Master's Thesis Meteorology EXTRATROPICAL

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Master's Thesis Meteorology EXTRATROPICAL Master’s Thesis Meteorology EXTRATROPICAL TRANSITION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF STORM MAURI IN SEPTEMBER 1982 Terhi Laurila (11.4.2016) Supervisors: Dr. Hilppa Gregow and Dr. Victoria Sinclair Examiners: Dr. Hilppa Gregow and Prof. Heikki Järvinen UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS PL 64 (Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2) 00 014 Helsingin yliopisto Tiedekunta/Osasto Fakultet/Sektion – Faculty Laitos/Institution– Department Faculty of Science Department of Physics Tekijä/Författare – Author Terhi Laurila Työn nimi/Arbetets titel – Title Extratropical transition and characteristics of storm Mauri in September 1982 Oppiaine /Läroämne – Subject Meteorology Työn laji/Arbetets art – Level Aika/Datum – Month and year Sivumäärä/ Sidoantal – Number of pages Master’s thesis 4/2016 51 Tiivistelmä/Referat – Abstract An intense storm named Mauri swept over Lapland, Finland on the 22nd of September 1982 causing 3 Mm3 forest damage and two fatalities. There were thoughts that Mauri originated from a category 4 hurricane Debby but the linkage between Debby and Mauri and their connection to climatic conditions have not been investigated before. In this thesis, a climatic overview of September 1982 in comparison to 1981-2010 Septembers is provided. The calculations are based on ERA-Interim reanalysis data produced by European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. The track of the storm is determined from ERA-Interim data from the time Debby occurred until Mauri crossed Finland. The evolution of Debby is also presented with the storm track data by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to comparison. Extratropical transition (ET) and phase diagram of Debby and the synoptic evolution of Mauri are examined. ET is defined to start when the cyclone loses a symmetric hurricane eye feature to form asymmetric fronts, and ET is completed when the warm core of the storm turns cold. A comparison between Mauri and two other intense storms that have affected Europe is briefly presented. It was discovered, that Debby completed ET before rapidly crossing the North Atlantic. However, near the UK ex-Debby started to lose its cold core and asymmetric structure typical to an extratropical cyclone. Ex-Debby phased back to warm cored while crossing Sweden, and at the same time it was rapidly deepening up to 27 hPa in 24 hours defining the storm as a meteorological bomb. Ex-Debby developed a frontal structure along a pre-existing cold front before hitting Lapland. It merged with the pre-existing low pressure center from the Norwegian Sea and proceeded right ahead of an upper trough, a region for cyclogenesis. These made the storm, now named Mauri, more intense as it crossed Lapland, and led to 30 m/s winds based on Finnish Meteorological Institute. Meanwhile, an occluded bent-back front approached Mauri, wrapped around the storm trapping the warmer air inside it and formed a warm seclusion. Due to that, Mauri regained the symmetric structure before reaching the Barents Sea. Examining the climatic aspect, positive surface pressure and temperature anomalies over central Europe caused the jet stream to shift northward. Also, positive NAO and AO phases changed the storm track in general to higher latitudes. Hence, climatic conditions favoured the storm track to move more north. The results of this thesis suggested that Mauri was the remnant of a hurricane Debby. It was shown that ERA-Interim was successful in locating the evolution of a cyclone and analysing its structure whereas it underestimated the surface pressure and wind speed values. Future work is still needed, for instance comparing these results to different reanalyses and collecting a statistic examination of hurricane originated storms in Europe, in order to adapt these methods and climatic indicators to future cases and storm predictions. Avainsanat – Nyckelord – Keywords Extratropical transition, hurricane Debby, storm Mauri, ERA-Interim, reanalysis Säilytyspaikka – Förvaringställe – Where deposited Kumpula campus library Muita tietoja – Övriga uppgifter – Additional information Tiedekunta/Osasto Fakultet/Sektion – Faculty Laitos/Institution– Department Matemaattis-luonnontieteellinen tiedekunta Fysiikan laitos Tekijä/Författare – Author Terhi Laurila Työn nimi/Arbetets titel – Title Syyskuun 1982 Mauri-myrskyn hurrikaaniperäisyys ja sen meteorologiset piirteet Oppiaine /Läroämne – Subject Meteorologia Työn laji/Arbetets art – Level Aika/Datum – Month and year Sivumäärä/ Sidoantal – Number of pages Pro gradu 4/2016 51 Tiivistelmä/Referat – Abstract Raju Mauri-myrsky iski Lappiin 22.9.1982 aiheuttaen 3 Mm3 metsävauriot ja kaksi kuolonuhria. Maurin ajateltiin olevan peräisin 4-luokan Debby-hurrikaanista, mutta Debbyn ja Maurin välistä linkkiä sekä yhteyksiä ilmastollisiin olosuhteisiin ei ole tutkittu aiemmin. Tässä työssä verrattiin syyskuun 1982 ilmastollisia oloja vuosien 1981-2010 syyskuihin. Laskelmat perustuvat Euroopan keskipitkien sääennusteiden keskuksen tuottamaan ERA-Interim-uusanalyysiin. ERA-Interimin myrskyrata on tehty Debbyn esiintymisestä Maurin Suomen ylitykseen saakka. Vertailun vuoksi Debbyn reitti on esitetty myös Yhdysvaltain liittovaltion sää- ja valtamerentutkimus- organisaation myrskyradan avulla. Työssä tarkasteltiin hurrikaani-Debbyn muuntumista keskileveys- asteiden matalapaineeksi sekä Mauri-myrskyn synoptista kehittymistä. Muuntuminen määriteltiin alkamaan myrskyn menettäessä hurrikaanin silmän symmetrisyyden muodostaessa rintamarakenteen, ja muuntuminen päättyy myrskyn ytimen muuttuessa lämpimästä kylmäksi. Mauria verrattiin myös kahteen muuhun voimakkaaseen, Euroopassa vaikuttaneeseen myrskyyn. Työssä selvitettiin, että Debby muuntui keskileveysasteiden matalapaineeksi ennen kuin se ylitti nopeasti Pohjois-Atlantin. Lähellä Englantia ex-Debby alkoi kuitenkin menettää keskileveysasteiden myrskyille tyypillistä kylmän ytimen ja epäsymmetrisyyden rakennetta. Ex-Debby muuntui takaisin lämminytimiseksi ylittäessään Ruotsia samalla nopeasti syventyen jopa 27hPa/vrk määrittäen myrskyn meteorologiseksi pommiksi. Ex-Debby muodosti rintamarakenteen jo olemassa olevaan kylmään rintamaan ennen iskemistään Lappiin. Se yhdistyi Norjanmerellä olevan toisen matalapaineen keskuksen kanssa ja eteni yläsolan edelle, joka syventää pintamatalapainetta. Nämä voimistivat myrskyä entisestään, kun se kulki Lapin yli ja nimettiin Mauriksi, ja johtivat Ilmatieteen laitoksen havaintojen mukaan 30 m/s tuulen nopeuksiin. Tällöin taaksetaipunut okluusiorintama lähestyi Mauria, kiertyi sen ympärille vangiten lämpimämmän ilman myskyn keskuksen sisään ja muodosti lämpimän sekluusion. Tämän johdosta Mauri sai takaisin symmetrisen rakenteen ennen ajautumistaan Barentsinmerelle. Ilmastollista näkökulmaa tutkiessa saatiin selville, että positiiviset pintapaine- ja lämpötila-anomaliat keski-Euroopan yllä aiheuttivat suihkuvirtauksen siirtymisen pohjoisemmaksi. Myös positiiviset NAO- ja AO-vaiheet muuttivat myrskyrataa yleisesti korkeammille leveys-asteille. Näin ollen ilmastolliset olosuhteet suosivat myrskyradan siirtymistä pohjoisemmaksi. Työn tulokset viittavat siihen, että Mauri oli Debby-hurrikaanin jäänne. ERA-Interim onnistui matapaineen paikantamisessa, sen kehityskulun seuraamisessa ja myrskyn rakenteen tarkastelussa, kun se taas aliarvioi myrskyn pintapaineen ja –tuulen arvot. Tulevaisuudessa tämän työn tuloksia voisi verrata eri uusanalyyseihin, ja Euroopan hurrikaaniperäisistä myrskyistä olisi hyvä kerätä tilastollinen tarkastelu, jotta tämän työn menetelmiä ja ilmastollisia mittareita voisi soveltaa tulevaisuuden myrskytapauksiin ja sääennusteisiin. Avainsanat – Nyckelord – Keywords Myrskyn muuntuminen, Debby-hurrikaani, Mauri-myrsky, ERA-Interim, uusanalyysi Säilytyspaikka – Förvaringställe – Where deposited Kumpulan tiedekirjasto Muita tietoja – Övriga uppgifter – Additional information TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................1 2. BACKGROUND ..................................................................................................2 2.1. Development of tropical cyclones ............................................................... 3 2.2. Development of extratropical cyclones ...................................................... 3 2.2.1 Meteorological bomb .................................................................... 6 2.3. Differences between Tropical and Extratropical Cyclones.......................... 6 2.4. Extratropical transition ................................................................................ 7 2.5. Meteorological measures and climate indices ............................................ 9 2.5.1 Vorticity ......................................................................................... 9 2.5.2 Vorticity advection in the jet stream ........................................... 10 2.5.3 El Niño – Southern Oscillation ..................................................... 13 2.5.4 North Atlantic Oscillation ............................................................ 13 2.5.5 Arctic Oscillation .......................................................................... 14 3. DATA AND METHODS ..................................................................................... 14 3.1. ERA-Interim reanalysis data ...................................................................... 14 3.2. Method for cyclone tracking ..................................................................... 15 3.3. Methods for analysing extratropical transition ........................................
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