Objectives Reference indicators Management measure points contribution the total community landing data awareness on the nutritional value of fishery in catch for local assessed using of fish food to fishery cooperatives, food security consumption market or students in school and others. by community value-chain and the rest analysis Economic planning To create to national Optimum Licencing sustainable market Current fishing number of Micro-enterprise office assist employment To maintain and post- employment displaced fishers opportunities the optimum harvest opportunities for local number of employment community fishing and opportunities post-harvest employment opportunities Ecological To keep the Maintain Lakes’ National Increase the awareness of the lake agrochemical chemical standard community and administrative environment levels in lake physical and bodies to collaborate the wetland healthy environment biological management (chemically, below property Preventing growing of crops in lake biologically national altered by shore in collaboration with and standard human activity EP law concerned bodies as per the EPA physically) Prevent land Land use regulation use within within buffer Protecting the vegetation in the buffer zone zone measured buffer zone and reforestation which using GIS 25% of Advising farmers to grow perennial contravenes imagery/survey current fodder plants like Sesbania sesban environmental sedimentation next to their farm land as a buffer protection law rate area in the shore trapping chemical Sedimentation and physical pollutants Maintain the rate rate of sedimentation at 25% or less of the rate of current sedimentation levels in areas most affected

Implementation & Co-management

In line with the Government’s decentralisation policy and the difficulties in managing fisheries using a command style approach, it is proposed that the FMP is supported by a co-management implementation style of approach which is based on the existing governance administrative structure and enables management responsibilities to be shared between government, resource users and other key stakeholders.

Perceived benefits of co-management

A n n e x 1 0 | 19

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

There are several benefits of co-management. Not only does it promote the government’s policy of decentralisation and a “bottom up” planning approach. But as all key stakeholders are involved in decision making it creates a common understanding, ownership and more effective decision making. Intra-lake conflicts will be reduced as a result of better coordination and dialogue between resource users and managers. Those who contravene regulations will be more easily brought to justice and will find it difficult to hide in fish landings as management would be lake wide.

Enabling environment for co-management

For co-management to succeed or be initiated there are a number of essential considerations.

Political recognition of the urgent need to better manage Lake Ziway is seen amongst key stakeholders in the MoA at Federal level. And was the driving force behind the development of this FMP. The same will and desire is also required at Regional, Zone and Woreda levels if serious change is to take place and improved allocation of resources for management allocated. Awareness raising regarding the problems and solutions for key decision makers is one way of changing perceptions. Awareness raising at both the Regional political level as well as at Woreda are seen as priorities.

The legislative framework for co-management is required. For Lake Ziway this must start with the issuing of an Oromia Regional proclamation based on the Federal fish utilization proclamation 315/2003. Subsequent Directives are also required and these could be designed to promote more clearly the co-management approach. Supporting legislation for institutional arrangements may also be required so that management units are recognised as legal entities and are mandated with specific duties accordingly.

There must also be a high level commitment to improve multi-stakeholder coordination and management of activities which are occurring within the ecosystem and which are currently degrading the terrestrial and aquatic environments. It will be of little use focussing solely on fisheries and ignoring the impact of agriculture and industrial practices which are leading to siltation, water abstraction and pollution. Issues such as wetland area management and buffer zone protection must be given priority. A Lake Management Committee would provide a forum for the various interest groups to be represented and management to be coordinated.

A n n e x 1 0 | 20

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

handling and distribution as part of the licence criteria. Also fish traders to be restricted from buying under size fish.

At the same time local mechanisms should be explored that will enable funds to be generate to support management processes. Mechanisms include fees from licensing, penalties for contravening regulations, levies from fish landings and market taxes.

Certainly there needs to be widening of the discussion regarding co-management in fisheries and how it can be achieved successfully. In terms of Lake Ziway, at the moment the concept is confined to a few government employees and therefore it needs to be discussed by a full range of stakeholders including resource users. There are various mechanisms which could be used to achieve this. These include a lake wide awareness raising workshop, publication of summarised FMP approach and its distribution, radio talk shows and media reports.

Co-management institutions and stakeholders

There are a number of stakeholders who are directly involved in the exploitation of the fishery resources, the utilization of resources within the lake ecosystem, governance and management. The stakeholder analysis in Table ? provides an overview of these different public, private, civil society and academic institutions and stakeholders. In terms of a suggested co-management system the following describes the structure and roles of key institutions and potential partnership arrangements. Coordination is envisaged horizontally across different agencies and interest groups as well as vertically to ensure management information and guidance flows both from to and from the various management units or institutions described. Fig 3 summarises the proposed units and general hierarchy and interaction process.

A n n e x 1 0 | 21

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

Figure 3: Proposed co-management units and interactions

Kebele Fisheries Management Unit

Keep a register of all licensed fishers operating in its area

Advise on the issuance of licences

Develop by-laws related to FMP and development for endorsement by Woreda and local authorities

Advise and train fishermen on management measures

Monitor and enforce the implementation of instituted bylaws related to aquatic and land use

Resolve conflicts

Oversee the sustainable use of the lakeshore environment and buffer zone.

Assist in data collection and collaborate in research activities

Prepare monthly reports on activities for submission to WFMU

Financial management related to revenues and activity expenditure

A n n e x 1 0 | 22

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

The potential of developing lower level management units or capacity should be explored focussed on the agricultural development units within kebele’s.

Woreda Fisheries Management Unit

A Woreda Fisheries Management Unit (WFMU) would be responsible for coordinating activities across the different lakeshore kebeles within its jurisdiction. The WFMU would be responsible for licencing resource users, provision of technical guidance and support to KFMU as well as monitoring and evaluating KFMU performance and conflict resolution which cannot be concluded at kebele level. The WFMU would consist of the Woreda administrator, cooperative or fisher’s representative(s), fishery officer, environment officer and police. It would also be responsible for the monitoring of environmental laws and the sustainable use of the lake shore and buffer zone environment.

Zonal Management Unit

A zonal level task force or management unit would include the zonal administrator, zonal fishery officer or Livestock Development and Health Agency officer, cooperative or fishermen representative of the woredas, and environment officer and oversee the activities of the WFMU within its jurisdiction. It will be responsible for awareness raising for WFMU in resource management and sustainable utilization and the provision of information from research centres to WFMU for management purposes. The Zone will assist in the periodic updating of the FMP and according to an adaptive management approach should advise on any changes required to management measures as well as the co-management system. The Zone Unit also has a responsibility to liaise with agencies and the private sector e.g. industry, agriculture to ensure that activities within its jurisdiction are conducted according to the laws of the country and in a sustainable manner.

Resource users

Fishermen and the gears they use would be licenced and they would be affiliated to a KFMU or WFMU. They will have their representatives at the kebele, woreda and zone levels and be responsible for implementing bylaws related to harvesting of fishery resources and the protection of the aquatic environment and breeding grounds. data provision to researchers and fishery officers, collaborate with other stakeholders.

Fisheries Research Centre

A key element of fisheries management is data. At the moment one of the main weaknesses in fisheries management planning is the lack of current information on the resources as well as a systematic data collection system. The Ziway Fisheries Research Centre is well placed to conduct the necessary research and advise on management decisions. At the time of writing it is understood that stock assessment data is currently being collected and is due to be analysed in the near future. One of the roles of the research centre should be to facilitate the periodic evaluation of the current management plan and update it accordingly. It should also advise the zonal task force /management unit of research results and advice to guide management. The centre should also advocate for other research and conservation measures to be carried out related to the lake ecosystem.

Lake Management Committee

There are a wide range of institutions and stakeholders which have a role to play in the sustainable management of the lake. There is a need for lake wide coordination of management. A Lake

A n n e x 1 0 | 23

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

Management Committee chaired by the Regional Head of the Bureau of Agriculture would provide a forum for the coordination of activities and interests of the key stakeholders.

It is suggested the LMC comprises of representatives from the:

Livestock Development and Health Agency

Fisher community

Traders and Processors

Zonal Management Unit

Horticulture and agriculture industries

Ziway Research Centre

Land Use Planning and Environmental Protection Agency

Justice and security

Bureau of Water Resources

Municipal council

Action Plan

The following constitutes those immediate or short term activities or actions which are required to continue the development of and implement the FMP once it has been finalised and endorsed.

Governance

Federal Government acceptance of the FMP will be followed by Regional government endorsement and hence legal validity prior to proper implementation.

Development and enactment of a Regional fisheries proclamation.

Directives to be enacted and incorporate support for co-management.

Licensing to provide user rights and control fishing effort is essential.

Fishery management measures to be discussed with resource users and interest groups and decision rules added.

A n n e x 1 0 | 24

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

Creation of co-management units and system at kebele, woreda, zone levels and Lake Management Committee and the development of guidelines and terms of reference for the different units.

Specific research and development projects to address key threats and weaknesses and donor and NGOs support.

Capacity building

Capacity building in co-management for the management units is required.

Research capacity will need to be strengthened in terms of knowledge, skills and facilities, logistics and funding.

Research and data collection

A priority is to establish routine research and data collection in order to understand the fishery resource and associated socio-economics. Table 5 provides an overview of the data required for management purposes. Whilst Ziway Fisheries Resources Research Centre potentially could undertake the scientific research in conjunction with the water resources bureau, it is not clear which institution would undertake socio-economic research activities.

It is envisaged that resources users and the various co-management units would play a role in data collection.

There is an obvious urgent requirement for a baseline survey to determine current populations of different key stakeholders, fishing effort and trends as well as livelihood analyses and the contribution of the fishery to development objectives.

Table 5: Suggested types of data and research required for management

Temporal Means Indicators Spatial requirement requirement Frame survey Total fishing effort Once every 2-4 Lake-wide and synoptic Distribution of fishing years (all states undertake effort survey at the same Changes in total effort time) Changes in facilities Catch Assessment Catch composition Every 3 months Lake-wide, synoptic survey Catch rates and effort (CPUE) Length distribution of catch and maturity size Additional biological sampling of catch as required Gillnet surveys Routine inshore population Twice yearly for Local and lake-wide monitoring lake wide (once per

A n n e x 1 0 | 25

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

Temporal Means Indicators Spatial requirement requirement Biological characteristics of quarter at local inshore species station) Biomass indices Selectivity of gill nets Biodiversity indices Environmental parameters in shallow inshore areas Water quality Chemical composition 6 monthly Lake wide Sedimentation levels

Ecosystem Land use changes Regularly carried Lake wide changes Aquatic and terrestrial out biodiversity Socio-economics Contribution to Annual and Fishing communities employment, food monthly depending and nearby urban security, income, poverty on the parameter centres reduction e.g. fish prices and Value-chain analysis markets monthly Fish prices and market trends

FMP Monitoring and Revision

Daily monitoring of management measures will be the responsibility of the KFMUs supervised by the WFMU. ZFMU will have local responsibility for supervising and monitoring the FMP and reporting to the LMC and ultimately to the Regional BoA. It is suggested that the BoA staff and extension agents lead the monitoring and supervision process. One of the main monitoring mechanisms will be the data collection activities outlined in Table 5. These will enable FMP objectives to be monitored and management decisions to be informed.

References

Lake Ziway M.Sc. Thesis. Addis Ababa, Addis Ababa University.

Felegeselam, 2003, Management of Lake Ziway Fisheries in Ethiopia. M Sc. Thesis for Norwegian College of Fishery Science University of Tromsø

LFDP, Phase II, 1997. Working Paper Lake Management Plans

Ministry of Water Resources (2007) Rift valley lakes basin integrated resources development masterplan study report. Halcrow Group Ltd and Generation Integrated Rural Development Consultants Report.

Schroder, R. 1984. An attempt to estimate the fish stock and sustainable yield of Lake Ziway and Lake Abaya, Ethiopian Rift Valley. Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie Supplement Band 69.

A n n e x 1 0 | 26

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

Tadesse, Z. 1988. Studies on some aspects of the biology of Oreochromis niloticus Linn. (Pisces: Cichlidae) in

Wudneh, T. 1998. Biology and management of Fish stocks in Bahir Dar gulf, Lake Tana.

A n n e x 1 0 | 27

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia Final Report

Annex 11. FMP Validation Meeting Participants

Lake Chamo FMP Validation Meeting, Tadesse Enjory Hotel, April 18, 2011 Name Address & contact details Ato Tonjo Toito Gamo Gofa Zone Admin Special Counsellor Mob: 0468810403 Ato Awoi Ali Nech Sar National Park Mob: 0916856817 [email protected] Bimrew Tadesse Gamogofa Dept of Agriculture Mob: 0916830957 Solomon Lafe Arbraminch Fishermen’s Cooperative Mob: 0913398393 Laloto Sadore Fishery Expert Regional Bureau of Agriculture Mob: 0911772804 Edmealem Shitaye Ministry of Agriculture Extension Directorate Mob: 0913165921 Hussein Abegaz Ministry of Agriculture Extension Directorate Mob: 0911172571 Dusta Gabriel Regional Administrator, Bureau of Agriculture Mob: 09113742401 Lake Ziway FMP Validation Meeting Ziway Fisheries Resources Research Centre, April 19, 2011 Name Address & contact details Bulbula Regassa Oromia Livestock Development and Health Agency Mob: 0911663451 Sisay Abebe East showa Zone Fishery Expert Mob: 0911811792 Tamiremariam Meskel Ormoia Livestock Development and Health Agency Mob: 0911983782 Lemma Abera Ziway Fishery Research Centre Mob: 0916820678 Tadessa Gutta Oromia Livestock Development and Health Agency Mob: 0911894259 Hussein Abegaz Ministry of Agriculture Extension Directorate Mob: 0911172571 Edmealean Shitaye Ministry of Agriculture Extension Directorate Mob: 0913165921 Mamo Ebsa Arsi Zone Livestock Agent Mob: 0911842405 Abubeker Sado Arsi Zone Admin Mob: 0911752720 Leulseged Shiferaa Arsi Zone Livestock Agent Mob: 0910399608 Abebe Guliso East Showa Zone Admin Mob: 0911055409 Amdie Merdasa Adamitu Admin Mob: 0912700294 Muhammed Amara East Showa Admin Mob: 0911932527 Aman Abdella Adom Tulu Cooperative Officer Mob: 0911936238 Megerissa Endebu Ziway Fisheries Resources Research Centre Mob: 0911044974 Aysha Hassen Ziway Fishery Officer Mob: 0913467388 Ifan Kuryu Ziway Livestock Agent Mob: 0911772358 Feyisoo Jiruu A/t/j/Ko Woreda Mob; 0910329977

A n n e x 1 1 | 1

Project funded by the European Union A project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd