A Primer on LIGO and Virgo Gravitational Wave Detection
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CERN Courier–Digital Edition
CERNMarch/April 2021 cerncourier.com COURIERReporting on international high-energy physics WELCOME CERN Courier – digital edition Welcome to the digital edition of the March/April 2021 issue of CERN Courier. Hadron colliders have contributed to a golden era of discovery in high-energy physics, hosting experiments that have enabled physicists to unearth the cornerstones of the Standard Model. This success story began 50 years ago with CERN’s Intersecting Storage Rings (featured on the cover of this issue) and culminated in the Large Hadron Collider (p38) – which has spawned thousands of papers in its first 10 years of operations alone (p47). It also bodes well for a potential future circular collider at CERN operating at a centre-of-mass energy of at least 100 TeV, a feasibility study for which is now in full swing. Even hadron colliders have their limits, however. To explore possible new physics at the highest energy scales, physicists are mounting a series of experiments to search for very weakly interacting “slim” particles that arise from extensions in the Standard Model (p25). Also celebrating a golden anniversary this year is the Institute for Nuclear Research in Moscow (p33), while, elsewhere in this issue: quantum sensors HADRON COLLIDERS target gravitational waves (p10); X-rays go behind the scenes of supernova 50 years of discovery 1987A (p12); a high-performance computing collaboration forms to handle the big-physics data onslaught (p22); Steven Weinberg talks about his latest work (p51); and much more. To sign up to the new-issue alert, please visit: http://comms.iop.org/k/iop/cerncourier To subscribe to the magazine, please visit: https://cerncourier.com/p/about-cern-courier EDITOR: MATTHEW CHALMERS, CERN DIGITAL EDITION CREATED BY IOP PUBLISHING ATLAS spots rare Higgs decay Weinberg on effective field theory Hunting for WISPs CCMarApr21_Cover_v1.indd 1 12/02/2021 09:24 CERNCOURIER www. -
Gravitational Waves: First Joint LIGO-Virgo Detection
PRESS RELEASE I PARIS I 27 SEPTEMBER 2017 Gravitational waves: first joint LIGO-Virgo detection Scientists in the LIGO and Virgo collaborations have achieved the first ever three-detector observation of the gravitational waves emitted by the merger of two black holes. This is the first signal detected by the Advanced Virgo instrument, which joined observing runs by the two LIGO detectors on 1 August, and confirms that it is fully operational. It opens the way to considerably more accurate localization of the sources of gravitational waves. The discovery is published by the international collaboration that runs the three detectors, including teams from the CNRS, in the journal Physical Review Letters. The announcement was made at a press briefing during a meeting of the G7-science1 in Turin, Italy. On the very same day, the CNRS awarded two Gold Medals to physicists Alain Brillet and Thibault Damour for their major contributions to the detection of gravitational waves2. Black holes are the final stage in the evolution of the most massive stars. Some black holes form a pair, orbiting around each other and gradually getting closer while losing energy in the form of gravitational waves, until a point is reached where the process suddenly accelerates. They then end up coalescing into a single black hole. Merging black holes have already been observed three times by the LIGO detectors, in 2015 and early 20173. This time, three instruments detected the event on 14 August 2017 at 10:30 UTC, enabling vastly improved localization in the sky. This new event confirms that pairs of black holes are relatively common, and will contribute towards the study of such objects. -
CERN Celebrates Discoveries
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HIGH-ENERGY PHYSICS CERN COURIER VOLUME 43 NUMBER 10 DECEMBER 2003 CERN celebrates discoveries NEW PARTICLES NETWORKS SPAIN Protons make pentaquarks p5 Measuring the digital divide pl7 Particle physics thrives p30 16 KPH impact 113 KPH impact series VISyN High Voltage Power Supplies When the objective is to measure the almost immeasurable, the VISyN-Series is the detector power supply of choice. These multi-output, card based high voltage power supplies are stable, predictable, and versatile. VISyN is now manufactured by Universal High Voltage, a world leader in high voltage power supplies, whose products are in use in every national laboratory. For worldwide sales and service, contact the VISyN product group at Universal High Voltage. Universal High Voltage Your High Voltage Power Partner 57 Commerce Drive, Brookfield CT 06804 USA « (203) 740-8555 • Fax (203) 740-9555 www.universalhv.com Covering current developments in high- energy physics and related fields worldwide CERN Courier (ISSN 0304-288X) is distributed to member state governments, institutes and laboratories affiliated with CERN, and to their personnel. It is published monthly, except for January and August, in English and French editions. The views expressed are CERN not necessarily those of the CERN management. Editor Christine Sutton CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland E-mail: [email protected] Fax:+41 (22) 782 1906 Web: cerncourier.com COURIER Advisory Board R Landua (Chairman), P Sphicas, K Potter, E Lillest0l, C Detraz, H Hoffmann, R Bailey -
5 Optical Design
ET-0106A-10 issue :2 ET Design Study date :January27,2011 page :204of315 5 Optical design 5.1 Description Responsible: WP3 coordinator, A. Freise Put here the description of the content of the section . 5.2 Executive Summary Responsible: WP3 coordinator, A. Freise Put here a summary of the main achievement/statements of this section . 5.3 Review on the geometry of the observatory Author(s): Andreas Freise,StefanHild This section briefly reviews the reasoning behind the shape of current gravitational wave detectors and then discusses alternative geometries which can be of interest for third-generation detectors. We will use the ter- minology introduced in the review of a triangular configuration [220] and discriminate between the geometry, topology and configuration of a detector as follows: The geometry describes the position information of one or several interferometers, defined by the number of interferometers, their location and relative orientation. The topology describes the optical system formed by its core elements. The most common examples are the Michelson, Sagnac and Mach–Zehnder topologies. Finally the configuration describes the detail of the optical layout and the set of parameters that can be changed for a given topology, ranging from the specifications of the optical core elements to the control systems, including the operation point of the main interferometer. Please note that the addition of optical components to a given topology is often referred to as a change in configuration. 5.3.1 The L-shape Current gravitational wave detectors represent the most precise instruments for measuring length changes. They are laser interferometers with km-long arms and are operated differently from many precision instruments built for measuring an absolute length. -
A Time of Great Growth
Newsletter | Spring 2019 A Time of Great Growth Heartfelt greetings from the UC Riverside Department of Physics and Astronomy. This is our annual newsletter, sent out each Spring to stay connected with our former students, retired faculty, and friends in the wider community. The Department continues to grow, not merely in size but also in stature and reputation. For the 2018-2019 academic year, we were pleased to welcome two new faculty: Professors Thomas Kuhlman and Barry Barish. Professor Kuhlman was previously on the faculty at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He joins our efforts in the emerging field of biophysics. His research lies in the quantitative imaging and theoretical modeling of biological systems. He works on genome dynamics, quantification of the activity of transposable elements in living cells, and applications to the engineering of genome editing. Professor Barry Barish, who joins us from Caltech, is the winner of the 2017 Nobel Prize in Physics. He brings great prestige to our Department. Along with Professor Richard Schrock of the Department of Chemistry, who also joined UCR in 2018, UCR now has two Nobel Prize winners on its faculty. Professor Barish is an expert on the detection and physics of gravitational waves. He has been one of the key figures in the conception, construction, and operation of the LIGO detector, where gravitational waves were first discovered in 2015, and which led to his Nobel Prize. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the winner of many other prestigious awards. The discovery of gravitational waves is one of the most exciting developments in physics so far this century. -
Arxiv:1907.00616V1 [Astro-Ph.IM] 1 Jul 2019 282 75, Vol
Mem. S.A.It. Vol. 75, 282 c SAIt 2008 Memorie della The Transient High-Energy Sky and Early Universe Surveyor (THESEUS) L. Amati1, E. Bozzo2, P. O’Brien3, and D. G¨otz4 (on behalf of the THESEUS consortium) 1 INAF-OAS Bologna, via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy e-mail: [email protected] 2 Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, chemin d’Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland 3 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom 4 CEA, Universit Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France Abstract. The Transient High-Energy Sky and Early Universe Surveyor (THESEUS) is a mission concept developed in the last years by a large European consortium and currently under study by the European Space Agency (ESA) as one of the three candidates for next M5 mission (launch in 2032). THESEUS aims at exploiting high-redshift GRBs for getting unique clues to the early Universe and, being an unprecedentedly powerful machine for the detection, accurate location (down to ∼arcsec) and redshift determination of all types of GRBs (long, short, high-z, under-luminous, ultra-long) and many other classes of transient sources and phenomena, at providing a substantial contribution to multi-messenger time- domain astrophysics. Under these respects, THESEUS will show a strong synergy with the large observing facilities of the future, like E-ELT, TMT, SKA, CTA, ATHENA, in the electromagnetic domain, as well as with next-generation gravitational-waves and neutrino detectors, thus greatly enhancing their scientific return. Key words. THESEUS – Space mission Concept – ESA – M5 – Gamma-ray Bursts – Cosmology – Gravitational Waves – Multi-messenger Astrophysics. -
The Einstein Telescope (ET) Is a Proposed Underground Infrastructure to Host a Third- Generation, Gravitational-Wave Observatory
The Einstein Telescope (ET) is a proposed underground infrastructure to host a third- generation, gravitational-wave observatory. It builds on the success of current, second-generation laser- interferometric detectors Advanced Virgo and Advanced LIGO, whose breakthrough discoveries of merging black holes (BHs) and neutron stars over the past 5 years have ushered scientists into the new era of gravitational-wave astronomy. The Einstein Telescope will achieve a greatly improved sensitivity by increasing the size of the interferometer from the 3km arm length of the Virgo detector to 10km, and by implementing a series of new technologies. These include a cryogenic system to cool some of the main optics to 10 – 20K, new quantum technologies to reduce the fluctuations of the light, and a set of infrastructural and active noise-mitigation measures to reduce environmental perturbations. The Einstein Telescope will make it possible, for the first time, to explore the Universe through gravitational waves along its cosmic history up to the cosmological dark ages, shedding light on open questions of fundamental physics and cosmology. It will probe the physics near black-hole horizons (from tests of general relativity to quantum gravity), help understanding the nature of dark matter (such as primordial BHs, axion clouds, dark matter accreting on compact objects), and the nature of dark energy and possible modifications of general relativity at cosmological scales. Exploiting the ET sensitivity and frequency band, the entire population of stellar and intermediate mass black holes will be accessible over the entire history of the Universe, enabling to understand their origin (stellar versus primordial), evolution, and demography. -
The AWAKE Acceleration Scheme for New Particle Physics Experiments at CERN
AWAKE++: the AWAKE Acceleration Scheme for New Particle Physics Experiments at CERN W. Bartmann1, A. Caldwell2, M. Calviani1, J. Chappell3, P. Crivelli4, H. Damerau1, E. Depero4, S. Doebert1, J. Gall1, S. Gninenko5, B. Goddard1, D. Grenier1, E. Gschwendtner*1, Ch. Hessler1, A. Hartin3, F. Keeble3, J. Osborne1, A. Pardons1, A. Petrenko1, A. Scaachi3, and M. Wing3 1CERN, Geneva, Switzerland 2Max Planck Institute for Physics, Munich, Germany 3University College London, London, UK 4ETH Zürich, Switzerland 5INR Moscow, Russia 1 Abstract The AWAKE experiment reached all planned milestones during Run 1 (2016-18), notably the demon- stration of strong plasma wakes generated by proton beams and the acceleration of externally injected electrons to multi-GeV energy levels in the proton driven plasma wakefields. During Run 2 (2021 - 2024) AWAKE aims to demonstrate the scalability and the acceleration of elec- trons to high energies while maintaining the beam quality. Within the Physics Beyond Colliders (PBC) study AWAKE++ has explored the feasibility of the AWAKE acceleration scheme for new particle physics experiments at CERN. Assuming continued success of the AWAKE program, AWAKE will be in the position to use the AWAKE scheme for particle physics ap- plications such as fixed target experiments for dark photon searches and also for future electron-proton or electron-ion colliders. With strong support from the accelerator and high energy physics community, these experiments could be installed during CERN LS3; the integration and beam line design show the feasibility of a fixed target experiment in the AWAKE facility, downstream of the AWAKE experiment in the former CNGS area. The expected electrons on target for fixed target experiments exceeds the electrons on target by three to four orders of magnitude with respect to the current NA64 experiment, making it a very promising experiment in the search for new physics. -
Status of Advanced Virgo
EPJ Web of Conferences will be set by the publisher EPJDOI: Web will of beConferences set by the publisher182, 02003 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201818202003 ICNFPc Owned 2017 by the authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2017 Status of Advanced Virgo F. Acernese51,17, T. Adams26, K. Agatsuma31, L. Aiello10,16, A. Allocca47,21,,a A. Amato28, S. Antier25, N. Arnaud25,8, S. Ascenzi50,23, P. Astone22, P. Bacon1, M. K. M. Bader31, F. Baldaccini46,20, G. Ballardin8, F. Barone51,17, M. Barsuglia1, D. Barta34, A. Basti47,21, M. Bawaj38,20, M. Bazzan44,18, M. Bejger5, I. Belahcene25, D. Bersanetti15, A. Bertolini31, M. Bitossi8,21, M. A. Bizouard25, S. Bloemen33, M. Boer2, G. Bogaert2, F. Bondu48, R. Bonnand26, B. A. Boom31, V. Boschi8,21, Y. Bouffanais1, A. Bozzi8, C. Bradaschia21, M. Branchesi10,16, T. Briant27, A. Brillet2, V. Brisson25, T. Bulik3, H. J. Bulten36,31, D. Buskulic26, C. Buy1, G. Cagnoli28,42, E. Calloni43,17, M. Canepa39,15, P. Canizares33, E. Capocasa1, F. Carbognani8, J. Casanueva Diaz21, C. Casentini50,23, S. Caudill31, F. Cavalier25, R. Cavalieri8, G. Cella21, P. Cerdá-Durán55, G. Cerretani47,21, E. Cesarini6,23, E. Chassande-Mottin1, A. Chincarini15, A. Chiummo8, N. Christensen2, S. Chua27, G. Ciani44,18, R. Ciolfi13,24, A. Cirone39,15, F. Cleva2, E. Coccia10,16, P.-F. Cohadon27, D. Cohen25, A. Colla49,22, L. Conti18, I. Cordero-Carrión56, S. Cortese8, J.-P. Coulon2, E. Cuoco8, S. D’Antonio23, V. Dattilo8, M. Davier25, C. De Rossi28,8, J. Degallaix28, M. De Laurentis10,17, S. Deléglise27, W. Del Pozzo47,21, R. De Pietri45,19, R. -
Arxiv:2009.03244V1 [Astro-Ph.HE] 7 Sep 2020
Advances in Understanding High-Mass X-ray Binaries with INTEGRAL and Future Directions Peter Kretschmara, Felix Furst¨ b, Lara Sidolic, Enrico Bozzod, Julia Alfonso-Garzon´ e, Arash Bodagheef, Sylvain Chatyg,h, Masha Chernyakovai,j, Carlo Ferrignod, Antonios Manousakisk,l, Ignacio Negueruelam, Konstantin Postnovn,o, Adamantia Paizisc, Pablo Reigp,q, Jose´ Joaqu´ın Rodes-Rocar,s, Sergey Tsygankovt,u, Antony J. Birdv, Matthias Bissinger ne´ Kuhnel¨ w, Pere Blayx, Isabel Caballeroy, Malcolm J. Coev, Albert Domingoe, Victor Doroshenkoz,u, Lorenzo Duccid,z, Maurizio Falangaaa, Sergei A. Grebenevu, Victoria Grinbergz, Paul Hemphillab, Ingo Kreykenbohmac,w, Sonja Kreykenbohm nee´ Fritzad,ac, Jian Liae, Alexander A. Lutovinovu, Silvia Mart´ınez-Nu´nez˜ af, J. Miguel Mas-Hessee, Nicola Masettiag,ah, Vanessa A. McBrideai,aj,ak, Andrii Neronovh,d, Katja Pottschmidtal,am,Jer´ omeˆ Rodriguezg, Patrizia Romanoan, Richard E. Rothschildao, Andrea Santangeloz, Vito Sgueraag,Rudiger¨ Staubertz, John A. Tomsickap, Jose´ Miguel Torrejon´ r,s, Diego F. Torresaq,ar, Roland Walterd,Jorn¨ Wilmsac,w, Colleen A. Wilson-Hodgeas, Shu Zhangat Abstract High mass X-ray binaries are among the brightest X-ray sources in the Milky Way, as well as in nearby Galaxies. Thanks to their highly variable emissions and complex phenomenology, they have attracted the interest of the high energy astrophysical community since the dawn of X-ray Astronomy. In more recent years, they have challenged our comprehension of physical processes in many more energy bands, ranging from the infrared to very high energies. In this review, we provide a broad but concise summary of the physical processes dominating the emission from high mass X-ray binaries across virtually the whole electromagnetic spectrum. -
Advanced Virgo: Status of the Detector, Latest Results and Future Prospects
universe Review Advanced Virgo: Status of the Detector, Latest Results and Future Prospects Diego Bersanetti 1,* , Barbara Patricelli 2,3 , Ornella Juliana Piccinni 4 , Francesco Piergiovanni 5,6 , Francesco Salemi 7,8 and Valeria Sequino 9,10 1 INFN, Sezione di Genova, I-16146 Genova, Italy 2 European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), Cascina, I-56021 Pisa, Italy; [email protected] 3 INFN, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy 4 INFN, Sezione di Roma, I-00185 Roma, Italy; [email protected] 5 Dipartimento di Scienze Pure e Applicate, Università di Urbino, I-61029 Urbino, Italy; [email protected] 6 INFN, Sezione di Firenze, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy 7 Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trento, Povo, I-38123 Trento, Italy; [email protected] 8 INFN, TIFPA, Povo, I-38123 Trento, Italy 9 Dipartimento di Fisica “E. Pancini”, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, I-80126 Napoli, Italy; [email protected] 10 INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, I-80126 Napoli, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The Virgo detector, based at the EGO (European Gravitational Observatory) and located in Cascina (Pisa), played a significant role in the development of the gravitational-wave astronomy. From its first scientific run in 2007, the Virgo detector has constantly been upgraded over the years; since 2017, with the Advanced Virgo project, the detector reached a high sensitivity that allowed the detection of several classes of sources and to investigate new physics. This work reports the Citation: Bersanetti, D.; Patricelli, B.; main hardware upgrades of the detector and the main astrophysical results from the latest five years; Piccinni, O.J.; Piergiovanni, F.; future prospects for the Virgo detector are also presented. -
Seismic Characterization of the Euregio Meuse-Rhine in View of Einstein Telescope
SEISMIC CHARACTERIZATION OF THE EUREGIO MEUSE-RHINE IN VIEW OF EINSTEIN TELESCOPE 13 September 2019 First results of seismic studies of the Belgian-Dutch-German site for Einstein Telescope Soumen Koley1, Maria Bader1, Alessandro Bertolini1, Jo van den Brand1,2, Henk Jan Bulten1,3, Stefan Hild1,2, Frank Linde1,4, Bas Swinkels1, Bjorn Vink5 1. Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands 2. Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands 3. VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands 4. University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands 5. Antea Group, Maastricht, The Netherlands CONFIDENTIAL Figure 1: Artist impression of the Einstein Telescope gravitational wave observatory situated at a depth of 200-300 meters in the Euregio Meuse-Rhine landscape. The triangular topology with 10 kilometers long arms allows for the installation of multiple so-called laser interferometers. Each of which can detect ripples in the fabric of space-time – the unique signature of a gravitational wave – as minute relative movements of the mirrors hanging at the bottom of the red and white towers indicated in the illustration at the corners of the triangle. 1 SEISMIC CHARACTERIZATION OF THE EUREGIO MEUSE-RHINE IN VIEW OF EINSTEIN TELESCOPE Figure 2: Drill rig for the 2018-2019 campaign used for the completion of the 260 meters deep borehole near Terziet on the Dutch-Belgian border in South Limburg. Two broadband seismic sensors were installed: one at a depth of 250 meters and one just below the surface. Both sensors are accessible via the KNMI portal: http://rdsa.knmi.nl/dataportal/. 2 SEISMIC CHARACTERIZATION OF THE EUREGIO MEUSE-RHINE IN VIEW OF EINSTEIN TELESCOPE Executive summary The European 2011 Conceptual Design Report for Einstein Telescope identified the Euregio Meuse-Rhine and in particular the South Limburg border region as one of the prospective sites for this next generation gravitational wave observatory.