Onchoccrciasis Control Programmc in the Volta Rivcr Basin area Prograrnmc dc Luttc contrc I'Onchoocrcosc dans la R6gion du Bassin dc la Volta
JOINT PROGRAMME COMMITTEE COMITE CONJOINT DU PROGRAMME Officc of thc Chairman JPC.CCP Burcau du Pr6sident
I JOINT PROGRAI'TME COMI'fITTEE JPC5.4B Fifth session ORIGINAL : ENGLISH Nianey, 3-6 December 1984 May 1984 Provisional agenda iten 11
REPUBLIC GHANA OF MINISTRY OF FINANCE AND ECONOMIC PLANNING NATIONAL ONCHOCERCIASIS SECRETARIAT
SOCIOECONOUIC DEVELOPMENT IN THE AREAS FREED FROM ONCIIOCERCIASIS IN GHANA
CONTENTS
Page
1 3
2 4
3 DEVELOPMENT OF TIIE ONCIIOCERCIASIS CONTROL PROGRAM!'IE AREA . 11
3.0 The Governmentrs Five-year Regional and Rural Development Prograruae .... 11 4.0 Operations of URADEP 13 5.0 Irrigation development .... 15 5.0 Wulugu livestock project t7 7.0 Agricultural mechanization for food (ITALY-FAo-GIIA) 18 8.0 Project document GHA/80102L 20
4. CONCLUSTONS .... 22 JPC5.48 Page 2
Prg.
APPENDICES I ResettleEent:
( a) Settled and empty lands 24 ( b) Population density by local councilc, 1970 25 ( c) Onchocerciaeie Control Progrme in Ghana 26 I II. Projected livestock populatione 27
II I. Crop production tergets, 1981-1985 28
IV. URADEP cropping targets by districte 29
v. Location of irrigation scherea .... 30
vI. Irrigation cost6 - Taure project 31
VII. Irrigation coats - Lamassa project 32
VIII. Irrigation coota - Mpaha projcct 33 IX. Irrigation coats - BonEanga projcct v x. Propoaed cropping of irrigatioa p,rojccte in Upper and tlorthern Regione of Ghana 35
xr. Eatioated co6ts and benefite (irrigation) 35
XII. Propoecd donor contribution (Italian Governnent) 37
XIII. Govcrnment coatribution ... 38
xrv. FAO and Governrent reaponaibilities (tractors) 39 xv. Econooic developoent of the oncbocerciaeia-frced lonea - projcct docurentation .. .,.... . 40 xvl. Road comunication Candidate oncho-freed zone ...... 41 JPC5.48 Page 3
1. INTRODUCTION The Onchocerciasis Control Prograrrne covers three administrative regions in Ghana. These are: Upper East, Upper West and Northern Refions. Together they account fot L8Z of Ghanats populaiion even though Ehey constitute 34.47 of the land area of Ghana.
The region has been subjected to periodic droughts although not aE the same level of severity as those experienced by Upper Volta Eo the north. The soils may be classified into upland soils and those of the river valleys. The upland soils are generally noderately wlll-drained non-concretionary developed over sandstones and granite. These soi18 are suitable for sorghum , maize, groundnuts, cowpeas and tobacco grosn under a systen of land cultivation oryith bullock pioughing. The valley soils on the other hand are quite deep, heavy textured and noE so well drained. These heavy soiLs are suitable for rice, sugar canet pasture and dry season gardening. The upland soils have been subjected to intensive cultivation over the years. Thie hae resulted in reduction in the length of the fallow period of degradation of the soil and decline in the yield of crops. The pressure of population in some areas such as the Bawku district, in the Upper East Region, is such t.hat. food production is not keeping pace with population growth. It is the recognition of the problem of population pressure and land degradation in the Prograuoe region that made the Colonia1 Administration Institute a Land Planning Prograrme for the region in the late forties. The conservation measures taken in the land planning areas were meant to increase the carrying capacity e.g. soil erosion. Although the Land Planning Prograrrne achieved sorne initial success, by the late sixties, the problem of land degradation had become serious in Parts of the region. It is against this background that Ehe Onchocerciasis Control Progran'rne was launched. Whereas earlier development projects had been centred on Ehe upland areas because the valleys were disease ridden, the Onchocerciasis Control Prograrme had as one of its major objectives freeing the valleys of river blindness in order to open these areas up for faruing and gen.r.l economic development. The success of the Progranrme will help to relieve population pressure on the upland areas through reseEElement of the valley areas and thus improve the quality of life in the whole region.
Ghana has taken a population census with 11 March 1984 as the bench mark. It is hoped that the results will throw more light on the actual population size, and its age distribution in the freed zones. It is 1ikely to show the extent. of repopulation, voluntary resettlement and pattern of movement from the less fertile areas to more fertile valleys of the VoIta basin areas which were vacated as a result of the incidence of onchocerciasis.
This report provides information on Ghana under two main headings: - the basic daEa in the Programme area including operations of the Northern Regional Rural rnilEaruue (NoRRrP), and - Development of the Onchocerciasis Control Prograrme area cover 1ng (i) the Governmentrs five-year rural development prograxme
(ii) the operations of URADEP
(iii) irrigation development
(iv) some specific projects
(v) UNDP/FAo Piloc Project (Project document cHA/80/021). JPC5.48 Psge 4
2. BASIC DATA 2.L Geqgraphy
The oncho-controlled area in Ghana falls between latitudes 8" and ll'N and longitudes 3'If and 1'E, sharing international boundaries with Ivory Coast, Upper VoIEa and Togo on the WeBt, North and East, respectively.
The terrain is mostly flat and gently undulating covered vith guinea savanna vegeEetion, strich together with soils and the rainfall pettern, lends itself to large-scale mechanized faraing and in sooe places to irrigation.
The total population of 2 068 888, as projected in 1980, is mostly rural, with as much as 802 living in snall settlements of less than 500 persons each (see Appendix I (a-c)). 2.2 Administrative districts
The entire Oncho-controlled areas has 14 administrative districts, with seven each in the Northern and Upper Regions, respectively. Ttrey are West and East Dogombas, East and West Conjaa, l{amprusi, Nanuoba and Bola for the Northern Region and Bolgatanga, Navrongo, Sandema, I{a, Lawxa, Banku and Turnu for the Upper Region. 2.3 Haior crops groun in the area
Rice, maize, miIlet, guinea corn, yama, cotton and kenaf. 2.4 Livestock production
The area is suitable for livestock production and effort.s are being made towards the proootion of a viable livestock industry. Out of an estinated one nillion herd of cattle to be produced in 1985, the Oncho-controlled area will produce 755, I25 more than 757. of the total. Other categories of livestock reared include sheep, goats, swine and poultry (see Appendix II). 2.5 Inland fisheries
The Lake Volta, rivers, ponds, dams, dugouts, artificial water catchments, and reeervoirs offer excellent opportunities for fish farming (aquaculture). 2.6 Irrigetion development
The rainfall pattern is seasonal and varies from year to year. Since these characterietics appeer to be liniting factors to maintaining plant growth, it has been found essentiel to provide irrigation systems as a means of ensuring adequate supplies of water for various crops grown in the freed zones. The countryts irrigation development is covered separately in this report. 2.7 Industry, trade and tourism There is very littIe industrial activity in the area. Agro-based processing industries like cotton ginning, rice nilling, vegetable oil and meat processing are mostly based in the two regional capitals, Tamale and Bolgatanga.
For mining, the freed zones possess large volumee of dolonite, limesEone, iron and granite deposits.
Ttre two Regional Development CorporaEions, jointly with the Bank for Housing and Congtruction, are exploiting the dolomite and limestone deposits at Buipe in the Northern Region and a granite quarry at Tongo in the Upper Region, respectively. Manufacturing industries are on a emaIl ecale and centre around metal works, furniture-making as well as handicraft.s, like cloth weaving, leather works and basket weaving. t{ith only a few trading and co-ercial firus operating, traditional markets Bti1l play a najor role in the dietribution and exchange of goods and comnodities. JPC5.48 Page 5
The Oncho-controlled area boasts of two of the great, tourist attractions in the country, namely, the 5000 km2 Mole National Park near Damongo, and the Paga Crocodile Pond. 2.8 Economic Infrastructure
Highvays, feeder roads, water supply, electricity and post and telecorrnunications are gradually being developed to provide t.he necessary infrastructure for socioeconomic development in the Oncho-freed areas.
2.. 9 l{ater and eir transport The great potential provided by the Volta Lake for cheap lake transport bet.ween the Northern and Southern Sectors of Ghana, is grossly under-utilized with only a weekly cargo boat and another weekly passenger boat plying between Akosombo and Yapei. A study has recomended greater utilization of the Volta Lake for transportation, and the necessary nachinery is being set in motion to achieve this. The Tamale airport is the only proper airport in the Northern half of the country.
Z.LO Water supply, fuel and polrer
I{ater supply has been a constant problem in the Progreme area. The Ghana Water and Sewerage Corporation has embarked on several schemes in various places to tap the White Volta, Kulpawn, Sissili and other rivers in conjunction with the operations of Ehe Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) and oEher agencies to augment water supplies to the ereas. Boreholes and dugouts are being designed and constructed and are optimally located to supply one groundrrater well for every 300 persons. About 2800 wells are in use in the Upper East and West Regions.
The area depends on fuelwood as its major source of fuel with fewer than 152 of the population having access to electric power supply.
It is envisaged that completion of the Bui Hydro-electric project will accelerate the Government's rural electrification prograrme. 2.LL Social services
The infrastructure for social services in the area are inadequate Eo cope with demand. The major ones are educat.ion, health and housing.
2.L2 Other institutions engaged in socioeconomic development.
Ghanaian-Gennan Agriculture Development Project (ccADP), initiated in 1970 aims basically at providing German capital and technical aid to support neaningful rural development in the Oncho-freed zone. The objective is to mobilize small-scale farmers by organizing a decentralized distribution network for fertilizers and other agricultural inputs as well as improving the extension services. The project is also trying to promote the use of appropriate technology in farming. In this connection, it is pursuing the use of aninal traction and is setting up a factory in Tamale for the manufacture of bullock ploughs and associated implements. 2.L3 Nyankpala Crops Research Station
This is a multi-oillion cedis West German Government-assisEed project to set. up a modern research station for studies on crop production in the Oncho-freed savanna areas of Ghana. The Project together with the Nyankpala Agricult.ural Institute is envisaged to forrn the nucleus of the proposed Agricultural University in the freed zone.
2.L4 Pong-T amale Veterinary Laboratory Proiect
This is another multi-nil1ion West German Government-assisted project. It is a laboratory to atudy livestock diseases, especially the tsetse-caused diseases and Eo seek rays of inproving livestock production in the country through a Tsetse Control Prograrune. JPC5.48 page 6
2.15 Church icultural erojects (CAP) Church Agricultural Projects aim aE Ehe same target population as the GGADPT but u8e different techniques and extension methods. There are a number of CAP stations spread over the freed zonea, but each sEation is autonomous. They seek to impart to Peasant farrners at village level basic culEural practices to help increase yields. 2.16 Farmer Associations and Agricultura 1 Business Develo E (FAAD)
FAAD ains at providing aseietance to smalI-scale farmers in crop production, livestock developrnent and poultry anJ to offer support facilitiee to faroersr cooperative societ.ies and credit unions in the regions. It is sponsored by USAID (united States Agency for International Development) through both the Catholic Archdiocese and the Christian Service Comittees.
2.L7 Land use anme for intermediate-sized cities This project jointly sponsored by USAID and the Ghana Government is ained at demonstrating the application and effectiveneee of land use planning techniques in rapidly expanding intermediaEe-sized cities like Tarnale and BolSatanga.
z.LB Economic and Rural Deve t MenageEent Progralme (ERDM)
ERDM, basically a Training and Consultancy Prograrme, is jointly sponsored by the Government of Ghana and USAID. Its aim is to improve management and planning at the dietrict level through assisting local officials to identify development Programes and projecte wtrich would create employment opportunities, raise per capita income and improve the general welfare of the peopfe. It plays a rnajor role in the countryrs decentralization Progralmle. 2.19 Northern Regional Rura1 Integrated Progr ame (HonnrP) This ie a long-teru project of cooperation between the governments of Ghana and Canada to effect the socioeconomic gtructural changes of living of the rural Poor through the provision and expansion of baeic physical infrastructure and social service facilities and by developing more coat-effective agricultural input/outPut systems.
The prograr6re rras creaged as Planning Institution for the Northern Region of Ghana, the largest region in the country with an area of 70 383 km2. Ihis region covers abouE 727 of the Onchocerciasis Control Prograrme area in Ghana. The prime functions of NORRIP include producing regional, sectoral and district plans as nell as designing projects for the Northern Region. The results of the planning Proce8s' wtrich comenced in the Region in 1981, are presented in three seParate volumes. (A) Volume t gives a descriptive overview of the Region in terms of developmental poterrffiFa-nd constraints. It describes the region as predominantly agricultural with iZZ of its labour force employed in agriculture. The second largest emplolnnent group is conposed of traders, conprising 112 of the labour force, manufacturers and Processors 8Z while the service sector including Government employees takes 6Z plus 3Z for "rpioythe informal secEor.
(B) Volume 2 outlines a regional development strategy. Below are some of the stated developmental goals: (i) To develop a st.rategy oriented towards increasing regional.productivity, meeting basic needs of ttr6'people and improving the quality of life for the people of the Northern Region, in consultation with the people of the Northern Region. (ii) To formulate a development straEegy rghich is inplenentable within the national and regional conEexts. JPC5.48 Pege 7
(iii) To encourage greater regional self-sufficiency, particularly in terms of food and other basic goods and services. When this state has been achieved, food exports to other regions of Ghana should be encouraged.
(iv) To identify development strategy components rationally in terms of population density, settlement patterns, and the transportation framework.
(v) To develop human resources in the region t,hrough effective education and learning programmes to facilitate and induce development. (vi) To establish an ongoing process in the region (tiea Eo the national, regional and loca1 budgeting processes) with an ongoing uronitoring and evaluation syetem.
(C) Volurne 3 describes eight proposed development programnes and projects. Each programme contains a number of specific projects, as sumarized, below: (i) A Progranrne to improve agriculEural research , information and ellen{on
The research component is aimed at improving data Ehat. would be useful to who produce the bulk of Ehe food consumed in Ghana. It includes adding"*"11-"c"fffirs, several agronomists to the research staff of Ehe Nyankpala Crop Experiment Station, and a position designed to provide more effective links between research and extens ion.
The information disseminat.ion component is designed to expand the present GGADP (chana,-German ultural Development Project) inforrnation unit to serve the entire Agricultural Ministry. The ext.ension component, which is the largest, involves changing of extension emphasis i" Eh" D"partment of Agriculture (whose principal function is extension), to a goal-oriented prograrnme patterned on the T & V (Training and Visit) model developed by the World Bank.
Total programe costs over 10 years are US$ 14.6 nillion (external) and c 48.4 million (internal) averaging USf 1.5 million and c 4.8 million per year, for foreign and local exchange components, respectively. Under the most conservative benefit assumptions, the economic rate of return for the total progranme is 217".
(ii) Crop storage, marketing and farmer credit support prograilme
The purpose of this programoe is to assist small farmers in organizing and establishing local mechanisms of credit, input supply, and crop storage. Ihis will help to alleviate the current siEuation wherein they se11 much of their harvest at relatively low prices in the post-harvest season, then buy it back for often more than double the price in the pre-harvest. season. Also, since 25 to 4O'l of. food crops are spoiled, improved storage would have a major benefit.
The prograrme will attempt to achieve the above objectives by:
(a) supporting animation agents capable of mobilizing and organizing village or local farmerst groups;
(b) providing technical information needed to build more efficienE village crop storage facilities using 1oca1ly available resources; (c) providing credit for inputs. The estimated cost is US$ 8.15 million and c 10 million for external and internal expenditure, respectively. JPC5.48 Page 8
(iii) Livestock Development Programrne
Over a five-year period, the purpose of this prograrmne is to obtain information needed for improving the availability of animal products in the region. It supports the expansion or initiation of biological and social research, and searches for means of improving traditional management systems, with careful considerations of ecological capacity and balance. Emphasis is on stock for small-scale farmers.
The programre is composed of three elements which will:
(a) strengthen t.he Department of Animal Husbandry with facilities, staffing and training;
(b) study existing and current livestock management practices and identify efforEs which may be adopted or changed; (c) study sociological and botanical poE.entials for sma1l ruminants and indigenous poulEry. Over five years, the progrartrtre will cost Us$ 2.75 million (external) and c 2.6 million (internal).
(iv) Forestry Development Prograrnrne
The purposes of this prograrrEne are, over a l0-year period: to increase the availability of forest-based products for both rural and urban people (for cash and consumption); to improve environmental conservation practices; to increase productivity and efficiency of processing tree producEs', to develop sma1l-scale and some larger technical innovations; to decrease prevailing negative aEEitudes towards the forest; and to assist in developing Iocal corrnunity awareness and mobilization. The five projects included in the programne will be administered by the DeParEment of Forestry, part of the Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources. These are:
(a) developing district nurseries to Produce and supply seedlings' suPport. services and inpuEs; (b) establishing an information and training unit to support corununity-based forestry activities; (c) recruiting international volunteers, and Ghanaian counE.erParEs to encourage economic and cormunal tree planting activities; (d) promoting technical improvements in the use of Eree productsl and (e) establishing a capital intensive tree plantation in each of three districts to produce tree products for the rapidly increasing demands of urban consumers. The estimated programe cost will be US$ 7.5 million (excernal) and c 31.8 million (internal) over a pe.ioa of 10 years. Economic analysis for a 30-year period reveals that benefits begin to exceed costs in the tenth year, with an economic rate of reEurn of 6 .87". (v) Aquaculture and Fisheries Developmen t Prograrrne The planned time horizon for this progranme is over 17 years with che objective of developin! the fisheries resources of the Northern Region wlro9e main sources of fish are late Vtlta, rivers, ponds, dams, dugouts, and other artificial vater catchments. Optimized reservoirs and aquaculEure (fish farming) in small bodies of water will be encorrraged. The succegs of the prograune will raise per capita income of the people and also provide an important source of dietary protein' The prograrune has three overlapping phases which will emphasize: JPC5.48 Page 9
(a) the improvement and expansion of catching and marketing of fish from natural sources such as rivers and the Volta Lake, (b) the incroduction and development of fish farming in smaIl ponds, and human-made water catchmenEsi and
(c) the introduction and promotion of fish farning by the use of fish cages and pens in larger bodies of water. The total programne cost esEimate, for 17 years, is US$ 2.98 million (external) and c 30.4 million (internal). Ttre progranmers financial return was calculaEed at 6.257.. Under very conservative assumptions, particularly regarding private benefits, the economic rate of return for Ehe entire Programe is so high, over 502, that no sensitivity analysis rras attempted. It is estimated that regional consumption will rise from the present level of 2100 tonnes to 6800 tonnes over the period. Per capita consumption is expected to rise from less than 2 kg annually to some 3.7 kg.
(vi) Health artre The purpose of this programme is, over a five-year period, to increase well-being directly in the region by improving the accessibil-ity of basic health services Eo the rural majority. The health prograrme involves three basic projects, namely: - a Primary Health care (PttC) Project; - a Ministry of Health (Mott) strengthening Projecti and - a Mission Mobile Clinic (I.OiC) and (NGO) Services Expansion and Support Project.
Des igned to conform to the primary health care policy endorsed by the Government of Ghana, the PHC project is intended to reverse the present situation of med ical specialization and urban emphasis resulting in 902 of health care expenditures benefiting approximat.el-y LOZ of the populaEion. The PHC project has been planned for five years to cover only two of the regionts seven districts. In this analysis, the modules are replicable to the other districts over time.
The HOH strengthening project is meant to provide technical and managerial infrastructure support needed by the Ministry to provide PHC.
The MMC and NGO project is designed to get more irunediate results in terms of increased availability of health care including irmunizations, taking advantage of nongovernmental (e.g. Mission) organizational flexibility and current effectiveness, even though long-tero and regional coverage ere expected to be an MOH rather than NGO responsibility. The two government-oriented projects are expected to provide basic health care servicee to approximately L27 of. the rural population at the end of the five-year programtre, and possibly to over 802 by the year 2000, if the Prograune is continued.
Ttre Eotal cost of the five-year Prograurme is as follows: Project US dollars L Ced is L
PHC 449 9 13 055 57 MOH Strengthening 3 785 78 4 080 2L MMC and NGO Support 606 13 2 358 L2
4 840 L9 493
(using current exchange ratesr* the estimaEed total cost of the Health Prograrme rsould be about c 188.9 million with the three projects E.aking L57.r 722 and 132 of the total project respectivelY).
* US$ I = c 35 (15 April 1984). JPC5.4B Page 10
(vii) Potable waEer Dev elopment Proqranme This is a l0-year development prograxrme intended to increase the regionrs potable water supply. During this period, the following projects are exPected to be implemented:
(a) Making serviceable 70 boreholes drilled in the NORRIP Test Drilling Programe; (b) continuing the stabilization of water supply systems begun in Tamale and seven other urban centres; (c) completing the st.abilization of water 6ystems in an additional aeven district centres; (d) expansion of water systems in three urban centres; (e) rehabilitation of data collection systems to provide needed input to a fuEure prograrme of integrated water management planning; plan economical rrater supplies for domestic use throughout the region; develop lrater control systens for floods, irrigation and power generationi and utilization of available water transportation facilities; (f) development of a future prograrune for rural boreholes utilizing handpumps.
This prograrme is built, partiallyr on 1980-82 NORRIP experience with two ClDA-financed water prograrmes - (test drilling to ascertain regional groundwater resources and the first stage of stabilizing the water systems of Tamale and seven district centres). The total estinaEed cost of the prograrme over the l0-year planned period i6 Put at uS$ 28.5 million (external) and c 237.5 nillion (internal).
(viii) A Progr arune of Road and Highway Rehabilitation The regionrs transportat.ion infrastructure has deteriorated at all levels to the extent Ehat a major rehabilitation effort is required on existing roads before any expansion of the system can be conEemplated. Fortunately, all major road beds needed for development are in place and built to high standards. Again, the region is favoured with rolling terrain and an abundance of laterite soil which will contribute to economical road building and Eaintenance. In addition, the Volta River system is an excellent aource of gravel. The purpose of this investment prograrrEne, over an eight-year period, is to inprove the existing transportation system by rehabilitation and some carefully planned expansion. This supports the infraetructure o eve t in all sectors, and is being promoted by the NORRIP StrategY. The planned strategy has three comPonents, namely: (a) to repair irunediately a lirnited number of rnajor roads and bridge approaches which are critical and in danger of seriously disrupting the regionts socioeconomic development, if they are allowed to deteriorate further;
(b) to boost the management and equipment infrastructure in the Ministry of Roads and Highways so that it will have the skilIs, equipment, and other resources needed to build and maintain a regional road networkl and (c) to design and implement a prograrrne of road repair, maintenance and expansion in close collaboration with NORRIP sector planners.
Prograrmne Costs us$ (n) c (m) Critical major roads 0.L2 L.2 Equipnent and highway rehab i1 i ta t ion 26.50 237 .6
26.62 238 .8 JPC5.4B Page 11 oore 2.20 The briefs describing the above eight investment Programes are sumrnaries of detailed programne documents designed to provide the Ghanaian Government and relevant external iorr6.. with a more complJte u"ctground and analysis of that particular Programne.
3. DEVELOPMENT OF THE ONCHOCERCIASIS CONTROL PROGRAMME AREA
3.0 The Governmentrs Five-Year Regional and Rura 1 Developmen t, Programe (Oncho-freed Zone)
3.1 Pol ic ob ec t ives
The main aim of the rural development prograftme is to improve the working and living conditions of the rnajority of the low-income population reeiding in the rural arees. It is intended to promote i U"t"n"ea development of social and economic activities that will ensure a more equitable distribution of the nationts resources. 3.2 Polic measures and strate 1es To achieve the above broad objectives, the following measures and strategies have been designed: (i) an agricultural development progranrme, using sinple labour-intensive techniques with a low-capital cost per unit of labour; effective and intensive exteneion services to assist farms to obtain improved inputs; an improvement of the institutional credit system to reach the mass of the rural poor in a relatively short time; (ii) rural industrializacion with an agricultural basel
(iii) socioeconomic infrastructural development covering the rural health system, educational and cormunication facilities, a good feeder road network, good drinking-water, rural electrification and irrigation; (iv) a rural human resource development Programe. 3.3 Agriculture Agriculture, being the cornersEone of the mediurterm development Plan, will have the following broad aims: (i) to ensure systematic expansion of food crop productionl (ii) to produce adequate rarr materials for agro-based industries; (iii) to expand income and employment opportunities in order Eo stabilize the rural populat ion. To achieve these aims, the following strategies will be adopEed: (a) private individuals, district councils, corporaEions and public boards ni11 be adequately supported to engage in agricultural ventures, either on their own or by forning joint ventures with Ghanaians or foreign companies', (b) agriculture, farm and resource centres at all district leve1s will be established to facilitate the provision of complement.ary inputs;
(c) district councils will be encouraged to play a vigorous role in marketing and provision of storage, transport and credit facilities; (d) more rural banks will be established to augment local finance; (e) fish faruring as a supplement to marine fish supplies will be encouraged; (f) for the livestock sector, adequate provision for supplies of feed and veterinary drugs and equipmenL will be rnade; (g) the regions will be encouraged to achieve output targets (see Appendix III). JPC5.48 Page 12 3.4 Rural industrialization
The Governmentrs rural industrialization progranme shall be based on agriculture and the encouragement of traditional and indigenous handicrafts.
The policy objec t ives t.o be pursued will include the following: (i) location of all areas of large concentration of local and renewable raw materials for further development.; (ii) encourage and manufacture products which would serve: as inputs to agriculture; as consuner goods of irunediate need in the rural areas; and as inputs for urban industries;
(iii) stimulation of local entrepreneurship in t.he development of smal1-scale rural enterprises, art-crafts and handicrafts. Strategieg
The approach to be adopted by the Ministry of Youth and Rura1 Development would be: (a) the development of industrial cooperatives; (b) t,he promotion of rural sma11-scaIe industries. Under the first approach, the Department of Comnunit.y Development, under the l,linistry, will assist rural cooperatives to put up small-scaIe industries with the Department supplying inputs such as plant, and equipmenE.
The Departnent will also assist individuals and groups who are already established to obtain inputs for their projects. They may also offer technical advice and assistance in management and planning.
3 .5 Infrastructure for socioeconomic development
3 5. I Rural health During the plan period, the aim of all regions will be: (i) to extend primary health care; (ii) to improve environmental sanitation throughout all human settlemenEs; (iii) to provide adequate maEernity care; (iv) to provide facilities in all existing health cenEres/posts at the district and subdistrict Ieve1s.
The ratio of bed t.o population in the regions is:
Upper L:L262 ) Northern L:L477 ) Oncho zone Brong-Ahafo 1:1698 ) Volta 1: 788 Western L2799 Eastern 1:1186 Central 1:1451 Ashanti 1:933 Greater Accra 1:307 3.5.2 Education
In Ehe plan period, the Government wilI take measures to ensure equitable distribution of educational facilities in the regions. JPC 5 4B Page 13 The table below shows facilities in the Prograrune area matched against national facilities.
Northern and Upper "l National data
Primary schools 855 (107 861) 11 7 658 (r 29s s2s)
Middle schools 239 (23 356) 5.7 4 158 ( 48e 209)
Junior secondary school L4 ( 1 654) 16.5 85 (t 988)
Secondary school 15 ( 7 460) 8 r85 (e2 870 )
Sixth-form school 7 (872) 10.6 66 (o 746)
Teacher-training 5 (t 4t2) L2 42 ( rr 381)
Note: Figures in parentheses are enrolments.
Objec t ives The major objectives of education policy are:
(i) to make education free and compulsory for all children of school age;
(ii) to make facilities for adult education accessible to as many of the adult population as possible;
(iii) to make the educational system more responsive Eo the manpower needs of the c ount ry.
Expenditure: 2OZ of the national budget is spent on education.
4.O Operations of the Upper Resion Asricultural Development Programne (UnAPSP ) Following an agreement beEseen the Government of Ghana and the WorId Bank to establish an agricultural project in the Upper Region, URADEP was established in 1974 with the objective of developing agriculture in the region.
The Upper Region covers a total land area of 27 719 km? and proportionally encloses 28.37, of Ghanars Oncho-controlled Prograrune area.
This report attenpts to highlight the operations of the Agricultural Development Progr:me since iEs inception.
The Upper Region Agricultural Developnent Progranme covers seven functional activities beeides personnel and general administration as surunarized below: 4.L Field operations This department, wiEh 10 subdivisions, is responsible for all agricultural production and the development of rural farming in the Upper Region within the URADEP set-up. Its activities cover crops, livestock and inland fresh fish producEion. The imediate broad objective of the Department is to bring about increased agricultural production in the above three areas in the region through initiating effective production and developuent prograrmes in order to: JPC5.48 Page 14 (a) provide enough nutritious food for Ehe local populationl (b) feed the local industries with the basic agricultural raw materials; and (c) export surplus raw materials and semi-processed agricultural Products' Specifically, the DePartment's aim is to plan, develop and direct a comprehensive agriculture research, extlnsion and services prograrme covering the area of cropping, animal fo.""ttY, farm."n.g"..rrt, human nutrition, and small-scale irrigation iI"Ua.rary, fisherie., (See development. in the Uipe. negion directed towards 125 000 rural farm families' ..rnrr"i targets which are generally achieved. ) Appendix IV for "ropping 4.2 Planning, Moni toring and Evaluation DePartnent This Department is responsible for global planning, monitoring and evaluation of all must be adequate baseline URADEp op"..tiorrr. To be'able to achieve this objective, there infornation. rne oeparli""iir assign .nt therefoie covers data collection on the act'ivities of various departments, Earket research into the general food situation and prices in the region, special ,rr.r"y, (like measurement of aI1 large-scale farms, usefulness of URADEP to the farmers) and publication of information' (IFCAT) 4.3 Instit,ute for Field C orununicaEion and Agricultural Trainins This is the training department of the programrne responsible for organizing and training Prograune. of URADEp personnel and other staff from organizations outside the 4. 4 Land Development DePartment Activities of Ehe Department include survey work, building of dams and developmenE of pastures.
4.5 Rad io Department The dissemination of information through the radio network has been found to be cheaper and quicker. Ura-Radio was therefore designed to provide back-up service to the activities of tte extension staff in order to reduce the physical drudgery and time spent by the extension worker in passing on useful knowledge in new farming practices and skills. Recruitment and training of staff has been done awaiting completion of the studies. 4.6 Rehabilitat ion and Construction DePartmenE The Department covers renovation, and rehabilitaEion of office buildings, repair work on dams and the small-scale irrigation projects'
4.7 Veterinary Services De tment
The DepartmenE's activities cover the following services to Iivestock owners: (i) vaccination against specific diseases; (ii) treating clinical cases in all species of livestock; a (iii) drenching livestock against worms; (iv) dipping and spraying against external parasites such as ticks, f1eas, lice' etc.; (v) extension services and survey on the incidence of specific diseases, with the aim of formulating a policy towards their control and eradication. JPC5.48 PaSe 15
4.8 Farmers Services Company
This is a limited liability company esEablished in L977 to offer essential services t,o farmers in the region. Through its 97 retail sto-es, the company procures, distributes and sells fertilizers and other recorunended farm inputs to farmers, ensuring them adequat,e purchasing power through deferred payment schemes. Other services rendered to the farmers include agricultural machinery hire, storage facilities and marketing. The Company, established to support the operations of URADEP, is jointly owned by the Government farmers and a consortium of banking institutions. , 0 Irrigation development 5.1 The vagaries of the weather, coupled with an unpredict.able rainfall pattern in the Prograrmne area have adversely affected crop production and yield. The rainfall in the area ranges from 100-125 cm per annum, but 752 of this fa1ls between May and September. Farm croPs Eherefore cannot be grown during six to seven months of the year, when water supplies are very scarce for boEh humans and animals. Besides, the distribution of rainfall during a single rainy season is uneven and should a failure occur, particularly in April or May, crop yields are seriously reduced. Consequently, ". hungry season" gap is created between May and August until new crops are harvested. These factors give rise to the need for developing both supplementary irrigation during the rainy season and ful1 irrigation in the dry season.
5.2 A'number of srtll da.g and dugouts, over 200 of them, are scattered over the freed zone, each capable of ittig"Eing between 60 and 120 ha of land. On average, each farmer may have a quarter of a hectare upwards.
Some of these projects include Golinga (120 ha), Libga (60 ha) and Bunlung (60 ha) in the Northern Region and Doba, Bugri, Binduri, Kandiga, in the Upper Region, respectively.
Dam construction has been conpleted in almost all the above projects. Land development has been rather slo\.r. While Ehese small irrigated garden projects play an important part in meaningful agricultural development, to have the desired impact requires medium-sized schemes ranging from 500 to 6000 ha.
Conscious of an urgent need to provide adequate food in the prograuoe area, the Government of Ghana in December 1960, request.ed assistance from the United Nations Special Fund and FAO for preparing plans to develop the land and water resources of the Upper and Northern Regions of Ehe country.
The request was aPproved in November 1961 with FAO as executing agency and the Ministry of Agriculture as the Governmentrs cooperating agency. A plan of action was signed on 28 September L962 with UNDP allocating an amount of US$ 872 4OO to cover the cost of international_experts, fellowships, contractual services and equipment. The Governmentrs contribution in kind - about US$ 550 400 - provided for count,erpart personnel, local equipment, supplies and services and certain subcontracts.
The field work was starEed in October 1962 and was completed in November 1966. The report r{as presented in 1968 in five volumes:
Volume I - General report sunmarizing the work of the project in the main fields of inves t igat ion
Voluroe II - Surveys, climate and hydrology Volume III - Agronomy and sociology
Volume V - Water resources development and soil conservation Volume VI - Economic appraisal JPC5.48 Page 16 5.3 l,ledium-sized schemes 500 to 6000 ha In the programne area there are some 95 tributary streams with catchments adequate to provide enough rdater, when stored in reservoirs, for schemes in this category. The total potential area rnay be abouE 100 000 ha. In addition, there are schemes of sirnilar size on ih" Volt" Lake, which are of two types - those on lands above the top waEer level to be irrigated from canals supplied by pumping from the lake. This is the lift system, which anallsis has proved to be less costly. Ihe second type is the gravity-based dam schemes. Five proposed irrigation projects, planned and investigated to faI1 under Ehe above category - three of Ehem - Tono, Tamne and Bongtanga involve earth dams and storage ..".i.roir. while the other trdo at Lamassa and I'Ipaha, which are on the shores of the Volta Lake would be supplied by pumps from it.s waters (see Appendix V).
The economic analysis below covers the five medium-sized irrigation schemes plus a suumary information on the earlier Vea irrigation project. 5.3.1 Vea i rriga tion proiect This project, situated a fen kilometres north of Bolgatanga, has a dual PurPose. Besides its capacity to irrigat.e over 1500 ha of 1and, it serves- as a-source of domestic rrater supply for rnl inhabitints of Bolgatanga. ConsEruction of the dam comenced in 1966 and was conptetea in 1967. The land development was however not completed until 1978. The total.*p".riitrr.e involved was c 12 million. tt" beneficiaries of the project include the NorEhern Regional Development Corporation and Ghana Industrial Holding Corporation who cultivage rice and tomatbes on a large scale as well as other enterprising farmers wtro operate on a small scale. The Irrigation Development Authority provides inpuEs and technical aivice t,o the farmers and also maintains a demonsEration plot of about 10 ha. IDA (Irrigation Development) was established in 1977 with functional Powers to:
(a) formulat.e plans for the development of irrigation in the country; (b) develop the water resources of the country for irrigated farming, livestock improvement and fish culture; and (c) execute comprehensive prograrmes for Ehe effective use of irrigated lands in coop.ration with oEher agencies involved in providing extension services to farmers.
5.3.2 Tono irrigaEion Proiect aims The Tono scheme, located about six kilomeE.res from Navrongo or Navrongo-Tumu road, involves to have an iEpact on the dense population in and around the town of Navrongo. It the construction of a dam 2580 n long and 15 m high to irrigate an area of about 2690 h'a' About two-thirds of this area can be irrigated by gravity supply while the remaining area of about 1000 ha witl be under lift irrigation. The construction work, which cormnenced in 1975, is expected to be completed by the end of 1984. So far c 150 million has been sPent on the project.
5.3.3 T amne irrigaEion scheme The project incorporates the Tamne Valley and some adjoining uplands extending uPstream dams can be built and downstream from the Bawku-Nakpanduri road for about 11 km' Three of rhis crossing, one on the Tamne river itself and one on each of the two "p"ti.", Gagbiri and the Bulprielisi:- Th".total area to be irrigated covers-1440 ha tributaries, the The est'imated of wtrich 690 ha would be under graviiy and 750 ha be under lift irrigaEion' the annual maintenance and oPeration cosEs, and annuat associaEed initial investment costs, vr' ;;;;;; ,"ith a*ortization aE 87. over a 4O-year period are shown in Appendix Total investment cosEs = c 62'4 million Total annual costs = c 7.3 million' JPC5.48 Page 17 5.3.4 Lanassa irri ion scheme
The proposed area is situated 24 km frorn Salaga, jusE east of the Kalurakun river. The most important village, after which the scheme is named, is Lamassa. The total area to be irrigated is estimated at 2500 ha. The est.imated initial investment costs, annual maintenance and operational cost.s, and annual associated costs, with amortization at 8Z over a 4O-year period are shown in Appendix VII. Total investment costs = c 27 million Total annual costs = c 4.6 million.
5.3.5 Mpaha irrigation scheme
The proposed area is situated at the confluence of the White and Black Voltas. The project takes iEs name from the most importanE village in the area, Mpaha. The totat area to be irrigated under the scheme is 6000 ha. Total investment costs = c 112.2 million Total annual costs = c 20.2 million See Appendix VIII for details.
5.3.6 B ta a 1rr1 ation scheme
The Bongtanga river rises east of Tamale and flows about 32 km in a northerly direction to join the White Volta. The scheme lies north-norEhrrest of Tama1e near the confluence of the Bongtanga with the !.thite Vo1ta.
The scheme involves the construction of a dam across the Bongtanga river t.o form a reservoir making possible the irrigation by gravity of 1000 ha of valley land inrnediately downstream from the dam. In addition, the.eservoi. will serve as a st;ndby for Tamalets water supply.
Construction work has been in progress for the pasE few years and is expected to be completed by the end of 1984.
In cooperation with NORRIP, 25 ha of fish ponds will be construct.ed at Bongtanga irrigation dam for research, breeding, nurseries, training and agricultural development. The estimated investmenE cost is put at. about c 30 million. (See Appendix IX for details.) (See also Appendices X and XI for cropping pattern and cost-benefit estimates
6.0 Wul u livestock o ect
In 1980, a Wulugu livestock company was established with a Ioan of c 2.4 million from the Bank of Ghana Eo develop a model livestock project in the Wulugu area. The shareholders include the Bank of Ghana with a majority share of 757., dne Mampruii Traditional Council (landowners), 157, and the Northern Regilnal Development Corporation, 102. 5.1 Objeccives
The projecE was conceived with the aim of escablishing a large-scale cattle and sheep ranch on an area of approximately 45 000 ha in Wulugu area of Walewale in the Northern Region, in order to exert some influence over local livestock owners so as to improve the production of indigenous herds. The ranch was to provide improved bulls Eo livestock farmers and also bullocks for animal tracEion.
It is envisaged that this project, when completed, will be the largest commercial ranch in West Africa. JPC5.48 Page 18 6.2 A village integration programne has also been evolved in this progrenme. The ranch wou1d"ffierswitherectionofsma11hand1ingyardsandmobi1e8Prayraceand drugs along with husbandry services. Included in the package would also be the construction of Jams for villages as a source of water for Ehe people and their livestock. 6.3 Targets The total ranch area of 45 000 ha has been broken down into five units of 9000 ha each. It is proposed that one unit will be developed yearly, except the base unit wtrich will requirl two years to complete. The base unit will serve the other units. Targets for each unit are: 400 breeding cattle and 2000 breeding sheep. At full development, the ranch rould maintain 2000 breeding cattle and 10 000 breeding sheep. 6.4 Assistance to farmers The project has constructed three dams for two villages around the ranch area. There are at present several requests for more dams to be constructed for other villages and a feIJ individual farmers. The ranch has also provided over 500 bul1s to livestock farmers in both the Northern and Upper Regions since it started oPerations in 1980. 6.5 Proj ect financing Initial capital of c 2.4 million was to be supplemented with funds generated from Ehe sale of fattened stock-Erade cattle for the period of development. By this method' cattle are imported in a semi-lean condition froo Upper Volta and Put on ranch Pastures for about four to five nonths before they are sold to the meat, Earkets in Ghana. To date, over 16 nillion have been invested in the project. 7. O Agric ultural mechanization for food
Produc tion in the onchocerciasis-freed zone
Donor conEribution: US$ 2 300 000, see Appendix XII
Government contribution: c 320 000, see Appendix XIII
7.1 Backgr ound and iustification
Ghana has been experiencing constant food shortages over the years. Past governnents have been aware of the critical and inadequate supply of essential food items. To overcome this deteriorating situation all forms of ad hoc measures, including Operation Feed Yourself, have been devised and executed vithout ,rcE-Ges". The country is therefore, alternatively, obliged t.o import maize, rice, sorghum and mil1et in relatively large quantities to meet the staple food requirements of iCs population. The alternative measure is unfort.unately beset wich anot,her problem: the foreign exchange constraint. Conscious of its limited foreign exchange reaources, on the one hand, and also emboldened by the exisE.ence of a great potential for increasing agricultural production in the country on the other, especially in the onchocerciasis-freed zones where fertile river valleys are ready for exploitat,ion, the Government has made self-sufficiency in food supply its policy and given top priority to increasing local production of major staple foods uftich are presently inporEed. To implement this policy the Government has launched a crash prograrme to accelerate food production with special ernphasis on maize and rice. In its implementation the Governmentrs policy is to support the private sector and strengthen small farmers to increase production by both increasing crop yields and exPanding agricultural operations. It is obvious that to increase agriculEural producEion to any appreciable level hae its constreints. The major ones include lack of logistics, organization and management of agriculture operations especially in t,he smallholder sector. On the other hand, farming is the rnajor occupation of about 802 of the population, and about 9O7" of all food items produced in Ghana are produced by the small-scale farmers. Ghanars food self-sufficiency, and for that matter the countryts economy, is, therefore, heavily dependent upon smalI-scale farmers. JPC5.48 Page 19
The mosE crippling problem of farmers, in particular of smallholders is, in rnoat casea, lack of agricultural equipment for land clearing and seed-bed PreParation as well as for other agricultural operations. Agricultural mechanization, in the past, has not been very effective in increasing agricultural production in Ghana. Of about 5000 Eractors imported during the last five years, more than half are out of operation for want of repairs, for which spare Parts are not availabLe.
The main cause of this is, to a large extent, the lack of servicing and maintenance of equipmenE both in the private and public sectors, improper machinery application, and the lack of consciousness on the part of farmers of the need for preventive maintenance. 7.2 The Government of Ghana therefore, in 1982, accepted an offer made by the Government of Italy through FAO for the supply of agricultural machinery for food production in Ghana.
7.3 Qb-ieqlives The purpose of the enterprise is to contribute t.o the Governmentrs efforts in accelerating food production in the country, with particular emphasis on maize and rice in high growth potential areas, on private farming, and on the smallholder sector. Within this broad objective, the specific objectives of the project are:
(i) to establish a revolving fund from Ehe sales of equipment Eo provide further input.s enabling increased mechanization and productivity; (ii) to create three models in oochocerciasis-freed zones (where agricultural mechanization is particularly suitable and needed), in order to demonstrate to farmers the appropriate application and management including effective servicing and maintenance of agricultural machinery as a means to increase production; it is envisaged that model farmers will denonstrate to others in the area how the machinery can increase yields and profits; (iii) to raise the farmerts appreciaEion for the lmportance of the proper use of agricultural machinery through appropriate training; (iv) to support and strengEhen the farmerrs institutions such as rural banks, block farming and any other comnunity groupings including institutions within traditional/vi11age strucEures so as to facilitat,e implemenEation of the project and to ensure the continuation of activities initiated by the project.
7.4 The project is financed by a donat.ion of Us$ 2 300 000 in agriculture machinery from the Government of Italy to the Government of Gtrana, through FAO, as an executing agency. Twenty-five machine packages were supplied to farmersr cooperatives in each of the three main areas.
7.5 The farmers' cooperatives each enploy one man to operate their tractors and implements and he is held solely responsible for the successful operat.ion of the equipnrent. Each of Ehe three main areas has its own mobile workshop with an experienced mechanic and driver. The rnechanic is responsible for 25 tractors and implements their servicing and repair.
There is a projecE director who is responsible for the general management together with a team of eight technical officers, three mobile workshop mechanics and two Nyankpala-based mechanic s .
Advice or assistance is provided by E.he FAO appointed Chief Technical Adviser. JPC5.48 Pege 20 8.0 The t document 80 021 }LltZ for human settlement and resource devel trn s ea 8.1 Project background
Project docurDent GHA/80/021 is a revised version of the original document Rl.J.l74l063 eigned for implementation in 1978. Varioue draft revisions were made with emphasis on the agricultural componenE, which was felt very essential in the development of the Oncho-freed zone. Change of governments during the period 1974-1980 naturally effected progress of work as well as cosc aspects of the prograrmoe resulting from increasing inflation. The overall reeponsibility for coordinating the development of Oncho-freed zones in Ghana reat6 with the National Onchocerciasis Counittee (NOC) whose rnemberehip is multidisciplinary including specialists from Government departments as well as research institutions. The terms of reference for Ehe Cormittee are to:
(a) coordinate the action of all national services involved in OCP and in t.he subsequent econouic department projects ;
(b) enaure liaison between the Government and OCP headquarters;
(c) prepare and organize a large-scale campaign to inforu the population of the exietence, methods and aims of OCP; (d) prepere legislation and regulations required for the smooth running of the Programe, settlement plans, and economic development projects; (e) encourage studies in preparation for developnent of reclaimed areas; (f) take all appropriate tneasures to ensure that the results achieved at the end of t,he Programe are maintained; (g) provide liaieon with the National Comittees of the other countries concerned.
The NOC is serviced by the National Onchocerciasis Secretariat of the t'linistry of Finance and Economic Planning which is responsible for the day-to-day operation of the vector control progrerme in Ghana as well as socioeconomic development activities. The project is located in this Secretariat which serves as Ehe Government implenenting egency.
8.2 0b ectives of the o ect Socioeconomic development of the area freed from onchocerciasis is the ultimate objective of developuent planning. Working within budget constraints, the inrmediate objectives of the project are: (a) to estabtish a ful1 regional planning grouP; (b) to up-date and complete a comprehensive computerized basic data bank for alI the subregionaf areas in Northern Ghana containing Oncho areas; (c) to eelect one subregion as a pilot planning area, and define, in consultation with I Government imigration and settlement policies for the areal (d) to formulate a development progrargtre with a lQ-year time horizon for the eelected subregion; (e) to identify, based on the development programne and the daEa bank output, possible projects for national or international financing; (f) to demarcate settlement areas, roads, and other basic sociological needsl (g) to train national personnel capable of overeeeing the management. and continuation oi project activitiee uPon the withdrawal of project exPerts. JPC5.48 Page 2L
8.3 Planning methodoloqy The basic planning methodology opted by Ghana provided for: (a) an inventory of natural resources (dat.a bank) (see Appendix XV); (b) a l0-year development plan for selected priority areas;
(c) development of a number of specific investment, projects.
8.4 The programe budge t and input.s 1984185
(a) UNDP inputs consist. of: - personnel (one project coordinator and seven consultants); - equipment;
- training for Ewo naEional counterparts; and - miscellaneous (operation and maintenance of equipment, etc.).
The UNDP contribution: US$ 815 200. The Government of Ghana will provide: - counterpart personnel (six field staff); - equipment and operating expenses of the project; - financing of detailed soil survey and mapping; - office accomodation and residential place for expatriate staff. Total Government input : c 15 470 000
8.5 Sooe gene ral features of the selecEed priority area 8.5. 1 Accessibility The major constraint to increased economic activities in the area is the accessibility by road transport into the area of surplus agriculEure production. Presently the inhabitants use boats to cross t.he Kulpawn to their farms. The strengthening of road infrastructure in the area is therefore of paramount importance. The road corrnunication into the Fumbisi-Wiasi area would be provided by the following main roads (subsoil investigation has already been done) :
(i) Daboya - Yagaba - Wiasi - Fumbisi - Sandema (135 km)
(ii) Tamale - Kumbugu - Mankarigu (90 km) (iii) walewale - Mishuo - Mankaringu (65 km) (iv) Yagaba - Kunkwa - Dulu (50 kn) (See Appendix XVI.)
Discussions with the World Food Prograrune (wfp) represent.ative concerning the financing of the construction of a number of bridges which would open up the area were quite fruitful. Wtrat is required now is the preparation of a package of project proposals to be submitted to the I{FP for congideration. This would be carried out as soon as the project coordinator arrives in Ghana for the implementation of the project document GHA/80/021. JPC5.48 Page 22 8.5.2 Water supply system Underground water forrrs the moet important source of domestic water supply. Prior to 1974, that ie, before the coEmencement of the Programe, there were only three handpump sells in ttre fumbisi-Wiasi area and none in the surrounding villages. By L979, 20 more wells had been constructed in the Fumbiei, Wiasi and surrounding villagls by the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) Project. t With I steady increase in the repopulation of the freed zone resulting from the euccess of the Onchocerciaeis Control Prograrme, the average yield of 1.8 r3/ho.r. of ttt" welle ie insufficient to suetain the growing population. The rich granitoid aquifers will continue to be the most important source of doueetic water supply for a long time to cone. Ilowever, there are ProPosats for Ehe improvement of other ro.ri"L" of water from the rivers and streams to supplement the existing ones.
4. CONCLUSIONS The trependous activities taking place in Ehe direction of increased agricultural production in the Oncho-freed areas have been highlighted in this rePort' Under the heading Baeic daEa, information given included the location of the Progrerne area, the type of livestock and inland fisheries, irrigation potentialitils, health"rritaEEE6!-groun, and education infraetructures, the activities of Government and nongovernmental inetitutions and the oPeretions of NORRIP' The effort here was Eo ehoh, the donor countries the socioeconomic facilitiee shich eriet for any economic development venture and to welcome all who may wish to inveet in those ereaa which are normally aescriUed ae rtpoor areastt despite their enorrnous ecoaomic potentialitice. Ihe discussion of the main subject headline "Socio-Economic Developoent of the oncho-freed zonetr covered five sections:
(i) a surnmery of the Goveromentra Rural Development Programe, outlining policy objectivee, Des8ures and strategies for achieving those goa1e, to exDress the Governrent's concern for the rural people; (ii) the operetions of the Upper Region Agricultural Developnent Progra*e and its suPPortingFar,.reServiceeCompany(rascot't),.@.!thepoeitiveeffectof (external) international financing on the rural econony; (iii) specific projects such a6 the Wulugu livestock and FAO/Italian/Ghana Agriculture Mechanization schemes, to indicate the suitability of the area for livestock and crop development under mechanized farning; (iv) emall-scale and mediursized irrigation projects to show the scope of uater-resource and soil potentialities ior irpiovla intffisrnall- and large-scale cor'nercial farning; and finally ( v) the Pilot Project under project document GHA/80/021, which is the first planned resettlement progreune for the Oncho-freed area to be inplemented under the ausPices of UNDP and FAO.
The appendices atteched conplement this narrative report. For example, Appendix 1(a) is a map of rreettled and empty landstt of the Prograrme area prior to the comenceEent of the Contiol Programe. On the rnap is shown exteneive parts of the riverine lands without settlement. The obvious reaaons for the retreat of population to the upland areas rrere the presence of the blackfly and its disabling disease, the river blindness. JPC5.48 Pege 23 In recent times, there has been a reversal of this ret,reat. The fertile vaL1ey lands are being voluntarily repopulated and simulEaneously, a number of development activiEies are taking p1.." there, in r.sponse to the healthy environment created by t,he control of onchoierciasis. A point of interest is that the chiefs and the elders of the freed zonea are positive and enthusiastic in their attitudes towards resettlement and are desirous of welcoming'tstranger settlers" in the hope t.hat these sett,lers would acknowledge the traditional authority of the local chiefs and contribute to the development of their areaa. It is evident that there are policy issues on the kind of resettlement schemes to be adopted in the Oncho-freed zones. Ttrere are also problems of inadequate infrastructure in the less accessible areas. It is, horfever, hoped that strenuous efforte will continue to be made, with the cherished support of UNDP and FAO and all other international development agencies, to ensure that the limitations notwithstanding, the socioeconomic development programes in the Oncho-freed areas will make a meaningful and positive impact on the living standards of the rural farmers. JPC5.48 Pege 24 APPEMIX 1(a)
s
x I o f -r-o z {, UJ o- 'a CL E )< 1 o = -b (, o \r xl all i o o o c0 = +
I \ s
0
I Ji" rr') o J- a o olto z s,d. J F CL e c =lu .i P3FL o I z I iEd)o) P\: + a'a U)o o6 z s EE J o o _9 oD a [rJ) o F d) F tU gmolu U) + &" o c k0 o o 4^ z ess' R I \ i N$$ 11 -rNN 4 a 4F$ $q,. \$",t{o flr$ ,'t o' .neer I o 'l s 'oB D (.) I ra) 1- r) "g
I JPC5.48 page 25
Appendix 1(b)
o 3 (i' o = FI co I E C x oU Y I CC: o LO) I I ffi o z o- .9_:
APPENDIX 1(c) ONCHO CONTROL AREA
Ofu
opondurl TANG Zongoi rl BOL uBr Wdsl X ou kombor.r Yogo Nosl Xulun
l(ul Brr bo bo nl LE A x TAM boyo Mongo Ii ) Yo pol o 0o mongo x ol lrrurpa 9onlO
poso I onot y. ron Bur Xc chcbi lomb( Tut u kpGn. suhowfdw Bridg(
Asubcnd c oRt Mo nto Ahomon3u Dodt n6p65. K I N .A,M P ManuSo
Xut a Orolr,l Eucm so .gb.
O Weekly Point
wHO 81 t 221 O Fortnightly Point
A Sector Office Sub-Sector Office JPC5.48 Pege 27
APPENDIX II
PROJECTED LIVESTOCK POPULATIONS ONCHO-FREED ZONES
Average 1980 198 1 L982 1983 1984 1985 Region Category growth rate Ln 7. (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000)
Northern Cattle 3 304 .8 313.9 323.4 342.8 353.8 353.7
Sheep 5 247.8 260.2 273.3 286.9 301 .3 316 .3
Goat s 6.5 239.4 254.9 27L.5 289.L 307.9 327.9
Swine 6.5 52.6 55.9 69.6 63.5 67.6 72.O
Poul try 10 584.0 642.4 706.6 777 .3 855.0 940.5
Upper Cat t 1e 3 337.6 347.8 358.2 358 .9 380.0 39L.4
Sheep 5 233.8 245.5 257.8 270.6 284.L 298.3
Goats 6.5 22.8 24.3 25.9 27 .6 29.4 31.3
Swine 6.5 5L.4 54.7 58.2 62.0 65.1 70.4
Poultry 10 802.9 883 .2 97 L.5 1 058.5 1 175.5 I 293.1
Nat iona 1 Cattle 3 854.0 888 .6 905.9 942.9 97L.2 1 000.3
1985 figures: Out of the national total of 1 000 286 herds of cat.tle, the Oncho-controlled area is expected to produce 755rL25 wtrich is over 757 of the national production. JPC5.4B Page 28
APPENDIX III
cRoP PRODUCTION TARGETS, 1981-1985 ONCHO.FREED ZONE
198 1 1982 1983 1984 1985
Region Crop Area Production A P A P A P A P (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000)
Northern Maize 31 .8 39.8 33.8 42.0 35 .8 44.O 37 .9 46.3 40.2 48.6
Rice 2t.9 24.5 24.6 26.7 26.8 29.L 29.2 31.8 3r.9 34.7
Yams 22.5 L53.2 22.8 155.5 23.2 158.0 23.5 160.2 23.9 L62.6
Upper Maize 24.8 30.0 26.3 31 .5 27 .9 33. 1 29.6 34.7 31 .3 36.4
Rice 36 .0 39.6 39.8 43.2 43.4 47.2 47.3 5L.4 5r..6 56. I
Yams 24.L t64.4 24.5 166 .9 24.9 L69.4 25.3 171.9 25.7 L74.5
Groundnuts 73.4 85 .7 78.0 93 .3 83. 1 101.4 88.2 r09 .6 93.8 116.8
Note: Area in hectares, outPut in metric tons.
Average yield per hectare: lrLaize: I 20 Rice: I 08 Yam3 6 80 Groundnuts'. 1 16
N.B. 1985 prod uction tarset of maize The oncho-freed zone is expected to produce L2.5X, of the nationrs maize outPut. In absolute terms: Gtlana total: 681 523 uetric tons Oncho area: 85 081 metric tons JPC5.48 Page 29
APPENDIX IV
URADEP CROPPING TARGETS (rH nrCtanEs) BY DISTRICTS (upprn nscroN)
Reg. Crop Bawku Bolga Navrongo Sandema Tumu Lawra Wa total
Late millet 22 000 18 000 28 000 9 800 4 520 12 000 11 600 105 920
Sorghum 12 200 16 200 15 400 9 640 4 960 16 000 18 000 92 400
Maize L 72u- 160 400 400 2 760 3 200 9 720 18 360
Rice 3 320 2 400 1 280 9 600 120 I 600 2 240 20 560
Yams 1 580 I 200 6 960 9 840
Groundnuts 29 640 20 000 13 200 5 040 1 520 12 000 5 920 87 320
Corrpeas 4 880 3 200 1 560 3 920 12 000 7 560 33 120
Bambara beans 1 280 1 200 680 2 200 960 1 760 8 080
Tomatoes 240 400 520 20 240 I 420
Onions 440 120 40 4 4 608
Pepper 80 40 200 280 600 JPC5.48 Page 30
APPENDIX V APPENDIX V
PROJECT AREA LOCATION I R RIGATION SCHEMES
i.U . -.\
i-'-' ^90
t
la6 c la
la
I I
t (
lailro (\ wHo 81t 22E Legend River Road
o Town
-+- Boundary Project Area e Tono lrrigation Scheme @ Tamne lrrigation Scheme o Mpaha lrrigation Scheme o Lamassa lrrigation Scheme o Bongtango lrrigation Scheme @ Doba lrrigation Scheme rl Nania I rrigation Scheme JPC5 .48 P88e 31
APPENDIX VI TAI.{NE IRRIGATION SCHEME I. InvesEment costs Cedis (nill.ions) Estimated initial investment
Three dams and structures 28.62
Four pumping plants and preesure pipee 2.35 Dieeel-electric generaEing planE 1.2 Main canals, roads and sEructures 4.3 Linking up to existing roads 0.3
Compensation for hut,s 0.3 Fish culture (clearance of reoervoirs, stocking and equipmenE) L.32 Design and supervigion of conotruct.ion 5.4
Cont ingenc ies 5.65
sub-tota1 49.44 Associated costg
Distributory systen and opening up 4.32 Clearance and land Levelling 8.64
sub-tota1 L2.96
Total inveetoent cogts 62.40 II. Anng*, costs Maintenance and operation of pumping plants and diesel electric generetora L.02 Anortization of investment of cedis 49.44 nillion for 40 years eE 87. (0.08386) 4.15
sub-total 5.L7 Associated annual coste
Water control and naintenanqe 1.08 Amortization of asgociated co6t of cedie 12.96 million for 40 yeare ar. 87( (0.08386) 1.08
Sub-totaI 2.L6
Total annual costs 7.33
III. Foreign exchange component. cedia 12.84 million t.otal inveetment cedis 0.18 million annual investment JPC5.48 PaSe 32
APPENDIX VII
LAMASSA IRRIGATION SCITEME I. InvesEment costs Estimated initial investment cedis (millions) Three punping plants 4.62
Dieeel-electric plant and power tranemission 2 .88
Main canals rrith road and storage reservoir 3.00
Link up of two irrigation blocks 0.18
Deeign and eupervision 2.22
Contingenciee 2.58
sub-tota1 15.48 Aeeociated costs
Dietributor irrigation system, opening up and drainage systen 3.84
Clearance and preparation of land 7.68
Sub-tota1 11.52
Total investment costa 27 .OO II. Annual costa Annual cost of operation and maintenance Operation and rnainEenance of diesel and pumping plants L.32
A,nortizaEion of investment cost of cedie 15.48 niLlion for 40 years at 8Z (0.08386) I .30
Sub-total 2.62 Aesociated annual cogts I{ater control and maintenance 1.02 Amortization of aesociated cost of cedis LL.52 nillion for 40 years at 87 (0.08386) 0.97
Sub-total 1.99
Total annual costs 4.5L
II1. Foreign exchange component It is eetimrted that the foreign exchange component of the total investment will amount to approxiEately 9.48 oillion cedis and the foreign exchange component of the annual maintenance coats to about 0.21 nillion cedie. JPC5.4B page 33
APPENDIX VIII
MPAHA IRRIGATION SCHEME
I. Investment cost
Estinated initial investment ced is mi1 lions
Four pumping planEs L4.52 DieeeI electric plant and power transuission L5.24 Main canals with road and reservoirs L0.62 Design and supervision 9.36
Cont ingenc ie s 9.42
Sub-tora1 59.16
Associated costs Distributory irrigation system, opening up and drainage systen 20.40 Clearance and land preparation 32.54
Sub-tota1 53.04
Total invesEment cosEs Ltz.20
II. Annual costs
Annual cost of maint.enance of diesel and pumping plants 7 .50 Amortization of investment cost of cedis 59.15 nillion for 40 yeers at 87. (0.08385) 4.96
sub-total L2.46
Aseociated annual costs
lJater control and maintenance 3.30 Amortizat.ion of associated costs of cedis 53.04 million for 40 years at 8'l (0.08386) 4.45
Sub-total 7.75
Total annual coats 20.2L
III. Foreign exchange comPonent It is eetinated thet the foreign exchange component of the total investment will amount to approxinately 39.24 million cedis and the foreign exchange component of annual maintenance cost to about 0.90 nillion cedis. JPC5 .48 Page 34
APPENDIX IX
BONGTANGA IRRIGATION SCITEME
I. Investment costs cedie (nillione) Eetimated initial investment
Dam, spellway and bottom outlet 11.34 To link up existing road system 0.30
Improvement of Bontaga river 0 .90
Design and supervision 1 .80
Contingencies r.86
sub-totel L6.20
Aesociated costE Irrigation, drainage and internal road system 2.40 Clearance and preparation of land 2.40
Sub-tota1 4.80
Total investuent costs 21.O0
II. Annual cosEa Annual cost of operation and maintenance
Operation and maintenance of dam and ancillary worke 0.20 Amortization of inveetment coet of cedie 15.2 nillion for 40 years at 8Z (0.08386) 1.36
Sub-totaI 1.56 Associated annual costg Water control and maintenance 0.40 Amortization of eeeociated coet of cedie 4.8 nillion for 40 years at 8Z (0.08386) 0.40
Sub-toEaI 0.80 I
Total annual cogts 2.35
III. Foreign exchange comPonent It is eetinaEed that the foreign exchange component of the totel investment will amount to 7.38 million cedis and the foreign exchange component of annual mainEenance cost8 to about 0.03 nillion cedis. JPC5.48 page 35
APPENDIX X
PROPOSED CROPPING OF IRRIGATION PROJECTS IN UPPER AND NORTHERN REGIONS OF GHANA
Legend
Tabacco tr-_=- Vegetables ffi Rice
Legumes Cotton Maize and Millets ffiffi m L-:-l-a-s6ll
l3 .--./'\ / tl./t I 2r olo I o/o TAMNE I 2t 7o/o
TONO 20 tlo o/. 3 3'/o ro tOo/o \.) 6 "/o .? ) ?
I t :J ! l \ tl BONGTANGA ( \ o/o \ to 5J "/o ) ') <'.r I ) oL I I tG ) ) JI J (' L t? ,?L \ \ 25'/o \ MPAHA \ ,^-.ro' LAMASSA ) 2 (
) ( (
I z )-z "/o \.J b'ItO Ell22a JPC5 4B Page 36
APPENDIX XI
ESTIMATED COSTS AND BENEFITS
Cost in million cedis
Tono Taure Lamassa Mpaha Bongtanga
Initial investoent 70.86 49.44 15.48 59.16 L6.20
Aesociated cost6 20.04 t2.96 11 .52 53.04 4 .80
Total investuent. 90.90 52.40 27.00 LL2.20 20.00
Anlrual coet of operation and maintenance 7 .20 5. 16 2.64 L2.48 1.56
Asaociated annual cosEs 4.08 2.L6 1 .98 7 .74 0 .78 ProducEion at present
- gross yield 13 .14 1.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 - cost of production 0.48 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00
net production at present 12.56 1. 14 0.00 0.00 0.00 Production on completion of the project - gross yield 46.98 27.30 17.94 75.96 5.22
- cost of production 13. 14 7 .80 3 .24 L3.92 L.32 net production on completion of the project 33.84 19.50 L4.70 62.O4 3 .90
Gain in net annual production 21.18 18 .36 1.4.70 62.04 3.90
Reduced gain allowing for 5 years of lag in development (0.68) L4.40 L2.40 9.96 42.24 2.64
Less aeeociated annual cogEs 4.08 2.L6 r.98 7 .74 0 .78
(r) xet annual primary benefit 10.32 10.32 7 .98 34.50 1 .86
(C) Annua1 costs of operation and maintenance 7.20 5.16 2.64 L2.48 1.56 Benefit/cost ratio = (B)/(c) I .43 2.00 3.00 2.76 1.19 Area in acres
Irrigable area 6 700 3 600 3 200 13 600 I 000 JPC5.4 page 37
APPENDIX XII
PROPOSED DONOR CONTRIBUTION (Italian Government)
Total t982 1983 US$ US$ us$ (000) (000 ) (000)
Personnel services - Consultant 5 n/n (including travel and D.S.A.) 34 t7 t7 Official duty travel
FAO IIQ staff supervisory travel 6 3 3
General operatinc expenses ConEingencies (any ad hoc unforeseen requirement, i.t"Iif'Gfthe Technical Report) 90 30 50 Supplies and meEerials
Spare perts and other expendable meterial 450 150 300
Equipment*
Farm machinery and servicing
Vans/workshop tools including services and training 1 610 .5 1 510 .5 100
Proj ect servicing cosE 109.5 85 .5 24
Tota I 2 300 L 796 504
* The equipment is cooprised as follons: 75 Same corsaro, 70 tractors and accesgories 75 Nardi disc ploughs 75 Nardi twin gang diec harrows 75 Mutti two wheel trailers 30 Nardi planters 30 Nardi slashers 3 Fiat Ravasini mobile workshops 3 Ravasini nobile lubricating trailers - plus tractor, impleoent and nobile workshop sPare Parts. JPC5.48 page 38
APPENDIX XIII
GOVERNMENT CONTRIBUTION
TotaI L982 1983 1984 cedi cedi ced i ced i (000) (000) (000) (000)
'l 1. The Government will assign to the project:
(a) the staff and the facilities of Ehe mechanization centre at Tamale for conducting the training courses for farmers and mechanics. (b) staff for the maintenance and repair Bervice and for spare Parts Eanagement es needed. (Determination of the requirement will only be possible after finalization of selection of areas and eales procedure, and selecEion of supplier. ) 2. The Governnent rcill make provieion for:
(a) The operation cosE of the service-vansl 100 35 55 10
(b) workshop supply from locel market (electricity, water, gas, etc. ) I L20 70 45 5 (c) the operetion cost of agricultural nachinery for training and demonstration; and
(d) miscellaneous internal travel, etc. 100 45 45 10
320 150 L45 25 JPC5 .48 page 39
APPENDIX XIV
FAO AND GOVERNMENT RESPONSIBILITIES
FAO responsibilities
1. FAO will procure t.he equipment described in section II above frou the Italian market ghrough competition among several tractor manufacturers/suppliers and deliver them to Tamale for the use of the project.
2. FAO will provide training to farmers and mechanics concerned and Eervice and repair for the equipment sold to farmers as well will assist in the management of the sPare Partg through its supplier throughout the project duration.
3. FAg will moniEor through reporte and field visits the delivery of equipmenE and spare partsl the implementat.ion of the training courses and maintenance, service and repair carried out by supplier, management of spare parEs as well aa asaesa the performance of the equipment in food production in the Northern Savanna. 4. Six rnonths prior to the termination of the project, FAO and the Government will make the necessary arrangement for the safeguarding of Ehe spare parEs, which remain beyond the project duration and for their utilization by the original buyers of Eractors supplied by this project.
Governmbnt respons ibil it ies
1. The Government agency responsible for the project is the MinisEry of Agriculture. Ttre Principal Secretary of the Ministry will be the focal point of the Government to liaise sith FAO and to ensure the fulfilment of the obligations of the Government for the successful implementation of the project. The Principal Secretary will designate en aPProPriat,e official, whose duty etation is in the project area (Tamale), to act on his behalf covering the day-to-day operation of the project. 2. The Government will as soon as possible: (a) select Ehree sites in the Northern Savanna, preferably not exceeding about 1500 km2 (150 O0O ha) each, within which this equipment will be used; (b) establish working procedures (i) for the identification of fatmerfbuyers in each site, and (ii) for the sales of equipment and spares to these farmers, preferably Ehrough farmerst or rural institutions existing in their respective areas; 3. In case of sale or rent of equipment, the Government shall open a special account, in which all proceeds from t.he sales or rent shall be deposited in order to establish a counEerpart fund which shall be utilized, in consultation with FAO, to support agricultural development activities. The Government shall keep FAO informed, and through it the donor, on the utilization of these counterpart funds.
4. The Government will make available its training facilities and staff in the Regional Agricultural Mechanization Services Centre (Tamale) Eo the project on a priority basie for training of farmers/buyers.
5. The GovernmenE is responsible for any technical clearance and other related approvals within the country which may be required for the inport of the project equipment.
5. The Government will ensure the availability of production inputs and institutional services in the project area. JPC5 .48 page 40
APPENDIX XV
ECONOMIC DEVELOP}MNT OF THE ONCHOCERCIASIS-FREED ZONES
DocumenEation prepared under the DP lrusltt+lool
I Map of Ghana mounted on cloth.
2 Map of Ghana showing enumeration areas of the 1970 Census.
3 Map of Bawku pilot planning area at 1:50 000 scale, with all villages surveyed by VBDI identified.
4 Map of tlhite Volta/Sissili/Kulpawn confluence floodplain piloE area, ar 1:50 000 sca1e, with all villages surveyed by VBDI identified.
5 Maps of road systems in Northern Ghana indicating existing roads and planned rnain and feeder roads and bridges.
6 Complete set of all available maps of Northern Ghana at 1:50 000, 1:125 000 and 1:250 000 scale, not assembled or mounted.
7 Inventory (on maps) of all soil surveys conducted in the Upper and Northern Regions.
8 LANDSAT maps and text of 1:250 000 reconnaissance survey for the Upper and Northern Regions and 1:50 000 prefeasibility survey for the White VoIta/Sissili/Kulpawn area. 9. Analytical reports Transport and comunications , 1979, Agricultural cropping patterns, 1980, Pesture and range , L979, Sociocultural structures and patterns, 1980,
Agro-industries, 1980,
Agricultural production services, 1980,
Agricultural populations and land tenure, 1980,
Fieh, wildlife and game, 1980, Forests,
AdminisErative structure, 1980.
10. Economic Development of the Onchocerciasis-freed Zones, Ghana. Interim progress report, June 1978 - June 1979. H. E. Voelkner. AG:DP/RAI'/741O63, Field Document L, L979. 1, 11. Economic Development of the Onchocerciasis-freed Zones, Ghana. Establishrnent of a data bank and computer data processing facilities. S. M. Wil1iams. AG:DPIRAF/74/063, Consultant Report , 1979. t L2. Literature abetracEs (341 entries).
13. Village Basic Data Inventory - 471 questionnaires. JPC5.48 Page 41
APPENDIX XVI PI LOT AREA ROAD COMMUNICAT]ON CANDIDATE II ONCHO _ FREED ZONE
f I)' 20 30' 10 30' tl I '--/' \ I BOLOTAN
7 , , 7 I I , , ( -'\ I ,'' I t_ T' I Wiasr 6 lr
I I i Mishio
r. Wa
(. I ) 5 , i
t. ,,1 Gparnkpa
5 x)' (. f/-\'%*
I
I i._ sP
5 T' %( \ GHANA
, ', \ a
\ I c go
Good/Farr Poor Standard Standard or not Existing
Primary Road To be construcled /.4;K/,4{. Malor Sccondary Road To be regravelled .1. Minor Secondary Road Bridge ,X -